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P.N.
Oak
Someof
Blunders
Indian Historical
Research
XhT.OjIv
SOME BLUNDERS OF RESEARCH INDIAN HISTORICAL
P.
N.
OAK,
M
A., LL., B.
Pnildtnt, Initiate for BenritlDg
World History
HIND!2.B.DC[Nr.PraWfidl
Nj Road, "r .Karcil&&n.N.D =
BHARaTI SAHITYA SADANConnought Circus,
New
Delhi-110001
OM
,
$
Arthor
CONTENTSPagePreface5
What PromptedBlunder No.1
My
Historic Questto Alien Muslims
917I
Indian
monuments Credited
23
Ignoble Akbar Believed Noble
Misplaced Faith
in
Mediaeval Chroniclei
105126
45
Myth ofMyth ofMyth of
the Indo-Saracenic
Theory ofof Painting
Architecturethethe
Moghul School
139
67 8
Development of Muic in Mediaeval Muslim Courts Myth about the Moghul Garden ArtRule Mythical Golden Periods Under Alien oflndian Key Principle* for Correct Appraisal
HI143
146 147156
Mediaeval History
9HMU},
Great Alexander's Defeat Churned to be Victory over Porui
10II
Adya Shankaracharya's AntiquityUnder-Estimated by1
297 Yean
1691S4
*rfcr Ri.250/-
12 13
Underestimated by Lord Buddha's Antiquity Over 1 300 Years Krishna's Eras Antiquity of Lords Rama and
Grossly Underestimatedas I Arya' an Ideal Misconitrued!
201
/"VWi*Arrj
Bhwail SaWtya Stdan. JO/90, Connougbi CirCUli
Rt
212221
New
Delhi- 1 10001
14
Underestimated Antiquity of the Vedas Grossly
t'ttnifi 01
:
A jay
Printers,
X-11, Navln Shsihdara. Delhi-U0Q}2,
xat.com
15
:
Hiodu Origin of 'Allah' Forgotten Hindu Temple
*
0T and Kbth *
as
221
,
t
,
7
' "> indna Kshtrriy. Rnl ' Forgotten nd Korea to Kab* World oT Sanskrit M AncientRole Language Forgotten Hindu Ongm of Prophetin Pictures
* ,1k142 2732S1
Preface
Mohammad Forgotten
I
s
2*9 telw* nlBiplgovernment
Monument*
"MImM * ^***history
rule
in India for
indiau"
over a millennium has histories numerous blundering
* "J"*"**^ aDd patronageauthority a stamp of tiow acquired
cotl cepi*.
Those myths nurtured underfor
many
centuries have
through sheer passage of
^"Tf hv
we mean
a factually
and chronologically accu-
^cc^oum of a country'swith to be classed
deserve past current Indian bistones
Arabian Nghts.
repudiated and rewritten. In this book Such history must be research^ few blunders of Indian historical 1 nave indicated a no means the only ones. The blunders listed herein are by vast scope for research that awaits are just a sampling of the and prepared to take a second look at Indianscholars
who
are
world history and do some freshvious tutoring.
thinking uninhibited by pre-
My
earlier research publication titled
TAJ
MAHAL WAS Aandfar-
RAJPUT PALACE has
already exposed a glaring
reaching misconception of Indian history.
Like a virus infectionresearch have affected other
the blunders
of Indian historical
of architecture and civil mediaeval monuments in India and West Asia are products of Saracenic architecture while in fact it has been shown in the following pages that the In do- Saracenic architecture theory it a myth. All mediaeval monuments are pre-Muslim Rajput monuments falsely credited to alien Muslim rulers. Likewise Indian architects and craftsmen who designed and builtit
spheres too. For instance students engineering are taught to believe thai
wa* West
Asian monuments since they were driven across Indian borders at sword-point to build such monuments in the native lands ofthe invaders.
^PM
kmMt the minyJJZiIn -o ..^iwiTas the
weak
lint* in the so-called
Indo-Saraeeoteever founded prior loBritish rule in India.
existence of Hindu patterns to to* architecture if the monuments. This it tried to be ex. *"result
As inch
it
should
rank with London and
New York
in age
of the preference
of the Hindu
!Tnftiated
There are
many
flaws
in this
arguments.
For instance ,n the their monuments. Ltiui with designing ascribe ill design to some mystericm* of ihe Taj Mahal tbeyous Essa Eifendi.
Taimurlang who raided Delhi in the Christmas or 1398 A,D, clearly mention? thai he perpetrated hi* massacre* in Old Delhi, He also adds that the Kafirs i.e :he 'infidel' Hindus collected in the Jama Masjid to counter-attack his troops. This proves that Old Delhi is in fact the oldest pari of the sprawlingancient metropolis of Delhi.
Evenc d any
if
mediaeval
Hindu, in those days of they credit any design to a would never have tolerate cruelty and fanaticism they
Hindu trust weaving 'infidel' designs into the pattern even this argument falls to of a Muslim mosque or tomb. Sothe ground.
Taimurlang's testimony also proves that Old Delhi's main temple was in Taimurlang's attack converted into a mosque. Had that not been so Hindus would never have rallied in thai building. The fact that they gathered there as e matter of rightproves thai the building colled Jama Masjid, crriogly credited lo Shabjaban. was a Hindu Temple when Taimurlang's troops
The other facetious assertion is thai the master architect used to lay down the broad outline of the design, leaving it to the individual workmen to fill in the details according to theirindividual
stormed into Delhi.
There
is
yet another pointer toit
Old Delhi'scalled
antiquity*i.e.
whims and fancies. The hollowness of becomes apparent on a little reflection.
this
argument
In Delhi thereFort. Thisis
a
monument
Purana Qila
Old
Unless the entire contemplated design has beenat the
laid
down
would be impossible to order the required material of the kind and in the quantity desired.very startit
believed to date from pre-Mustim times and even the from the Mahabharaia era- if, therefore, Old Fort signiBes near* ancient-most fort how come that Old Delhi signifies a modern township ! Such are the Illogicalities which bedevil and for some Vitiate current historical texts and underline the needre- thinking.
If
individual
fancied designs
workmen were left to work out their own tbey would all work \o cross purposes and no
Besides
being
afflicted
with
distortions
andits
anomalies
longer remain amenable to the control of their supervisee since
would keep dodging and delaying, shirking and thwarting the project on the plea of lack of time or inspiration in fulfilliey
ing their part of the task.
dornangle,
The argument that Hindu patterns 'Muslim" monuments because Hindu workmen wereis
important Indian history has been baciJy maimed. Many of chapters ore completely missing. Like the British empire within extendour own memory, in the remote past the Indian empire Bull ed to such distant parts or the world at Japan in the East.in the South, at least Arabianorth.last
in the
West and the Baltic
in the
Mowed sfi ee handllumkring
thus palpably absurd
examined from any
Traces of this vast sway are delineated in some ofihe chapters of this volume.
lhe fouQd ng of 01d Dft|hi [f a typ>! .Mtsnce of the absurdities thai have formed part of entreat, distorted Indian history.j
Amnion, ihaM
hoped thai the present publication would prove helpful thmkaog in highlighting a few major errors in Indian historical and indicating the direction of research.It is
bJSw 2S?Scoitus*
toW Uu, old **** funded by Mogul Emperor , ,hB QilUfy f that were true how Lhe OLD m.uued 7 In iha.fc1
,
.
^ ^^'
This book ha* been long out of print. This is its third edition. Hence it is being updated and some addition* have been made here and there-
[(
lhe neweft
Ddhi
XflT.COM.
8adfflintion over the content* re ttfeiatA -real have expressed * jtodcrs
of'**
1.
.tbi..on.'-'ftofB(WtheJ ta
however 6
maintained a stunned
|liog
awiW
.h
all
What Prompted MyFEEL
Historic Quest
. * a orid-w*
JcLiMPt^ll"lu,ob,nOWr hhcoip*. .PPlictmi...
a
C nr-ic *hfl
d
[
h * ve - pi,aCC bnllt
''
Tbi-
This serious slip has com the nation dearly. India having been under alien domination for over a thousand yean these Hunderous presumptions, and memoirs and chronicle* written by alien sycophant courtiers or by rulers thecuelvcs for self* glorification have acquired a stamp of authority and unctiiy through sheer passage of time- The dead weight of thatcolossal falsehood
liviap
t0 ** conc,u * ion tb *t.">e EtoPtolofim ** JmP^ remains were found wa , Pyramid w winch TiKenkhanien'* mausoleum obviously committed a blunder, ir 4 tnfll i bit Tuicnkhamen dido'l have a palace how can a dead
now
lies
to heavy and so deep that even
those
whois
realize the greaiit.
to uprootin
blunder despair of being ever able They, therefore, resign themselves to acquiescingit
what
being taught as
ia
taught.to
They
feel
it it
too late
Toicnkhamwi hive a pyramidal palace ? And if Tutenkhamen'i TutenkhameD's corpse MK-tcivof ni*ed a pyramidal palace overwhere
to raise acircle.
hue andteach
cry. false
We
are, therefore,
caught in a viciousit
We
history
students became
is
so
a
tbai
succwiori palace ?
When
nor hit lucccsior had a root over their
Tutenkbamen heads how come one orneither
written,
and no generation of history scholars dares questionits
that history despitethatis
contradictions and
absurdities because
both or themtridittf
haw
stupendous mausoleum es
over their inert
what they have been aught.
Lack of such searching logic
is
one of the greatest show* of
modern research methodology.
through actual visit* t& historic sites, and browsing through histories I have been able to gather considerable evidence to prove that all prominent mediaevalresearch
Continuing
my
Our answercreeled
it
that the
by war i&u iioiide
Pyramids are castles in the desert Pharaoh* who lived in them and stored their
dead inside the Pyramids slatted only after iheir use as castles ceased and the Pyramids were regarded as useless ruins.
with
them the practice of burying
from the Nishat and Shaitirnar in Kashmir to ihe Whispering Gallery in Bippur are pre-Islamic Rajput o struct ions- That enables us to conclude thai all extant mediaeval roads, bridges, canals, mansions, serai*, iambi, mosques, shrines and foil* were only captured and occupied by
monuments
in India*
Jut aa people
use
Muslim invaders but neverI
built
by them.
Mlate abandoned ruined mansions 84 public toilets tbey also wed deserted or ruined buildings aa cemeteries.
T* beTZlt?
