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i
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER
ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD
ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
D. PEDDA SWAMY
B.Sc. (Ag.)
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING)
2013
ii
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER
ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD
ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
BY
D. PEDDA SWAMY
B.Sc. (Ag.)
THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING)
CHAIRPERSON: Dr. B. NARENDRA
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MAHANANDI
ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD – 500 030
2013
iii
DECLARATION
I, Mr. D. PEDDA SWAMY, hereby declare that the thesis entitled
“GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD
AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)”
submitted to the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University for the award
of degree of Master of Science in Agriculture is the result of original
research work done by me. I also declare that no material contained in the
thesis has been published earlier in any manner.
Place :
Date :
(D. PEDDA SWAMY)
I.D. No.: MAM-2011/006
iv
CERTIFICATE
Mr. D. PEDDA SWAMY has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of
research and that thesis entitled “ GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER
ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)” submitted is the result of original research
work and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the
examination. I also certify that neither the thesis nor its part thereof has been
previously submitted by him for a degree of any University.
Date : Chairperson
(Dr. B. NARENDRA)
Principal
Agricultural Polytechnic College
Madakasira, Ananthapur (Dt.)
v
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “GENETIC VARIABILITY AND
CHARACTER ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN
SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)” submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
AGRICULTURE to the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University,
Hyderabad, is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. D.
PEDDA SWAMY under our guidance and supervision.
No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for any other
degree or diploma. The published part and all assistance received during the
course of the investigations have been duly acknowledged by the author of the
thesis.
Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee
Chairperson : Dr. B. Narendra
Principal
Agricultural Polytechnic College
Madakasira, Ananthapur (Dt.) A.P
______________
Member : Dr. V. Jayalakshmi
Principal Scientist (PB)
AICRP on Chickpea
Regional Agricultural Research Station
Nandyal. Kurnool (Dt.) A.P.
______________
Member : Dr. P. Umamaheswari
Assistant Professor & Head
Department of Crop Physiology
Agricultural College
Mahanandi – 518502
Kurnool (Dt.) A.P.
______________
Date of final viva-voce:
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is by the immense blessing of almighty Mahanandiswara and Sai baba
for his grace and blessings showered on me in each and every moment of my life.
In explicable in fervent to my parents. Smt. D. Hussainbi and Sri. D.
Moulali my loving brother D. Chinna Swamy for their undiminishing love,
benign care and zealous encouragement throughout this endeavour.
I am inexpressibly ecstatic to extend my deep sense of my gratitude to
luminous educationalist and esteemed Chairman of my advisory committee
Dr. B. Narendra, Principal, Agricultural Polytechnic, Madakasira,
Anantapuram for his guidance, suggestions and unremitting assistance
throughout the period of study, research and in completion of this thesis.
I am ineffable to express my esteemed thanks to the revered member of
my advisory committee Dr. V. Jayalakshmi, Principal Scientist (PB), AICRP
on Chickpea, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal for her keen
interest, ardent support and persistent encouragement showered to me.
I sincerely accentuate my everlasting gratitude to the revered member
of my advisory committee Dr. P. Umamaheswari, Assistant Professor& Head,
Department of Crop Physiology, Agricultural College, Mahanandi for her
inspiring, meticulous and valuable guidance during the entire period of my
investigation.
Diction is my predilection to express my heartfelt thanks to Smt. D.
Bharathi, Assistant professor, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
Agricultural College, Mahanandi for her dexterous guidance, illuminating
suggestions and unremitting assistance throughout the period of study,
research and in completion of this thesis.
I owe my sincere thanks to Dr. H. D. Upadhyaya, Principal Scientist
and Head, Genebank, ICRISAT, Dr. M. Elangovan, Senior Scientist,
vii
Directorate of Sorghum Research, Hyderabad for their generous help by
providing seed material for the present study.
It is my honour to portray Dr. A. Prasanna Rajesh, Associate
Professor& Head, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agricultural
College, Mahanandi and Dr. Sudheer kumar, Professor, Department of
Genetics and PlantBreeding, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad for their valuable suggestions and persistent encouragement
during the course of this study.
I acknowledge the enormous help of my colleagues Jagadish,
Thimmappa, Srinu, Bindu, Santhosh, Ravi, Nagarjun, Venkatesh Babu,
Chandana, Basha, Jaggu, Ramesh and Laxmipathi and my seniors Vijaya
kumar, Nirmala, Javed, Bhanu, Madhu, Siva Jyothi, Uday, Yamini,
Nagaraju, Rajesh and Nagendra Reddy and my juniors Guru, Damodhara
chari, Sameera, Ramakrishna, Siva Prasad and U.G. students for their
friendly assistance and valuable cooperation and suggestions during my
research work, without them my work would have been incomplete.
I extend my special thanks to Tirumala Reddy, Farm superindent,
A.E.O. Nageswara Reddy, R.A. Siva shankar and all Farm Labours for
providing me constant help in farm for their cooperation in various activities
of my field work.
I am grateful to Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,
Hyderabad for providing me with the opportunity for prosecuting my post
graduation programme and also the facilities and financial assistance
provided during my study.
