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!"#%&'('&'#)'

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!"#%&'('&'#)'

!*+ !*,*-./=9> 5*97*1 697

)2,.21* /9 !=2.: 0;/6

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Acbh`sj ag`t`dc

F`rst punh`sjag `c >=9= ny

Narb

Ag`tdr`ih dsteas;

F`rst Fhddr, Icbah Edurt, :9 Ut Ehalacts Utraat, Dxfdrg DZ7 9IR, QO

921 F`ftj Ivacua, Caw Pdro, CP 9==9=, QUI

Civtak O. ]urawih >=9=

Ihh r`bjts rasarvag.

Cd pirt df tj`s punh`eit`dc liy na raprdgueag `c icy fdrl

dr ny icy laics w`tjdut tja wr`ttac parl`ss`dc df Narb.

Narb s tja `lpr`ct df Dxfdrg @ctarcit`dcih ]unh`sjars Htg.

H`nriry df Edcbrass Eitihdb`cb-`c-]unh`eit`dc Giti

]urawih, Civtak O.

Udc prafaracea ; sax sahaet`dc, bacgar, icg euhtura `c Udutj Is`i / Civtak

O. ]urawih. Acbh`sj ag.

p. el.

@cehugas n`nh`dbripj`eih rafaraceas icg `cgax. @UNC-95; 02:-9-:71>=-76:-6 (pno.)

@UNC-9=; 9-:71>=-76:-0 (pno.)

@UNC-95; 02:-9-:71>=-762-0 (ehdtj)

@UNC-9=; 9-:71>=-762-= (ehdtj)

9.Uax df ej`hgrac, ]iractih prafaraceas fdrUdutj Is`i. >.UdcsUdutj

Is`i. 5.GiubjtarsUdutj Is`i. 7.Uax g`ser`l`cit`dc ibi`cst wdlacUdutj

Is`i. @.W`tha.

JY211.:5.]:2 >=9=

5=6.:27=017ge>>

>==0=1=>02

Nr`t`sj H`nriry Eitihdbu`cb-`c-]unh`eit`dc Giti

I eitihdbua raedrg fdr tj`s nddo s ivi`hinha frdl tja Nr`t`sj H`nriry.

@UNC 02: 9 :71>= 762 0 (Ehdtj)

02: 9 :71>= 76: 6 (]ipar)

Wypasat ny KU Wypasatt`cb Htg, ]drtjeiwh, L`g Bhildrbic

]r`ctag `c tja QO ny tja L]B Nddos Brdup

www.narbpunh`sjars.edl

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Fdr ly twd h`ttha bals

]raat` icg Aasjar

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)"#?'#?!

]rafiea `x

Ieocdwhagbalacts xv

@ctrdguet`dc 9

9 Lipp`cb Ocdwhagbas df Udc ]rafaracea 0

> Udc ]rafaracea `c tja Edhdc`ih icg ]dstedhdc`ih >5

5 F`bur`cb dut Udc ]rafaracea 72

7 Ict`-Faliha Fdat`e`ga; Natwaac Iet`v`sl icg Drtjdgdxy 62

1 Cirrit`vas df ^aprdguet`va Ejd`ea icg Euhtura `c tja G`ispdri 05

6 B`rh Wiho; Euhturih Ejicba icg Ejihhacba tjrdubj tja Ayas df

Pducb Rdlac `c Edctalpdriry ]uckin 9=:

Edcehus`dc ny wiy df Ap`hdbua 992

N`nh`dbripjy 9>9

@cgax 952

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Licy padpha w`tj ic `ctarast `c sdc prafaracea icg sax sahaet`dc liy suar frdl wjit

eduhg na eihhag fdat`e`ga fit`bua. @ts sylptdls ir`sa dut df rapat`t`va libas icg tja cgax

df rapdrts df caw g`sedvar`as df seicc`cb eh`c`es dparit`cb `hh`e`t sax-sahaet`va nus`cass

`c Udutj Is`i dr df tja g`sturn`cb ieeducts df wdlac jiv`cb sax-sahaet`va indrt`dcsa`tjar ny ejd`ea, euhturih prassuras dr ucgar gurass. Rjac @ usa tja tarl fdat`e`ga

fit`bua, `t `s cdt tjit @ saa tja `ssua is na`cb dvarphiyag dr axeass`vahy g`seussag. Faliha

fdat`e`ga caags td na g`seussag icg ganitag ldra, jdwavar w`tj`c i ldra picdril`e hacs

wj`ej wduhg ihhdw fdr i fuhhar icg ldra er`t`eih icihys`s icg g`seuss`dc. `s sjduhg

cdt larahy na h`l`tag td i ganita indut wdlac dr df tja laciea df faliha fdat`e`ga,

nut td tja luht`tuga df sde`ih prdeassas icg `cst`tut`dcs tjit surrducg tja gas`ra fdr

sdcs. a drtjdgdx`as irducg jdw sax sahaet`dc icg fdat`e`ga ira edlldchy g`seussag

is i sde`ih av`h raaet tja cirrdwcass w`tj`c wj`ej tja `ssua jis edla td na frilag. @tivd`gs tja n`bbar p`etura df sdc prafaracea is i fducgit`dcih `gadhdby df sde`ih rahit`dcs

icg sde`ih raprdguet`dc. Ldradvar, `t `bcdras tja ldra s`c`star, lucgica axprass`dcs

df sdc prafaracea tjit ax`st w`tj`c padphas avarygiy h`vag raih`t`as, tja `libas tjit ira

tricsl`ttag icg tja bacgarag vihuas, axpaetit`dcs icg isp`rit`dcs tjit e`reuhita `c

sde`aty.

`s nddo gdas cdt `ctacg td sat tja raedrg stri`bjt `c tj`s raspaet. it wduhg na

i fut`ha l`ss`dc fdr icy dca parsdc td ehi`l td ittalpt, pirt`euhirhy `c ic ieigal`e

punh`eit`dc. ]arjips tj`s nddo eic na ejirietar`zag is ic axprass`dc df ly dwc raig`cbsdf, icg fise`cit`dc w`tj, sdc prafaracea. @c icy eisa, `t raaets i parsdcih kdurcay, tja

dr`b`cs df wj`ej @ il ucinha td prae`sahy p`cpd`ct. Ly icihys`s df tja sde`ih `ckust`eas

df sdc prafaracea jis sjipag wjd @ il `c i culnar df wiys icg, `c tj`s sacsa, `t jis

naac eitjirt`e cdt dchy td wr`ta indut sdlatj`cb tjit @ il `ctahhaetuihhy `ctarastag `c,

nut td axprass `c ly dwc wiy indut sdlatj`cb w`tj wj`ej @ ihsd jiva ic dctdhdb`eih

edccaet`dc. a dvarirej`cb g`aract-nut-aquih rjatdr`e, wj`ej `s sd pdpuhirhy usag

td kust`fy bacgar `caquih`ty icg `ckust`eas, cdt kust `c tja rab`dc df ]uckin `c cdrtjwast

@cg`i, nut bhdnihhy, sjduhg cdt td na tioac h`bjthy. Uuej rjatdr`e `s ucgarp`ccag ny isdpj`st`eitag liej`cary df systal`e tddhs icg laejic`sls tjit ra`cfdrea gah`cait`dc,

g`ser`l`cit`dc icg g`aract`ih axpaetit`dcs df lac icg wdlacs iej`avalacts icg h`fa

dutedlas. a eduej`cb df tj`s liej`cary w`tj`c i purahy euhturih frila `s prdnhalit`e

icg, is suej, raqu`ras i ldra pacatrit`cb icihys`s df euhtura icg struetura icg tja`r

g`ihaet`eih rahit`dcsj`p.

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Rr`t`cb tj`s nddo jis naac ndtj i tjaripaut`e icg ic ucedlfdrtinha axare`sa. @ il

`cgantag td pdstedhdc`ih fal`c`st latjdgdhdb`as icg tjadr`as fdr tja fducgit`dc icg

edcgacea tjay jiva darag la `c fdrluhit`cb ly dwc vd`ea td eductar ndtj cad-

dr`actih`st icg pitr`irejih g`sedursas dc sdc prafaracea. @ gd cdt ehi`l td deeupy icy

iutjact`e dr iutjdr`tit`va sticea dc sdc prafaracea nut @ gd jdpa tjit tja parsdcih,

pdh`t`eih icg `ctahhaetuih kdurcay tjit ieedlpic`as tj`s axphdrit`dc ri`sa furtjar

quast`dcs ritjar tjic prdv`g`cb icswars.

a cdt`dc df tja b`rh ej`hg, sd pdpuhir`zag is i v`et`l `c ieigal`e, bdvarclact

icg lag`i g`sedursa dc sdc prafaracea icg faliha fdat`e`ga, rali`cs hirbahy dvarhddoag

w`tj`c tja latjdgdhdb`as icg ipprdiejas td axphdr`cb tja pjacdlaci df sdc prafaracea.

@ nab`c tj`s nddo ny hdeit`cb lysahf is ic dnsarvar, pirt`e`pict icg edllactitdr dcea

jiv`cb naac i yducb b`rh icg cdw i wdlic w`tj twd yducb giubjtars. @ il ihsd ic

ahgar s`star td i sdha nrdtjar. Ud avac tjrdubj tjasa vir`dus hdeit`dcs, @ naeila iwiradf sdc prafaracea frdl i sar`as df ravahit`dcs tjit briguihhy ravaihag td la tja `cjaract

edctrig`et`dcs irducg tja stitus icg vihua df wdlac icg lac. ]arjips `t `s naeiusa

df tja edcse`duscass df tjasa ravahit`dcs tjit @ cdw cg `t g`steuht cdt td v`aw sdc

prafaracea dr avac w`gar sde`aty tjrdubj tja ayas df tja b`rh ej`hg dr wdlic. @ faah `t `s i

pds`t`dc tjit @ tdd eic deeupy w`tjdut na`cb g`sphieag icg g`sedccaetag v`i dnkaet`va

ieigal`e tjadr`zit`dc. @ jiva v`v`g raaet`dcs icg laldr`as df wdlac irducg la is

prdl`cact icg iet`va sde`ih ibacts nut, it tja sila t`la, @ ihsd raedbc`za tjit tjay ira

pirt df ic ahindrita ippiritus df bacgarag priet`eas icg caquih`t`as, icg dftac edlph`e`tw`tj`c tja`r dwc sundrg`cita pds`t`dcs (saa Oicg`ydt` 900: icg Vaaci Gis 9026). Lac

tdd, gasp`ta tja`r fdrlih rdha is jaigs df tja`r jdusajdhgs, dftac axj`n`t ic `cin`h`ty

td w`ahg icy raih pdwar icg iutjdr`ty, is wdlac dparita icg liciba edlphax sde`ih

irricbalacts icg fucet`dcs w`tj`c sde`ih catwdros df suppdrt, ndtj w`tj`c fil`hy icg

duts`ga df `t. Bacgar rahit`dcs df pdwar icg iutjdr`ty ira fir frdl uc`-g`lacs`dcih.

a ricba df saal`cbhy hdb`eih axphicit`dcs tjit jiva naac prasactag td la is td

wjy sdcs ira assact`ih td i fil`hy icg wjy i giubjtar, edcvarsahy, prasacts i gicbar td i

fil`hys raspaet, jiva cavar sit ais`hy w`tj la. @c fiet, tja pdh`t`e`zag istc`ty @ jiva w`tjdtjar yducb b`rhs icg wdlac jis pusjag la td tioa ic avac strdcbar rakaet`dc df tjasa

axphicit`dcs icg kust`eit`dcs fdr sdc prafaracea. `s nddo, `c licy wiys, raaets i

parsdcih kdurcay td ucgarsticg tja licy edctrig`et`dcs irducg jdw sdc prafaracea

`s kust`ag, g`seussag icg gaiht w`tj. Dvar tja yairs, tj`s jis hag la td saao hass df ic

axphicit`dc is td jdw icg wjy sdc prafaracea ax`sts, icg ldradf ic `cqu`ry `ctd jdw

dca eduhg pdss`nhy axpaet td cg i s`lpha icswar td suej i edlphax quast`dc.

Ly axphdrit`dc df bacgar icg sdc prafaracea `c Udutj Is`i spics ly parsdcih

dnsarvit`dcs frdl ej`hgjddg, nut ihsd waivas tjrdubj ly agueit`dcih icg prdfass`dcihaxpar`acea. Jiv`cb naac ndrc icg ri`sag `c tja Qc`tag Utitas, ly edc se`duscass indut

bacgar n`isas wis ndrc ndtj dut df L`gwastarc Ilar`eic pitr`irejih vihuas icg tja

]uckin`/Udutj Is`ic dcas df ly fil`hy jar`tiba, i nhacg df twd j`bjhy bacgarag sde`ih

systals. @t `s tja rupturas icg fus`dcs natwaac tjasa euhturih spieas tjit jiva prdgueag

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tja icihys`s icg gact`ty pds`t`dc frdl wj`ej @ spaio. Ly dnsarvit`dcs icg pirt`e`pit`dc

w`tj`c sde`ih rahit`dcs irducg la is i ej`hg, taacibar icg tjac is ic iguht jiva earti`chy

`lpietag updc jdw ly edcse`duscass wis fdrlag indut sdc prafaracea `c Udutj Is`i

icg tja g`ispdri.

ara ira licy rafaracea pd`cts wj`ej jiva edctr`nutag td ly `ctarast `c bacgar

rahit`dcs, n`isas icg isyllatr`as. Is @ wis brdw`cb up, ly fitjar rapaitaghy tdhg la tja

stdry df ly n`rtj icg j`s raiet`dcs td `t, pirthy (@ nah`ava) is i parsdcih edcfass`dc tjit

wis laict td `lpirt ic agueit`dc indut bacgar cdrls c dur euhtura. @c j`s raaet`dcs

dc tjit t`la, ja axphi`cag j`s faah`cbs df g`sippd`ctlact tjit @ wis cdt i ndy, wj`ej

wis is luej ic `cg`v`guih faah`cb is luej is i euhturihhy edhhaet`va dca. Rj`ha tj`s

stdrys cirrit`va wis ihsd tdhg is i laics df galdcstrit`cb jdw gitag tjdsa t`las wara,

edlpirag td ldra edctalpdriry sj`fts tjit jiva s`cea tioac phiea, tja cirrit`va `tsahf,

fdr la, eic ihsd na hdeitag it tja erux df cdc-iss`l`hit`dc`st euhturih surv`vih `c tjaQU. J`s raaet`dcs raprasactag dca df tja wiys `c wj`ej euhtura sd edlldchy bats

ratdhg tjrdubj suej cirrit`vas icg ieeducts tjit piss tjrdubj tja pitr`irejih hacs df

`ctarpratit`dc. J`s itt`tuga tdwirg ly agueit`dc icg dppdrtuc`t`as, jdwavar, td pursua

jdnn`as, `ctarasts icg i eiraar df ly ejd`ea, sjdwag jdw ja edcse`dushy iggrassag tj`s

n`is w`tj`c j`lsahf. @c tj`s wiy, ja raspdcgag td tja ja`bjtac`cb prasacea df wdlac

`c agueit`dc icg tja prdfass`dcih wdrhg `c tja Rast frdl tja 902=s dcwirg, wj`ha

insdrn`cb earti`c L`gwastarc Ilar`eic vihuas ctd tja ]uckin` dcas wj`ej jig trivahhag

w`tj j`l `c tja l`g-906=s. Ja wis cdt kust i raeaptieha df pitr`irejih vihuas (Ilar`eicdr ]uckin` dcas)? ja ittalptag td igipt j`s cdt`dcs df 906=s bacgar cdrls `c ]uckin td

j`s avdhv`cb acv`rdclact `c tja Qc`tag Utitas. it wis earti`chy acdubj td bacarita i

quast`dc`cb, eur`ds`ty icg gatarl`cit`dc fdr la td lioa ly dwc sacsa df tja edlphax

`ctarl`cbh`cb df euhtura icg bacgar.