5
dUfiDB *UMl
m'evid
Hittoriaot have
^^ ^HHuatZl T^^a^b 0i ;t.-
wish to alert historians that they should not try to connect the inscriptions on monuments with the origin of the : onumenta where there is no clearcut, independent corroborative evidence to that effect. Vincent Smith it right when he observe* had an army in bis book "Akbar the Great Mogul" that Akbar on capcutters ready to engrave any lettering he lilted
ag
atservices,
is
even now, in
Pwwn*lo
ha * c n"nted suicide.
o,nt
^"T*'
CVidencc in the
back
"11 ourthe
For a Mogul monarch to I raver so that distance at the leisurely pace of an elephant and with all his wealth and person and harem exposed to hostile attacks, for thc dubious pleasure or spending a few cool hours in Nishat and Shalimar, once in a life-time, was sillyof modernair
but a dream.
" tc t* lMia ro teid 11 over and exploitmiitifccnly
beli
m*
archaeological
that Ihc
*
INDIAN KtONUMCNTS CarOfTED TO ALIEN MUSLIM*sci thatit
and coloured
*
**llt
Morrd.,o,cr, .o..* curious pyramidal
build.,,.'
J*
was his grandfather who wi the contemporary of Fcrozshah. As ntl rumour-mongers arc wont to do, the onlythefanciful
aut hori He* he feigns |o quote forfather told1 fay..."
structure.
Towards
account that he has mitten are such stock*phr*ces as "My me" or "on tbe authority of well known historiansInthat
wThe
Atf buiidmg was converted into a io rob *" for llK l r PO; h once formed not orlsiwilly |. d township though it no* extensive Taghlaqabad of the This tomb too is iUr . truncated monument
^iuceo*^^pwviofthai
b y3' lament.,
chronicle
hi
nostalgically
describes
how
land* apart as a hichhatitemcnted wall- inside are some pavihoiu, rounded by a the conclusion that underground passage, all leading 10lT] d an imposition. ihe tomb was a super
Ferazahah uprooted two Aahokati pillars found a great distance away from Delhi, and took all the trouble to transport them all the way to Delhi ^ploying hundred* of carts and thousand! of labourer*. What the object was in hauling a heathen pillar to be hoisted on us own castle in Delhi God alone knows.I
Obviously that account is an attempt to cover up the fact that FcroEshah bad to choose as hti residence an earlier building
fortification*
nearbyforts
are alio ancient
Hicdu
known as Adilabad and Naika Kot laid waste by Muslim marauders.
Feroabib Kotli
Near the sports stadium infront of Delhi Gatefortified
is
an old
which sported the Ashok pillar on it. It is clear, therefore, that cither King v ihok himself originally built the castle euphemistically railed Ferozsbah Kot la, or thai some subsequent Kshatnya king proud of Ashok, had that pillar brought and hoisted or hit wn castle. Later when Feroishah ruled in Delhi he chose tha .-astlc for hts own residence perhaps finding it in
namebull
it it
township known as the Ferowhah Kotla. From its hat been wrongly atsuiued that Ferozshah Tughlaq
much
bettei
shape than other) in those turbulent days.it
His
chronicler Afif finding
difficult
to explain
away
the fact that
own can It. But an Asbok pillar is firmly plantFerozsbah was known Tor bis ferocious erf oa its upper storey. nature He could not tolerate anything Hindu. History hasfor his
Feroishah lived in a usurped mansion invented the myth that it was Ferosshah himself who had the pillar brought andhoisted*
recorded that be
wed
to
bum
people alive for the crime of
idol-
worship
To
believe lh*t sjch
a ruler would on his
ownon
Rajput Glories Plagiarizedhoist
an Athokfeu
pillar,is
with Hindu religious edicts inscribedhighly illogical.
it*
oa
M)
discoveries also lead to the conclusion that
many
a time
own
palace
Femzshah couldIn fact the
never haveoff tip of
one
to sleep in peace under il
chipped
the pillar shows thai in bis fanatic furytried 10 pall
Fcrotskah must hiveit
out the
pillar.
But obvic"l*>
would have
des-
Muslim raters had the former's glories tacked to their own reigns. Thus it is pocaible that during Ferozshah's time some description by an earlier Rajput ruler as to bow he hauled the Ashokan pillar may havewhile destroying earlier Rajput iccords
troyed the whole castle
^\y he had to
the palace which be
kc
during
enough to take tof hi* * thro day* of instability, revolt and incessantfoundfit
and left a gaping hoic in :U ceiling* put up with this L^then P" ar toweriBf
hands of Ferozsbab wjth the castle and its treasures. That description was plagiarized and used as part of Fcrcuhah's own achievement. Jahaagir similarly u>ed the myth 'be belt of ju*l>ce (o glorify his own regit1", bottomed fromfallen into the
the accounts of
AnangpaTs
reign, as
**
-*ed
by the
late Sir
H M.of n* *Sf a sycophant, Ws *P HI AW.!
ul accott0t
^
*>
win
b V sbAm*
l
~
in
This leads us to a new kfi} pru npk to be boroe mind while studying the history of ibe Muslim era- TbeElliot.
ietf-appointcd
chronicler
who
confe-
principle
it
that
Muslim
rulers
trc
m
the habit
of feathering
,
INDIAN HlttoaiCAL
H3TJIRCHinn ian mowdmowts ca Borneo to xuem MuslimsThereforeI
J^rf^W-'^i
h df oi>
unpopular nd Cfucl
Winm by b0f ^row.
41
o^.^r!f*MflferIUipul|i'
hey gel what they deserve namely they ace fed some fictitious stereotype abroeadabto-
"^""^or Mrl,M
fthuiruj
rS55lheLo*k, ,"!
anomalies which have escaped hiii* Tombs In Delhi. Nobody
k^r
bothered to ask
bow massive tombsluxurious
ejlilt
fof
1
,0 '
w j, h oui
corresponding
and
5paciQu
fTtoT?j nied intoRtMbftQ
At
are old Rajput buildings later convertSTIlIeiUilled tombste pulcbret-
'2^ia
i,i.
themselves that question the pauicd lopof* to The right solution u would hve .truck .hem.
**
*...
M53a' ICK3HW w ounlshno
denCC for the purchase or ar*,tiiiii, 0n de^gn drawings, no bills or receipt*,
CLE
If
^
itself signifies
a royal residence orf
By noas
slrttch
?JZ?*^ ]> cow** dul
of the Taj be Hani id not to
S* Stfmin
was 21 years old show*Shabjaban'*
uTcd lo be manicd Having been the umpteenth she should be commemorated there was no reason whya dreamland monument. a
LVlMOtight
of .ruling
monarch coold never he ton
of by a paid
court chronicler.it.
He
should not need a
apecial(7)
reminder for
tekmlouslyIB) [91iricd
contains serious discreMull* Abdul Hamids chroniclelite the
absence of the designer's
name, and a
ridicu(
Even by birth Mumiaz being deserve a palatial monument out-of-theno mention or any special (15) History makes Shahjahan d Mumlar wa ya.tachmC m or romance between(14)
commoner
she did not
eitiraale
(40 lakh rupees) of tbo cost of the Taj
vhJeb b Koffcd at by subsequent scholars.
Nurjahan. that of Jahangir and during theTllfe times unlike love .. a concocuory This shows that the tuNcqwrn. about the building of At Taj seeking to justify the
**
t,onfor
Even other estiautei of the
cost vary from Rs. 50 lakhs
Mumtaz's dead body.
ki, ycrorcs to Ri. 9 ctoTCi
ana 1 1 wai. and 17 lakhs.
Shabjihau's reign was
no golden reign since
it
wasself*
by unending wars and revolts, epidemics
and famines.
of art. M6) Shahjaban was no patron to chop .he hands of w ould not have had the heart monument ' havt toiled to build thearc said tourtis.
Had he beeo one he those holf
CIO)
Shahjahaoi overbearing,out any
conceiled slingy and
especially
one disconsolate on
centred nature ruled
possibility
of his wasting any
Jnooej on a sentimental
project
amounting to throwing away
o ndulge in an orgy of maimmg because. oade tt maiming story is apparently true veneratedand to usurp an ancient leuly on meagre rations just infuriated .he pall to bouse a corpse, apparently
wife* death, would But Ore skillful era umen,his
^^
money onI)
l^
i
dead body.
workmenTajto.bc
That he could not even in bis wildest JUeflaUat toco a gorgeous project iste concocted
dreams conceive apparent from the factus thatgiving
who broke(17)for.
into revolt.
aeoounu
tell
he
made
theoat**
from The subterranean emergency it
the
on meagre rations without Another aceouol tayi
Ihem any
that
he
made Rajaa and
A dead body could only exist in a palace. one at that. any escape route and a subterranean
does not need
*M
INDIAN HISTORICAL ttU&m cso
INDIAN MONUMENTS CMEDITED TO ALlBN UU3UMJ gcm-siuddeo marble screens, and equipped which was silver doors and gold railings ? The Peacock Throne a earned to Iran was, therefore, not a Mogul heirloom but even very ancient sacred, Indian Kshatnya throne which mightdate back toditya
,d Sofill
Anangpal of the lih Centurythe
A.D
,
or Vlkrama*
magnificence beeae |M ?""'" *';" lv deeply hlled And Ahhnr. d nl down in .uceealve a*aul downwards, could not ano waa by oil ffoo, hia own a, be pla ot palace. to liay in an nnbwricaded of the **ebi"h. (38) Bern*, say. that opened on.y once a year and no J. y ,bah,b-n 1,,b. Tb.. Boon of the Taj. P
SW ^^sSES'S * He
n
&
who beguni
Vikram S:.mvaiTajis
in
57 B.C.situated
was o busy twin township known as the Juisingpura and Khuwaspura. The palace was the focal centre or those towiumipi. "Pura" " SaotVtu signifta a busy township and noi just an open plot o\he place where the
now
i
up show no ee*r JP Government .ml our scholars be .he underground cbao^rsof in l.ghling. remove ihe filling* ^?haa * free run of tbe Undent* of history and even ftinOU0t fro , .a. can earn a hanasonM premise*. The Government
underground
rr
""** ^ --
T
^e^ ^ ^>
J
^ ^
'
^ J^L^
land.
njp,**
tnsrotiCAL>
io8A*at
IHDIAH
MOHl^ENTS
GIETjITCD TO
AUl* MUSLIMS
JJ
.***
to levy while
researcher, the.11
B I1 the(D c
lwr
buildings inin the
it*
train out
of the fancied Mogul oi
'*^3\Khc-
0I be
the
wiser by
Muslim yard
in general
where they
i and
dumped
name of
lay usurped, cooflieau various saltans, emperors,
^-^'^ Trto**"* ^(mi*'
**
fir,irt ' c
fflttlcr,flT
for
eyQ ucbs>in
L
and even bhisties. And when all are removed from the credit side of Muilim rule these building* history is reduced to a shambles. India their wholefauzdars, potters
The newT.j hllbll
light
thrown on the
o.igin
of the Taj Mahal
Terikb
i
dd
ha. been Elected .0 be
nnd
induce in our teachers, professors, scholars should, therefore, students of history and univeisitics the need for a thoroughresearchin
this
fascinating subject unless
we are
resolutely
ifaai era peer Sir fi.M. Elliot who knew that it was a"
far fiom being a Endorsing the finding that the Taj Mahal anc.cnt Hindu palace. I7th Century Muslim tomb, is m much American ioaeij-Tar Dr. M. Flagmcicr, President of the Monroe Street NorthScandinavian and Eastern Studies. 4059_
--.