In finale, I thank all my well wishers and others who helped me directly
or indirectly not placed here, for their kind cooperation and support rendered
to me.
D. Pedda Swamy …
viii
LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
I INTRODUCTION 1
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
III MATERIAL AND METHODS 31
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 79
LITERATURE CITED 83
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table
No. Title
Page
No.
2.1
Literature showing direct and indirect effects of various
characters on grain yield per plant in 81 sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor L. Moench) genotypes.
26
3.1 List of 81 genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). 32
4.1 Analysis of variance for ten yield components in sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes. 47
4.2 Mean performance of 81genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor
L. Moench) for ten quantitative characters. 48
4.3
Estimation of GCV, PCV, heritability (broad sense), genetic
advance and genetic advance as per cent of mean for ten
characters in 81 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
genotypes.
56
4.4
Phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficients among grain
yield and its components in 81sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.
Moench) genotypes.
66
4.5
Phenotypic path co-efficients among grain yield and yield
components in 81 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
genotypes.
73
5.1 Prominent genotypes for different characters in 81 sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes 81
x
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig.
No. Title
Page
No.
3.1 Experimental field layout. 35
4.1
Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV) for ten characters in 81sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes.
57
4.2
Heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as per cent of mean
for ten characters in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
genotypes.
62
4.3 Phenotypic path diagram of yield and yield components in
81sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes.
74
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
X : Grand mean
% : Per cent
< : Less than
ANOVA : Analysis of Variance
CD : Critical Difference
cm : Centimetre
CV : Co-efficient of variation
df : Degrees of Freedom
et al. : And others
F1 : First filial generation
Fig. : Figure
g : Gram
GA : Genetic Advance
GAM : Genetic Advance as per cent of Mean
GCV : Genotypic Co-efficient of Variation
H : Heritability in broad sense
ha : Hectare
Kg : Kilogram
L : Lakh
M : Million
m : Metre
No. : Number
PCV : Phenotypic Co-efficient of Variation
per se : As such with mean
SLD : Simple Lattice Design
rg : Genotypic correlation coefficient
rp : Phenotypic correlation coefficient
SE : Standard Error
SEm : Standard error of Mean
t : Tonne
viz., : Namely
σ2 : Variance
xii
ABSTRACT
Name of the Author : D. PEDDA SWAMY
Title of the Thesis : “GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER
ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD
ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor
L. Moench)”
Major Advisor : Dr. B. NARENDRA
Degree to which it
is submitted
: MASTER OF SCIENCE
Faculty : AGRICULTURE
Major field : GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
University : ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
Year of submission : 2013
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out in sorghum during early rabi season
(Popularly known as maghi season in Kurnool district), 2012-13 at
Agricultural College, Mahanandi (ANGRAU) in simple lattice design with
two replications and data were recorded on various yield and yield
components to estimate nature and magnitude of genetic variability, character
association and path coefficient analysis among 81 sorghum genotypes for ten
yield and yield attributing characters.
Analysis of variance indicated the existence of significant genotypic
differences for all the ten traits. Mean performance of 81 sorghum genotypes
for ten quantitative traits revealed that the genotypes IC 15466, IC 305920, IC
18039, IC 17941and IC 343589 were promising donors for grain yield per
plant; IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 29100, IC 23891 and IC 30838 were
promising donors for panicle weight; IC 7679, IC 7987, IC 30838, IC 32349
and IC 7131 were promising donors for panicle length; IC 23891, IC 343582,
IC 5919, IC 29100 and IC 29091 were promising donors for 1000-seed
weight; IC 305920, IC 343554, IC 18039, IC 343589 and IC 343590 were
promising donors for days to maturity; IC 15466, IC 305920, IC 18039, IC
xiii
17941and IC 343589 were promising donors for days to 50 per cent
flowering; IC 7679, IC 30838, IC 15931, IC 24139 and IC 28747 were
promising donors for plant height (cm); IC 29100, IC 343554, IC 343573, IC
18039 and IC 343567 were promising donors for number of primaries per
panicle; IC 343589, IC 343588, IC 343587, IC 343590 and IC 343591 were
promising donors for stover yield per plant; IC 29565, IC 19859, IC 29100,
IC 29519 and IC 14779 were promising donors for harvest index.
Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability were high for
grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover yield per plant, harvest index,
1000-seed weight, panicle length and number of primaries per panicle. High
heritability coupled with a high genetic advance as per cent of mean was
observed for grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover yield per plant,
harvest index, 1000-seed weight, panicle length and plant height.
Character association studies indicated that the character grain yield per
plant had positive and significant association with panicle weight followed by
1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of primaries per panicle, stover yield
per plant, days to maturity, days to fifty per cent flowering and plant height,
whereas grain yield per plant had negative and significant correlation with
panicle length. Thus selection for above characters can increase the grain yield
in sorghum as the characters highly correlated with grain yield per plant.
Path coefficient analysis revealed that panicle weight had the highest
positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by harvest index, stover
yield per plant and 1000-seed weight. Thus direct selection for more panicle
weight, harvest index and 1000-seed weight can increase the grain yield in
sorghum genotypes.