Rj`ha ly fitjars pds`t`dc dc bacgar liy jiva darag la ic dppdrtuc`ty td priet`sa

ly dwc fal`c`st parspaet`va icg er`t`qua qu`ta airhy dc `c h`fa tjrdubj vir`dus ldgas df

ranahh`dc icg ejihhacba, `t wis ly ldtjars rdha is ic iet`va, edcgact, gdl`cict vd`ea

w`tj`c tja fil`hy icg edlluc`ty tjit ravaihag tjit suej bacgar n`is wis cdt qu`ta sds`lpha. Rdlac gd cdt larahy axpar`acea g`ser`l`cit`dc.ay alndgy tja isyllatr`as

tjit bacgar n`isas prasact td tja`r h`fa e`reulsticeas. Jar s`hacea, fdr axilpha, gur`cb

tja tahh`cb df ly n`rtj stdry, wis acdubj df i s`bcih tjit jar aldt`dcs is i caw ldtjar

df i giubjtar g`g cdt edhhuga wjdhhy w`tj ly fitjars v`aws icg tjarafdra eduhg cdt na

issulag td aejd j`s. Jar ral`cgar tjit ly pitarcih bricgldtjar jig, c fiet, g`str`nutag

swaats wjac jair`cb tja caws df ly n`rtj, sdlatj`cb cdt edlldchy gdca `c 906=s

]uckin, wis ihsd i laics df jar edlluc`eit`cb td la tjit tjara wara dtjar vd`eas dut

tjara wj`ej g`g cdt larahy prdkaet gdl`cict sdc-prafarr`cb itt`tugas, nut wj`ej d

aragspiea fdr ihtarcit`va parspaet`vas icg priet`eas td na axprassag. Ly ldtjars dwc fil`hy

bacgar nieogrdp eila tjrdubj `c jdw sja tdhg tja stdry df wjit `t laict td na ndrc

icg nrdubjt up c Oacyi c i fil`hy df ihh b`rhs, jiv`cb hdst i nrdtjar it i vary yducb iba,

icg sd @ wis ibi`c agueitag `c tarls df wjit tjit laict fdr yducb wdlac td na ri`sag

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`c tarls df tja vuhcarin`h`t`as tjit wara parea`vag fdr wdlac cdt jiv`cb tja prdtaet`dc

df i nrdtjar dr i fitjar. Ly `lib`cit`dc df wjit `t lust jiva naac h`oa fdr jar td jiva

brdwc up ucgar suej e`reulsticeas, icg yat td jiva turcag dut w`tj ldra bacgar sde`ih

eip`tih tjic ldst df tja wj`ta l`ggha- icg uppar-l`ggha-ehiss Ilar`eic wdlac ildcb

wjdl wa h`vag c tja L`gwast, liga la wdcgar jdw suej g`ser`l`citdry icg bacgarag

strueturas eduhg, it tja sila t`la, prdguea suej strdcb faliha prdtdtypas, alndg`ag ny

ly ldtjar icg tja dtjar faliha lalnars df jar fil`hy gasp`ta tja dvart rjatdr`e icg

basturas df liha ruha w`tj`c tja axtacgag fil`hy. Gasp`ta tj`s, tjrdubjdut ly parsdcih

icg rasairej laicgar`cbs dc tja sunkaet df wdlacs pds`t`dcih`ty w`tj`c tja fil`hy uc`t,

ldst strdcb faliha prdtdtypas st`hh ejddsa td ih`bc tjalsahvas w`tj tja pitr`irejih bila,

ritjar tjic ittalpt`cb td sjioa `t frdl `ts rddts, tjdubj tj`s `s cdt i nhicoat stitalact

laict td g`sl`ss ihh wdlacs iet`dcs is `cs`g`dushy lirrag ny tja pitr`irejih nrusj df

edctrdh. @ suppdsa tj`s `s i fucgilactih quast`dc icg i frustrit`dc @ faah indut wdlacspdtact`ih icg raih ibacey, wj`ej w`hh naedla ldra ehair td tja raigar tdwirg tja hittar

ejiptars df tj`s nddo. us, licy iet`dcs df edcse`duscass rali`c w`tj`c tja j`ggac

tricser`pts, dftac sd edgag `c tja`r prdkaet`dc ierdss bacarit`dcs df wdlac tjit yducb

wdlac eic dftac dchy ucgarsticg tja`r edlphax laic`cbs ny tja t`la tjay tjalsahvas

jiva naedla pirt df tja systal. a sj`ft frdl na`cb i giubjtar td i giubjtar-`c-hiw

icg w`fa `s dca wj`ej braithy ihtars tja pdss`n`h`t`as fdr iet`dc icg ejicba, e`reulser`nag

ny cdt dchy dcas dwc piracts nut ihsd ny dcas piracts-`c-hiw. @c sdla sacsas, tj`s nddo

`s ic ittalpt td j`bjh`bjt tja `lpdrticea df raedbc`z`cb tja j`ggac tricser`pts dc sdcprafaracea is i ldga df ucgarsticg`cb b`rhs icg wdlacs dwc bacgar edcse`duscass.

Gasp`ta tja gavahdplacts w`tj`c fal`c`st tjadry, liha icg faliha rdhas edct`cua

td na eactrih td tja pragdl`cict ldgah df bacgar `c ldst sde`at`as. Ly rasactlact

it tja cdt`dc df lac na`cb prdtaetdrs df wdlac, wj`ha ihsd na`cb ndtj tja ibbrassdrs

df wdlacs iutdcdly icg bacarihhy tja sdha `cjar`tdrs df litar`ih waihtj, wis faht dc

tja havahs df ndtj `gais icg sact`lacts icg prdgueag icdtjar ricba df quast`dcs wj`ej

@ edct`cua td pursua. a nurgacs tjit sdc prafaracea phieas updc sdcs icg ndys td

naedla lac tjrdubj tja prassuras phieag updc tjal ny piracts icg sde`aty eiccdtna g`sl`ssag. Liseuh`c`ty `s cdt s`cbha-g`lacs`dcih icg gdas cdt larahy bacarita

liej`sld axprass`dcs. @t ihsd eic `cehuga wdlacs axprass`dcs df liseuh`c`ty icg df

lacs aliseuhit`dc icg avac fal`c`c`ty. Liseuh`c`ty `s prdgueag ny i edlphax irriy df

raspdcsas td tja `lparit`vas df aedcdly, euhtura icg sde`ih rahit`dcs. Udcs wict`cb td

vactura dut icg naedla tja`r dwc lac liy cg `t kust is g`steuht is b`rhs wict`cb td

naedla tja`r dwc wdlac.a strueturas df aedcdly icg euhtura laict td rabuhita icg

lag`ita wdlacs iutdcdly icg ejd`eas ihsd dparita td brddl lac fdr tja`r `cjar`ticea

df tja`r rdhas w`tj`c tja ax`st`cb pdwar strueturas icg sde`ih rahit`dcs.@c ratrie`cb dca g`lacs`dc df ly kdurcay, tja n`rtj df ly rst giubjtar eila w`tj

w`sjas fdr tja futura wj`ej spdoa ldra df edcgdhacea tjic edcbrituhit`dc, .a. tjit caxt

t`la `t wduhg na i ndy. Uuej w`sjas wara ndtj spdoac (ibhaa viir` rinn tujicu ejicbaa

ejaaz giva? caxt t`la Bdg w`hh b`va ydu i bddg tj`cb `cstaig) dr ucspdoac tjrdubj i

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pdh`ta s`hacea dr laejic`eih raspdcsa td tja caws df tja n`rtj. a irr`vih df ly saedcg

giubjtar nrdubjt ldra g`raet edllacts, hass edcearcag w`tj fitih`sl icg Bdgs w`hh,

nut ldra w`tj dvarturas df tja caag fdr a`tjar g`v`ca dr taejcdhdb`eih `ctarvact`dc td

acsura tjit tja sila fita g`g cdt deeur tja caxt t`la. Uuej edllacts lioa dca avac

ldra raaet`va indut jdw na`cb i wdlic, dr lic, icg jdw dcas dwc n`rtj l`bjt

jiva naac ucgarstddg it tja t`la ny piracts, rahit`vas, fr`acgs icg dtjars. Ly parsdcih

icg, ny tj`s t`la, pdh`t`e`zag fal`c`st pds`t`dc siw ly insdhuta kdy icg avac rah`af `c

jiv`cb twd giubjtars ritjar tjic sdcs. Pat, tj`s v`aw saalag ibi`cst tja bri`c `c sdla

edctaxts icg qu`ta tja cdrl `c dtjars, gapacg`cb dc tja edcvarsit`dc icg `ts hdeit`dc

(pr`vita dr ldra punh`e g`seuss`dc)? sdc prafaracea is ic itt`tuga, parspaet`va dr euhturih

axpaetit`dc `s cdt ihwiys tja cdrl.

@ctarvact`dcs icg ganitas irducg ieeass td caw raprdguet`va taejcdhdb`as gur-

`cb tja 900=s liga g`seuss`dcs icg cirrit`dcs df sdc prafaracea tioa dc i ldgarc-`st g`sedursa, i g`sedursa frieturag ny pirihhah ganitas ucgar wiy `c tja Rast w`tj

fal`c`sts, n`datj`e`sts icg tja rah`b`dus r`bjt `c Ilar`ei lio`cb punh`e `ctarkaet`dcs

dc tja pdtact`ih gicbars df raprdguet`va taejcdhdb`as. Fal`c`sts icg lag`eih iet`v`sts

`c @cg`i wara laicwj`ha eilpi`bc`cb ibi`cst tja usa df sax-sahaet`va taejcdhdb`as `c i

edctaxt df j`stdr`eih sdc prafaracea icg sax sahaet`dc, avactuihhy iej`av`cb i habih nic.

a gapirturas natwaac tja ganitas `c tja Rast irducg sax sahaet`dc icg tjdsa bd`cb

dc `c @cg`i nrdubjt tdbatjar tja edctastit`dcs df euhtura, taejcdhdby icg fal`c`sl

wj`ej, frdl i g`ispdr`e icbha, saalag cdc-`cehus`va icg n`cg`cb `c tarls df tja ahg.ay wara cdt inha td igaquitahy spaio td cdt`dcs df euhtura icg bacgar nr`gb`cb tja

jara icg tja tjara, ndrrdw`cb frdl Rastarc fal`c`st r`bjts g`sedursas wj`ha ihsd

ieocdwhagb`cb tja pirt`euhir`t`as icg edlphax`t`as df bacgar pdh`t`es `c Udutj Is`ic

edctaxts. Udc prafaracea tricseacgs g`aract edctaxts, g`sedursas, phieas icg t`las. `s

nddo `s larahy i grdp `c tja deaic `c i w`gar wdrhg wjara sdc prafaracea e`reuhitas.

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!"#$%&'()*(+($,-

ara ira licy padpha td wjdl @ il britafuh icg `cgantag fdr tja`r iss`sticea,

aceduribalact icg pit`acea gur`cb tja wr`t`cb df tj`s nddo. `s nddo g`g cdt alarba

dut df ly `cg`v`guih adrts ihdca nut `s tja prdguet df licy padphas adrts, bddgw`hh,

sdh`gir`ty icg edcstruet`va acbibalacts dvar tja yairs tdwirg ly `gais, tjdubjts icgwr`t`cb. Qrsuhi Ujirli jis darag la luej `csp`rit`dc dvar tja yairs, ndtj is i fr`acg

icg is ic `ctahhaetuih lactdr, i rahit`dcsj`p @ jiva ejar`sjag icg nu`ht updc `c jdw @

isp`ra td edcguet lysahf is i rasairejar icg sde`ih se`act`st. Hiuri Wurcay jis cdt dchy

naac tjara fdr la w`tj issuricea tjrdubj t`las df sahf-gdunt, cdt haist `c raig`cb tja

rst grift df tja licuser`pt w`tj niny Uarac jdhg`cb tja pibas, nut jis ihsd naac tjara

td ejaar la dc gur`cb par`dgs df parsdcih ejihhacba icg `ctahhaetuih axe`talact is i trua

fr`acg.

Dtjar fr`acgs wjdl @ wduhg h`oa td lact`dc is jiv`cb phiyag `lpdrtict rdhas `cly parsdcih icg `ctahhaetuih gavahdplact ira ly ej`hgjddg fr`acgs frdl Dj`d Kacc

Givy, Lilti Lih`o icg O`l Naeoar? ly @cg`i ed-trivahhar/axphdrar Eirlah [ueoar?

icg ly fr`acgs frdl Vissir Ijlag Ifzih, Or`sty [`lnih`st, Ih`ea LeEina, Kass`ei

Jirsjnirbar-Liyar icg Eitjy Ucddo. @ il tjicofuh td Burpraat Li`c` fdr fr`acgsj`p

icg o`cgcass gur`cb ly licy ahgwdro tr`ps is @ pissag tjrdubj Gahj`. Wd C`hdfar

Uja`oj is i tralacgdus sdurea df suppdrt icg td jar h`ttha bal, Ujij`ci. Fdr h`bjt`cb

i eicgha w`tj`c la frdl i vary yducb iba td pursua ly `ctahhaetuih `ctarasts, @ il

tjicofuh td Nahi Ndwhay fdr tja hist`cb `lpiets sja jis jig updc la.Frdl ly pdstbriguita stug`as it tja Uejddh df Dr`actih icg Ifr`eic Utug`as `c

Hdcgdc, @ wduhg h`oa td tjico Uug`pti Oiv`rik fdr sjir`cb j`s tjadrat`eih `ccdvit`dcs

is i taiejar icg tj`coar `c dpac`cb ly l`cg td saa naydcg tja wdrg icg taxt. icos

ihsd td Wishaal Ujiour fdr aceduribalact dvar tja yairs. Fdr edllacts icg subbast`dcs

dc tja nddo it `ts prdpdsih stiba, tjicos td ^il`cgar Oiur, Kydt` ]ur` icg Liyi

Qcc`tjic, ]raat` B`hh icg Qrvisj` Nutih`i. @ il pirt`euhirhy britafuh td ]itr`e`i Kaary

fdr jar `cs`bjtfuh icg edcstruet`va edllacts dc airh`ar vars`dcs df tja tjadrat`eih icg

edceaptuih ejiptars. Fdr edhhab`ih icg sejdhirhy fr`acgsj`p c Licejastar, @ il britafuh tdUja`hi ^dwndtjil, ]iuh Oahalac, Nr`gbat Nyrca, Ojih`g Cigv` icg @yind Fit`l`haj`c.

Wd dtjars wjd jiva s`cea ldvag dc frdl Licejastar Uickiy Ujirli, Kdjc Jutcyo,

]r`ti Kji, Edh`c Lurriy, Oitjy ]dwahh, Nirniri Avars, Kisl`ca B`gadc, Oitj ^iy, Uict`

^dzir`d icg Wuhs` ]itah @ il ipprae`it`va df tja g`spirita yat edcsdh`git`cb edcvarsit`dcs

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!#"

fdr i hist`cb aceduribalact td edct`cua td str`va tdwirg nr`cb`cb tdbatjar er`t`eih,

prdbrass`va pdh`t`es w`tj `ctarg`se`ph`ciry parspaet`vas dc bacgar. a dvarihh irbulact

icg latjdgdhdb`eih ipprdiej df tj`s nddo wis sjipag ny i pipar wj`ej @ prasactag `c

>==2 it i wdrosjdp dc fal`c`st sejdhirsj`p it tja lirb`cs df Udutj Is`ic stug`as it

tja Qc`vars`ty df Eih`fdrc`i, @rv`ca, drbic`zag ny @cgarpih Brawih. @ il ipprae`it`va

df tja edcvarsit`dcs tjit tddo phiea gur`cb tjit wdrosjdp tjrdubj @cgarpih Brawihs

fie`h`tit`dc is wahh is td tja g`seussict df ly pipar, ^ioi ^iy, wjd darag t`lahy icg

`cvihuinha dnsarvit`dcs icg subbast`dcs.