Minneapolis,
Minnesota.l^A.^c
h Hm
fraud,
*at
%i,v
ebeated into bettrviot
tome aspect i of
it.
The
fraud
hn
bees to consummate thai
Kmi
generation! of Kbolar* and Eastern uic Fefumon. Vincent Smith and been badfy duped, 1 hope that scholars, studentssit
of ladno binary at lean now Ueplsf Ibtar hcadi butted in ifaei
up and think
in the Mar hitanisftinstitution* *** tbt m,no* ti TOell
of fanciful lUh history , n Indian scboolf.
n n d,
December 6, 1965 addressed built the that Shahjahan held in contempt the absurd notion bolstered our Taj Mahal, Your scnolarjy o vest! gat. on s the clar. ty .16 own theories, and vou are to be commended for refreshing mtfoo< which you have presented this new and W theJa hiitory...56 to 1605 A. D.
iKbJperhaps bejf.
#VCDtraced
awa >%
B,ts
f
*
amongsearcn
theis
royal andthat ihe
a propct
undent**,
awa>
W
j
t
h
the impression
Lujv mcamng
The Peacock Throne) treasuredTakbt-e-Tausit.
mediaeval monuments throughout India, pre-Muslim origin, have been blatantly credited even though of to this or that alien Muslim ruler it is no wonder if the Faichpur Sikri royal township also suffered the same fate. Bull here is voluminous evidence to prove that Fatehpur Sikri was a Rajput township encompassing all Hi extant redstone monuSinceall
extant
LT^Shab,
But lhc exta,teffigy
i,its
peacock T^** not from the
on
It
gels
ia
former Iranian ruler IXnrcaua itelheart of. that throne. lore to the lady on
L^M>
Peacock)
bird but
from Taus
who
ments, constructed several centuries before Akbar. Though this would be a fitting topic for a separate book yd in view of the amount of evidence available a rapid survey of (bat evidence should give the lay reader and rescachcr alike enough
loved
mb
grounds (o scour out from bis mind the traditional notion that Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar or for that matter by anyalien
to smffc
also belonged to the same teftaStDy, the Peacock Throne It was sacrilegious *'hsch last owned the Taj.
throne with animal (* i Mmkn nwouch to have ordered a eifki Both ihe throne and the Taj enter into the unauthentic The reoiiii of 5bifajihin i reign just about the same time.T
Muslim overlord. The main points of ihe evidence may be summed up as under 1. A number of Muslim chronicles pertaining to the reignsrulers
of
preceding
Alcbar
allude
to
this
township1
as
"Fathpore", or as "Sikri" and even as "Fathpore Sikri2.
".
aatai&xnt palice (now
known
as the Taj)
provided just the
A
historical
book
titled
'Akbar
1
'
written by Justice J.M.
f$i type
of Kiting for the scintillating
throne.
Shelat and published bycarries facing
The Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay,
^iSMTiikdJaiaiMtsjtdthe audit of the
page 82, a painting captioned "Humayun's troops entering Faihpore". Here it may be remembered lb at Humayuncity
crowdedIt is
Wwifls.
*m
of
m ttooe
a huge citadel now called tie main mosque. Bur wall* and other indications such asof Agfais
was Akbar's
father.
The
painting
is
clear proof that Faihporet
(Sikri) existed before Akbar,
point out
thaiifae
it
could only be
an
earlier
3. The faierul battle between Rana Sanga and Babar-iha founder of the Mogul dynasty jn Indiawas fought around
'empk or1
royal deity.
Usually
principal
,Dd,1
**te captured be lea ' ,h fd Ty .he sc, (l o that AM...
S
^%
]u Simkrif name
is
GbatiPatra.Akbar's reign therematerialsia
certified midwife.->r
not even a scrap of paper proving that the Fatchpur Sikri township was ever25. In the records of
According to current
falsified
account. Fatehpur Sikci
comtnrjsioned, designed,
ordered,
labourers or any day-to-day account kept. ordered mob a huge township to be constructedrecords or at leastable in the26.
money paid to Had Akbar reallyhugepiles
=sfere:S.r fltsaAkbarlive in .
township under constructs
1
some
tattered bits
of should have been availBritish.
Mogul record captured by theJesuits at
Contemporary
that cot a stone-cutter's chisel
Akbar 's court have recorded was ever heard or any buildingmustif
f^td"of1
nnd *en suddenlyafter
leave
*i.
>-*
tamXl'ly
completion
on the
very
""-""J? face of.
material piles seen
and
that,
therefore, the city (if at all)
have been "built oversight asdressed to the required size
by magic for which stones must have been brought readymade
U.veltinlife
"8Sin
because the
hto*"
*
'"*'
from the distant quarries".overnight withoutisI
he slightest
That a whole, city couJd be built trace- of any material lying. aboutApparently taken in by
SS3 rn.de30
Fatehpur Sikrl untenable.
the height of sentimental nonsense.
the gullible talk of Akbar's
fawning courtiers whose language
ihe Jesuits could hardly follow, the latter have made this naive noting in their mediaeval simplicity and bclier in magic. But for us now that noting is of immense significance in seeing through the medieval game of falsification
wall thai enclose! holes in the outer ns.ss.ve vivid proof of the In,. the surrounding plain ! the over three against Rana Sang, Latttfonsht there by Bh ascended the throne. decades before Akbar evidence, turreut historical That in spite of sueh massive . anach,o,.t.lly that Jaud"ouri,t U.er.tnre shonld
The gaping
IVek
SU
*
of Indian history.
FS
hZ Sikri
bj Akbar.
Hindu ,ownsbip-was condoned tragedte. ofhlunderone of the major end glaringa patently
Even before the
fictitiousis
of Fatehpur Sikri township
t
T* fL*^ Z S? ZZ TI
rdCd
-m
2
m hhlwy*" ,yX
dates on which the building believed to have been begun by
research. ing Indian historical
Agra Fort
Fatch P Uf
**l
lbat bc
"*>
o send
his
wives
This clearly shows that
0I lttt
pcri&d of
Akba ''* wig"
>* stately
WOrDCQ
ci
lic iQ
**.
In spit, ofstyle.
The
Diwan4-KJias and Dlwanarchitecture in the stylish
i-Am
^i prince,
in
Sal.m Chisii'i "cavo"(.i c ).
interior apartments tn
Amu
The very
64the
INDIAN HISTORIC,
"ns^*C,|tfai C
Hindu mandap design.
No Muslim rukr
ever hart'I'lUfi
or ibc resources to build such a cosily fori. Hindu til me* *uch as "Aroar Singh Gate
a' O 1H0,a^0HU--
*UWW!L,,B
Gate" At the gates wert statues bor*r< and elephants in full regalia.
Haifa of Rajput prince?"- -?*
and
turned
to b
mi**"""*df
absurd (o explain this away as Akbars appreciation of the valour of the prince who
U
ii
^hl
claim Hmdu Kig of
of Chit tor fort against his army, flames were of earlier Rajput princes and the fortvaliantly in tbe defence
kg Th fhabuilt
Uh*J P-' " SSjW.dtW *** Mogu^and other Muslim roten be m' R ,pal,ceDb,. Since"*u,,rwci,k0
^ '"
^gpal. *
Tomar m '> t "" ,i *
betrayed
",
manyto
centuries before
Akbar ascended the throne.
was
glr,
Agra fort ft a twin of the Delhi Red Fort. Akbar and another to Shahjahan is wrong.built they
To
Agra to .. chain of ituHcem esistea Delhi and AgraPorts ut
to their
.
'X^^uUlclue-.,h - Taj
thenars
gold reference to the
^^at
th.MheRedI...
fcM11 gp.|-s time..
ascribe on
by Hindu rulers. There is no auth tic documentary evidence to sustain the claim that they built by Mogul emperors. In believing that claim hbionant nave made a grievous error of judgment.built
were
were
Wheats^ th*
around 370 A.D.
nT
Tbc cmbl.haofbeTa,ndrt,=res
architecture of the
tmmU
a 5A*a ft monuments. Rajput built
^ ^^
Amber,
elotely
lhtRed
M'tal ot ^
forts have stone flower emblems w*>4. The architecture of the Diwanj-Am an
Both thosehalls
i 'hekarch'
AkbaraTomb-Slbandr.Six mi..s from Mine* to lie buried '>
kbii
e
forts featuring elephant images.
They Save fix terrace roofs and no domes or minarets. Elophmt taigesex.stattbe gateways or both the fotts. Since Islam frowns on images. Muslim monarch; conl never construct
Diwan*f-
of the ornamental
Hindu roaaiap
sryle.
say * Af ; 1 Leu" Historian,being uaed ha '^^ pa1i before
Sikandn. Akb , t
tt
h.v^.
J? Tf"" e JPU*
C
1'
"P:
ABtain
hnby
oeZCtoZ
^.
"S in.
en,
CT' d
bad re al ,ra PP in s
P"^^btt
P
^
Jnd a which h,
w
construction to Akbar.
