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Song-ming Neo-Confucianism宋明理学温海明
中国人民大学哲学院副教授
23/4/20Prof. Haiming Wen, School of Philosophy, Renmin
University of China1
Han Yu and Li Ao
Han Yu and Li Ao Han Yu: ‘Tao, no the Tao of the Buddhist
and Taoist’ Li Ao: transmitted by scholars who did not
understand them Origins of Neo-Confucianism Confucianism Buddhism and Taoism: through Ch’ainism Taoist religion
23/4/20Prof. Haiming Wen, School of Philosophy, Renmin
University of China2
Shao Yung [1011-77] The sixty-four hexagrams, times of
the year Yang: heat Yin: cold The solid Yang line moves up to the
top until it reaches it. Then the broken Yin lines moves up
23/4/20Prof. Haiming Wen, School of Philosophy, Renmin
University of China3
Chang Tsai [1020-77] Ch’i: gas or ether Makes up all things The supreme ultimate is Ch’i Ch’i: wonder air Rising , floating: Yang Sinking, falling: Yin No non being. Only Ch’I state of dispersion Not a complete vacuum Serve Ch’ien and K’un (heaven and earth) as
ones parents23/4/20
Prof. Haiming Wen, School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China
4
Cheng Hao
Ch’eng Hao: oneness with all things is the main virtue of jen (humanheartedness)
Righteousness, property, wisdom , faith Keep in mind that one is orignily one with
all things “Never help to grow” More of a metaphysical interpretation then
Mencius Jen: takes heave and earth as one Inner connection between all things
23/4/20Prof. Haiming Wen, School of Philosophy, Renmin
University of China5
Zhu Xi and His Context
Zhu Xi 1130-1200 Division of the Song Dynasty Very prolific, wrote the Recorded
Sayings Cheng-Zhu school, or Li school Influential book was Commentary
Li
Li is the basic essence of an object Object is the concrete manifestation
of li “As soon as a thing exists, the Li is
inherent in it” Everything has its own li Li is eternal, invention of ships and
carts was simply our discovery of those things’ li
Tai Ji – the Supreme Ultimate
Just as there is a li of individual things, there is a li for the totality and wholeness of everything
The li is the qi of something, its ultimate standard (Platonic ideal)
Tai Ji is the universe’s ultimate standard It unites the li of heaven, earth, and all
things Tai Ji resides in all things
Qi
Qi is the material manifestation of things
Everything has both chi and li Li is simply a vast, empty void Qi brings things into existence and
helps produce them in physical reality Neither one is prior to the other Neither is the “first mover”
Nature and Mind Human nature is the li of humanity
inherent in all of us The Li for all people is the same, the Qi
makes us different Some of us have clear chi, others have
bad chi This is Zhu Xi’s theory of the origin of evil Nature is abstract, mind is active,
produces things Four constant virtues pertain to Li, belong
to nature, four beginnings are mind operations
There is a li of statehood and governance
If followed, states prosper, if not followed, disorder happens
It is always there, even if not appreciated
All successful statesmen followed li either consciously or unconsciously
Spiritual Cultivation “Extension of knowledge through
investigation of things” and “attentiveness of the mind”
These are the ways the Supreme Ultimate can be made clear within us
Investigate things and the li behind them will become apparent
Sudden Enlightenment will come after study
Lu Jiu-yuan
Lu-Wang School, or Mind School, started by Cheng Hao and finished by Lu Jiu-yuan and Wang Shou-ren
Lu’s story of enlightenment Lu says “mind is Li” not “nature is Li” Nature and mind are not different Reality consists of one world: Mind
Wang Shou-ren and the Universe
Wang Shou-ren (1472-1528) achieved enlightenment suddenly and a new understanding of the Great Learning
He reinterpreted it and systematized the Mind school’s teachings
The world only has what we experience, no abstract world of li
Mind is li and li only exists as long as the mind exists
The Three Cords
The Three Cords Illustrious virtue is the heavenly nature
within all of us, sometimes obscured Loving people is the function of
recognizing heaven, earth, everything’s unity
Resting in the highest good is exercising intuitive knowledge and attaining the natural mean
Intuitive Knowledge
Intuitive knowledge is basic and natural
What we instinctively know to be “right” and “wrong”
Don’t add anything to it to obscure it Then you lose the highest good Story of the thief in the house Every man is potentially a sage
Rectification of Affairs
Cultivation of self is putting intuitive knowledge into daily practice
Rectification of affairs Yi and wu Great Learning is reduced to one
idea: extension of intuitive knowledge
Mind Attentiveness, Buddhism
“Establishing the most important” First recognize we all possess the
universal, original mind One with the universe Criticism of Buddhism: they believe the
world is empty When in reality, it is filled with li Buddhists really do have attachment of
phenomena
1923/4/20Prof. Haiming Wen, School of Philosophy, Renmin
University of China