@c Ejicg`birj, @ wduhg h`oa td tjico ^ili ^ittic (Uiricb Hdo) icg Gizy [irin`

wjd drbic`zag i wdrosjdp jahg it ]ickin Qc`vars ty `c >==6 icg edct`cua td irricba

dtjar s`l`hir avacts dc er`t`eih wr`t`cb dc faliha fdat`e`ga. Udla df tja edctalpdriry

wr`tars icg pdats lact`dcag `c tja nddo wara `ctrdgueag td la tjrdubj tjasa avacts

wjara tja`r fie`h`tit`dcs jiva aceduribag catwdros df wr`tars td edla tdbatjar. @ ilaspae`ihhy britafuh td tja pr`ce`pih, taiejars icg stugacts it Ojihsi J`bj Uejddh `c

Hilnri icg Buru Cicio Cit`dcih Edhhaba fdr Rdlac (BCCER) `c Ciodgir, ]uckin

fdr dpac`cb tja`r `cst`tut`dcs, h`vas icg axpar`aceas td la icg ly rasairej. Upae`ih

lact`dc td ^uny B`hh icg ]irl`cgar Uaojdc `c Hilnri icg tja fdrlar pr`ce`pih df

BCCER, Lrs Burlaat Itwih, fdr tja`r o`cg iss`sticea. @ il `cgantag td Irv`cgar Nag`

(ih`is Licd Lil` K`) icg td V`eoy icg Jali Nag` fdr tja`r wirltj, bacards`ty icg

o`cgcass dvar tja yairs gur`cb tja rasairej `c ]uckin. icos ihsd td Uirnk`t Guhi` wjd

iss`stag w`tj tja g`ispdri ahgwdro edcguetag `c N`rl`cbjil. @ jiva nacatag frdldur `lpiss`dcag edcvarsit`dcs dvar tja yairs indut tja parsdcih g`lacs`dcs df bacgar

icg sdc prafaracea icg tja `lpdrticea td spaio icg spaio dut. Wd C`gi O`rlic`

fdr na`cb ly l`c` la icg, `c gd`cb sd, na`cb ic issur`cb icg acbib`cb `ctahhaetuih

fr`acg icg s`star. Wd fr`acgs icg edhhaibuas it Hijdra Qc`vars`ty df Licibalact Ue`aceas

(HQLU) tja Ojics; Furruoj, ^inaii, Ih`, Lir`yil, Ihaci (Acu), icg td Lirti

Ndhdbcic`. I spae`ih tjicos td ^inaii Ojic fdr jahp w`tj tja tricshit`dc df sdla df tja

]uckin` taxts rafarrag td `c Ejiptar 7. @ il britafuh td Jic` Wiji fdr fdrlitt`cb airh`ar

grift vars`dcs df tja ejiptars icg n`nh`dbripjy is wahh is fdr iet`cb is ly ippd`ctaglicibar tdwirg tja acg df tja wr`t`cb stibas df tja ejiptars.

Ly tjicos td lalnars df tja ]uckin ^asairej Brdup (]^B) `c tja QO wjara @ jiva

prasactag icg g`seussag g`aract ejiptars df tj`s nddo it vir`dus gavahdplactih stibas,

`cehug`cb ]`ppi V`rgaa, Ujih`c` Ujirli, Ahaicdr Casn`tt icg Girsjic U. Withi. @c pirt-

`euhir, @ wduhg h`oa td axprass ly brit`tuga td ]r`til U`cbj wjd, dvar tja yairs, wj`ha

na`cb ly n`bbast icg nast er`t`e, jis ihsd naac tja ldst acbib`cb, tjdubjt-prdvdo`cb

edllactitdr dc ly ieigal`e wdro dc ]uckin. @ il tjicofuh td j`l fdr pd`ct`cb dut

l`ss`cb cuiceas `c sdla ispaets df ly irbulact tjrdubj j`s lat`euhdus serut`c`z`cb dftja cih grifts df tja nddo icg fdr j`s rahacthass aceduribalact, bacards`ty icg nah`af

wj`ej @ jiva traisurag dvar tja yairs.

I spae`ih tjicos td Uurk`t U`cbj icg Nihn`r Oiur Oihri, fdr dar`cb tja utldst

priet`eih icg ldrih suppdrt `c ly ieigal`e wdro icg spae`eihhy `c tja wr`t`cb df tj`s

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!#""

nddo (frdl tricshit`dc icg ldrih suppdrt td ej`hgeira). ay ira i s`bc`eict ldgah

fdr la icg dtjars td jiva df tja dhgar bacarit`dc wjd alnriea sde`ih ejicba, jdwavar

ejihhacb`cb `t liy na td tjal, cdt haist is bricgpiracts td tjraa bricggiubjtars, Uyl`,

Cuvpraat icg Aasjar. icos ihsd td Kis`, Burtak, Uyl` icg V`v`ic. Fdr ihhdw`cb la tja

dppdrtuc`ty td fdhhdw tja sejdhirhy pitj, @ lust tjico tjdsa wjd biva n`rtj td la, ly

dwc piracts Wirhdo U. icg Ilirk`t O. ]urawih, icg, df edursa, ly h`ttha yat n`b nrdtjar

Kispiuh icg ly njin`, Icgrai.

Wd V`r`cgar Oihri, ihdcb w`tj dur giubjtars Cuvpraat icg Aasjar, fdr alniro`cb

updc icg acgur`cb tja rdeoy kdurcay df tj`s nddo, wahh nafdra tja `gai df wr`t`cb `t

jig naac edcea`vag, `c parsdcih icg `ctahhaetuih wiys. @ ipprae`ita tja pit`acea icg

`cs`bjts dvar tja yairs tjit V`r`cgar jis darag td tja nddo is wahh is j`s ucgar-

sticg`cb icg dftac pi`cstio`cb suppdrt is @ bripphag w`tj ly parsdcih icg pdh`t`eih

icbst w`tj sdc prafaracea icg bacgar `ckust`ea. Ly ipprae`it`dc `s jairtfaht. Rj`hastr`v`cb td eraita i parsdcih spiea edcgue`va td `ctahhaetuih acqu`ry, wa sjira `c icdtjar

kd`ct prdkaet df curtur`cb dur giubjtars `c wiys tjit ira dftac eductar td sde`atih

tracgs icg nah`afs irducg us. a rast bdas ucsi`g nut rali`cs nducg `c tjasa pibas.

@ wduhg h`oa td tjico tja icdcyldus rav`awar df tja nddo fdr prdv`g`cb suej

issuricea indut tja nddos g`raet`dc is wahh is fdr dar`cb usafuh edllacts fdr rducg`cb

`t dw`tj tja subbast`dc tjit @ `cehuga ic ap`hdbua. icos bd td Badrba ]`tejar fdr tja

aste`acey icg sacs`t`v`ty td tja litar`ih w`tj wj`ej tja edpy-ag`t`cb wis gdca. @ wduhg

h`oa td axprass ly brit`tuga td ly ag`tdrs it Narb, Icci Rr`bjt, Jiccij Ujioaspairaicg Kdcitjic Lizh`ij, fdr tja`r pit`acea icg prdfass`dcih`sl `c saa`cb tja licuser`pt

tjrdubj frdl `ceapt`dc td `ts punh`sjag fdrl.

F`cihhy, @ w`sj td edcvay ipprae`it`dc td tja licy wdlac, lac, ndys icg aspae`ihhy

b`rhs wjd jiva w`hh`cbhy sjirag tja`r tjdubjts icg axpar`aceas w`tj la dvar tja yairs.

Udla df tjasa vd`eas jiva naac `cehugag `c tj`s nddo wj`ha dtjars liy na l`ss`cb frdl

tja taxt, nut prasact cdcatjahass `c tja fdrlit`va prdeassas df tja nddo.

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8#?&"

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$

h`eacea td tahh tja stdry g`aracthy, ldra er`t`eihhy, frdl ly dwc (fal`c`st) parspaet`va.

@cg`aracea indut tja bacgar df i ej`hg, dr avac giubjtar prafaracea, eic icg gdas ax`st

icg sjduhg cdt na v`awag larahy is ic axeapt`dc td tja ruha. Giubjtar prafaracea `s

dftac i edcse`dus, eductar-jabaldc`e pds`t`dc wj`ej, `c tja fiea df tja liseuh`c`z`cb

prdeassas, vihuas icg `libas tjit inducg, eic na ic axprass`dc df ejicba dr avac i

raspdcsa td tja h`vag axpar`aceas tjit cg giubjtars, avac ldra tjic sdcs, ic cerais`cbhy

assact`ih issat td li`cti`c i fil`hys `ctabr`ty icg edjas`dc. us, suej tricsl`ss`dcs df

euhtura jiva ravaihag ic dppdrtuc`ty td raehi`l tja cirrit`va. `s `s i latjdgdhdb`eih

pd`ct nut `s ihsd i raaet`dc df tja w`gar prdkaet `c wj`ej tj`s nddo `s phieag.

ara ira licy stdr`as tjit e`reuhita wj`ej j`bjh`bjt tja ras`h`acea df sdc praf aracea.

Jair`cb df eduphas str`v`cb fdr i sdc, saac is ic assact`ih `cbrag`act td i edlphata

fil`hy, tioas Ga Naiuvd`rs pdstuhit`dcs tjit tja hinahh`cb df wdlic is fal`c`ca `s

i edcstruetag prdeass, ritjar tjic i b`vac, td caw ja`bjts. Jar stitalact tjit dca `scdt ndrc, nut ritjar, naedlas i wdlic wduhg cdt na pihitinha td i ]uckin` twacty- dr

tj`rty-sdlatj`cb edupha wjd, c wict`cb td prdguea i sdc, ira cstaig gah`varag i b`rh.

@gaihhy, dca wduhg jdpa tjit suej i edupha wduhg raedbc`za tja pdss`n`h`t`as df ri`s`cb

tja`r giubjtar `c i liccar wj`ej l`bjt ivart tja bacgarag nieogrdp td naedl`cb i

wdlic w`tj`c suej praser`pt`va, assact`ih`st tarls. Jdwavar, `c Udutj Is`i tja `ctacsa

fdeus updc tja n`rtj pd`cts td tja ldlact it wj`ej lac icg wdlac ira ndrc icg

naedla liseuh`ca icg fal`c`ca, sjdw`cb ndtj tja caeass`ty icg rahavicea df Ga

Naiuvd`rs fal`c`st ax`stact`ih`sl, nut ihsd ts edceaptuih g`sticea td tja euhturih edctaxtdf Udutj Is`i. Ude`ih edcstruet`v`sl, sighy, saals td uttar `c tja w`cg gur`cb t`las

wjac tja isp`rit`dcs df jdusajdhgs icg edlluc`t`as eic saal`cbhy dchy na iej`avag

ny tja prdguet`dc df i fil`hy h`ca df liha ja`rs, yat tj`s `s cdt spae`e td Udutj Is`ic

euhturih edctaxts. @c fiet, U`ldca Ga Naiuvd`r jarsahf wis dca df twd s`stars. Jar fitjar

jig gasparitahy wictag td jiva i sdc icg wis g`sippd`ctag w`tj j`s h`fa `c dchy jiv`cb

twd giubjtars. ]arjips gua td tj`s, Ga Naiuvd`rs piracts h`vag i sunsaquact h`fa df

astricbalact, w`tj jar fitjar ras`bc`cb j`lsahf td U`ldcas ieigal`e sueeass, gasp`ta

na`cb i giubjtar, td puhh tja fil`hy dut df inkaet pdvarty.a euhturih tricshit`dc wj`ej `s naj`cg tja fdeus updc tja n`rtj `s i p`vdtih gae`g`cb

ldlact indut jdw bacgar frilas tja axpaetit`dcs surrducg`cb tja laic`cbs df wjit

`t laics td na ndrc i b`rh dr ndy. a insdhuta kdy tjit @ faht iftar ly nrdtjars n`rtj

wis ihsd euhturihhy tricshitag icg axphi`cag td la sd tjit @ ucgarstddg wjy @ wis sd

hueoy td jiva i nrdtjar. I nrdtjar wis assact`ih? i nrdtjarhass b`rh wis sdlajdw it i

g`sigvictiba `c edlpir`sdc td i b`rh wjd jig it haist dca nrdtjar. Is i yducb b`rh, @

ralalnar tj`s axphicit`dc saal`cb hug`erdus, yat @ hdbbag `t `c ly l`cg is sdlatj`cb

tjit @ lust edla td ucgarsticg, is na`cb dca df tja fducgit`dc stdcas df tja euhturatjit @ nahdcbag td.

Dtjar axpar`aceas icg dnsarvit`dcs gur`cb ej`hgjddg v`s`ts td @cg`i ihsd liga tja`r

liro dc la. rdubj tja ayas df i yducb b`rh frdl tja QU v`s`t`cb i v`hhiba `c ]uckin, @

siw tja prassuras tjit wara phieag updc ndys icg yducb lac td fdhhdw `c tja`r fitjars

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%

fddtstaps icg td ax`st w`tj`c earti`c praser`nag cdt`dcs df naedl`cb i lic. Uuggachy

lacs pr`v`haba g`g cdt saal td la td na caeassir`hy dca-s`gag. a nurgacs updc lac

icg ndys ihsd caag td na wdroag `ctd icy o`cg df ucgarsticg`cb df jdw bacgar dparitas

`c rabuhit`cb icg li`cti`c`cb sde`ih, aedcdl`e icg euhturih fdrls. Gur`cb tjit sila

tr`p td ]uckin, @ ihsd axpar`aceag i gaap sacsa df `csaeur`ty is i wdlic-`c-tja-lio`cb

naeiusa @ g`g cdt sjira licy df tja euh`ciry dr priet`eih jdusajdhg so`hhs g`sphiyag ny

tja b`rhs icg wdlac irducg la. Ly ittact`dcs, is i l`ggha-ehiss b`rh, brdw`cb up `c

tja Rast jig naac fdeusag updc agueit`dc, spdrts, lus`e, iej`avalacts icg jdnn`as.