Other historians quoting
lA H^* r^LTomeTcit
and accomim meorW. To huge bad count less was. thoPBns and gba s. U
*
AUah,b'd
W 'ork of someail
blundering authors, haveRiver Ghats Demolished
become
distorted.
him in 1384. Akbar but only occupied by flaunting claim ot ti. Mm*ir* nf Shahiaban make a
another aspect or ancient Allahabad which has remained hidden from the public because historians have failed to delect facts. It has been often wondered how the holiest of
There
is
faiher, grandfather ,8 tta precedent, of ki>inj5
and Cher pieced-
Allahabad has no jthats for pilgrims to bathe on even though it has been an invariable Hindu custom to construct magnificent ghats even in minor places of pilgrimage. A popular myth is that since the .Ganges changes its bed no ghats could be constructed. This It tn such cases ghats are constructed at the a facile explanation farthest limits at which the river flows. That is not, therefore,the holy confluence of the
three
rivers at
Muslim Abmcdubad mtdabad
rulers*
AhmcdabadBtf ulcrs srs.
another case in point of how Rajpui aionuMusltm been have bce ascribed wholesale to succeedingll
Before being
named
after
Ahmad Shah
1,
Uftl Ahmedabod *
a satisfactory explanation.
Moreover the confluencetownshipslike Pratistbanpurrivers* facing
is
surrounded by very ancientside of the
and Arai, on the othercareful
and Ashaval. Its history extends to.u very iemuie past. Abroad Shah was* very fanatic and tyrannical ruler. As was the practice with Muslim invaders Ahmcid Shah used captured Rajput temples and palaces cnoaqucs and tombs. A glimpse of his iutole ram dcprcdaiioni
*nawa
a* Rjjiiagar. Karciavati
u
exploration of the area reveals (bat ghats which existed along the banks were demolish-
Allahabad.
A
OMfl-MS
*
JO**Ci,
Kumar Mujumdnr's can be had fwm Mr, Ash ok eriki "Three Saints which was published in the special V'"*! "" numbrt ol ihc Caravan Magazine (Delhi) of August lajg11
|MD ,AN MONUMUHTS
cmtDmD fO ALU *maybe
**chared
llwith the Hindu
"In AJX Sultan Ahmad In that he observes. Sh destroy all Hindu Gujarat appointed an officer lo tempi! was executed with great bis kingdom, and Ihe taski
MM
Hindu
.tyle,
1*1
atthttecturs
\
So-tillc*! Juina'"
Maijid
din^
went to Siddhapur and broke" famous Rudramahalaya temple of Siddharaj und convened, The reign of the notorious bigot into a mosque.vear the Sultan himself
aSSSSSS E:i=Hindu roUU are common .* hundred closely vet pillar, ** evcaaamgic mosque* do not have temples. Genuine Muslim hamper mass prayers. nillur since ibey h*ed the sanctuary are,
m-.,ia
MuhnmmM"destroy" destroyed
Bagds (1458
to till)
was
yet to come'*.
here obviously signifies that ami tb umf buildings were occupiedInspire01
The word only Hindu worship wasnaively
and used as mosques,misleadingaccountsf
ihe
many
Ahmadin
Shah's
reign
ascribing
the
several
monumentspro'.e
Ahmcdabad
to him, there are
thai all those buildings
wen
unmistakable clues to only appropriated and not
cons-
the were wont to
style
on another nearby monument resoi originally a Shiva temple, it was turned into a pleasure by Shah Budagh Khan. Governor of Mandu under emperor
The
inscription
supporting arches architecturally not feasiblefanaticism of
^* ^* uncomP Moreoverreligious(if
romis,ngfid
tw Akbar, These two instances should be enough io show various others of identical construction falsely ascribed ioMnritarulcts,
Hindu features in mosque, had thoseEven
**!* ***** M?Z* d sacred,storesany e*iiteo/w"
a
Mmlim engineers
^ ^''^^0^. ^ w ,lole
were
built
by earlier RajputIs
rulers.
characteristics ed the incorporation of Hindu Muslim conception.
m
bunaing* buddings of
In such cases the utmost that
an conceded by historians,
The
ichacoloinii of ibe old school, is that the lucceeding MjJ*Jj' ndcis may hive used Rajput building material and sites. Tho academicians would have the original RJus believe that
mediaeval moouraflOW origiomllytinkering-
m *.*. o= ta. -"* * Hindu bear t.ga* *,y
M.U-
aa
76Neither the
INDIAN HISTORICAL
I
m
,
primary
dome nor shrine, the Kbarhe
the minaret arc
Muslim
has neither a
dome
since hi am, nor a minaret.
CaiiDltBO TO |NDIAN MONUWlNtS. ,i
M-RM MUSUSSU
~*,rt*t,
homelands of the were unreduced to the
AJmfTof the ancient Sanskrit Aiaya-Meru. Irs central city-palace, now housing som c 1^,, office* has been falsely claimed in fawning, flattering chronicle,
Ajnuf
is
corrupt form
to have been built by
Akbar.
Mecca Was SUWfflW hou.ing 360 (InduO tailed huge temples'
W
rl ** h ave a virgin d , number ...TV* coumervvan^ have ame D courtier wn c if. *ell known e kii if any well ,
al near thepalace
^^bee.
.^Z f
^urtiers. courtiers,
**" ,2
rSl hai
boys prostituted
? therme Ives, *iiSo
Zl Jon led to-Woo*
Akbar's stark tils AH batofian* unanimously testify to has recorded that Akbar could neit racy. Mis son Jahangir as though he was very learn nor write but used to posereadIt
a
not 10
much a question of Akbar's posing asall
ofotheri'
prtntlwMa T Ldenly descend
TV* DEPRIVED THEM OY would be A percent question Whcrefrom did m-PWWi
^^^ ^permission,
^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ mibe icalm
who coH
ed
^
.nei heir
.
and drunkenness an-
* *""
^miesf
cabled
some
lw WHOof
HAD
s0. ca]led ll|llW ,
Akbar *
yea to
hkeT
loCMto 7 wre n0De
humouring bim into the belief that the outcome of profound wisdom,
that ho saidelse
or did wai
Tbe answer
when faced monarch!
with
a
cruel
and
could they do unscrupulous, alt-powerful
What
Hindu other than decent
wh^ase hn menfolk w and after their ra ,ded and plundered ^l helplessly left to fend ^ massacred or converted were sex-hungry to the mercy of selves and were exposed5.000 women Dpite an eaclusivc harem of over as of the realm whose vtrgmity.
is
that
^^^ ^^cI women
we.c
^^wog.
daily
Akbar'ssays:
life
a good example of a Sanskrit adage which
courtiers*
diUihe
Abu JFw
Youth* Wealth. Porter and Intemperance
virgin "prostitutes"tells
Each irogly can bring ruin
What theu when
all
combine.
of repeating thai Albar during hit early years remained "behind a vert'*Whit he meani Thereby is that Akbar used to spend most ofpage 31 Smith says "*Abul Fazl never tireshis
On
and could not Akbar's exclusive royal command by any courtier be violated without special permission was itself always honour or the wives of noblemen and courtiers of Atbarnama. subject to Akbar's sexy pleasure. Id Vol. Illus wasat
edited by Sir
tune in the harem."'the
On page
good (Jcsuttl reprove the emperor iharply for his licentious relations with omen,,, Akbar blushingly excused himself." Abul Fazl deicr** tni Akbar ' harem says, "Ms Majesty baa made a large enclo-
Aquivm.
Smith informs us thai father had boldly dared te81
Jadunath Sarkar, Abul Fazl says 'Whenever Bcgami or the wives of nobles, or other women of chaste (sic) character, desire to be presented, they first notify their wish tothe scrvanis of the seraglio
and wait
for a reply.
From
thence
which those who arc eligible (sic) are permitted to enter the harem. Some women of rank obtain permission to remain there for athey send their request to the officers of the palace, after
sure with fine buildmgi inside where he reposes. Though there arc more than 5.000 women (in the harem) lie hat given o each
*bolc month/'
Remembering that Abul Fazl has the reputation of being a
CTWH.
86
IMD,AN
w *Wtic*t nt^iaVU "ioanohl
ihat
above passage is a clear "thtmdtt* nsiteref". the used to compel wives of courtiers and
Ak&r
N oaU U*.
*-
toward* *hotn he
fell sufficiently
hum at least
for a
monthis
attracted, to remain al a lime.
w,ihr7*
hJ
b^t^22 r= i-%1>i>
cou,d havc . 7* ,t s (bat huma mty shed m ed} ^ bct eve ovct a number of generai,o D| W3J S ' generations removed f rom cr bree many tiroes more cruel thao ZCD must be(
^
not
^
Hamzabao, a military
worthy
d^A
n
Evfln lhis S i
m p]e
(J) 01 * Dialled scholars "s greatness,At"
nMstory who
ignored by have perpetuated *> eis
truth
ibyAkbwlVb.orbioii^rim ina near Masud Hussain Mir**, eyes se revolt, had b.sa
$13fear
AkbarC
^ W ^'Akbar Vi " y
"~.
which Ihc ft"
wiih people coiMceml
U
'^ ^ tev of (heir owt
therefore,
Nights than supplement* to Arabian be regarded as
2*! m^haj
Bibliography1.
:
Akbar the Great Mogul by Vincent Smith.Akbar the Great, Vol. Akbar by1,
is
2.3. 4. 5.
by Dr. Ashirbadi Lai
Stivuiavi.
have only incidental, and would by moit caution after firm corroboration find as a needle, in Such truth would be as difficult toslack.
*~**22 "**^** an
MM*
Shelat.
Akbaroama by AbulCommcntarius.
Fazl, Bibliotbeca Indica series.
and kind have been uttered by discerning been heeded. For serious historians even before but have not eight instance the late Sir H.M. Ellioi says in the Preface to hisWarnings ofthis
6.
Annals of Rajasthan by Co!. Todd.History
volumeHistorians, Elfraud."
1- India's
As Written by1
Its
Own
study of mediaeval chronicles that the History of the Muslim era in India, is an 'Impudent and interestedcritical
ami Dowson, Vols.
to 8.
In his address to the All India History at Allahabad, in 1938, Dr.
Congress session held
Surendranatb Sen, a sectional presi-
dent, similarly observed
:
*"Hereis
I
deemi,
il
necessary to sound a note of warning. Thereto treat everything written in
a tendency
certain quarters
of history. Nothing can be more weie mainly interested in the court and the military aristocracy. Some of them deliberately soughtridiculous^.. The chroniclersilic
Persiuo a* a prima:) source
patronage of the ruling sultan and the principal nobles.