It is concluded that the characters panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and
harvest index show high variability, high heritability and high genetic advance
and these characters also show positive and direct effect on grain yield per
plant. So selecting the genotypes having high panicle weight, 1000-seed
weight and harvest index is pre-requisite for improving the grain yield in
sorghum genotypes.
1
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, Poaceae, 2n=20) is one of the
most important staple diets popular among the farmers in the arid and semi
arid tropics of the world. It is called as "The camel of crops" due to its ability
to grow in semi arid soils and withstand prolonged drought. Sorghum is
important staple diet for human being and also used as feed for poultry and
livestock. About 55% of sorghum grain is used for food purposes, consumed
in the form of flat breads and porridges. Stover is an important source of dry
season maintainance rations for livestock, especially in dry lands and it is also
an important feed grain (33%), especially in the America.
Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop globally and is the
dietary staple of more than 500 million people in 30 countries. It is grown on
40 M ha in 105 countries of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the America. More
than 70% of global sorghum area is mainly in Africa and India.
India has the largest share (32.3%) of world’s sorghum area and ranks
second in the production after USA. Sorghum is cultivated in an area of 6.32
M ha with a production of 6.03 M t and productivity of 954 kg ha-1 in 2011-12
(Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of India, 2012). Andhra
Pradesh is fourth largest sorghum producer in India after Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh, sorghum was cultivated
in an area of 2.8 lakh ha with a production of 3.8 lakh tonnes with an average
productivity of 1365 kg ha-1. In Kurnool district, sorghum is cultivated in an
area of 56 thousand ha with a production of 103 thousand tonnes with an
average productivity of 1859 kg ha-1. (Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 2010-11).
Sorghum is a self-pollinating, diploid (2n = 2x = 20) C4 plant with a
small genome (730 Mbp, about 25% the size of maize or sugarcane). It has a
2
higher photosynthetic efficiency and higher abiotic stress tolerance. Drought
tolerance makes sorghum especially important in dry regions. So, sorghum is
one among the climate resilient crops that can better adapt to climate change
conditions. Nearly 65% of the total area is cultivated during post monsoon
season under receding soil moisture situation contributing to 45% of total
production.
Sorghum is fourth most important food crops of India, next to rice,
wheat and maize. It is a subsistence crop grown by small farmers with few
inputs under rainfed conditions and is highly adaptable to hot and dry agro
ecological regions compared to other food crops which require more
congenial environment. However, sorghum area is fast declining for the past
10 decades (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of India, 2012) due
to the restricted cultivation mostly confined to dry lands of low fertility status
with insufficient soil moisture availability, lack of improved high yielding
cultivars, delayed sowing, low fertilizer use, improper adoption of
management practices, lower yields and competition from high value
commercial crops, coupled with stagnant yields. Sorghum growers have
shifted to other crops.
With the introduction of sorghum hybrids and high yielding varieties,
this crop is in position to compete with crops such as maize under favorable
conditions. As population increases, more marginal lands have to be brought
under cultivation. Under such circumstances, crops like sorghum can assure
great importance due to its greater adaptability. In addition to sorghum as a
food crop, there are possibilities of other alternative uses of sorghum such as
novel foods, processed foods, feed for dairy animals, and industrial uses –
starch, beverages (beer) and ethanol. Thus, commercialization of alternative
food, feed and industrial products is one of the ways to increase demand for
sorghum. It is therefore of a paramount importance that technological
developments are extended to increase the productivity and sustainability of
sorghum production. Hence, sorghum production can be achieved through
growing high yielding varieties with tolerance to major abiotic and biotic
3
stresses. Therefore, keeping in view the current demand for high yielding
genotypes, there is an urgent need to breed suitable varieties on available
genetic diversity.
In order to reach this goal, genetic assessment and identification of
diverse sorghum cultivars for yield is essential to identify and concentrate on
the important traits that could give rise to optimum and stable yields. Thus,
utmost requirement of any breeding programme is genetic study. It is the most
essential pre-requisite for successful improvement through conventional and
advanced breeding techniques. The genetic improvement of crop species to
improve the production and productivity through selection strategies are
chiefly influenced by the choice of germplasm.
Variability refers to the presence of difference among the individuals
of plant population. Variability results due to difference either in the genetic
constitution of the individuals of a population or in the environment in which
they are grown. The existence of variability is essential for resistance to biotic
and abiotic factors as well as for wide adaptability. Selection is also effective
when there is genetic variability among the individuals in a population.
Hence, insight into the magnitude of genetic variability present in a population
is of paramount importance to a plant breeder for starting a judicious breeding
programme.
Knowledge of heritability and genetic advance of the character
indicate the scope for the improvement through selection. Heritability
estimates along with genetic advance are normally more helpful in predicting
the gain under selection than heritability estimates alone (Johnson et al.,
1955).