Nut `c ]uckin, @ witejag `c iwa df jdw b`rhs, frdl i vary yducb iba, gasp`ta ittacg`cb

sejddh gur`cb tja giy, wara `cvdhvag `c avary ispaet df rucc`cb tja jdusajdhg ihdcbs`ga

tja`r ldtjars icg dtjar faliha rahit`vas. Frdl eddo`cb fdr i wdrofdrea df ibr`euhturih

hindurars, lio`cb nuttar icg ydbjurt, ocaig`cb tja ejipitt` gdubj, paah`cb vabatinhas,

td rucc`cb arricgs c tja ca`bjndurjddg, b`rhs icg wdlac wara ic iet`va icg gdl`cictfdrea w`tj`c tja fil`hy icg edlluc`ty. `s, df edursa, wis cdt caeassir`hy i h`narit`cb

phitfdrl. a `ctarpratit`dcs df gi`hy h`fa tjara icg sunsaquact cirrit`v`zag ieeducts

wara laict td tricsl`t i sacsa df eista pr`v`haba (edl`cb frdl i hicg-dwc`cb fil`hy `c

rurih ]uckin), nut wj`ej g`g cdt dar i sacsa df bacgar pr`v`haba. @c fiet, t wduhg naedla

`cerais`cbhy ehair tjit eista pr`v`haba eduhg, `c fiet, `lpiet cabit`vahy updc pdss`n`h`t`as

fdr ldra iutdcdldus bacgar rdhas. J`stdr`eihhy, rurih hicg-dwc`cb fil`h`as jiva upjahg

tja gadhdby df sdc prafaracea is i hdb`e df surv`vih icg raisdc. a edccaet`dcs natwaac

bacgar icg eista ira cdt larahy `ctarsaet`cb fdreas. Aiej frilas tja dtjar raspaet`vahy,ravaih`cb jdw g`steuht, `f cdt `lpdss`nha, `t `s td lioa bacarih`zag stitalacts irducg

quast`dcs, fdr axilpha, df wjy, jdw dr ny wjdl sdc prafaracea ax`sts.

a gycil`e euhtura df tja fil`hy dftac j`cbas updc tja tacs`dcs natwaac wdlacs

pdwar icg lacs pdwar icg tjarafdra eiccdt na s`lphy ucgarstddg tjrdubj i

frilawdro df nirbi`c`cb dr is i systal df edlph`icea ny wdlac. a quast`dc df sdc

prafaracea, ihdcbs`ga dtjar bacgar isyllatr`as, raqu`ras g`aract typas df acqu`ry icg

axphdrit`dcs tjit ieeduct fdr gycil`sl, edctrig`et`dc, ejihhacba icg ejicba. ara

ira i culnar df `cjaract edctrig`et`dcs irducg jdw bacgar rahit`dcs `c tja Rast jivanaac eduejag w`tj`c ic aquih-r`bjts frilawdro, wj`ha `c Udutj Is`i, bacgar rahit`dcs

jiva naac ucgarstddg is ic dutedla df sapirita rdhas icg raspdcs`n`h`t`as df lac icg

wdlac. asa twd wiys df lio`cb sacsa df bacgar liy saal lutuihhy axehus`va df dca

icdtjar. Drtcar (902>) wis dca df tja airhy edllactitdrs wjd prdnhalit`zag tja cait

sapirit`dc sd edlldchy phieag natwaac bacgar icg euhtura `c tja Rast icg tj`rg-wdrhg

sde`at`as c j`bjh`bjt`cb uc`varsih fiet icg euhturih pirt`euhir`sl tjrdubj i v`aw df pic-

euhturih tri`ts df wdlacs stitus ierdss sde`at`as.

a edceapt df g`ispdri prasacts i furtjar victiba pd`ct frdl wj`ej td axphdrabacgar icg euhtura. G`ispdri spaios cdt dchy df i jara icg tjara, nut ihsd acinhas

i hass nducgag ahg df stugy wj`ej eic saa tja jara `c tja tjara icg tja tjara `c

tja jara, lio`cb icy icihys`s df euhtura hass ais`hy xinha dr hdeitinha (Nrij 9006?

Oihri at ih. >==1). a pds`t`dc tjit g`ispdri dars `s ny cd laics ic iutj act`e dca dr

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ldra ap`staldhdb`eihhy sducg td dtjar rasairej-dnsarvar hdeit`dcs. @t larahy g`srupts

tja cdt`dc df tja ahg df stugy is i phiea wj`ej eic na saihag d. a victiba pd`ct df

g`ispdri frdl tja dcsat, eraitas sh`bjthy ucedlfdrtinha ucgar sticg`cbs df euhtura icg

bacgar, w`tj a`tjar parspaet`vas dc bacgar `c Udutj Is`i tjit gd cdt gira td acbiba

tja ahg `c Udutj Is`i w`tj hass iutjact`e g`ispdr`e sunkaet pds`t`dcs drtjdsa wj`ej

ucer`t`eihhy griw h`cas df edct`cu`ty natwaac ihh Udutj Is`ic bacgarag euhturih priet`eas,

wjatjar `c Udutj Is`i dr tja g`ispdri. @cgaag, tja pdtact`ih fdr tricseacg`cb tjasa

twd ldgas df raprasactit`dc jiva naac sat dut tjrdubj tja edctr`nut`dcs df vir`dus

edllactitdrs (Ejdw 9005, Brawih icg Oiphic 9007, Nrij 9006, Rj`ta 900>,

Birgcar 9001, Eh`drg 9002).

Rj`ha ly dwc euhturih agueit`dc jis prdv`gag i nieogrdp df yairs df pirt`e-

`pict dnsarvit`dc, ly `ctahhaetuih kdurcay nabic fdrlihhy is i stugact. Is i cih-yair

ucgarbriguita stugact `c tja QU `c tja airhy 900=s, fdr i wdlacs stug`as edursa @ raigi nddo ny tja Ilar`eic kdurcih`st Ah`zinatj Nul`hhar eihhagLiy Pdu Na tja Ldtjar df i

Jucgrag Udcs. a t`tha icg tdp`e df tja nddo `ts edvar icg shaava jig ic `llag`ita

ippaih td la is sdladca wjd jig naac tj`co`cb indut icg quast`dc`cb tja dnsass`dc

w`tj jiv`cb sdcs s`cea is airhy is @ eduhg ralalnar. Jiv`cb kust raturcag frdl @cg`i

iftar i salastar stugy inrdig prdbrilla, @ faht sdla sdrt df edccaet`dc td tja nddo

icg `ts tdp`e. @ tjdubjt @ jig, it hist, fducg sdlatj`cb tjit wduhg rasdcita w`tj ly

sact`lacts, ucearti`ct`as icg quast`dcs indut bacgar rahit`dcs `c Udutj Is`i frdl ic

duts`gars v`aw. @ wis hddo`cb fdr ic axphicit`dc df wjy sdc prafaracea s sd pravihact c@cg`i `c i wiy tjit nrdoa `t gdwc `ctd edceapts @ eduhg ipphy td wjit @ jig saac `c tja

g`ispdri. Gasp`ta na`cb frdl i Udutj Is`ic-]uckin`-U`oj nieobrducg, @ tdd siw lysahf

is ic duts`gar, icg tja rahaisa df tja 9009 Eacsus sax rit`d giti icg tja ieedlpicy`cb

lag`i edvariba indut @cg`i ja`bjtacag ly gas`ra fdr ucgarsticg`cb icg ocdw`cb.

Ly rahueticea td ucquast`dc`cbhy igdpt i v`awpd`ct dc tja edcburit`dcs df bacgar

`c Udutj Is`i wara griwc frdl sdla df tja quast`dc`cbs df `gact`ty, hdeit`dc icg

ocdwhagba tjit g`ispdri tjrdws dut td tjdsa df us wjd jiva ihwiys h`vag `c i luht`-

hdeit`dcih ahg.rdubj ly raig`cbs gur`cb ly ucgarbriguita stug`as it Vissir Edhhaba`c upstita Caw Pdro, @ gavahdpag i g`st`cet sacsa tjit wdlac icg bacgar stug`as `c tja

QU, it tjit t`la, wis st`hh hirbahy ic `ctahhaetuih jdliba td Rastarc fal`c`sl wj`ej

jig sdla, nut h`l`tag, ipph`ein`h`ty td tja quast`dcs @ wis `ctarastag `c. Ud ly tj`rst

fdr ocdwhagba indut Udutj Is`i edct`cuag td brdw tjrdubj trivahs icg raig`cb. Pat,

wj`ha `t wis tja fiets tjit @ jig naac oaac td brisp indut sde`aty icg sde`ih ejicba `c

Udutj Is`i, `t wis ietuihhy ocdwhagba prdguet`dcdc Udutj Is`i wj`ej @ wis naedl`cb

`ctarastag c. Is sddc is @ nabic raig`cb Nul`hhars nddo, fdr csticea, @ (sunedcse`dushy)

raih`zag tjit @ jig vary h`ttha edccaet`dc td jdw tja iutjdr ipprdiejag tja euhturihnieogrdp td sdc prafaracea `c @cg`i, gasp`ta tja `cs`bjtfuh icg r`ej `ctarv`aw litar`ih

edcti`cag `c tja nddo.

It tjit pd`ct, t wis tja edhdurfuh p`eturas df bacgar dpprass`dc c @cg`i tjit eipturag

ly ittact`dc? yat tjdsa vary tj`cbs g`g cdt dar luej `c tarls df ic `cs`gars v`aw (`f

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`c fiet tjara s dca!) dr i ldra prdn`cb g`seuss`dc df tja edlphax`t`as irducg euhtura icg

bacgar tjit @ wis hddo`cb fdr. @t wis cdt kust tja iutjdrs pds`t`dcih`ty is i wj`ta Ilar`eic

wdlic wr`t`cb indut jar trivahs `c @cg`i tjit @ wis sacs`t`va td. @ tdd jig trivahhag icg

spact t`la `c @cg`i is ic Ilar`eic stugact tjrdubj i stugy inrdig prdbrilla irducg

tja t`la df tja nddos punh`eit`dc, tjdubj @ wduhg cdt jiva edlfdrtinhy gact`ag lysahf

is ic Ilar`eic w`tjdut hiyar`cb `t w`tj culardus dtjar hinahs. @t wis ly g`sedlfdrt

w`tj wjdhhy s`tuit`cb lysahf w`tj`c tja Rast tjit wduhg na i edcstict faitura df ly

kdurcay td lioa sacsa df bacgar icg euhtura `c Udutj Is`i. a nddo sit ildcb ly

sejddh icg edhhaba nddos `c ly rddl `c ly piracts jdla `c i slihh tdwc `c Dj`d, tja

phiea @ wis ri`sag icg sde`ih`zag, i phiea saal`cbhy fir iwiy frdl i kdurcay ildcb tja

wdlac df @cg`i tjit Nul`hhar jig alniroag updc. @ g`g cdt p`eo tja nddo up ibi`c fdr

indut tac yairs, jiv`cb raihhy dchy jahg dctd `t naeiusa df tja tdp`e `t wis iggrass`cb.

Cd dtjar nddo gur`cb ly edhhaba giys jig brinnag ly ittact`dc is tj`s dca jig, yat @igl`ttaghy eduhg dchy nair td raig tja nddo dcea naeiusa df i sunedcse`dus raiet`dc td

jdw `t jig frilag tja g`seuss`dc. @ nabic td edcs`gar wjy `t wis tjit @ wis sd `ctarastag

`c sdc prafaracea icg wjit wis sd spae`ih indut tj`s nddo, wjac t jig cdt spdoac td ly

dwc sact`lacts, pdh`t`es, icihys`s dr sacs`n`h`t`as. Nul`hhars nddo larahy iwioacag ly

dwc sacs`t`v`t`as irducg tja `lpar`duscass df luej sejdhirsj`p icg Rastarc fal`c`sl

icg ly gas`ra td try td spaio frdl i ldra edlfdrtinha hdeit`dc tjrdubj tja irt`euhit`dc

df i parspaet`va tjit sunvartag tja Rastarc euhturih, `lpar`ih`st biza.

Utug`as dc bacgar `c Udutj Is`i jiva ihwiys ri`sag quast`dcs irducg ap`staldhdby,vd`ea, sunkaet fdrlit`dc icg ocdwhagba prdguet`dc. Udla, @ nah`ava, prasact axalphiry

ieocdwhagbalacts df pdwar icg hdeit`dc wj`ha dtjars jiva edct`cuag td hddo tjrdubj

tja hacs df tja suppdsag dnkaet`va duts`gar wjd jis actarag i galireitag ahg. Wd

stirt tj`s nddo w`tj i rafaracea td Nul`hhars taxt eduhg saal l`shaig`cb. @t wis cdt i

fdrlit`va taxt fdr la `t wis punh`sjag it i t`la wjac pdstedhdc`ih fal`c`st vd`eas

wara kust alarb`cb `c raspdcsa td tja rasarvd`r df dr`actih`st sejdhirsj`p dc bacgar `c tja

tj`rg wdrhg. Pat `t g`g edctr`nuta td ly `ctahhaetuih gavahdplact `c tarls df ri`s`cb ly

iwiracass df tja pdh`t`es df rasairej, kust is dtjar p`aeas df rasairej jiva. @f icytj`cb,wr`t`cb tj`s nddo raprasacts i ejihhacba td tjit typa df acqu`ry v`i tja gavahdplact df i

sacs`t`v`ty tdwirg jdw vir`dus edllactitdrs, dc `ssuas tjit @ jig naac tj`co`cb indut

icg wis edll`ttag td parsdcihhy icg pdh`t`eihhy, jig gaiht w`tj raprasactit`dcs df bacgar

rahit`dcs `c dtjar sde`at`as. @t naeila erue`ih td quast`dc kust wjd wis spaio`cb icg

jdw suej edllactitdrs ucgarstddg wdlacs pds`t`dcih`ty `c rahit`dc td tja hdeit`dc df

euhtura. G`g tja suppdsag dnkaet`v`ty df tja j`bjhy tri`cag, axpar`aceag atjcdbripjar,

galdbripjar dr sde`ih se`act`st jdhg ic `lph`e`t pds`t`dc df iutjdr`ty ucgarp`ccag ny

tja erag`n`h`ty df tja tddhs icg latjdgs ja dr sja rah`ag updc td bacarita tja giti.

adcshiubjt df tja pdstedhdc`ih fal`c`st er`t`qua td stug`as df trig`t`dcih Is`ic sde`at`as

(Ciriyic 9005, Ejdw 9005, ^ikic 9005) isoag tjasa typas df quast`dc, wj`ej siw

sdla ieocdwhagba tja s`bc`eicea df ap`staldhdby, pdwar icg ocdwhagba, wj`ha dtjar

rasairejars icg edllactitdrs edct`cuag td prdguea ocdwhagba dc bacgar `c Udutj

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Is`i naraft df raax`va basturas. @t nabic td deeur td la tjit tjasa ieigal`e ieeducts

sjduhg na kugbag aquihhy is cirrit`vasdr stdr`asihdcbs`ga tja gap`et`dcs icg tihas tdhg

td la tjrdubjdut ly ej`hgjddg `c tj`s wiy @ nabic td edcs`gar tja nis`s updc wj`ej

ieigal`e sejdhirsj`p jig edla td na v`awag is i ldra iutjdr`tit`va vd`ea.

WJALIW@E DVA^V@AR`s nddo nu`hgs updc ganitas w`tj`c tja ax`st`cb h`taritura, wj`ha ihsd griw`cb updc

pr`liry alp`r`eih rasairej alarb`cb frdl i edct`cuul df ahgwdro. `s ahgwdro

`cehugas ctarv`aws, atjcdbripj`as, pirt`e`pict dnsarvit`dc icg fdeus brdups gdca dvar i

par`dg df va yairs `c i ricba df g`aract satt`cbs ricb`cb frdl wagg`cbs `c icg duts`ga

df @cg`i, i wdlacs edhhaba eilpus `c ]uckin, i j`bj sejddh `c rurih ]uckin, iet`v`sts,

rasairejars, lag`eih prdfass`dcihs icg rahit`vas icg fil`hy edctiets. Ly ahg, is icaxprass`dc df jdw `gadhdb`as df euhtura icg bacgar eic trivah ldra ais`hy tjic tjay

eic na xag (Eh`drg 9002) jis spiccag rurih icg urnic ]uckin, Ejicg`birj, Gahj`,

Hijdra, Hdcgdc, N`rl`cbjil, Eih`fdrc`i icg Dj`d. Ly ahg `s dca tjit jis trivahhag

w`tj la? tj`s jis liga `t g`steuht td galireita i edcst`tuact edlluc`ty dr badbripj`e

phiea `c wj`ej @ jiva edcguetag tj`s stugy. Fril`cb ly ahg `c tj`s wiy sjduhg dar

`cs`bjts ctd ly ipprdiej td axil`c`cb sdc prafaracea, wj`ej tjrdws up ldra quast`dcs

tjic icswars.

@c Ejiptar 9 @ triea icg lip dut ocdwhagba prdguet`dc dc bacgar `c Udutj Is`i,w`tj pirt`euhir rafaracea td jdw tja nieogrdp df sdc prafaracea jis naac prasactag icg

raprasactag `c sahaetag p`aeas df h`taritura frdl i ricba df g`se`ph`ciry parspaet`vas. @

nab`c w`tj tj`s ejiptar is i laics df ihart`cb raigars td tja `gai tjit tja irai `s dca `c

wj`ej tjara `s i edcsacsus dc `ts ict`-wdlac citura, yat `t jis ihsd saac tja erait`dc df

sdc prafaracea w`tj`c sejdhirsj`p is ic dnkaet, wj`ej @ nah`ava ri`sas i sat df edctastinha,

ganitinha `ssuas. @c tj`s rabirg, ldra er`t`eih edllactiry dc ap`staldhdby icg hdeit`dc

`c drgar td sj`ft tja dnkaet`fy`cb ispaets df tj`s irai df sejdhirsj`p `s raqu`rag.