'
[JH
INDIAN H.STOt Maa
TV MU wtiicn were seldom free from religious bin tu bit, tt1 ihem inditTcremi nude them indirTcrent to the culture of the Hindus, Th* Theto eternal pcrdi perdition of These defects the Persian cr ian chronicle* r-iryibat inspire af India/ onr>Tm to influence the historical works of India."
m
^^n Hnitt
MEDIAEVAL CHRONICLES FA rf|| IH..aoocratcloss
107all
was i deluded misbeliever
doomed
u^ "
crown wealth out
of
proportion, and
over the rulers'
many
misdeeds.
Mh u*** j[*"5
therefore, mediaeval
Muslim
chronicles and rulers*
on to quote Dr. Tcssitorl, the gre liiluD scholar to say that "The history of mediaeval India hai been so far compiled chiefly from the works of Muslim hisior ni who rcpTcieni the Rajput princes in an unfavourable light* calling ihem infidel dogs, headstrong rebels, etc Bearing suchDr. S,N Sen then wearunfriend t>feci inn
V u reliance1L.icce DiedIt
handled with the utmost caution ought to have been that our histories have gone all out in e1 j on I find on these suspicious records- Every word written
weighed and verified before being needs to to properly these records provide will be found that sometimes
'be
Monammadenrole
historians never
do
full
justice to the
important
which Rajput princes played
in
unpens! campaign*,.,."*
The shove twobts;
extracts
should be enough lo highlight two
At times, the asscrmaterial for adverse inferences. pinch of sail, sometimes to be taken with a Itenita thrm need to the glories of previous Rajput rulers* v rive us a clue the events dealt with in them need to be while at other times and examined with a pair of tongs."rftnirtble
L
carefully
lurned
failings of ihc
mediaevalchronicles
Muslim chroniclers
:
One was
ihat
tan rote
not out of a literary urge lo leave innhful accounts of contemporary happenings for posterity hut run ai*>frmding. They were mainly interestedI
their
in flattseir-
tini the sultan or
reliance hitherto placed Because of the indiscreet and blind Muslim chronicle* and rulers' memoirs many in mediaeval Indian history. A proper myths have become embedded in the that there is absolutely no evidence ofreappraisal will
badihah *ith a view to curry favour for
show
jnndraent. Their other drawback was that they wrote t d *** local culture, people and 1V l.i K nd^wtuch mihuted afa, ,be impartiality, veracity and
TT
law to prove thai Akbar built canals scribed to him. or any of ihe forts, towns, palaces and or the Delhi Red Fort. Like that Shabjaban built the Taj Mahalkind as will stand in a court ofassertion* originatrumours starting as oral canards all these sacrosanct beliefs through ing as written yarns have become of going to the very If historians take the trouble repetition,root of these
*ttcta*i *hKh . true historian should possess
much vaunted
claims claims they will find that the.
W^** ****
Akbarct
.?
*'i
fof
,D "oce
**-l>n**
pwpH,n.
Ufa Jafaanp,,^
A^^re lift* Uveto
* mgni ,,,*, lBe '**" lter p,,n*'> ob.___1
.jt
' " ,bt PDin * ' h* 1 been *** v. the rulers themby L or "-called accounts of
J,r,
IO
^
works on
are baseless.
M
present before of the above contention I shall chroniclers you a panoramic survey of all important Muslim why discern and the much quoted records left by them, to show unreliang historians have repeatedly pointed out the utterIn supportbility
"J'
of these
men and
their
works and how
In spite
ofthweinstitu-
emits
the applecart of Indian
mediaeval history
'**
w w,
w
1' 1 prol, rah* " FCi a , ! magc of the,
^^..iotu
move merrily through ourtion*
unmindful of
its
research schools, colleges and false and insecure wheel*.
Let ui take Alberuni. In
Ms
JSP** *
the
1*^ H
out mediaeval
" Congress. Alliha&ad*
history,
we
Alberuni hasevents he
left
are the only
others throughease as in that of account* tnat are told that the our knowkdg n
noun* of
e
has dealt with.scant
And soon
after
wi
*re
^
Alberuni had
regard for iruts.
tIn this connecttoo
:
, ,
INDIAN HISTORICAL
Ri
Edward
C
Sachau the well
us. H.ficnc tradition failing
known wboJar-Mitorfon . *"* we arc reduced to a sj
litthCUD
0ftjt
a^ato*???.'
** 1 f *
hilt
* (ofGhazni) had been dead only wrote King Mibmud tf politician he awaited the issue weeks As a cautious of th (between the two heirs Mahmud and Masud) ad ,JJ contest on the throne or his Masud bad been firmly established rather hastened to dedicate to him the greatest work of hii he at ooce Masudteus If he had been affected by a D y fe& life the Canon the dead king he (ought to fog of sincere gratitude to have and dedicated to him his works in grateful praised him memory). He has not done so. and the terms in which he speaks of Mahmud throughout his book arc not such as a mm would ase when speaking of a deceased benefactor. He oalymentions bim as Amir
author's Of tofonMlion--U
(7-e.
Alberuoi's)
work
1.
w^"*
ni^from
^^"'/I'd and d,sin= tion ^tThis we find Hi*h " A6 daTase inDr.to
rJvs
policy ga and follow him at once, he took them to showing him the copies he said "What Abul Fazl teaches me is very different from what he practices in ihc hove." The incident is said to have produced a temporary estrangement between Akbar and Abut 1-azL
in
That Firdcusi too (though he has not written on fndia) wii no way better than Alberuni in the matter of Vet*(
^.^W^orhun.
Dr. Sacbau say,1
m ther.
same
TdS Kiii?dILto
J^^^^sr
ro
dca,h byen,
^ J2IiTt
have
KnairM
L
youDg
;
iC U "
lyy*r
*
*>**h*
*foufld
after
enthrone ionat
hB fiBiriMd
,a,ed
n
****
** Shihnan. andhe flung
for reward,
him
3-
On
and to the Vl|] ocompaoying drinking orgie,.
* taH ^ ^carccfutatio^roTl Patronage and engagement to the *ru and lettm Wh Whatever Patronage was encoded * to iMBfih^.. lo i>cophnttf
U8h U
^"^
~
kind of dance and music
page 178 of the 1st volume of Akbarnama Blochmann Badauni * opinion about Abul Fazl. Badaum says 1 Abul Fazl when once in favour of the emperor (officious as he was and lime serving, openly Faithless, continually Itudying Hit Majesty 1 ! whims, a llattcrcr beyond all bounds) took every opportunity of reviling in the most hnmef.il way l hat sect whose labours and motives have been io little appreciated.quotes1
,
*f Airti
Ill
,Ml>,A * | HIS110|
CAL||
>H
Me0tABVAt
CHRONICLES
111
bywMltftrtlJ"i^
,bJ(
fr thai
vantage
M
,jlPtACCO
he hro*heat anybody- Jafcangir ibc crown prince h 10l8elr *Oufo under the overbeanng authority PPqr tly wioeiof *i. or A|? position so intolerable as lo be !' F- *l. found hi* compelled1 abour the assassination of Abut Ftel.
po in,
iHioH
undcr
* bti^
S^*' ^^rTtX^iScould-be fl,0U
^
Tbrdc1to
We
ba'c
Abul Fail's own confession lo show that
c
In Bfocbmanns 1 time s-erver and opportunist. mef*** ' ta tbt fim edition be has quoted Abul Fail's own remark '*** which Abul Fail says "As fortune ' Akbsrnftma in
^^.:r:fu^rng*io
did
ass Failure o
and detailed except a coherent of without J"J, Hamlet reign- Akbarnnma wia lo object in writing extended interminably lich could HisasottofPenelope-s Web that is iiasort of Penelope information
.?
commercial rates and metal lur-
lakmmcU.*- when beAkbar'* a rtention)price of lenrniofinclusion..., The!
'
failed!
in
bis
first
attemptr
olfir|l
almost became selfish
bad made
advice
my brain drunk with the of my father with difficulty Icm
and conceited* 1511"*h'
^;; ^mthe^rem^ncj spersonality
Akbarnama and its author has Akbar's reign and conceptions about Akbar nccptionS m^ibe.
rcsul -
0 *;
from outbreaks of folly."Footnotes in
f ** "**=* *e bo*as asi
opium add^5,000 wotnen-
Urd drun^
d
^and
^^
^^ ^inI
hi.
a sovereign
who
pUe of
grained
a harem of over
Akbarnama describe Abul Fazl
who oiedcertainly
nan and
consume about 22 seers of food everyday. "i!? * ought not to be one of the attributes of a suave histto scholar.
TT^elsTr the L|
Thai Akbar himself rega rdedhanger-on and idid
Abis
,-.: 1 1 i .
.
I
.
,
-
n
o
mo
-,.
t
h
,
Had he been the Just and great ruler that we have been wrongly made to believe he should have arraignassassination.
proved by the fact tbath* not bat even an eyelid or raise a finger on Abul Ftofy
camp
follower
Fazl reveal* Vol, or Akbarnama Abul Kuknai ( ho opium or -Whenever His Majesty takes wine, a drug par excellence outlining Sabri ,i 4 ucr he calls servants in charge ?1 aumtessence of ill other drug*) the addichou him the stands ." Akbar's extreme p ace before could only result in extreme o drinks, drugs and women coniiar tyranny towards his helpless subjects1st;
cruelly
justice, fairplay, impartia to the claims about his exemplary he was anothet Hty generosity and nobility. Obviously Nero.f
and
Jahingir with ibe charge.
% On page
TO
Abul FazTs 'rand strategy to hitch his wagon Akbar* tram so as to forge a lifelong link for ensuringsecurity, prosperity
wu
tohis
or
a correc appraisal of his
and commanding authority it court undemanding of this role of Abul Fazl is essential for
Akbarnama.understood thatlo
Inhouid be
demyn,l,
Akbarnama wisanything more,o
S^JlmcZ
s "Jabatigir openly co* l
Ain-15 dealing with "The Imperial Harem" Abul Fazl the reader "His Majesty has made a large enclosure
c
WM
his
enemy/'
with fine buildings inside, where he reposes. Though there "'- more ibtn 5,ooo women be bti gtvon to eicli topktmli apartment. Surprisingly enough Abul Fazl fails to mention
i
INDIANII*IQ*
n. ' wofd of Jtbnngrr to prove thai Alcbar We hate lie a neither read nor write a word. BDWilB. He coufd Al JJI aiQjn
^ ied
womenfolk or Akbar** subject* In addition he up truinn. . ilw Tt mi*** fomoelled to ipend up. to a roomh
compel
^
c tpern*, u;:i raafntn) 16. |g j;'
&\oS
Sf.
