Sonya C. Brown, Presenter A Writing Across the Curriculum Workshop Sponsored by a Title III Grant...
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APA Formatting: An Introduction Sonya C. Brown, Presenter A Writing Across the Curriculum Workshop Sponsored by a Title III Grant Fayetteville State University September 25, 2008
Sonya C. Brown, Presenter A Writing Across the Curriculum Workshop Sponsored by a Title III Grant Fayetteville State University September 25, 2008
Sonya C. Brown, Presenter A Writing Across the Curriculum
Workshop Sponsored by a Title III Grant Fayetteville State
University September 25, 2008
Slide 2
APA General Guidelines APA=American Psychological Association
Information for this workshop comes from the 5 th edition of the
style manual. APA is used by academics writing or teaching in the
social sciences, such as psychology, sociology and social work,
education, criminal justice, and others.
Slide 3
Formatting a Basic Page Double space 1 margins on all sides
(top, bottom, left, right) 10-12 point Times New Roman or a similar
serif font Each page has a header at the top right: use a short
title (2-3 words of your title), insert 5 spaces, then put the page
number To put in a header using Word 2007, choose Insert menu, Page
Number (click arrow), Top of Page, Plain 3, then type the short
title and click the space bar five times, save and close.
Slide 4
Formatting an Overall Document Most papers are divided into
sections: Title Page Abstract Body (usually divided into sections)
References (where you list your sources) Footnotes (where you put
your asides or extra comments) Tables Figures (non-table images,
such as photographs) Some instructors may not require all portions
or may want figures to be placed within the body. Check your
assignment sheet or ask your instructor for details about your
individual assignment.
Slide 5
Formatting a Title Page Include the header (short title, five
spaces, and page number 1) On the first line, flush with the left
margin, type the words Running head: YOUR SHORT TITLE In the upper
half of the Title Page, center, in all caps, your full title, which
may be 1-2 lines Put your name on the next line, centered (not all
caps) Put your university on the next line, centered Insert a Page
Break to go to the next page Go to the Online Writing Lab at Purdue
to see a sample Title Page:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01
Slide 6
APA Preferred Title Style Your title should be specific and
suggest the results of your research. Here are some sample APA
style titles to consider: 1) Using enhanced text to facilitate
recognition of drug names: Evidence from two experimental studies.
2) Effects of navigation method on workload and performance in
simulated high-speed ship navigation. 3) Dynamic visual information
plays a critical role for spatial navigation in water but not on
solid ground. 4) Childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive
symptoms.
Slide 7
The Abstract The header will appear top right (page 2) On the
first line of the abstract page, type Abstract Beginning on the
next line, provide a double-spaced summary of your paper,
emphasizing the results of your research Do not indent to begin or
change to a new paragraph Include no more than 120 words
Slide 8
Main Body Formatting Each page should have the header Do not
repeat the title on the first page Skip only one space after each
period Double space everything (no extra lines needed between
paragraphs) Indent to begin a new paragraph
Slide 9
Dividing the Body into Sections Typical sections include
Unlabeled introduction Methods (where you say how you obtained your
data) Discussion (where you analyze your data) Results (what
important things does your data tell you)
Slide 10
Headings for Subdivision APA style allows various levels of
headings for denoting different sections of a paper. From
highest-level to lowest: Level 1. Centered, uppercase and lowercase
Level 2. Centered, underlined (or italicized), uppercase and
lowercase Level 3. Flush left, underlined (or italicized),
uppercase and lowercase Level 4. Indented, underlined (or
italicized), only first letter capitalized, with a period Level 5.
Centered uppercase NOTE: Upper and lower case means first and
significant words have capital letters at the beginning, as in
Revising the First Draft of an Essay
Slide 11
Headings for Subdivision, cont. Depending on how many levels of
subdivision you have, use the following: One level of subdivision:
Use Level 1 Two levels of subdivisions: Use 1, 3 (in that order)
Three levels: Use 1, 3, 4 Four levels: Use 1, 2, 3, 4 Five levels:
Use 5, 1, 2, 3, 4
Slide 12
Sample APA Paper Online For his students at Illinois State
University, Jeffrey H. Kahn has prepared a sample paper in APA
format. The body of this paper explains the formatting and style.
See his.pdf file online at
http://www.ilstu.edu/~jhkahn/APAsample.pdf
Slide 13
Labeling Tables and Figures Tables and Figures are numbered
separately (Table 1, 2, 3, and Figure 1, 2, 3) Provide labels for
tables and figures where they appear in the text Italicize titles,
and capitalize first word, as in: Table 3: Number of students
enrolled
Slide 14
In-Text Citation ALL sources that are used in any way, whether
quoted, paraphrased or summarized, must be credited with an in-text
citation AND an entry on the References page In-text citation is
when you provide information about your sources within the body of
your document The in-text citation MUST lead the reader to a
matching entry on the References page Without BOTH, you risk being
accused of misuse of sources or plagiarism
Slide 15
Incorporating Sources Quotation repeats exactly what was in an
original Paraphrase puts the sources ideas into significantly
different language or style Summary condenses the ideas of the
original into main points Reminder: ALL use of sources should be
cited with an in-text citation and entry on References page!
Slide 16
Short Quotes Quotations are treated differently depending on
the length of the quoted source. Quotations of less than 40 words
are enclosed by quotation marks: Joffrey and Sullivan (2005) note
that no causal relationship has been found between anemia and
auto-immune dysfunction.