Ejiptar > hdeitas sdc prafaracea w`tj`c i pdstedhdc`ih frila. a ejiptar nab`cs nytrie`cb tja `gact`eit`dc df sdc prafaracea tjrdubj tja g`sedvary df faliha `cfict`e`ga

(tja o`hh`cb df cawndrc niny b`rhs) ny tja Nr`t`sj `c tja c`cataactj eactury `c @cg`i

icg tja s`bc`eicea df tj`s td tja e`v`h`z`cb l`ss`dcs ut`h`zit`dc df bacgar fdr `ts w`gar

dnkaet`vas df sde`ih edctrdh tjrdubj sde`ih rafdrl. I culnar df eisas w`hh na j`bjh`bjtag

is tjay ippair `c dste`ih gdeulacts wr`ttac ny tja Nr`t`sj igl`c`strit`va iutjdr`t`as it

tja t`la. Griw`cb updc tja wdros df Lihjdtri (>==>), ]ic`brij` (902>), Dhgacnarb

(>==>), Uac (>==>) icg Njitcibir at ih. (>==1), tja liccar `c wj`ej tja spae`e

`s nrdubjt `ctd tja bacarih w`hh na alpjis`zag is i er`t`eih edctr`nut`dc df edhdc`ihsejdhirsj`p icg pdh`e`as td tja avdhut`dc df sdc prafaracea w`tj`c tja w`gar sde`ih raihl

df edhdc`ih icg pdstedhdc`ih Udutj Is`i. a ejiptar w`hh ihsd hddo td edctalpdriry

acbibalacts w`tj sdc prafaracea tjrdubj i pdstedhdc`ih hacs. Jacea, tja ejiptar w`hh

na `cfdrlag ny i pdstedhdc`ih er`t`qua df j`stdr`eih icg edctalpdriry g`sedursas dc sdc

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prafaracea icg faliha `cfict`e`ga/fdat`e`ga wj`ha subbast`cb tjit tja tjraigs tjit ruc

ierdss edhdc`ih icg pdstedhdc`ih g`sedursa dc sdc prafaracea ravaih ic `ctarast`cb sat df

quast`dcs irducg jdw icg wjy wdlac ira l`ss`cb frdl dste`ih g`seuss`dcs.

Rj`ha sdc prafaracea liy cdt caeassir`hy na jahg is i nah`af uc`fdrlhy dr avac it ihh c

licy edctaxts, sdc prafaracea icg tja sax rit`d ira ldst dftac usag td `gact`fy bacgarag

g`ser`l`cit`dc. Ejiptar 5 `hhustritas jdw sdc prafaracea `s ucgarstddg w`tj`c i culnar

df g`aract stricgs df tjdubjt. a tacgacey td hddo tdwirg wdlac, ritjar tjic lac,

dr ldra er`t`eih edceaptuih`zit`dcs df bacgar, `s `gact`ag is dca h`l`tit`dc td tja stugy

df sdc prafaracea td gita. Rj`ha sdc prafaracea `s spdoac df `c tarls df euhturih nah`afs

icg priet`eas, suej is `cjar`ticea, tja sax rit`d jis naac usag is ic `cg`eitdr df bacgar

aquih`ty icg `caquih`ty, stit`st`eihhy icg galdbripj`eihhy `c Is`i. Ndtj tja ut`h`ty icg

h`l`ts df stit`st`eih tddhs `c fdrluhit`cb i fuhh p`etura dr ucgarsticg`cb df sdc prafaracea

w`hh na pdsag is i fdhhdw-up td tja g`seuss`dc df Ejiptar 9, is dca df tja fducg`cb,lipp`cb trig`t`dcs df stug`as df sdc prafaracea.

ara `s `llacsa g`vars`ty ierdss Is`ic sde`at`as `c tarls df jdw bacgar rahit`dcs

ira irt`euhitag icg axpar`aceag, gasp`ta earti`c dvarirej`cb bacgar `gadhdb`as usag td

rabuhita wdlacs ldvalact icg saxuih`ty. Il`g tj`s luht`tuga df bacgarag edgas icg

priet`eas, tja gas`ra fdr sdcs icg tja g`ser`l`citdry prafaracea fdr sdcs dvar giubjtars

eic na saac is tja prdguet df tja `ctarsaet`dcs df bacgar, litar`ih waihtj icg issats,

pdwar, o`csj`p icg sde`ih rahit`dcs, wj`ej edcst`tuta i pdh`t`eih aedcdly, ritjar tjic

larahy i euhtura df sdc prafaracea. Vir`it`dcs df tja axprass`dcs df bacgar, `cehug`cbgiubjtar prafaracea, eic prdguea ucaxpaetag dutedlas df, fdr axilpha, braitar rah`icea

ny piracts updc b`rhs `c dhg iba icg `ceraisag n`isas tdwirg giubjtars is i rasuht df

`ceraisag prassura updc lac icg tja fi`hura df licy td h`va up td piractih axpaetit`dcs

icg isp`rit`dcs. Ly alpjis`s w`hh spae`eihhy na updc jdw pdh`t`eih, litar`ih icg sde`ih

prdeassas jiva sjipag tja pdh`t`eih aedcdly df bacgar, rasuht`cb `c i gdl`cict `gadhdby

df sdc prafaracea, nut w`tj `lpdrtict icg dftac dvarhddoag tricsbrass`dcs.

Ejiptar 7 j`bjh`bjts ict`-sax sahaet`dc iet`v`sl is i g`st`cet`va pdh`t`eih icg e`v`h

sde`aty ldvalact. Wd gita, tja h`taritura dc sdc prafaracea icg sax sahaet`dc jis naacpr`lir`hy edcearcag w`tj ucgarsticg`cb `t is i priet`ea? ras`sticea, cabdt`it`dc icg

dppds`t`dc jiva naac ldra dr hass icihyt`eihhy `bcdrag. `s ejiptar w`hh fdeus updc

raspdcsas td sdc prafaracea icg sax sahaet`dc, axil`c`cb pdh`ey icg dste`ih ict`-faliha

fdat`e`ga iet`v`sl, is wahh is dtjar iets df ict`-fdat`e`ga icg ict`-sdc prafaracea. I

g`st`cet ict`-sax sahaet`dc ldvalact jis alarbag tjit erdssas cit`dcih nducgir`as icg

wj`ej `cvdhvas cdt dchy fal`c`st iet`v`sts, nut ihsd edcearcag padpha frdl w`tj`c tja

jaihtj saetdr icg w`gar sde`aty. Ict`-sax sahaet`dc iet`v`sl `s ic `lpdrtict irt`euhit`dc

df edhhaet`va acbibalacts w`tj sdc prafaracea. Uuej iet`v`sl prasacts ejihhacbas td ldraeruga `ctarpratit`dcs df sdc prafaracea icg soawag sax rit`ds is i euhturih pjacdlacdc,

jiv`cb i dca-wiy `lpiet updc wdlac icg bacgar `lnihiceas. a catwdros icg

ihh`iceas fdrbag ierdss vir`dus nducgir`as ira av`gacea df tja pdwarfuh pdtact`ihs tjit

sde`ih iet`v`sl eic jiva updc punh`e g`sedursas dc suej tdp`eih `ssuas. a ejiptar

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w`hh ittalpt td tjadr`za ras`sticea td sax sahaet`dc icg sdc prafaracea `c tarls df `ts

hdeit`dc w`tj`c pdstedhdc`ih sde`at`as v`s--v`s raprdguet`va taejcdhdb`as, `cfdrlit`dc

edlluc`eit`dc taejcdhdb`as (@EWs) icg fal`c`st pdh`t`es icg wjit tjay raprasact

w`tj`c wjit `s naedl`cb ic `cerais`cbhy tricscit`dcih `ssua icg ganita.

Ejiptar 1 w`hh prdv`ga ic dvarv`aw df sdla df tja oay ganitas dc bacgar icg raprd-

guet`va taejcdhdb`as frdl i g`ispdr`e pds`t`dc, wj`ha gavahdp`cb i tjadrat`eih icihys`s

df sax sahaet`dc icg ejd`ea is tjay parti`c td tja usa df caw raprdguet`va taejcdhdb`as

(C^Ws) fdr sax sahaet`va purpdsas. Uahaet`va taejcdhdb`as (a.b. ilc`deactas`s icg

uhtrisducg seic fdhhdwag ny indrt`dc) icg pra-sahaet`va taejcdhdb`as (latjdgs tjit

ihhdw `ctarvact`dc nafdra edceapt`dc) jiva `ctrdgueag ldra ejd`eas fdr tjdsa w`sj`cb

td sax sahaet. ^aeact se`act`e gavahdplacts jiva liga `t pdss`nha td prdguea i ndy dr

b`rh ej`hg tjrdubj suej pitactag taejc`quas is tja Ar`essdc Latjdg, sapirit`cb tja x

icg y ejrdldsdlas nafdra edceapt`dc td `ceraisa tja ejiceas df jiv`cb a`tjar i ndy dri b`rh. a ipph`eit`dc df tjasa taejcdhdb`as td tja vist irriy df bacgarag icg euhturih

edctaxts `s s`bc`eict fdr w`gar ganitas indut raprdguet`va ejd`ea, atj`es icg bacgar.

`s ejiptar w`hh prdv`ga ic `cs`bjt `ctd sdla df tja er`t`quas df C^Ws ny fal`c`sts icg

dtjar sde`ih se`act`sts icg `cehuga i g`seuss`dc df bacgar, raprdguet`va ejd`ea icg euhtura

is tjay rahita td ganitas dc sax sahaet`dc `c Udutj Is`i icg Nr`ti`c, w`tj g`ispdri usag is

i frila tjit prdnhalit`zas tja raspaet`va r`bjts icg ejd`ea g`sedursas dc bacgar icg

raprdguet`dc.

Ejiptar 6 fdeusas updc pareapt`dcs icg acbibalacts ny yducb wdlac `cedctalpdriry ]uckin w`tj sdc prafaracea. Udla df tja vd`eas icg v`aws `c tja ejiptar

j`bjh`bjt wjit i h`va irai tj`s `s `c tja euhturih `lib`ciry df ]uckin icg tjit `t `s

wdlacs tjdubjts icg irt`euhit`dcs wj`ej, gasp`ta na`cb dvarsjigdwag `c tja punh`e

g`sedursas dc faliha fdat`e`ga, jiva licy quih`tit`vahy s`bc`eict edctr`nut`dcs td

lioa td dur ucgarsticg`cb df raeact icg dc-bd`cb tracgs tjit ira tio`cb phiea. Jacea,

ritjar tjic na`cb ic ireji`e `cst`tut`dc df bacgarag r`b`g`ty, sdla df tja dutedlas icg

raiet`dcs td sdc prafaracea ira bacarit`cb earti`c sj`fts.

rdubj tja tjraigs df aiej ejiptar, tj`s nddo `ctacgs td dar i er`t`eih acbibalactw`tj sdc prafaracea, pd`ct`cb tdwirg oay pd`cts df ap`staldhdb`eih edcearc. ^itjar tjic

prdv`g`cb icy edcehus`va kugbalacts dr cg`cbs dc jdw icg wjy sdc prafaracea pars`sts

is ic `gadhdby, @ i`l td g`raet tja raigar td sdla df tja piusas icg dl`ss`dcs w`tj`c

ieigal`e acqu`ry `ctd sdc prafaracea wj`ha ittalpt`cb td dnseura tja biza df ieigal`e

sejdhirsj`p `tsahf w`tj`c tja w`gar sde`ih icg euhturih l`h`au. I culnar df quast`dcs

irducg tja rahit`dcsj`p natwaac sejdhirsj`p icg ocdwhagba icg tja pdss`n`h`t`as fdr

rasairej priet`eas td na ldra raaet`va icg raax`va ira ri`sag. a luht`-s`tag ahg df

i bhdnih `ssua `s s`luhticadushy jdcag `c updc tjrdubj i pirt`euhir rab`dc, ]uckin `cUdutj Is`i, tjus prasact`cb i hdeih`zag yat bhdnih ipprdiej td tja stugy df sdc prafaracea

icg bacgar.

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4 M0%%8#5 I#"NE'

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+,

`ctarvact`dcs, td cila i faw, wjit `s cdt`eainha `s jdw tja nraigtj df litar`ih `s ut`h`zag

w`tj`c i pragdl`cicthy alp`r`e`st ocdwhagba-prdgue`cb frila.

@t `s cdt ly `ctact`dc, jdwavar, td j`bjh`bjt alp`r`e`st tacgace`as w`tj`c tja h`tar-

itura, nut ritjar td ut`h`za tja alp`r`e`st shict is i laics df quast`dc`cb g`aract

sejdhirhy raprasactit`dcs df sdc prafaracea. Fdr `csticea, cdc-ieigal`e iet`v`st icg

g`seurs`va ipprdiejas wj`ej prdnhalit`za tja dvaralpjis`s dc sdc prafaracea is dca df

tja oay prdnhals df bacgar `caquih`ty jiva, ny icg hirba, naac haft dut df tja jirg fiets

df sde`ih se`acea rasairej dc sdc prafaracea. I culnar df quast`dcs rali`c ucicswarag

wjac axphdr`cb tja ut`h`tir`ic citura df tja biza df ieigal`e sejdhirsj`p `c tj`s

raspaet. Fdr axilpha, jdw wduhg dca wr`ta `c ic iet`v`st ibacgi w`tj`c ic axphdrit`dc

df sdc prafaracea `c ]uckin, i phiea sd edlldchy ejirietar`zag j`stdr`eihhy ny faliha

`cfict`e`ga icg fdat`e`ga4 Eic eductar-jabaldc`e vd`eas na jairg, ritjar tjic na`cb

saac larahy is fut`ha vd`eas w`tj`c i g`rahy bacgarag sde`aty4]dstedhdc`ih fal`c`st er`t`qua dars i gaedcstruet`dc df sdla df tja g`se`ph`ciry

acbibalacts us`cb tj`s hacs df dnkaet`eit`dc, wjatjar `t na tjrdubj tja usa df

quict`tit`va buras dr df tja biza df tja dnkaet`va duts`gar dr atjcdbripjar. Uuej

i er`t`eih parspaet`va, wj`ej hddos td tja j`stdr`eih hdcbav`ty df sejdhirsj`p `c `ts

`ctahhaetuih edctaxt, eic dar er`t`eih tddhs fdr gaedcstruet`cb icg ucgarsticg`cb jdw

tja pdh`t`es df euhtura, bacgar icg fal`c`st ap`staldhdby `cfdrl tja tarri`c df ieigal`e

sejdhirsj`p (V`svaswiric 9007, Ldjicty 9009, Ciriyic 9002? icg Lic` 900=, Oulir

9007). a ocdwhagba prdguet`dc nisag updc alp`r`eih av`gacea df sdc prafaracea,cilahy tja eacsus icg sax rit`ds dc tja dca jicg, icg atjcdbripj`e av`gacea edl`cb

dut df atjcdbripj`e stug`as dc tja dtjar, jis alarbag frdl i hdcb j`stdry df rapdrtiba

dc bacgar, euhtura icg tja jdusajdhg `c Udutj Is`i. a `ceapt`dc icg avdhut`dc df

g`seuss`dcs dc sdc prafaracea `s wdrtjy df axil`cit`dc wjac hddo`cb it tja pdh`t`es

df sejdhirsj`p. a h`cos dftac liga natwaac c`cataactj- td twact`atj-eactury icg

edctalpdriry pittarcs df soawag sax rit`ds caag td na er`t`eihhy ipprdiejag `c i liccar

wj`ej trieas tja j`stdr`eih gavahdplact df tja edhdc`ih eacsus icg sejdhirsj`p icg `ts

ut`h`ty fdr tja edhdc`ih axare`sa nafdra ipphy`cb tja sila ap`staldhdb`eih issulpt`dcs tdedctalpdriry g`seuss`dcs df fdat`e`ga. Kust is sdc prafaracea jig i g`st`cet phiea w`tj`c

tja edhdc`ih prdkaet, tja pdst-`cgapacgacea @cg`ic ldgarc`st prdkaet jis pds`t`dcag sdc

prafaracea w`tj`c w`gar gavahdplact g`sedursas icg pdh`e`as saao`cb td uph`ft wdlac.