^
*!* of Jahangir depend* cmolfs written by h.mself or
S
ni''t' and angelic J' P* ** are described in '"* 37. 38 etc.l
u
rllu
quali-
Am*
* *s hardly he ""Miwil hboir
La"
t u^l^ w,th h,s own **". for haVe taken "Pon himselfiuch
MAobsession
nmw TO
fctC Al
^
mmhi,
.. About Jibmafir"* v*li* of crou jewels to agronomical fagy 1MJ quantities observcd vcrV perlioenily **" Bnnsh historians have that iiiif k| jeweller's -eport than an emperor's Kb a
for exaggerating
n p^|TH
W
MEDIAEVAL CHRQNtCUSit
..-
narration.
The claim' ofltthangir to have install-* palace fli Agra for anybody to ring and011
i
a bc|| orjuaii
g Hid Elliot as jost another yam unworthy of consideration predecessor, had been m the habit f nsechanliLosc all Wi limilar empty and unfounded d*,m- id their ^jy recordingcredit.
amenities for wayfarers Jc d other
cynically scoffed at
bi
H.M
os
has dismissed as 'silly **.
demand juMi^V* Sir
^
jabangtr'* claim
1
Examining the
much vaunted twelve
,rgio Jabaogir, formed the basis or Sit Hto Elliot says that those have been mechanically repeated by r alu? Miulim i ulcf cacb pledging tw root outrank corrupt'* rjmpafli previously. Thus between themselves these cbrotu and memoirs provide staggering evidence of thej
Institutes which ace his regime.
m
_, ty unviable and
that he regarded everybody** private pro* sacrosanct is refuted by Sir H.M. Elliot
classic instance hv citing the
of
Mohobbal Khan,this leader-soldier
a
military
Jahangir. Lirflandcr ofn
While
was Bating
cstcm and depth of corruption that prevailedfrom Kutuboddra to Bahadursbah Zafar.
nigbtmamh under all ruler,
hii family Kabul on the frontier* ousted from its mansion to make room l ft s unceremoniously This also incidentally proves bow deiperaPrince Parwcr
of Jabangir'v kingdom
accommodation the Moghuls used to be and tv sbort of hollowncss of the traditional claim of their having therefore theintrepid builders. These observations of the been great and reduce Ihc veracity and reliability of ihc British scholars jtohangirnoma almost to a cipherLet us
for
iibiogiTi claim i* to
have
built
serais,
sunk
wefts and
1
Jo ihc preface toreject* Price's
Jahangirnaraa the editor says "Sir HM having been written by a jeweller aiher than an emperor the pretended accuracy and minuteness with which Ihc value of gold, silvc and precicwi s given, and the abounding exaggeration displayed in enumerating suras... must be ranked with the fictions of coxutu and PialBmanzaT."version a>
now
turn our attention toreign
Bitdshuhnama or Ihc
ofShahjaban written at btsinttance by Hamitl of Lahore. It must first be stated here that Italia Abdul behind his Akbnrriama subsequent ever since Abul Fail leftaccount or the
'^f
P a * 206 records "h which the emperor tells ThTL\ r u | h ,M cow,rr * P*ice at Agra to a stone pillar r.E Ju e , it does not appear that it was ever shaken. 2f and probably was never meant for anything but parade. taEZrf7i" :ka? Umil * tian of what was attributed.
Utt
w His,or 5 ^!ly ctl
mo
m r 5 Justice
>
Vl
v[i -
KtoghulruleTswcie in desperate search of similar chronicler cruel and tyran* wiih their alchemic peas could make base, as had regimes appear resplendent, righteous andgencfOBImealbeen successfully demonstrated by
found a tolerableI
prototype in
Abul Fail That Shrthjahun 1 Mulla Abdul Hamid .an be
'
tk.r*'
J
rulrntheir
Pf e
'% h
Alul, Ht had alrcadv done the same at ,e*r fierce of ihc habit of Muslimn,etvei
Ra,pj" ; o S'^ D
suien
P^fi knspuiMM.J
*ctiDco OW
flK r'^S;* fl, "rwi e ,i ,0Elliot's
r ^ in!5,oMu n C *^'"
recorded glories of "- Therefore, even though Muslim ,ly dci "oycd all Rajput reoardiwill >
*he
the third Institute of Jahlfflgif wbjch m,e "5-*j claims that all heirs to proper' Y Wcre *! property, bir M- fcuiot enjoyment of the deceaseds nicre repetition of obscrvei "The descent to heirs it Institutes of Tiraur. p. Timurs Institute (Davy and White teen by refer373) but bow little it was adhered to may be Aurangneb, who ence to the history of Jahangir* grandson
Commenting on
'
chronicle* ; rcCQntIru * . .. ,t._. .._ *,. lej, and the Sutlej, and that the Sultan founded the Jumna and laid out verdant gardens by ind towns, built palaces
!t
"My
rl
i
assertions are like the ones
we make
while
lhC
ta,c * to c *" Wrcn ratios fci'Y
m
,ul,lD 8
them to sleep
Had
surrender copies of Jahangjr't original version. Thii was done because lahangir's version eonofficial!
who were asked
to
bland statements been true the author could "c numerous sources than merely ascribing the inforroahaw quoted belter father. Rumour-mongers always ascribe such infor"h,]8
lis
'
of
""* P'.
theyfort.
were
intended to compel th* subjects and
officials
to
to drown the dreadful mechanically repeal the official version of diurnal tyranny in experiences, memories and miseriesofficial
ZT
C ' UI
"
'
hc
'"" a
Muslim
history Professor
K.A, Nizami or Aligarh
a psychobistonan alone can analyze conSbvs Prof. Nizami, and motivations to arrive at the "historic tradictory situations extent Akbar " A classic poser for a historian is to what fICl for Rajput ladies of his harem in wa5 guided by considerations while revelling in animal hums adopting vegetarian habits,enjoined by theHistorians'
Univcfsitv debunking
wtnitivorthv.professor
Medieval Muslim chronicles as most Such a confession al appraisal from a Muslimdiehard
"Qubusnamab".
of
tbe
Aligarh
tradition
is
a
rare
phenomenon.ierit>
mc'IT
Muslim academics had better emulate Prof and emerge out of the holes and baskfo
Nizam is
accounts can't be properly interpreted unless t their psychology, their predilecreader first understands them, of their minds, observes Prof. tions and above all the duality the most important Nizami. For instance, Abu Al-Fail. one ofhistorians of
of their chauvinistic of the
tutoring
the sunshine
TRUTH
ifli
mediaeval India and author of the "Akbaroamah Akbar. laments recording Hie achievements of Mughal emperor become a slave of dirhams and id a letter that "I havedinars."
The ne*i repoei ran is
under
W T 7 " ""' n** ! -o** M * ^toZZll
bHioS^I;^ 2
:
"^'^Wiiory",m lbf
new
technique oftime,, has
ZEISS?
t]
t?
U
C*
bis Nizami analyses that whenever Abu Fail found from assessments of a situation running in a different channel of the emperor's, he very artistically hid himself in a plethora high sounding words or quietly let out bis views m abstractProf.
he** a teUisiiag.taoomougiciiftaf ik. **_.
rab
hl tonography
tradinoo
and philosophical language,
'Wherever his florid style begins
to soar
higher,
whereveris
w -^l^cihdai .T/ **1
dV0Ci,led
by
Fmwh
hi*
h
'
a, *
philosophic ideas
become more
abstruse, he (Fail)
always
Ionic,
^h found aaiCf'^jtifluencwi
of
I,:, "!
'"J
*" "searcbera,
fating
the former
some psychological
situation,
by the
WT'
J*
g.
*
University.
Mr. K.A.
Accounts of Iranian historians, notes
Prof. Nizami,
cannot
chf0ni l of court bis*
be regarded as comprehensive or truly reflective
of their times,
UMainn WMongraphy tradition,
'hey
dedicated their works to ruling monarchs and consider-
\24
d any reference to common man or his pr toryto tort to tbe art of h rstory writ ins.i
M* ro|
H| ***^H
,.* pjSSffcA^""
MIT> N
MroiAWAL CHROMICUS
12*
writer*,
The Persian Renaissance after the !rh c* 7VA/rr> *//*< age'' into 'TAe historytowards the beginning olthenfj
those faith* were spread through force BecauMS both y^^jequcntly they have destroyed lot of historytha remmioder.
Bth
onZ\histot-
COftVe
century,
"
^
'"I
ere written
in
Persian
in
Minor. Prof
Nizimi's
countries fro ra conclusions are alto.
?
*0tfc|
b-
of Europe and America and of thinking people to Algeria must reallte that "tiMfrfwni Afghanistan rcg, ^lualito prc-Mohamed history has wn rea , p re -CbtJslian and the* tn* tT nurtured ou a fake history even naVc been DurtUfC,otic*
llcoryiD.
ha* not only adulterated Indian hitHence it fected architectural taxi book*-
desp alr of ibis We would like to assure oF tnC j r profession. bMic CO as as overwhelming and formidable iog is not l ' ibem* 3 atl mediaeval monuments includinf the Tij Mahal, Hum ay un's Tomb, Akbar"s Tomb and the*o*c*Ued Kutub M.nar are pre*Muslimoul) Saracenic element in
Rajput buildings. The some of them is confined to ArabicIt it like
architectural from archilecturtt Saracen* SitaoeoK "i u. a . x....-, "" id. rcicrrco to. Let that architecture be referred to ^hitecture hitcClurC arco arcn teclurC is tpediacval mediaeval ly i QPpropr,,eS I, m * aiuium use.
*** plinth
' ,0g,e
Hindu
H^yle 5 i!^",
*?
**
^
"*
One very important consideration is that while India has had a very elaborate and masterly Sbilpashastra U. a science of architecture, ancient and mediaeval Muslim world has had20.
nothing corresponding to
it.
A,
***
"l
^"itoio
SU^.ucmt
M Ul]i0lBL ,,,etT 10 C0Vcr
hiildlng.
^naolished old Hindu from the sameihe
Any community claiming architectural skill must have basic (rcatisei describing structural form* and strength of mater alluied in construction
Ancient and mediaeval ladia had these.
P
many
illogicality*
The invading Muslims had none.