A clear understanding of the association between yield and yield
components is necessary for successful crop improvement programme, since
grain yield is a complex character and is influenced by several genetic factors
interacting with environment. Correlation coefficient analysis reveals the
magnitude and direction of yield components, while path analysis identifies
components which directly or indirectly influences yield. Both character
4
association and path analysis helps in formulating an effective breeding
strategy to further develop productive lines in sorghum.
Keeping in view the above facts, the present research was conducted
to determine various parameters of genetic variability and nature of inter
relationships among 81 sorghum germplasm accessions affecting grain yield
with following objectives.
1. To estimate the variability parameters for yield and yield contributing
characters.
2. To work out heritability and genetic advance for different traits.
3. To study the extent of association (correlation) existing among different
yield components with grain yield.
4. To study the direct and indirect contributions (path analysis) of each
component character towards yield.
5
Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A brief review of available literature in consonance with the
objectives of present investigation in respect of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.
Moench) is presented under the following headings.
2.1 Genetic variability, Heritability and Genetic advance
2.2 Character association
2.3 Path coefficient analysis
2.1 GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND
GENETIC ADVANCE
The success of any breeding programme depends on the amount of
variability present for different characters in a population and it’s efficient
management. The genetic co-efficient of variability gives an useful measure
of the magnitude of genetic variance present in the population. Estimation of
genetic variability alone cannot indicate the possible improvement achieved
through selection, but it should be used in conjunction with heritability and
genetic advance.
The degree of success depends on the magnitude of heritability as it
measures the relative amount of the heritable portion of variability. Genetic
advance under selection gives an idea about how much of the genetic gain
obtained was due to selection. Hence, the estimates of genetic variability,
heritability and genetic advance had an immense value in identifying the
superior genotypes.
Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) reported that most of the plant
characters showed wide range of phenotypic variation. Plant height, leaf
number, length of peduncle, length and weight of panicle, yields of grain and
6
fodder, 100 seed weight were observed to have a high genetic coefficient of
variation. Plant height was found to have a high heritability and high genetic
gain which indicated that most probably the heritability is mainly due to the
additive gene effects.
Sindagi et al. (1970) reported that all characters showed high genotypic
variation except 100-grain weight. Heritability estimates were high for grain
and fodder yield and expected genetic advance was also high.
Basu (1971) reported that heritability values were high to moderately
high for plant height, days to flower, panicle girth and panicle length. Genetic
advance as per centage of F2 mean was maximum for plant height followed by
panicle girth, grain yield and days to flower.
Liang et al. (1972) stated that days to first bloom, plant height and
kernel weight showed high narrow sense heritability, suggests additive genetic
variability. Grain yield had low heritability, suggests environmental and non
additive genetic effects.
Singh and Singh (1973) studied thirteen quantitative characters in 62
promising sorghum varieties. High heritability values were observed for 100-
grain weight, panicle length and flowering date. Heritability for yield and
most of the other characteristics were low. The highest expected genetic gain
was estimated for 100-grain weight (38.04%) and the lowest for stem length
(1.31%).
Crook and Casady (1974) studied that high heritability values were
obtained from correlations for protein percentage, height and panicles per
plant, medium heritability estimates were obtained for yield and kernel
weight, low heritability estimates were obtained for days to 50 per cent bloom,
panicle excertion, leaf area and test weight.
Naphade and Ailwar (1976) noticed narrow range of heritability
estimates i.e., 65.7 per cent for leaf number and 96.8 per cent for 100-grain
7
weight among 30 tested lines of sorghum. Estimates of genetic advance
ranged from 16.7 per cent for leaf number to 60.5 per cent for plant height.
Eckebil et al. (1977) tested 200 S2 families from three random mating
populations of sorghum, i.e NP 3R, NP 7BR, NP 5R and reported that broad
sense heritability estimates for bloom date, plant height, yield and kernel
weight were high in all populations. Heads per plant had the lowest
heritability, especially in NP3R and NP5R.
Wanjari and Patil (1977) examined seven improved varieties,
heritability estimates for plant height, panicle length, panicle breadth and
grain yield per panicle were 97.4, 97.6, 85.4 and 77.5 per cent respectively.
While the expected genetic advance was 158.6, 92.7, 49.9 and 99.5 per cent
respectively for the above traits.
Goud et al. (1980) noticed the highest coefficient of phenotypic and
genotypic variances for ear length followed by ear weight among nine
varieties and three hybrids of sorghum. Heritability was 96, 95, 95 and 91
per cent respectively for ear weight, grain weight per ear, ear length and plot
yield. Genetic advance was the highest for ear length and ear weight.
Patel et al. (1980a) noticed high estimates of heritability in plant
height (85.07%) and 100-grain weight (80.56%) among 3 female and 33 male
lines.
Patel et al. (1980b) tested F2’s of cross between three females and
eight males; the result revealed that estimates of genotypic coefficient of
variability for five characters ranged from 6.93 for days to 50 per cent
flowering to 37.69 for grain yield per plant. The broad sense heritability
values for all the characters ranged from 54.48 per cent for days to 50 per cent
flowering to 98.42 per cent for ear length. Grain yield per plant, ear length and
plant height showed the highest expected genetic gain accompanied by high
heritability values.