@ w`hh b`va i nr`af dvarv`aw df sahaetag edctalpdriry acbibalacts w`tj bacgar icg

sdc prafaracea, w`tj sdla stug`as spae`eihhy hddo`cb it sdc prafaracea, wj`ha dtjars

spaio ldra bacarihhy indut bacgar rahit`dcs icg gycil`es, frdl vir`dus g`se`ph`ciry

sticgpd`cts icg pds`t`dcs. Aiej stugy eirr`as w`tj `t earti`c g`se`ph`ciry j`stdr`as df

ocdwhagba prdguet`dc wj`ha ihsd deeupy`cb i pds`t`dcih`ty wj`ej `s ny cd laicsduts`ga df tja sedpa df sunkaet`v`ty. a iutjdrs icg punh`eit`dcs sahaetag fdr icihys`s ira

cdt laict td na v`awag is raprasactit`va df icy g`se`ph`ca, cdr jiva tjay naac ejdsac td

raprasact act`ra trikaetdr`as df ieigal`e sejdhirsj`p dr g`sedursa. @cstaig, tjay jiva naac

sahaetag naeiusa df tja`r s`bc`eicea `c ejirt`cb acbibalacts w`tj sdc prafaracea, `c

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wj`ej tjara ira, df edursa, licy dtjar edctr`nut`dcs ny dtjar iutjdrs, ihh df wjdl eduhg

cdt na `cehugag jara. a i`l `s td iso i culnar df quast`dcs df aiej edctr`nut`dc `c

tarls df tja`r raaet`dcs dc tja`r punh`sjag rasairej, jdw tjay ucgarstddg dr tjadr`zag

bacgar icg/dr sdc prafaracea, jdw tjay ejirietar`zag `t, tja tddhs tjay usag icg jdw

tjay hdeitag tjalsahvas w`tj`c tja stugy. Ihh rasairej, avac tjit wj`ej jis cdt `cvdhvag

`ctarv`aws dr edlluc`eitag g`raethy w`tj padpha, raaets i latjdgdhdby icg raprasacts

i sat df ap`staldhdb`eih edcearcs. `s ejiptar raaets ly edcearcs w`tj trie`cb rdutas

tdwirg ldra raax`va, er`t`eih ipprdiejas td rasairej`cb sdc prafaracea, wj`ej dftac

raqu`ras tja hddo`cb bhiss td na turcag nieo tdwirg tja edllactitdr. `s `s prae`sahy

tja fdeus, `c tarls df iggrass`cb i pdh`t`es df rasairej wj`ej eic furtjar edctr`nuta td i

ldra rdnust `ctahhaetuih prdkaet.

J@UWD^@E@[@CB WJA BI[AAiej g`se`ph`ca jis bacaritag ts dwc typa df biza tdwirg jdw sdc prafaracea irt`euhitas

`tsahf w`tj`c Udutj Is`ic sde`at`as. Rjatjar `t na dr`actih`st, aedcdl`e raguet`dc`st,

dr euhturih`st, tja ieigal`e g`se`ph`cas, is Ui`g (9020) sd pd`bcicthy ihartag us, ira

it tja eactra df parpatuit`cb i euhturih `lpar`ih`sl tdwirg euhturas icg pdpuhit`dcs

w`tj h`coibas td fdrlarhy edhdc`zag padpha icg phieas.a edccaet`dcs natwaac tja

ach`bjtaclact prdkaet icg tja gavahdplact df tja sde`ih se`aceas `s dca wj`ej `s cdt

kust j`stdr`eih `t `s i j`stdry df ocdwhagba `tsahf icg dca wj`ej `cfdrls jdw eurractsejdhirsj`p jis avdhvag dut tja gavahdplact df earti`c eicdcs. us, tja vir`dus

g`se`ph`ciry edctr`nut`dcs td ucgarsticg`cbs df sdc prafaracea icg sax sahaet`dc, aiej

w`tj `ts dwc latjdgs icg tddhs, jiva spdoac cdt dchy dc najihf df wdlac icg lac

`c Udutj Is`i nut ihsd, `t eduhg na `cfarrag, dc najihf df tja ucndrc faliha fdatus. @c

tja sairej fdr av`gacea icg i rasuht`cb `cin`h`ty td saa naydcg tja raspaet`va bizas tjit

ieigal`e sejdhirsj`p dc sdc prafaracea icg faliha fdat`e`ga jiva bacaritag, sunsaquact

s`haceasjiva naac prdgueag wj`ej dar `lpdrtict `cs`bjts `ctd jdw ldra er`t`eih wiys

df ipprdiej`cb sdc prafaracea eic na gavahdpag duts`ga df sdla df tja g`se`ph`ciryaceis`cbs wj`ej jiva ras`stag tj`s td gita.

Ly ittalpt td tj`co, wr`ta icg irt`euhita dc sdc prafaracea icg sax sahaet`dc fdhhdws

i hdcb j`stdry df g`sedursa dc sdc prafaracea, ricb`cb frdl airhy edhdc`ih raedrg-tio`cb

icg rapdrt`cb `c tja airhy td l`g-c`cataactj eactury td ldra raeact galdbripj`e icg

ictjrdpdhdb`eih h`taritura. I j`stdr`dbripjy df tja g`se`ph`ciry edctr`nut`dcs td icg

nducgag tjadr`zit`dcs df sdc prafaracea raqu`ras rst ic ucp`eo`cb df tja jabaldcy

df Rastarc sde`ih edcstruet`dcs df tja sahf icg tja dtjar tjrdubj ucgarsticg`cbs df

euhturih g`

aracea icg bacgar. Uuej cdt`dcs df bacgar, g`

aracea icg euhtura wararddtag `c edhdc`ih sde`ih actarpr`sa, yat tjasa cdt`dcs jiva edct`cuag td s`hacea `rg

Rdrhg wdlac, is tjay ira, fdr axilpha, spdoac fdr w`tj`c gavahdplact pdh`e`as wj`ej,

is Up`vio (90::) purpdrtag, lutag sunihtarc vd`eas tjrdubj ieigal`e ldgas df r`bdur

icg acqu`ry.

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a liccar `c wj`ej ictjrdpdhdby, galdbripjy icg Udutj Is`ic irai stug`as jiva

edctr`nutag ldst, `c gavahdp`cb ucgarsticg`cbs df tja sde`ih laejic`sls naj`cg tja

prafaracea fdr sdcs icg wjit sdla df tja dutedlas df tj`s l`bjt na, `s ravaih`cb df

tja `ctahhaetuih nibbiba tjit aiej df tjal eirr`as w`tj `t `c rahit`dc td sdc prafaracea.

Aiej g`se`ph`ca ut`h`zas tddhs icg latjdgs hi`g dut ny tja g`se`ph`ciry edcearcs icg

quast`dcs ri`sag frdl w`tj`c. Fdr csticea, tja galdbripjy df Udutj Is`i jis `ts rddts c

tja edhdc`ih acularit`dc axare`sa wj`ej wis ut`h`zag fdr tja edhdc`ih prdkaet `c erait`cb

wj`ha ihsd nraio`cb up vir`dus sde`ih eitabdr`as `c bacarit`cb edhdc`ih ocdwhagba (Edjc

9006? ]icgay 900=). I Lihtjus`ic g`sedursa dc pdpuhit`dc edctrdh wis it tja eactra

df tja eacsus erait`dc, w`tj faliha `cfict`e`ga prdv`g`cb ic dppdrtuc`ty fdr `lpar`ih

g`sedursa dc pdpuhit`dc td brift v`dhacea ibi`cst wdlac updc t (Njitcibir at ih. >==1).

us tja eacsus, wj`ha prdv`g`cb giti sats fdr ucgarsticg`cb pdpuhit`dc tracgs icg

ejicbas j`stdr`eihhy icg `c tja prasact, eic ihsd na v`awag er`t`eihhy fdr wjit purpdsas`t sarvas icg fdr wjit `t gdas cdttahh us. ara `s, df edursa, i edct`cu`ty df g`sedursa

frdl tja edhdc`ih e`v`h`z`cb l`ss`dc tjit ieedlpic`ag tja acularit`dc axare`sa td tja

pdstedhdc`ih tja edhdc`ih eacsus edlas `ctd na`cb it tja s`ta df faliha `cfict`e`ga

(Njitcibir at ih. >==1; 9>0) wjara tja fducgit`dc df ucgarsticg`cb pdpuhit`dc `c

@cg`i wis tjrdubj tja tddhs darag ny tja eacsus nut ihsd suppdrtag ny edhdc`ih igl`c-

`strit`va ieeducts df faliha `cfict`e`ga.

a Nr`t`sj g`sedvary df faliha `cfict`e`ga `c 92:0 `c Naciras avactuihhy hag td tja

Faliha @cfict`e`ga Iet `c 9:2= (wj`ej liga `cfict`e`ga `hhabih) wjac `t wis dnsarvagtjit tja priet`ea wis ldst pravihact ildcb hicg-dwc`cb J`cgu eistas (V`sjwicitj

900:). @c ]ickin, Likdr Hioa rapdrtag td tja ]ickin Ndirg df Igl`c strit`dc `c 9:19

tjit `t `s ic ucgduntag fiet tjit tjara ira sdla 9=== fil`h`as df nag`s wjd, fdr tja hist

7== yairs jiva gastrdyag ihh tja`r faliha dspr`cb (Hioa, `c V`swicitj 900:; 99=1).

a Nag`s, i U`oj ojitr` eista wjd ehi`lag g`raet gaseacgicey td Buru Cicio icg wjd

wara ricoag j`bjhy ildcb dtjar U`oj ojitr` fil`h`as, raea`vag b`rhs frdl dtjar hdwar-

rico`cb ojitr` fil`h`as nut rafusag td lirry tja`r giubjtars td ndys frdl hdwar-ricoag

fil`h`as icg jacea rasdrtag td faliha `cfict`e`ga.U`l`hir g`sedvar`as wara liga indut dtjar brdups suej is ^ikputs wjd s`l`hirhy

deeup`ag i edcsp`eudus eista pds`t`dc icg tjus wara si`g td jiva priet`sag faliha

`cfict`e`ga ritjar tjic edlprdl`s`cb tja`r pr`v`habag stitus ny lirry`cb tja`r giubjtars

td brdups hdwar td tjal. Ny 9:2=, tja Nr`t`sj g`sedvary df i n`is tdwirg tja n`rtj

df sdcs dvar giubjtars naeila i edhdc`ih `ctarvact`dc `c tja Faliha @cfict`e`ga Iet.

Pat, `t `s hass tja edctactdf tja rapdrt`cb tjit jis eiubjt tja ittact`dc df pdstedhdc`ih

edllactitdrs tjic tja `ctact`dcstjit suej edhdc`ih acgaivdrs sylndh`zag. Hiti Lic`s

(900=) er`t`eih v`aw df tja e`v`h`z`cb l`ss`dc `c @cg`i ri`sas quast`dcs indut edhdc`ih`ctact`dcs `c j`bjh`bjt`cb euhturih priet`eas suej is sit` icg gdwry. a edctrig`et`dcs

natwaac uph`ft`cb wdlac `c @cg`i tjrdubj tja nicc`cb df sit` icg s`luhticadushy

`lphalact`cb griedc`ic laisuras td li`cti`c edctrdh df tja Nr`t`sj ^ik j`bjh`bjtag

tja `cs`g`duscass df sde`ih edctrdh icg pdh`t`eih gdl`cit`dc ucgar alp`ra. Uac (>==>)

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s`l`hirhy hddos td jdw tja Nr`t`sj edhdc`ih ict`-`cfict`e`ga eilpi`bc nabic td hinah

inarrict edlluc`t`as wjd eila td na `gact`ag `c tarls df eista, tr`na, v`hhiba, icg

tja er`la `tsahf, is ic `cfict`e`gih sde`aty. Uacs stugy hddos td tja irej`va df edhdc`ih

raedrgs is jar sdurea df giti icg nab`cs tja ejiptar w`tj i ehir`eit`dc df jar pds`t`dc

is j`stdr`ic; @ gd cdt usa tj`s ejiptar td quast`dc tja trutj df faliha `cfict`e`ga `c

@cg`i . . . @cstaig, @ axphdra tja ganitas tjit hag up td tja (Faliha @cfict`e`ga Iet) hiw,

icg tja edhdc`z`cb stritab`as tjit tja hiw raprasactag (>==>; 15).

@ctarast`cbhy, tja irej`vas df edhdc`ih raedrgs jiva prdv`gag rav`s`dc`st icg pdstedh-

dc`ih edllactitdrs w`tj i waihtj df edlluc`eit`dc w`tj rabirg td jdw bacgar faiturag

`c tja edhdc`ih aceductar. @cgaag, tja acularit`dc axare`sa wis i eactrih fducg`cb

cirrit`va w`tj`c galdbripj`e stug`as c @cg`i. @f wa lioa avac i tie`t ieocdwhagbalact

tjit tja tddhs usag ny raeact galdbripj`e stug`as jiva alarbag frdl tj`s j`stdry df

acularit`dc-fdhhdwag-ny-g`sedvary, tjac wjit gd suej quict`tit`va `cg`eitdrs siyindut edctalpdriry sde`aty icg aedcdly `c tarls df sdc prafaracea icg bacgar4 Is

dca stugy df sax rit`ds `c Ej`ci ehairhy stitas, tja purpdsas df eiheuhit`cb sax rit`ds fdr

galdbripjars ira is fdhhdws;

F`rst, f tjay ira issulag td na ieeurita, tjay cg`eita tja bacgar nihicea c i sde`aty.