COM
132
INDIAN H!5T 0RlCALfc*ta
Of THB bl
pO.*IIC TH60HYl|41
133the fatse
Mkl *wIf.
m
lf tep
further
we may sayilliterate
that
invading
predominantlyrikJIh
not to talk of
M7*! niTr
to bring
home
to the reader
bonom
brill
Wc
the current
is
M To the north is an octagonal chamber which at all." to have not been usedin
West Atian monuments,is
has already been observedis
connection with the Taj
tl.
Another point to be noted\*I
that all
:xtanl
Indian
Mahal that the octagonthe
a purely Hindu shape.
Moreover
maoboenif tun* been built according to the Indian 'iihaitra irecifiratiaai even if they appear supcrficiiilfy toibi
aadibe
mosque*.centuries
Visitors
to Indian
monuments
have
the Whisunused chamber is an indication that the use of was an afterthought in which pering Gallery as a Muslim tomb earlier Hindu no uk could be found for every chamber of thebuilding.
Jx
mound,
y 23^^m*Z**qAdoer
fW M HjnJ(J im ^ s ***+* *ofW including students of architectureinside build.n*,
come to associate very rectangular or octagonal building shapes ilhdomci wilt) inseparable characteristics of Muslim notqott. This is perhaps o unique mi lance in world * raUtficanon of records and mere grafting of.quart
levertl
of luioriug
*V
ind archcJ
book TEMPLES. CHURCHES AND MOSQUES by Mr, Yakub Hasan it is stated on page 165 that "A peculiar style known as Saracenic was invented... Muslim architecture of one country differs from the Muslim architecture of another."In the
Thn
false
that the
building,
[*'?
are buih
entirely
to Hindu
a critical
claims in the above sentences become apparent study. If Mr. Yakub Hasan claim* that a new
^
^ were
eommissione,
,
A* Humd
tcliatoioBitti mm* .
uo^taT^r
same motlfl and style* coo 'eoPorary Muil.ni lomb* tnd disturb or bother ihe historical.
^ * book, ; dealing with
8ma
""
^
was developed he should produce the necessary treatises of the style. Secondly the admission thai Muslim architecture f one country differs from that of another is clear P'oofihiii the Muslim invaders used earlier indigenous build! * tombs and mosques and staked a false claim to have* u l them themselves,io lht,
'acenle style
the topic
,cl ata
ht article
LETTERS Society's journal titled ARTS 'Akbar the Master Builder' coo tains a characteristic
AND
'*eatenceIf
,NDUT*T S TOu . c*ays
Li(it1
"The
largest
tomb*
*
df
* '^
^aanACiHiC TltEOAY
13S
at
Delhi
plan or rather polygonal, the central lowded b an arcade, a plan which
tomb chamberha* ancientall
a re
h!?'
1'
imagedl
conqueror** iconoclastic by the Muslim
orlgi
?%
"-
badlyfrry
Th.
*ffllnce again
underline*
how
have been mistaking ancient Hindu l*^*" ** be original Muslim creations merely because someM 1toll ta tombs have been grafted in them.and hiiTorjId the article
students of
J befo^**** ff0fia *
*"
flowing the genius of your country, Ids' physical facta tbey were *
VISHNUDHVAJ A ...REVIEW,
l#.I54, of the year 1962 or the Bhandarfcar Oriental Institute, the author writes "Professor K,Research Director. Sanskrit University,that Mabnj'j'i
Vol XLI
M^ 1 *U
U^^TiTiTsprntual ntheUt'
t^d
the
the
santc,
n^Ev ry *****
canal
were language, but facts which went southwards,fi
Wiraihi. or remained aother.
R^-f
1
^r^st^i--*-!?*-**^ Theytl
Chaitopadhij*.
to each
werethai
Vuranasi,
iarbnnii
GbdZOt look ihe moders of the Delhi Manar do
called
Kuiub Miner) with him to Ghasoi for a timilnr coditraction there. He carried away Hindu masons from Mai hum to build hi j mosques and palaces at Ghazaj and the HiDdaarchitect built the
" M 5rt'
?^ "TuiufAdilShah of Bijapur creeled the fort* Z\ Khz c3a "" can be exposed by several clues. C* not be >n"ratcd in one year. baiwav.. ,currenttexts
yi
and comprehensive town-plan ; and this upon a teak of spacious dignity ; combined with individual and artishc freedom to which I cannot name any equally survivingparallel..*."If
historians
and archaeologiststhe
will
similarly study
Old
Adl Shah.
Sholapur, an ancientTfai
city.
Uelhnbeyk,
will find in it
common
ancient Indian
planning
^We.Of\;
"*ly S "fcal temple,
n * ai0ml
there arc
several
Jraiqua of laying
m
one haa been
lurac*
*albcr Shiva temple,
which bi
down a central axial road and planning ag reaideatial lanes around it to form a security-cocoon '^cd by a peripheral wall. In the case of Old Delhi
mCtaindni
"*>'AK
MUWH ICM>
Hr,
CUawk
it
iht axial road
red fort) at
ow rud md^c
with the ki . a
**K
Of,irTu S t Thus Abmcdabsd was not founded by Ahmadshah but5.J
conquered by him and christened in his
own name
supplanting
"^^'"J
2*^
* Mo***,b
r.iht f bid
J*r> -he
ttl.lfca
.owr,.^*'
^ ^*"f'*li
rrfJ
y maty>
nursing her
the earlier
name
ol
Rajnagar
alias JCarn.vati
Tfliikh-i-Ferox-
r*"7 00
even lo nukt both ,Qt, or-SaduI' (5oorya*Shardul) meaning The existence of an "infidel" drawing and its Sanskrit tiger
What
is
Inscribed records.
It is a common psyregimes would care to keep highly illiterate regimes scrawl enor-
suspicious
literate
name prove
thatin
Tamerlaw was buriedwhich he used toin
in
an
earlier captured
mously across huge wall surfaces it is a case of ifae lady pr> testing much too much." In faci those who stake false claims areoverzeatousto prove ownership or origin of'
the building
Hindu palace11, False
live.
on captured buildings. otherwise picnickers scrawl their names Even on the placestleyvisit.
by scrawling
their
own
inscriptions
mediaeval Muslim chronicle* sometimes afford tit a glimpse of earlier Rajput rulers' archives which were captured and burnt by the conquering aliens. Thus for insiauct Sir H.M. Elliot has pointed out in his critical study orclaim*the Jahangirnama that Jahangir's false claim to have installed a gold chain of justice in his palace at Agra was plagiarized
This
is
a
common human
failing
Hence Muslim inscriptions on mediaeval Indian buildings even appearing to be tombs and mosques, must never be mistaken to signify the original builder but only a captor, occupier and usurper,
from accounts of Anangpal's reign. Such nostalgic claimst therefore, far from applying to India's alien rulers, afford us a glimpse of accounts of earlier Rajput rulers' reigns, de&troyed
Vincent Smith has testified that Akbar."ten
Muslim monarchs used
to
by
their alien successors.
insenben at their command to scrawl wanted on captured buildings
and consequent all have an army of sculptorsandtheinscriptions
they
mediaeval Muslim chronicles sometimes lend themselves to adverse inferences. A broad, shaded highway upu> connected Lahore and Agra, and perha, : extended right ttawi Attack on the Indus The shaded trunk road existed from12
A 13mJi!lwworth* h|
hcr!
Claims
in
princ, P ,c,S lftat
to
^member
to
studying Indian
|
ry'
Mu * litaWri " CD
to spread throughout the country that the tbe
^^ption
SAUND-
for four years.
^^iu^tShankaracharya"
be period
is
not record ed.
hil
the 68 pontiffs who held office as Shankaracharya during the 2,448 years from 482 8C to 19G6 AJX, work* out to 36 years which is not an impouibk figure when we consider that the incumbents were strict celtbates
Tbe average period of each of
^
accounl5 f shankaracbarya refer to * Bhatta, the author of the philosophy ih fwii Kumaril meeting poorva Mjma^a." Since Bhatta lived
(to
fll|
tract
w
^
" 0X4haB.
Qhave livedout that,n
shankara, considerably youngerthe 8th Century,
S?
In rebuttal
it
rnuTt
i notoicd
^wKumarit*.
who
led
exemplary
lives
characterized by continence,the Sh ringerin
Sap in niibcrtoCentury
were no doubt contemporaancient a perBhatta himself to much more suspected. Therefore instead of behevingthe two
temperance, frugality and purity.
L and the RreatB,CThe
A thirdmonastery
view supportedis
by one tradition of that the great Shankaracharya lived
Shankaracharya lived near about the 8th ^AD^tsetms more certain thai both lived in the 6th
44 B.C.
Century4
WetimeI.
shall
now weigh
the available evidence to determine thelived.
when
the great
Shankaracharyainscription
mentions one Sivasoma desthe cribed as a pupil of "Bhagawao Sbankara-" Sivasoma was lived preceptor of Indravarman. The latter is known to have around 878-S87 A.D. This is cited as evidence that Shankaraview cbarya lived from 768 to 822 A.D, In rebuttal of thii the |**"j must be pointed out that no Sivasoma is listed among alta Sbankai a'i disciples. Moreover Sivasoma ha* obviously since the Shan* to a successor Shankaracharya, because ever has alway Lrecharya line was founded the presiding pontiff been referred to with the deepen reverence.
A Cambodian
of Shankaracharya is said to of the Pasupata doctrines from the contain a refutation Century A.D. This is cited as proof Parana* assigned to the 4th lived in the 8th Century A.D. Againstthaitins
SOOTRA BHASHYA
Shankaracharya
:
of the several Puranas is Indian chronology having been itself by no means faultless. All pre-conceived notion warped by Western scholars to suit their their assigning the that the Indian civilization is not very old, said Puranas to the 4th Century A.D. is itself questionable.it
may be
said that the dating
5.
The
SOOTRA BHASHYA
is
also said to contain a
quotation from
X A work called theSAUNDARYA LAHARlto the Great Shankaracharya.Its
isat^ted
Kamalasila s commentary on the TAT I VASAMGRAHA of Shantarakshtta, In reply it may be pointed out that the said passage may as well have been lifted byKamalasilainstead
75th verse
i*
a# ravjdl as allude to ihe Tamil Saint Tirujnana-Sambhanda Century Shishu.' Since that saint lived in the 7th before bis argued that a century roust have elapsed the B rW h all over South India and thai, therefore, {hc g ( vc himself have il/ charya who refers to him must argument F i rt detected in this Century. Many flaws can be a century aod nothing
p*
from
Sfaankaracharya's
SOOTRA BHASHYA
of being vice versa.pointed out that Shankaracharya refutes the doctri-
6. It is
'^^g..^
ne* of
^
Buddhist scholars Asanga, Dinnaga, Nagarjuna and Aihvaghosha, These latter are supposed to have lived not writer than the 3rd Century A.D., therefore, Shankara mustj*j*lived in
me
assumption that about
**
to
Century A.D, In refutation of this it be pointed out that Shankaracharya no doubt refutes
the
8th
:
:
173
mHi SauuntrVij
NDt*M HISTORICAL ltlf
j, wdj and Shoonyavada * oli Ruddhi*i ihmifhi but he never mentions A sun on f nt Asanga, r*. Djumi-. ** Najjiriuoa by name, Thos particular r Bnddhfstie d C ,T ' nc* were propounded long before the threeBudrthict.