8
Singh and Makne (1980b) noticed genotypic coefficients of variability
ranged from 4.10 for days to maturity to 29.60 for plant height. Genotypic and
phenotypic variation in plant height and test weight was high. Estimates of
heritability were high for plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering and days
to maturity. Estimated genetic advance was high for plant height, grain yield
per plant and test weight.
Kumar and Singh (1986) analyzed the data on grain yield per plant
and 13 related traits from 40 diverse genotypes and revealed that differences
among genotypes for all traits were significant, the coefficient of variability
ranged from 5.70 to 39.18 per cent. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of
variability were high for grain yield per plant, heritability and genetic advance
for plant height, panicle weight, inter node length and 1000-grain weight
ranged from 85.30 to 93.99 per cent indicating that selection for these traits
should lead to crop improvement.
Nimbalkar et al. (1988) noticed the highest (11.6) and the lowest (1.7)
coefficients of variation for grain yield and days to 50 per cent flowering
while heritability was high for all characters except number of leaves.
Cheralu and Rao (1989) recorded observations on heritability and
yield correlation among nine yield components in 30 genotypes of sorghum.
High heritability was obtained for grain yield, total dry matter, ear length and
ear weight.
Amrithadevarathinam and Sankarapandian (1994) noticed high
heritability and low genetic advance for plant height and leaf area among 30
genotypes of sorghum.
Biradar et al. (1996) noticed high value of genotypic and phenotypic
coefficients of variation in inter node length, length and breadth of panicle and
grain yield per plant in 128 sorghum genotypes including restorers and
maintainers. Components of grain yield such as plant height, number of leaves
per plant, panicle length, number of whorls per panicle, number of primaries
9
per panicle, length of panicle and ear weight exhibited high genetic advance
over mean.
Chaudhary and Balai (1996) revealed high magnitude of GCV for ear
head exertion index, grain yield per plant, plant height, panicle length, flag
leaf area, number of primaries per panicle and number of leaves per plant,
indicating a good deal of genetic variability. High heritability was recorded
for stover yield per plant, days to flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain
yield per plant, number of leaves per plant, harvest index, days to maturity and
number of whorls of primaries per panicle. High selection response is
expected for grain yield per plant, harvest index, stover yield per plant, plant
height and panicle length as these characters had higher estimates of expected
genetic gain with high variability and heritability.
Sankarapandian et al. (1996) reported high heritability and high
genetic advance as per cent of mean for plant height, stem girth, length of
fourth internode, green stalk yield, juice yield and jaggery yield.
El-Nagar (1997) observed significant genotypic difference and
genotype x year interaction. Genetic variance was considerably greater than
genotype x year interactions for grain yield, head weight, grains per panicle,
1000 grain weight, threshing rate and protein content.
Nguyen et al. (1998) noticed that phenotypic coefficient of variation
was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all seven characters
under study in 13 sorghum genotypes. The highest PCV and GCV were
obtained for dry weight of leaves. High heritability estimates coupled with
high genetic advance were observed for dry weight of leaves, plant height and
100-grain weight, indicating that these traits are controlled by additive gene
action.
Amit et al. (1999) noticed that estimates of genotypic coefficient of
variation, heritability and genetic gain were of higher order for characters such
10
as peduncle length, panicle weight, biological yield and harvest index in 34
genotypes of sorghum studied at two environments.
Lata Chaudhary and Shailesh Arora (2001) noticed that genotypic
coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher for
stover yield, biological yield and panicle weight. High heritability was
associated with high genetic advance for stover yield and biological yield,
which reflected that additive gene effect were important in genetic control of
these characters.
Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001) reported that high estimates of PCV and
GCV, heritability and genetic advance were observed for days to maturity, ear
head width, grain yield per panicle and plant height.
Narkhede et al. (2001) noticed that phenotypic coefficient of variation
was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for twenty two yield
related traits in 168 genotypes. However, variations of both estimates were
within meager range, indicating the phenotypic variability is a reliable
measure of genotypic variability. All the traits showed moderate to high
estimates of broad sense heritability.
Prabhakar (2001) noticed that phenotypic coefficient of variation was
higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation of all the characters studied
in 48 rabi sorghum genotypes which provides the extent of variability present
in the population. Higher PCV and GCV values were observed for 100-grain
weight and grain yield per plant, whereas low GCV and PCV values were
recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity. Heritability
for all the characters was higher ranging from 65.76 to 82.81 per cent.
Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001) studied the genetic variability in
75 genotypes of sorghum and inferred that 100-grain weight and grain yield
showed high genetic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. The highest
heritability was recorded in grain yield per plant (99.9%) followed by days to
50 per cent flowering (96.9%). Among the characters studied 100-grain
11
weight and grain yield exhibited the highest heritability coupled with high
genetic advance.
Tiwari et al. (2003) observed higher estimates of heritability and
genetic advance for plant height, length of leaf, length of internode, days to
maturity, grain yield per plant and test weight in 10 diverse genotypes of
sorghum indicating contribution of additive genes.