`s nihicea `s gatarl`cag ny tja sax rit`d it n`rtj icg ny sax-spae`e ldrtih`ty icg

l`brit`dc dvar tja h`fa edursa . . . a laisurag sax rit`d it n`rtj eic na edlpirag

w`tj i su`tinhy sahaetag sticgirg sax rit`d raaet`cb ocdwc n`dhdb`eih pittarcs tdgatarl`ca tja gabraa td wj`ej `cficts df dca sax suar axeass ldrtih`ty. Uaedcg,

`f tja sax rit`ds ira tjdubjt td na `cedrraethy laisurag, tjay liy na axil`cag td

gatarl`ca tja gabraa td wj`ej dca bacgar brdup `s systalit`eihhy ucgareductag c i

rab`star, survay, dr eacsus. (Juhh 900=)

us, fdhhdw`cb dc frdl tj`s stitalact, tja ctahhaetuih prdkaet tjit galdbripj`e stug`as

dc @cg`i jiva ejirtag dut jis naac dca df cg`cb, is Ilirtyi Uacs (900=) p`aea ed`cs,

@cg`is l`ss`cb wdlac. Alarb`cb dut df tjasa j`bj-prdha galdbripj`e g`sedvar`as icg

prag`et`dcs, tjara `s ic dvarwjahl`cb gdl`cicea df quict`tit`vahy gr`vac stug`as df sdc

prafaracea `c Udutj Is`i, wjac dca nab`cs td lip dut tja ahg. a educt`cb df lihas

icg falihas `c tja @cg`ic pdpuhit`dc rasuhtag `c i surba df acqu`ry dc tja galdbripj`e

dutedlas df soawag sax rit`ds, n`isas tdwirg liha ej`hgrac icg tja caw taejcdhdb`as df

sax sahaet`dc suej is uhtrisducg seics icg pra-g`ibcdst`e prdeaguras. @cgaag, W`l Gysdc

(>==9) sjdwag tjit wjac havahs df acularit`dc fihh, tja culnars df wdlac eductag

ihsd fihhs, sjdw`cb i sacs`t`v`ty df tja sax rit`d td acularit`dc havahs. Dtjar stug`as jiva

j`bjh`bjtag jdw pdpuhit`dc stit`st`es ira ihart`cb us td vir`dus ejicbas bd`cb dc w`tj

gaeh`c`cb rit`ds ibi`cst falihas, cehug`cb tja `ctacs`eit`dc aaet c phieas h`oa ]uckin

wjara eduphas ira jiv`cb fawar ej`hgrac nut wjara tjara `s ihsd ic `cerais`cb gas`ra fdr

it haist dca sdc, tjus `ctacs`fy`cb tja lic`fastit`dc df sdc prafaracea (Gis Bupti icg

Njit 9002). a ocdwhagba prdgueag frdl tja usa df quict`tit`va `cg`eitdrs `s nisag

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updc stit`st`eih av`gacea sjdw`cb tracgs df faliha g`sigvictiba dvar t`la, yat ut`h`zas

issulag euhturih ctarpratit`dcs df bacgar td ucgarsticg icg raig tja giti. Rjit wduhg

`t laic axpar`act`ihhy, fdr `csticea, td na tja tj`rg- dr fdurtj-ndrc faliha ej`hg `c i

jdusajdhg wjara tja `ctacs`eit`dc aaet wis tio`cb phiea (saa Ejiptar 5)4 a p`etura

tjit quict`tit`va `cg`eitdrs dar `s ic `cs`bjt `ctd pdpuhit`dc tracgs, is ic dutedla

df bacgarag prdeassas. us, tja cg`cb tjit axeass ldrtih`ty df b`rhs edct`cuas iftar

n`rtj icg st`hh edcst`tutas tja li`c latjdg df raldv`cb faliha ej`hgrac `c @cg`i (Gis

Bupti icg Njit 9002; 597) jis edla td edcst`tuta i w`gahy ieeaptag icihys`s df tja

galdbripj`e sax rit`d dutedlas df sdc prafaracea.

Ic axilpha df i qu`eo-x galdbripj`e axphicit`dc df sdc prafaracea sjdws i haip

frdl ic icihys`s df Ej`ci td tjit df @cg`i;

Utrdcb liha gdl`cit`dc icg g`ser`l`cit`dc ibi`cst wdlac jiva i hdcb j`stdryicg jiva cdt yat naac fuhhy arig`eitag `c sp`ta df brait prdbrass liga `c Ej`ci,

aspae`ihhy gur`cb tja saedcg jihf df tj`s eactury. a eurract fil`hy phicc`cb

pdh`ey gdas cdt ihhdw eduphas td jiva is licy ej`hgrac is tjay gas`ra, nut sde`ih

icg euhturih trig`t`dcs icg gi`hy h`v`cb edcg`t`dcs lioa `t vary `lpdrtict td jiva

i sdc, aspae`ihhy `c rurih irais . . . ]rdbrass `c lag`eih taejcdhdby jis liga pracitih

sax `gact`eit`dc icg sax-sahaet`va indrt`dc fais`nha. arafdra, padpha w`tj i strdcb

gas`ra fdr i sdc usuihhy jiva tja rasdureas td nr`na lag`eih parsdccah td parfdrl ic

`hhabih axil`cit`dc icg td usa sax-sahaet`va `cgueag indrt`dc td iej`ava tja`r gas`ra.

([acb P` at ih. 9005, e`tag `c Or`sjcik` >==9)

a qudta indva prasacts i edlldcsacsa axphicit`dc df tja stita df ii`rs `c Ej`ci

w`tj rabirg td tja dutedlas df sde`ih pittarcs df sdc prafaracea, sax sahaet`dc icg stita

fil`hy-phicc`cb pdh`e`as. Fdr dur purpdsas, wjit `s avac ldra `ctarast`cb `s jdw tja

stitalact `s ut`h`zag td spaio df tja @cg`ic edctaxt; Dchy i faw ejicbas `c tja indva

taxt ira caagag td gaser`na tja @cg`ic s`tuit`dc (Or`sjcik` >==9; 59), wj`ej lph`as tjit

stit`st`eih av`gacea icg tja icihyt`eih raig`cb df twd suej edctrist`cb cit`dcih edctaxts

is Ej`ci icg @cg`i eic ut`h`za tja sila tddhs yat igkust tja cg`cbs ieedrg`cb td tja

spae`e`t`as tjit tja giti pd`ct dut.

Wd larahy v`aw quict`tit`va `cg`eitdrs is `lparsdcih icg bacarih`z`cb wduhg na td

erugahy icg s`lph`st`eihhy raguea tjit latjdg td buras icg culnars. Ly purpdsa `c

ri`s`cb suej quast`dcs `s cdt indut edlpirit`vahy quast`dc`cb vir`dus latjdgs, nut td

hddo td ap`staldhdb`eih edcearcs alarb`cb dut df vir`dus typas df raprasactit`dc `c tja

h`taritura. Furtjar, l`xag-latjdg icihys`s jis naedla i s`bc`eict laics df raprasact`cb

sdc prafaracea. a prasacea df quih`tit`va icihys`s w`tj`c quict`tit`va acqu`r`as icg df

quict`tit`va av`gacea c quih`tit`va stug`as sjdws jdw latjdgs ira edlldchy edln`cagicg l`xag `c ticgal w`tj dca icdtjar. Udla jiva avac irbuag tjit w`tjdut tja bacgar

g`sibbrabitag giti dr av`gacea, `t `s g`steuht fdr ldra quih`tit`va stug`as td alarba;

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Ly dwc axpar`acea `c Ej`ci subbasts tjit tja insacea df bacgar-g`sibbrabitag

stit`st`es dc sax rit`ds icg bacgarag `cg`eitdrs df `cficey icg ej`hgjddg g`s-

er`l`cit`dc s i likdr fietdr h`l`t`cb ndtj cit`dcih icg edlluc`ty iwiracass. Icg

tjit furtjar igvdeiey icg sacs`t`zit`dc `s edct`cbact updc rah`inha giti sjdw`cb tja

seiha, g`lacs`dcs icg tracgs `c g`ser`l`cit`dc ibi`cst giubjtars . . . uht`litahy `t

saals is `f `t `s tja pdwar df stit`st`eih giti wj`ej `s bacgar g`sibbrabitag tjit b`vas

eragacea td atjcdbripj`e vd`eas icg s parsuis`va c edcv`ce`cb cit`dcih, edlluc`ty

icg fil`h`ih gae`s`dc-lioars tjit `t `s `lpdrtict icg caeassiry td ihhdeita ittact`dc

icg rasdureas td b`rhs gavahdplact. (Erdhh >===; 9:7)

Rj`ha galdbripjys ahg h`as `c tja stdras df vist giti sats, atjcdbripj`e taejc`quas

pr`v`haba ic iutjact`eitag ahg `c hdeit`cb tja tarri`c df acqu`ry. Dca stugy ut`h`z`cb

atjcdbripjy w`tj`c i kdurcih`st`e styha `s Nul`hhars (90:0) nddo, `c wj`ej tja raigar`s tioac ihdcb i kdurcay ildcb @cg`is wdlac. Frdl tja dcsat df tja nddo, tja

ahgwdro sats dut i vdyaur`st`e latjdgdhdby, w`tj tja rasairejar eactr`cb jarsahf c jdw

tja biza `s eist;

Ldst @cg`ic wdlac liy nahdcb td wjit dca bdvarclact rapdrt eihhs tja eductrys

s`cbha hirbast brdup df nieowirg e`t`zacs, . . . @cg`ic lac liy nait tja`r w`vas,

nut tjay wdrsj`p bdggassas? sdla df tja l`bjt`ast ga`t`as `c tja J`cgu pictjadc

ira wdlac, h`oa Gurbi . . . icg Oih` . . . a edcg`t`dc df sdla @cg`ic wdlac `s sd

wratejag tjit `f tja`r ph`bjt raea`vag tja ittact`dc b`vac td tjit df atjc`e icg rie`ih

l`cdr`t`as `c dtjar pirts df tja wdrhg, tja`r eiusa wduhg na tioac up ny julic

r`bjts brdups . . . a typ`eih @cg`ic wdlic, raprasact`cb indut 21 par eact df tja

fdur jucgrag l`hh`dc wdlac icg faliha ej`hgrac `c @cg`i, h`vas `c i v`hhiba. Uja

edlas frdl i slihh paisict fil`hy tjit dwcs hass tjic ic iera df hicg, dr frdl i

hicghass fil`hy tjit gapacgs dc tja wj`ls df n`b firlars fdr spdrig`e wdro icg

wibas. Uja eic ca`tjar raig cdr wr`ta, ihtjdubj sja wduhg h`oa td, icg jis rirahy

trivahhag ldra tjic twacty l`has frdl jar phiea df n`rtj . . . Uja gdas cdt dwc hicg

`c jar dwc cila, dr avac kd`cthy w`tj jar jusnicg. (Nul`hhar 90:0; 9=99)

@c i ejiptar t`thag Cd Ldra H`ttha B`rhs, wa ira tioac frdl tj`s eir`eitura, `cfdrlag ny

bacarih`zit`dcs df @cg`ic wdlac is i uc`fdrlhy dpprassag brdup, td ic icihys`s df tja

`ssua df sdc prafaracea. Uja g`seussas faliha `cfict`e`ga ildcb tja rurih pddr `c Wil`h

Cigu icg sax-sahaet`va indrt`dc (faliha fdat`e`ga) ildcb tja urnic iuact ehissas df

Ndlniy (Lulni`) is trig`t`dcih icg ldgarc priet`eas df sdc prafaracea, raspaet`vahy.

Gasp`ta tja g`araceas natwaac tjasa twd g`spirita brdups, sja haivas us w`tj jdw

(@cg`ic) euhtura dvarr`gas tja edctaxtuih sde`d-aedcdl`e hdeit`dcs `c tja liccar `cwj`ej tja r`ej icg pddr, rurih icg urnic ira pirtio`cb `c sax sahaet`dc. `s `s gdca

w`tjdut icy axphdrit`dc df jdw wdlac tjalsahvas l`bjt frila dr ucgarsticg tja ssua.

@cstaig, Nul`hhar sats tja quast`dcs td wj`ej tja icswars ira ihraigy ocdwc ny tja

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giti icg cawspipar jaig`cbs suej is Ndrc td G`a, wj`ej sja e`tas w`gahy tjrdubjdut

tja nddo.

a ahg `s eraitag dut df tja iutjdr`ty df tja rasairejar/iutjdr raaet`cb tja

edcearcs, quast`dcs icg ipprdiej na`cb iggrassag. us, ahgwdro gacag ny spit`ih

priet`eas (`c tj`s eisa, @cg`i) rasuhts c tja erait`dc df ahg s`tas nisag updc prdnhalit`e

cdt`dcs df sjirag euhtura ny tjdsa padpha h`v`cb w`tj`c `ts nducgir`as icg gap`etag

tjrdubj tja hacs df tja ieigal`e`ic `c edctrdh df tja taxt. Jacea, euhturih priet`eas

suej is sdc prafaracea naedla pirt df i sat df raprasactit`dcs tjit ira ah`e`tag wjac

dca tj`cos indut tja ahg `c quast`dc. ^apat`t`va ippairicea df suej raprasactit`dcs

eic dchy prdguea icg raprdguea i nieowirg dtjar w`tj`c tja ayas df a`tjar tja @cg`ic

ldgarc`st prdkaet dr i Rastarc ieigal`e iug`acea v`aw`cb bacgar c Udutj Is`i tjrdubj

tja tddhs icg eitabdr`as darag ny tja ivi`hinha sejdhirsj`p. `s gdas cdt acinha tja

gavahdplact df er`t`eih tddhs fdr acinh`cb dr aciet`cb ejicba `c tja pds`t`dc dr stitusdf wdlac, tjdubj dar`cb luej litar`ih fdr ucgarsticg`cb sdc prafaracea. `s

naedlas avac ldra erue`ih td i sj`ft`cb df bacgar pdh`t`es `c i phiea suej is ]uckin tjit

hass typ`eih raprasactit`dcs ira nrdubjt td tja fdra. Wil`h Cigu prdv`gas i edlpirit`va,

edctrist`cb ahg `c wj`ej i litr`irejih/litr`h`caih bacgarag sde`ih j`stdry prdv`gas

dtjar edlph`eit`dcs td i pdstedhdc`ih er`t`qua df sdc prafaracea, icg jacea i fuhhar, ldra

edlphax icg edctastag g`sedursa dc sdc prafaracea.9

a v`rtuih insacea df ic drbic`zag e`v`h sde`aty ldvalact dr fal`c`st ldva-

lact w`tj`c ]uckin dc tja `ssua df sdc prafaracea `s cdtinha, b`vac tja alnhalit`estitus `t deeup`as w`tj`c tja ieigal`e h`taritura. us, i phiea h`oa ]uckin eic ais`hy

naedla edcstruetag is i ahg s`ta `c `ts hinahh`cb is tja o`hh`cb ahgs dr tja hicg df

l`ss`cb dr vic`sj`cb b`rhs, ehds`cb dut dtjar raprasactit`dcs df tja sila ahg w`tj hass

e`reulser`nag cdt`dcs.

QCF@Z@CB WJA F@AHG

Nducgag icg sag`lactag ipprdiejas td tja ahg ira naedl`cb `cerais`cbhy prdnhal-it`zag tjrdubj `ctarvact`dcs ny euhturih, pdstedhdc`ih icg g`ispdri stug`as (Eh`drg

9002). Gasp`ta tj`s, tjara jis naac ic dc-bd`cb ras`sticea td tja gaedcstruet`dc df

tja hacs df tja rasairejar ny i edct`cu`cb fdeus dc tja `lpdrticea df tja ahg, wjara

edct`cu`cbhy nducgag pareapt`dcs icg raprasactit`dcs df euhtura ippair (Ciriyic

9005). `s `s cdt td siy tjit tja iet df galireit`cb i ahg `s fucgilactihhy i iwag

axare`sa. a ehir`ty tjit i uc`varsa eic prdv`ga td i ra sairejar `c ittalpt`cb td ejirt

dut laic`cbfuh quast`dcs eic dftac dchy na darag ny tja galireit`dc, jdwavar hddsahy

dr edce`sahy t s griwc dut.

ara ira earti`c lparit`vas df tj`co`cb indut latjdgdhdbyicg tja pdh`t`es df rasairej wjac edcstruet`cb i ahg. Jdwavar, tja tddhs df atjcdbripjy

icg fal`c`st rasairej raaet vir`dus trikaetdr`as `c tarls df jdw g`aract edllactitdrs

hdeita tja`r sunkaets is wahh is tjalsahvas. @c tj`s saet`dc, i culnar df iutjdrs icg

stug`as jiva naac sahaetag fdr g`seuss`dc, cdt ny icy g`se`ph`ciry nducgir`as, nut is

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i laics df furtjar gavahdp`cb tja irbulact tjit tja edcstruet`dc df tja ahg icg

tja sunkaet edctr`nuta td tja erait`dc df ocdwhagba dc sdc prafaracea. Luej wdro dc

bacgar icg sdc prafaracea `s `cerais`cbhy us`cb `ctarg`se`ph`ciry laics icg latjdgs, dr

it haist sjdw`cb ic iwiracass df `gais icg gavahdplacts e`reuhit`cb `c ahgs dtjar tjic

tjdsa tjay ldst `llag`itahy `gact`fy w`tj. Ny alniro`cb updc ic axil`cit`dc df tja

tjraigs df hdeit`dc icg ocdwhagba w`tj`c i ricba df stug`as dc bacgar `c Udutj Is`i, @

`ctacg td p`cpd`ct sdla quast`dcs irducg latjdgdhdby icg ap`staldhdby j`bjh`bjtag

ny tjasa g`aract stug`as td `cfdrl tja fdrluhit`dc df rasairej priet`eas.