M
^
&******
ACf|A
,iAS antiquity-
f(i
.
Qkjia
(
birth it idmiited
by
all
,y thc
^ t^w.rf
Ad, Shankw,
For Ihc present it may just be noted that the year birth by or 7*8 A.D. assigned for Shankaracharya's 44 both wrong. two different schools arelater.
m M9.
rfr
3058 Kali
of the bn*tal Sunday the 5th Lunar date disposition Vaishakha But the planetary th0SC CithCr f44 -
began
io
3102 B.C.
he ** Hence 2591
were intended to be recited inwhile paying them homage.
memory ofthe
^corresponds
*
ralnttS
2593-509 B.C. Thai was
the
THE
GURURATNAMALIKAverses
contains 86 beautiful andr
which Adi Snankata wa* born.the other details
we have the cyclic year Nand-ra, the Silt day or the Vaiihaaba month and Sunday which was was SBgiutriu* and bright hair of the month. The ascendant
Among
terse stanzas composed by Sadashiva Bra h mend ra a disciple ofthe 55th pontirT of the Kamakoti Peetha- Param ash vend rai
Saraswati. In those
is
recorded the succession to the
Ptetoa
from Adi Shankara's times.is
the
constellation
Punarvasu.is
What
is
noteworthy
is
thatthe
SUSHAMA
a
commentary
written by
Sbaskim't
birth anniversary
celebrated all
over India exacily
Atma Bodha on
GURURATNAMALIKA Atmathe
data every year. Therefore, there in accordance with in* above thtycat of his should be no doubt at to the authenticity or bjith being 509 B.C line of From that dale the Dwarka Peetha has an unbroken hud over succession of nearly 79 pontiffs, the Pun Peetha has140 acharyai andthe
the 58th pontiff of
Bodha was the discjpte of Kamakoti Peetha. Adhyatma Prakashen-
He is also the author of^a gloss on PUNYASHLOKA MANJAR1, known as MAKARANDA. His >s adttSaratwaii.highly critical
and historical genius which compels the reader's
admiration.
Kamakoti Peetha, 68. The
traditions Historians have ignored the fact of a remarkable similarity
just be ignored preserved by these three great centres cannot
and brushed aside.
Thereof
is
also a copperplate inscription ofI
addressed to
DwU pectha.ih ii a era
Ad Shankara VIMARSA, a work
himself.
It is
King Sudhanva reproduced on page
written by a recent head of (M The inscription is dated 2663 of the YiidhJs-
which corresponds to 478-477 B.C.Peetha of Jigannith-
of the Kamakoti, Puri, Dwarnka and Kudali nas, Shringeri is the only exception, ll would be very Wf to imagine thai the heads of the former four at some cn ' dftl * conspired together and faked those records just to P 1,c "' v aDour their antiquity. Far from ever coming baa h er I*"** pontiffs known for their pious, simple and
the records
^!
*te
Would
The chronology f the Govardha&a pun tallies with thai or Dwarkai
"Oflfcd
ncm
wtBwoL'r roande ^*tisifi,.
tht VeniaUtylife
bcC*** vaa Shfingct which has had a chequered history Adi Shankac* of political opheavali has m tradition by which A.D. lived abound 44 B.C and not in the Etb Century
^*
havc c"*ctively OT Individually with the dale* of their * an>P eri S just for the fun of it without the rerooof
nt
*
f any material gain,hl,toriaiu
^oaoj.? He*
bave eoramitled ihemielvei to certain which they dogmatically assume are uniiaallah'*
m
ml
'> refine to
admit dates which
. ... of revolution concept* .re undergoing amendmenttherefore .that the
h
luntpiion eicn though supported by s . r
Mte
onru8
r
^*'b*u1
l0VA
VKARACHAaVAS SHAW*lw- ""
ANTIQUITY
I81alio pull
changV^^ *,.
the death of ic PUNYASHL0K4 - 2625 3l02 =4" B.C in the the y ar 2625 Ka,i or SM F in lunar date of the bright hair of the on the 1 l!h
MANJARt
\
liTj***Lionelih
Blum,.
C.
That
ii
me
birth
dale of
Kumar
it
4M B^
*.
m.,
Kmma .. hi.
I
Sl
yo
((u
,
',""-" has heen dealt with at tome length volume tuled VEDIC HERITAGE
in
my
WORLD
>.HT,,.,M
Bbt^r So
II
ANTIQUITY tORP BUPWfA'SLike doubling
|gj
Lord Buddha's Antiquity Underestimated by Over 1300 Yearscelebrated with great Year of Grace 1956 when India anniversary of one of her moat juito ibe so-called 25001* birth Hie Buddha, the celestial famous sons Shalya Muni Gautama sleeves and the serene timekeeper must have laughed in his over must have names of "The Enlightened One' all the world the underestimation of brofcen into a broad, tolerant smile at The Buddha's antiquity by over BOO years by a not to enlighIn the
first doubted cverytblotind gave the benefit of doubt to all later dates. They then however, entered a very pathetic confession that they ihcro' very sure of their findings. On selves are not page |7| VO f I of 7* Cambridge History of India 'Mr. Hi, Rapion taw "Unfortunately even after all thai bas beeni
Thomases they
m
4,
ubject of early Buddhist chronology we are still uncertain as date of The Buddha's birth. The dale to tbe exact 489 B.C.adopted in this history must still be regarded as provisional/' Likewise Mr. Vincent Smith observes on page 44 ofthe J9I5
written on tbe
The Oxford Students* History of India that "The date of Buddha's death is uncertain, but there Is good Teason for believing that the event happened in or about 487 B.C.edition ofpossibly four or five years later."
tened posterity.
Modemtell
Indian histories and world histories have tended to readers that Lord Buddha was born around 544, 563 or 567
worthwhile marshalling and sifting all available evidence and finding out whether Lord Buddha's dates of birth and death, could be fixed with any degree of certainty. Such fixation is of great importance forit is
In view of this confusion
B.C.'
and died
after
SO years.
Indian historical chronologyimportant landmarkreference toIt
because
Lord Buddha forms an
This seems to be yet another blunder in Indian historical research because there is very strong evidence to prove that the
and many other events can be dated with
Him.
Buddha was bora jo 1887 B.C. and died in 1807 B.C. That meini Lord Buddha's antiquity bas been underestimated byover 1300 yearn.
scholars
would be worthwhile noticing at the outset how Western have ai rived at their dates about Lord Buddba. Because
The question thenmurg u ofi
arises
as to
how and why suchchronology.
a big
error crept intois
Indian historical
TheFor
eaplaoatioonearly ISO
that
India
having been under
British rule
of their pet aversion for dates recorded in the Indian Puraoaa and astronomical data, the Western scholars by-passed these eompletely Instead they plumped Tor the peg of some proximate Western records and hung their assumptions on it. In
yean and the entire Indian educational apparatus having been dominated by them dates acceptable to them alone came to be foitted on Indian history willy nilly. The British who came tortile over India in the 18 th and 19th Centuries bad vary primitive notions about the human creation. Theythought
Lord Buddha, flouting all Indian data, the Wesienr coolers took Alexander's invasion as the starting point. State Cd lhat comem P' arY L >ranes of Atexander. It
^flndr* nies
Saodrocouus and Sandrocyptus as must first be noted here that
IqdfiiQ _*h
*ir
Arabic chroniclers are notorious for mutilating all 0081 nd p,BCdha's
!17
tec? atfutam from their matilstiont. But thai hat the Ware-* K&okn hawe dooe. They nrjfiu, fo CbaBdragupta Manrya. his preoeceaNaodx lelas Dhanaoanda) and facet,** &BacanoryglBft aod resVctknthm Id coavaseo
aMe
that there
so similar*}*
between the Greet peg.it
aad **a "Nawds" tod
Bindnsaravfeethe?tt
Gmf chroawJcs do aot mthOLINDA AND
Chandr*gpta oT\ eokataehelam
eoansaeetsea page 3 of ha book thst "The s^eatnacarioe of Gopta-Clucdragupta of Msgadha as the rrwui niminii or Aleaaudcf tallies *.ith ail the dates of aadeat events noted in the sacred aod secular literature of ancient tiaaea of Hmdau. Buddhas and Jains."
loofht in 3138 B.C. Tracing tbe virions dynasties aamin,.,i rexcb ibe reign of Ckaodragnpta is thro we (of theft dyaafly) of Megsdhe to 32* S,C. Mr. Vcakuaeheaaai
Kou
or Maarya dyaasty Mr. on safe! of ba book THE
Kota
WNG
AGE OF BLTJDHA, AMTttOKA AND YLGA PURANA"toe entire cferooolofywg*Mi t*
Ac Ths wrsof ideatxacarjoaof the Maarya Ouodragttpci a*of Bhara!'
g the due of Lord
2 of ha
book Mi.
Kou
Veokatachetain
js "I>je
tdt Biifc
Hiw the
ancient history
foe" by a dtaereece
of 12ceoUme,to 327-320to by
ofBbarat his Akxaacer'i inraof too
:32a B.C (mmQi
k a OwndragaptaB.C"the
Greek chroaiders ts i=as tiiis Qiiidn Soros ibe last Aodhra king of ears beforethe
Kanisbka lived Kanisbka
Z\? *5*fois
it. 7ft
i
by
conflicted with their presumptions the Westerner* that since it of the 1st Century B.C., and concluded dial Vikraraaditya A.D. never existed. Further. SaUvahaoa of tbe 1st Century Sakas were the same stated that Vikrama and Salivahanatheyas
Western
scholars
themselves
kaiinhka advanced by the Western scholars
wrong
Azcs and Kanishka Sakas. Since the Western scholars postfrom B.C. to A,D. to dated the