Arunkumar et al. (2004) noticed high phenotypic and genotypic
coefficients of variation for grain yield per plant, plant height, ear head length,
number of primaries per panicle and leaves per plant in 138 genotypes of rabi
sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). High heritability coupled with high genetic
advance over mean was observed for ear head length, ear head diameter and
number of leaves per plant.
Umakanth et al. (2004) studied range, phenotypic and genotypic
coefficients of variation, heritability, genetic advance and the relationship
between yield and yield components in 40 landraces and three established
lines. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance were
observed for panicle length and 100-seed weight.
Kishore and Singh (2005) stated that high estimates of phenotypic and
genotypic coefficient of variability for green fodder and dry matter yield were
recorded. The heritability estimates were high for days to 50 per cent
flowering and crude protein per centage and moderate for almost all the traits.
High genetic advance was observed for days to 50 per cent flowering, flag leaf
area, green fodder yield and dry matter yield under irrigated conditions.
Negash et al. (2005) reported more than 12% of genotypic and
phenotypic coefficients of variation for plant height, panicle length, head
weight, grain yield per plant, 100-kernel weight and kernel number per
panicle. Higher estimates of heritability coupled with higher predicted genetic
advance was obtained for plant height, panicle length and 100-kernel weight
in 64 sorghum germplasm accessions.
12
Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006) reported that high estimates of PCV and
GCV were observed for grain yield per plant, panicle length and 100-seed
weight. Maximum heritability was exhibited by panicle length.
Kenga et al. (2006) noticed that genetic variance components were
much higher for plant height and grain yield than for days to anthesis, seed
mass and threshability. Heritability estimates for plant height and
inflorescence length were high (77 and 54 per cent respectively) while the
estimates for grain yield and threshability were low (14 and 5 per cent
respectively).
Bello et al. (2007) reported that characters such as plant height, days
to 50 per cent flowering, number of nodes per plant, panicle length, number of
leaves per plant and days to 95 per cent maturity having high broad sense
heritability estimates.
Bheemashankar (2007) reported that grain yield per plant and 1000-
seed weight exhibited high GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with
high genetic advance was observed for plant height.
Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007) reported high heritability
accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for
the characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of
leaves per plant, leaf length, ear head weight, number of primaries per panicle,
100-grain weight, grain mould score and single plant yield suggesting that
these characters are under additive gene action and thus gives better scope for
selection.
Khapre et al. (2007) reported that high GCV values were observed
for leaf area (cm2), number of grains per ear head, number of primaries per ear
head and grain yield per plant.
Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007) studied a set of 93 recombinant
sorghum inbred lines. High values of phenotypic coefficient of variation
13
(PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed for early
seedling vigour, head exertion, number of grains per spike, threshability, stem
thickness, seed yield per plant, number of internodes and per cent lodging
with infection. Ear head length, number of spikelets per plant and 1000-seed
weight had moderate PCV and GCV.
Warkad et al. (2008) revealed that highest PCV and GCV values were
observed for dry fodder yield per plant followed by earhead breadth and
length, grain yield per plant, stem girth and 1000 seed weight. High
heritability accompanied with high genetic advance over mean was observed
for the characters- grain and dry fodder yield, stem girth, earhead length and
breadth, suggesting the influence of additive genes and provides scope for
selection. High value of heritability along with low genetic advance over
mean were observed for the characters days to maturity and number of leaves
per plant indicating that variability is mainly due to the non-additive gene
effects and hence heterosis breeding can be fruitfully exploited in improving
such characters.
Kusalkar et al. (2009) stated that the heritability in broad sense for
growth characters 1000 seed weight, grain yield, number of leaves per plant,
leaf width, inter node length, peduncle length and ear head length was highest.
High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance was observed for
growth traits viz; grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of leaves per plant,
ear head length, leaf width, inter node length, peduncle length and plant height
suggesting additive gene control in the inheritance of their traits and scope per
selection in the improvement of these characters. On the basis of superiority
of the different genotypes over better check some genotypes were isolated and
suggested for further improvement programme of rabi sorghum. Sufficient
variability was present in germplasm under study for all characters.
Magnitude of PCV was found more than GCV for all characters.
Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009) studied the genetic variability in
60 sorghum germplasm lines. Among the seven characters studied, plant
height, ear head length, stem girth, leaf length, single plant yield and 100 seed
14
weight had high heritability. The highest and moderate genetic advance was
recorded for plant height and single plant yield respectively.
Chavan et al. (2010) observed high heritability for grain yield per
panicle followed by harvest index, panicle width, number of primary branches
per panicle, plant height and number of grains per panicle. Moderate
heritability estimates were obtained for days to 50 per cent flowering and
panicle length. Heritability estimates were low for test weight and days to
maturity. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed
for number of grains per panicle, plant height and grain yield per panicle.
Whereas, high heritability combined with low genetic advance was recorded
by panicle width, panicle length and test weight.
Godbharle et al. (2010) stated that high genotypic and phenotypic
variance, heritability and genetic advance were observed for the characters
panicle length, fodder yield, primary branches per panicle, grains per primary
branches, harvest index, grain yield and plant height indicating that additive
gene effects were operating for these traits.