Slide 17
Quotation for More Than 40 Words Display quotations of 40 or
more words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit
the quotation marks, as shown here: Start such a block quotation on
a new line, and indent the block about 1/2 in. (1.3 cm, or five
space) from the left margin (in the same position as a new
paragraph). If there are additional paragraphs within the
quotation, indent the first line of each additional 1/2 in. The
entire quotation should be double- spaced. (2001, p. 117).
Slide 18
A Note on Quotation The APA style manual recommends limiting
the length and number of direct quotations from previously
published sources.
Slide 19
In-Text Citation: Three Options When you use a resource in your
paper, the location of the in-text or parenthetical citation you
provide varies according to how you have used the source. The
following three slides are examples from the APA citation guide
provided online by the University of WisconsinMadison
http://www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook/DocAPACitations_Place.html
Slide 20
1. Idea-focused Place the author(s) and date(s) in parentheses
at an appropriate place in or at the end of a sentence Researchers
have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier
to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999) and services
(Weist & Christodulu, 2000).
Slide 21
2. Researcher-focused Place only the date in parentheses Fisher
(1999) recommended that health education be required for high
school graduation in California.
Slide 22
3. Chronology-focused Integrate both the author and date into
your sentence In 2001, Weist proposed using the Child and
Adolescent Planning Schema to analyze and develop community mental
health programs for young people.
Slide 23
Note that APA requires you to put page numbers for direct
quotation, following the year: (Chasten, 2007, p. 121). You can
also include page numbers for paraphrase. Check with your
instructor to see if s/he has a preference.
Slide 24
More Examples of In-Text Citation Source: Brarydog.net
http://www.brarydog.net/apastyle.asp Wilson (2001) compared student
scores... One study comparing student scores (Wilson, 2001) found
that... In his 2001 study, Wilson found that... Hopewell High
School is described (North Carolina School Directory, 2002)...
Reviews were favorable ("Harmonious Galaxy," 2002)... Ms. Wright
believes homework is necessary (personal communication, May 24,
2002). Madison referred to the Internet as "a highway to nowhere."
(1990, p.21) North Carolina's Outer Banks are described as:
Fringing virtually the entire Atlantic coast of the state is a long
chain of barrier islandstheOuter Banksranging in height from a few
feet to more than 100 feet (30 meters) at Kill Devil Hill and
Jockey's Ridge. From these banks, Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout, and
Cape Fear jut out into the ocean. Between the banks and the
mainland are five sounds: Currituck, Albemarle, Pamlico, Core, and
Bogue. ("North Carolina," 2002)
Slide 25
Try the first exercise on your handout to see if you can
correctly locate and format an in-text citation.
Slide 26
References Page: General Guidelines Double space Alphabetize
entries based on first letters of lead authors last name Use author
last name and initials only (no first names or titles) If citing a
text with no listed author, alphabetize by first significant word
in title Articles submitted for potential publication indent first
lines, leave remaining portion of citation flush with left margin
Student papers usually use a hanging indentation (first line flush
with left margin, remaining lines indented one tab)
Slide 27
Building a Reference Page: Title Formatting Get the title from
the title page, not the cover. Spell out symbols (&=and)
Capitalize only the first letters of the title's first word, the
word after a colon, proper names, and acronyms (like NCDPI, OSHA,
and FBI)
Slide 28
Building a References Page: Title Formatting The titles of
works published independently (not within another volume) are
typically formatted with underlining or italics. These include
books, plays, long poems published as books, pamphlets, newspapers,
magazines, journals, films, radio and television programs, web
sites, CDs, software, ballets, operas, paintings, and other works
and artifacts that stand on their own. Examples: Sociology of sport
medicine Rites of spring CSI: Miami Julius Caesar The titles of
works published within other works are presented in plain text.
These include articles, essays, chapters, encyclopedia entries,
sections of online documents, short poems, stories, songs, and
individual episodes of broadcast programs. Examples: McCain seeks
debate delay Darkness at noon Strange fits of passion
Slide 29
Building a Reference Page: Page Numbers Page numbers are not
compressed: 127-148 and 221- 229, not 127-48 or 221-9. In certain
cases the abbreviations p. and pp. are used before page numbers.
See a style manual for specifics or ask for your instructors
preference.
Slide 30
Use a manual to check citations Its almost impossible to
memorize the format of every kind of source. The library provides a
list of external links to style manuals online. Read through the
manuals to determine what kind of source you have (an article in a
scholarly journal v. a chapter in a book v. a website v. a
pamphlet) Provide as much information as possible, in the exact
order and in the exact formatting as the model for that type of
source.
Slide 31
Recommended Online Guides The Ohio State Guide to APA Citation
http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/apagd.php The Online Writing
Lab at Purdue on APA style
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Slide 32
Try the second exercise on your handout to see if you can use
one of the online style guides to help you build entries for a
References page.
Slide 33
APA FAQs Articles with no author are shown in quotation marks
within in- text citation (Motivating students, 2006) Interviews,
e-mails, and other unpublished sources are cited in- text as
personal communications, but are not included in the reference list
(Personal Communication, date) Use as cited in to quote sources
within sources: If you read Shubert (2008) and would like to
paraphrase the following sentence within that book: Ogden (2006)
defined self- efficacy as "people's beliefs about their
capabilities to exercise control over events that affect their
lives" (p. 1175) Then your in-text citation would be (Ogden, 2006,
as cited in Shubert, 2008). Note that this as cited in format is
discouraged in published papers. Editors will expect published
authors to use original sources in most cases.