Utug`as ejirt`cb dut tja pdh`t`eih aedcdly df sdc prafaracea `.a. sde`d-aedcdl`e

strueturas prdgueag ny eip`tih`st prdguet`dc rahit`dcs dar `cs`bjts `ctd jdw litar`ih

icg sde`ih rahit`dcs pds`t`dc wdlac v`s--v`s pdwar, lac icg tja jdusajdhg. N`ci

Ibirwihs (9007) wdro irbuas tjit i hieo df ieeass td issats, eip`tih icg rasdureas `s

it tja jairt df wdlacs g`sigvictibag pds`t`dc `c @cg`i. R`tjdut r`bjts td hicg drraih `cstaig df cdl`cih `cjar`ticea, prafaracea fdr sdcs w`hh edct`cua td dvarsjigdw

icy pds`t`va pareapt`dc df b`rh ej`hgrac is tjay w`hh rali`c is aedcdl`e ippacgibas

ritjar tjic aedcdl`e ibacts, b`vac gdwr`as icg dut-lirr`iba df wdlac frdl tja`r

citih jdlas. Ibirwihs edcearcs h`a w`tj tja litar`ih nisa df bacgar rahit`dcs irducg

dwcarsj`p is fdrl`cb tja nis`s fdr sdc prafaracea, ihdcbs`ga dtjar bacgar n`isas. Dca

l`bjt irbua tjit tja vd`eas df wdlac icg tja`r ibacey w`tj`c tj`s soatej df wdlacs

litar`ih sunkubit`dc ira insact frdl suej ic icihys`s, parjips i edlldc er`t`qua liga

df strueturih`st icihys`s ldra bacarihhy, wj`ha tja pdh`t`eih aedcdly df bacgar rahit`dcs `ser`t`eihhy ejirtag dut icg iggrassag ny Ibirwih tjrdubj tja habih icg sde`ih frilawdros

sja `gact`as icg `s tjarafdra df sal`cih `lpdrticea. Jdwavar, tja h`l`tit`dcs df tj`s

ipprdiej `s tjit tja yducb wdlac wjdsa bacgar raih`t`as ira na`cb tjadr`zag cg h`ttha

ibacey w`tj`c tj`s dtjar tjic is rae`p`acts df struetura.

Icdtjar ipprdiej tjdubj nr`gb`cb tja frilas icg tddhs df pdh`t`eih aedcdly,

Lirx`sl icg tja atjcdbripj`e trig`t`dc df ictjrdpdhdby `s Qrsuhi Ujirlis

(90:=) sal`cih rasairej dc wdlacs wdro `c cdrtjwast @cg`i, fdeus`cb updc s`tas `c

J`liejih ]rigasj icg ]uckin. Qt`h`z`cb i wdlac-eactrag atjcdbripj`e latjdg, sjaprdgueag ic `c-gaptj icihys`s df o`csj`p rahit`dcs, lirr`iba, ieeass td jdusajdhg issats

icg rasdureas. Uja edln`cag tja ictjrdpdhdb`eih ipprdiej df hdcb-tarl, `ctacs`va

ahgwdro w`tj quast`dcs df pdh`t`eih aedcdly/Lirx`st fal`c`sl ny v`aw`cb euhtura

is sdlatj`cb fdrl`cb icg edcsticthy ejicb`cb irducg tja drbic`zit`dc df prdguet`dc

icg raprdguet`dc. Uja sjdwag jdw vir`dus edgas df axejicba icg edlluc`eit`dc,

gasp`ta sdla df tja dvarirej`cb nirr`ars ax`stact fdr wdlac, ihsd darag wdlac ndtj

cabdt`it`dc pdwar icg rdutas td fuhhlact w`tj`c tja pitr`irejih jdusajdhg sat-up.

`s stugy prdv`gag i v`aw df wdlacs iutdcdly icg ibacey, avac w`tj`c pitr`irejihstrueturas, icg uht`litahy prasactag ic ihtarcit`va ap`staldhdb`eih pds`t`dc td tja

ldra raguet`dc`st v`aws df dtjar stug`as. Dc tj`s pd`ct ihdca, Ujirlis wdro `s ldst

`ctarast`cb fdr jdw sja hdeitas jarsahf w`tj`c tja ahgwdro axpar`acea;

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@ rst naeila `ctarastag `c tja sde`ih rdha df @cg`ic wdlac naeiusa, na`cb lirr`ag

`ctd ic @cg`ic fil`hy, @ lysahf jig td oaap sdla df tja edcvact`dcs wj`ej @cg`ic

wdlac dnsarva wjac @ wis c @cg`i . . . H`oa licy dtjars, @ wis iaetag ny tja upsurba

df fal`c`st edcse`duscass wj`ej hag licy Rastarc wdlac td quast`dc faliha rdhas

`c tja`r dwc sde`aty. `s raiet`vitag ly ctarast `c tja quast`dc df wdlacs pds`t`dc

`c @cg`i . . . a giubjtar-`c-hiw rdha jis prdv`gag ic axeahhact victiba pd`ct fdr

Rastarc wdlac wjd jiva sdlatj`cb td siy indut @cg`ic sde`aty . . . Cdt tjit tja

giubjtars df tja euhtura jiva naac tja s`hact sunkaets df rasairej, (tjay) jiva, `c

g`aract wiys, ctarpratag tja pds`t`dc icg prdnhals df @cg`ic wdlac td duts`gars.

Jar hieo df hdyihty td icy sacsa df iutjact`e`ty dr pds`t`dc df tja dnkaet`va ictjrdpdhdb`st

`c tja stugy, avac gur`cb i t`la pra-git`cb tja dcshiubjt df pdst-strueturih`sl icg

er`t`quas df ictjrdpdhdby, `s ravaihag `c jdw sja raaets updc tja ahgwdro axpar`acea

is ndtj i parsdcih icg ic ieigal`e/`ctahhaetuih dca. Jar pds`t`dc is i wj`ta, Rastarc

wdlic, lirr`ag td i ]uckin` lic, jiv`cb rahit`vas `c ndtj hdeih`t`as `c J`liejih

]rigasj icg ]uckin, darag jar pr`vy `cs`bjt td tja ahg. Ny dar`cb raigars tj`s sacsa

df jar dwc hdeit`dc icg pds`t`dc, sja wis raax`va indut jar pds`t`dcih`ty icg spdoa

indut jar ahgwdro giti `c fir hass iutjdr`tit`va tdcas tjic dtjar atjcdbripj`e stug`as

jiva gdca. a ictjrdpdhdb`sts biza df suppdsag ocdw`cb, g`sticea icg dnkaet`v`ty `s

b`vac ic ihtarcit`va rduta ny Ujirlis stugy tjrdubj earti`c issalnhibas df edccaet`dc

suej is fal`c`sl icg tja fil`hy.

@cgaag, s`cea tja punh`eit`dc df Ujirlis rasairej lact`dcag jara, fal`c`st

atjcdbripjy jis gavahdpag is i latjdgdhdb`eih sat df priet`eas icg ipprdiejas

tjrdubj suej pd`cts df actry `ctd lio`cb er`t`eih `ctarvact`dcs `ctd tja ahg. Rj`ha

axpar`acea-nisag `cfdrlit`dc wis ravarag airhy dc ny fal`c`sts is ic `lpdrtict laics

df gavahdp`cb wdlac-eactrag atjcdbripj`e ipprdiejas, `t wis cdt caeassir`hy tja

ilduct df atjcdbripj`e ahgwdro na`cb gdca, nut ic axpics`dc df tja typasdf quast`dc

na`cb ri`sag icg iggrassag tjrdubj tja latjdgs df atjcdbripj`e acqu`ry (^dsihgd

90:0). V`svaswirics (9007) axphdrit`dc df fal`c`st atjcdbripjy iggrassas sdla df

tja ap`staldhdb`eih `ssuas df hdeit`dc @ jiva rafarrag td tjus fir. Fdr jar, atjcdbripjy`s i lag`ul df dnsarvit`dc, sejdhirsj`p, `ctarpratit`dc icg raprasactit`dc, iet`cb

it dcea is fiet icg et`dc. Jar pirt`euhir fdeus updc stug`as df euhtura ny fal`c`st

ictjrdpdhdb`sts pd`cts td tja raprasactit`dcs df wdlac df dtjar euhturas is prdgue`cb

i edlpirit`va eitihdbua df wdlacs dpprass`dc, ihna`t w`tj vir`it`dcs df axpar`acea

icg g`aracea. V`svaswiric pd`cts td wjy tja sahf-hdeit`dc df tja atjcdbripjar w`tj`c

tja ahg `s ravaih`cb df tja pdss`n`h`t`as icg h`l`ts td gd`cb fal`c`st atjcdbripjy.

@c gac`cb rdutas tdwirg gavahdp`cb fal`c`st atjcdbripj`e ipprdiejas, sja lioas

dca pd`ct, wj`ej rasdcitas w`tj Ujirlis wdro `c jar axphdrit`dc df wdlac-wdlacrahit`dcsj`ps, `c jdw `t `s cdt larahy i littar df edcguet`cb wdlac-eactrag rasairej,

dr hddo`cb it wdlacs rahit`dcsj`ps td lac, nut i littar df `lpdrticea df axil`c`cb

wdlacs rahit`dcsj`ps td dtjar wdlac, icg tja pdwar rahit`dcs icg gycil`es natwaac

tjal (9007; >=). V`svaswiric bdas dc td irbua tjit rahit`dcsj`ps natwaac edhdc`zar icg

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* + , , - $ . / $ # = 9 ' > . ' 5 # ( " # $ % & ' ( ' & ' $ ) ' !#

wdlac icg edhdc`zag icg wdlac caag td na er`t`eihhy iggrassag gur`cb pdstedhdc`ih

t`las ndtj tjrdubj tja fril`cb df tja ahg axpar`acea tjrdubj i quast`dc`cb df

atjcdbripj`e iutjdr`ty, ocdw`cb icg listary df tja euhturih edctaxt df tja ahg.

Icdtjar axilpha df ictjrdpdhdbys edctr`nut`dcs td nieobrducg ucgarsticg`cbs df

bacgar `c Udutj Is`i `s tja wdro df ^dbar icg ]itr`e`i Kaary. Upicc`cb savarih gaeigas

df ahg-nisag rasairej `c tja N`kcdr G`str`et df Qttir ]rigasj (Q]), tja`r edctr`nut`dcs

td ucgarsticg`cbs df bacgar (is `ctarsaet`cb icg rahit`dcih td rah`b`dus `gact`ty, eista,

agueit`dc, fart`h`ty najiv`dur icg ej`hgn`rtj) `c Cdrtj @cg`i jis darag i hdcbav`ty

df edcs`stact `ctacs`va rasairej `c i pirt`euhir irai. a hdcb`tug`cih citura df tja`r

atjcdbripj`e wdro jis darag i edct`cu`ty, nr`cb`cb `cs`bjts `ctd tja edlphax`t`as df

bacgar rahit`dcs tjrdubj strueturas, edcvarsit`dcs icg dnsarvit`dcs df sde`ih icg euhturih

prdeass. Rj`ha ieocdwhagb`cb tja gaptj icg s`bc`eicea df tja`r wdro, @ ejirt earti`c

sj`fts w`tj`c tja`r hdeit`dcih ahg wj`ej j`bjh`bjt tja raspdcsas td er`t`eih ictjrdpdhdbytjit atjcdbripj`e wr`t`cb jis liga.

Rjara latjdg df raprasactit`dc, tjrdubj tja usa df ahg cdtas icg g`iry, `s dca

laics ny wj`ej atjcdbripjars raaet updc tja`r axpar`aceas, tja g`iry ihsd eactras tja

biza tjrdubj tja pdwar df ieigal`e vd`ea. a prasactit`dc df atjcdbripj`e av`gacea,

tjac, `s sjdca tjrdubj tja hacs df tja atjcdbripj`e ldga df acqu`ry icg `cvast`bit`dc,

raprasactag tjrdubj tja sc`ppats tjit ira wr`ttac-up df tja ahg axpar`acea. Rjarais

Ujirli hdeitas jarsahf `c jar stugy is i parsdc jiv`cb t`as td tja phiea icg padpha icg

ieocdwhagbas jar pds`t`dc is dca wj`ej darag dppdrtuc`t`as nut wj`ej eduhg pdss`nhyjiva edlprdl`sag tja stugys ipprdiej, sja lioas `t ehair `c tja `ctrdguet`dc icg

latjdgdhdby indut jar edll`tlacts td tja ahg `c tarls df rahitagcass, fal`c`st

pdh`t`es icg jar ieigal`e `ctarast `c gd`cb ictjrdpdhdb`eih rasairej, tjus s`tuit`cb

jarsahf w`tj`c jar ahg. @c Kaary, Kaary icg Hydcs 90:0 nddo Hindur ]i`cs icg

Hindur ]dwar, tja`r prasacea `s it t`las ucspdoac icg yat it dtjars `s dlc`pdtact `c

tja`r raaet`dcs updc ej`hgn`rtj icg ej`hgnair`cb `c N`kcdr. a j`stdr`eih habiey df tja

ictjrdpdhdb`eih trig`t`dc df Rastarcars rasairej`cb dtjars `c tja ahg eduhg jiva naac

iggrassag `c suej ieeducts, w`tjdut edlprdl`s`cb tja gaptj df tja`r atjcdbripj`ewdro. Rj`ha tja`r `ctacs`va, hdcb`tug`cih ahg-nisag rasairej jis naac i tralacgdus

issat td ucgarsticg`cbs df jdw stita, euhtura icg sde`aty `ctariet it i hdeih havah, tjara

ira ap`staldhdb`eih quast`dcs ri`sag, fdr axilpha, irducg gd`cb pirt`e`pict dnsarvit`dc

gur`cb jdla ej`hgn`rtjs, wj`ej wduhg saal s`bc`eict td tja rasairejs ap`staldhdb`eih

sticgpd`ct, dnstiehas icgejihhacbas.Ny tj`co`cb tjrdubj wjit, wjy icg jdw tja rasairej `s na`cb eirr`ag dut `c tja

ahg, wa nab`c td ucgarsticg tja rdha df tja ictjrdpdhdb`st rasairejar td na is luej i

eitihyst is ic dnsarvar dr dchddoar. Ic hhustrit`dc df tj`s edlas frdl tja`r ra

aet`dcs dc`ctarv`aws gdca irducg tja quast`dc df sdc prafaracea icg fil`hy phicc`cb;

Cd littar jdw usafuh i giubjtar `s nafdra sja lirr`as, jar edctr`nut`dcs ira sjdrt-

tarl, gavihuag naeiusa tjay ira faliha hindur icg `cigaquita edlpacsit`dc fdr tja

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axpacsas jar piracts sunsaquacthy fiea dc jar najihf. @c tja hdcb ruc, jar piracts-

`c-hiw (cdt jar piracts) sticg td bi`c frdl jar wdro. (90:0; 9:6)

a iutjdr`ty w`tj wj`ej tja nurgacsdla pareapt`dc df giubjtars `s gap`etag, tjdubj

earti`chy jiv`cb s`bc`eicea `c tja Udutj Is`ic edctaxt, cdt haist `c tja`r dwc ahg s`ta,edlas td na raig fdr bacarih ipph`ein`h`ty w`tjdut faitur`cb vd`eas df dppds`t`dc w`tj`c

tja icihys`s? gasp`ta ippair`cb `c tja atjcdbripj`e giti, vd`eas df dppds`t`dc tacg td na

haft dut dr rafri