Shinde et al. (2010) assessed the extent of genetic variability for yield
and its component traits among the 120 F6 lines derived from B X B, B X R
and R X R crosses in rabi sorghum found that B X B and B X R exhibited
higher PCV and GCV for number of grains per panicle and grain yield per
plant, while R X R derivatives showed high PCV and GCV for number of
primaries per plant, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant.
B X B and B X R exhibited high heritability coupled with genetic advance for
all the characters except number of leaves and number of internodes at both
locations. The R X R exhibited high heritability coupled with genetic advance
for the characters like plant height, number of leaves, number of internodes,
panicle length, panicle breadth, number of primaries, test weight, number of
grains per panicle, fodder yield per plant and grain yield per plant. Low
variability for days to 50 per cent flowering was observed among the
derivatives of B X B, B X R and R X R crosses.
15
Mahajan et al. (2011) reported that high phenotypic coefficient of
variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for harvest index
followed by grain yield per panicle, panicle width and number of grains per
panicle. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for
number of grains per panicle, plant height and grain yield per panicle.
Navneet Kumar et al. (2011) revealed that the estimates of PCV were
generally higher than their corresponding GCV for all the characters studied
indicating that all traits were influenced by environment. The genotypic
coefficient of variability (GCV) was found maximum for leaf stem ratio
followed by leaf area, green fodder yield, total soluble solid, stem girth,
protein content and inter node length whereas minimum being for leaf
breadth, leaves per plant, plant height, leaf length, nodes per plant and days to
50 per cent flowering. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)
was observed for leaf stem ratio followed by leaf area, green fodder yield,
total soluble sand, protein content, stem girth, nodes per plant and internodes
length whereas leaf breadth, leaves per plant, plant height, leaf length, and
days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited lowest value. The high heritability
(> 75%) in broad sense was recorded for all the traits except nodes per plant
and protein content. The genetic advance as per cent of mean was maximum
for leaf area followed by leaf stem ratio, green fodder yield, total soluble solid
and stem girth whereas, it was minimum for inter node length, leaf breadth,
plant height, leaves per plant, leaf length, days to 50 per cent flowering, nodes
per plant and protein content.
Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) studied the genetic variability in 29
segregating progenies of two inter specific crosses in F4 generation viz.,
Sorghum bicolor (cs3541) X Sorghum usumberense (Sb X Su) and Sorghum
bicolor (cs3541) X Sorghum lewisonii (Sb X Sl) and reported that the relative
magnitude of PCV per cent was higher than the corresponding GCV per cent
for all the characters studied, which indicated that these traits are having
interaction with environment. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of
variation ranging from 3.51 to 49.01 and 3.44 to 100.31, respectively, were
16
highest for fodder yield and seed yield in the cross Sb X Su and lowest for
days to maturity in both the crosses. The genetic variability was comparatively
high for fodder yield and seed yield in both the crosses whereas for panicle
length and test weight in Sb X Su only. The genetic advance as percentage of
mean ranged from 3.69 to 100.43 and 3.63 to 53.38 in both the crosses,
respectively. High heritability estimates were recorded for days to maturity,
plant height, test weight and seed yield indicating lesser influence of
environment in both the crosses. Days to 50 per cent flowering, panicle length
and fodder yield exhibited low heritability values and were highly influenced
by environmental conditions in both crosses.
Jain and Patel (2012) revealed that high heritability accompanied with
high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50 per cent
flowering, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and fodder
yield per plant suggested that these characters are under additive gene action
and gives better scope for selection.
2.2 CHARACTER ASSOCIATION
Correlation refers to the degree and direction of association between
two or more characters. Correlation studies are useful in developing an
effective basis of phenotypic selection in plant population. Correlation studies
help the plant breeder to know how the improvement in a character will bring
simultaneous improvement in the other character. Yield depends on number of
component characters. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the extent of
association between various yield contributing characters is essential for
developing high yielding genotypes in any crop. When attempts are made to
establish correlation it is essential to calculate the coefficient of correlation
between the character of interest with regard to the type of variability viz.,
environmental, genotypic and phenotypic.
Swarup and Chaugale (1962b) reported that genotypic correlation
coefficients were found to be higher than the phenotypic and environmental
17
correlation coefficients. Plant height was observed to be positively correlated
with grain yield. Fodder yield was positively correlated with number of days
for panicle emergence, plant height, stalk diameter and number of leaves.
Liang et al. (1969) studied genotypic and phenotypic correlations
among 12 characters in segregating population and in pure lines of sorghum
and reported that grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with
head weight, kernel number, half bloom date and leaf number, but negatively
correlated with germination percentage and protein percentage.
Crook and Casady (1974) reported that yields of hybrids were
positively correlated with days to 50 per cent bloom, plant height, leaf area,
panicles per plant, kernel weight and test weight but negatively correlated
with protein percentage and panicle excertion.
Chauvan and Singh (1975) reported positive association between plant
height and panicle length.
Naphade and Ailwar (1976) noticed that panicle weight was highly
correlated with grain yield followed by 100-grain weight, panicle breadth and
plant height.
Eckebil et al. (1977) reported that grain yield per unit area was best
correlated with grain yield per head, plant height and threshing percentage.
Days to bloom and grain protein percentage were negatively correlated with
yield and had low values.
Wanjari and Patil (1977) noticed that plant height was negatively
correlated with the panicle length, panicle width and grain yield per plant.
Grain yield per panicle was significantly and positively correlated with
panicle length.
Panchal et al. (1979) found negative correlation of panicle length with
plant height.
18
Patel et al. (1980b) reported that a day to 50 per cent flowering was
positively correlated with panicle length, while plant height was positively
associated with number of grains per panicle.
Patel et al. (1983) studied 23 genotypes and reported that grain number
per plant was highly correlated with grain yield per plant (r = 0.7).
Bohra et al. (1985) reported that grain yield per plant showed
significant and positive correlation with harvest index and panicle length in
both environments.
Nimbalkar et al. (1988) noticed positive, highly significant correlation
coefficient between grain yield per plant and panicle weight, panicle breadth,
number of secondaries and 1000-grain weight.
Bakheit (1989) reported that plant height and 1000-grain weight were
highly positively correlated with grain yield per plant.
Youngquist et al. (1990) reported that grain yield was positively
correlated with the percentage of plants reaching anthesis, duration of the
flowering period, plant height, head number, seed weight, number of seeds/ha,
stover yield and harvest index.
Raut et al. (1992) studied 20 sorghum genotypes and observed that
number of leaves per plant and panicle weight had positive and significant
association with yield.
Potdukhe et al. (1994) studied ten yield related traits in 42 sorghum
genotypes and revealed that grain yield was positively and significantly
correlated at the genotypic and phenotypic level with panicle length, panicle
weight and 100-grain weight.
Patil et al. (1995) reported positive association between days to 50 per
cent flowering and fodder yield.
Chaudhary and Balai (1996) revealed that genotypic correlation of
grain yield per plant was positive and significant with harvest index, 500 grain
19
weight, flag leaf area and leaf area per plant. Panicle length had significant
positive correlation with harvest index and flag leaf area.
Pawer and Jadhav (1996) reported that plant height, leaf area, total dry
matter per plant, ear head length, girth and ear head weight, grain number per
ear head and 1000 grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield per
plant under dry land and irrigated conditions.
Jeyaprakash et al. (1997) correlated 65 sorghum genotypes and
inferred that grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with
panicle weight, panicle length and dry fodder yield. Plant height also had a
positive significant association with grain yield at the genotypic level.
Kumaravadivel and Amirthadevarathinam (2000) reported that grain
yield showed significant positive correlation with harvest index and panicle
length in F2 .
Muhammad Basheeruddin et al. (2000) studied the grain yield was
positively correlated with days from flowering to grain formation initiation,
days from flowering to physiological maturity and 100-seed weight, and
negatively correlated with days to flowering, days from grain formation
initiation to physiological maturity and days from sowing to physiological
maturity.
Muppidathi et al. (2000) observations were recorded for days to 50
per cent flowering, plant height, panicle length and width, stem thickness,
peduncle girth, days to maturity, number of rachis per panicle and 100-grain
weight apart from grain yield per plant. The number of rachis per panicle,
stem thickness and 100-grain weight were found to be the most important
traits in improving grain yield. Positive and significant association was
observed between grain yield and yield components except for days to 50 per
cent flowering and days to maturity, at both the genotypic and phenotypic
levels.
20
Bhongle et al. (2001) reported the grain yield per plant showed
significant and positive correlation with germination per centage, plant height,
head breadth and grain hardness.
Iyanar et al. (2001) studied 54 sorghum genotypes involving 4 male
sterile lines, 10 restorers and 40 hybrids. The results revealed that seed yield
was significantly and positively correlated with panicle weight and panicle
length.
Lata Chaudhary and Shailesh Arora (2001) noticed that grain yield
was positively correlated with biological yield, stover yield and number of
leaves per plant.
Navale et al. (2001) noticed that ear weight and ear girth showed
highly significant and positive correlation with grain yield. Ear weight, ear
girth and harvest index could explain 87 per cent of the variation in grain yield
among the genotypes.
Prabhakar (2001) noticed the genotypic correlation coefficients were
of higher magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlations for the
characters, viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, 100-grain weight and grain
yield.
Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001) correlated 75 sorghum genotypes
and noticed that estimate of genotypic correlation was generally higher than
that of phenotypic correlation. Grain yield per plant exhibited significant
positive correlation with 100-grain weight.
Sunku et al. (2002) observed significant and strong correlation among
dry matter, grain yield, fodder yield, plant height, number of leaves per plant
and leaf width.
Yadav et al. (2003) noticed that plant height showed significant
positive correlation with leaf length, number of leaves per plant, growth rate,
green fodder yield (GFY) per plant, and dry fodder yield (DFY) per plant and
21
negative correlation with leaf:stem ratio, shoot fly attack and brix per centage.
Growth rate at 0-30 days after sowing (DAS) was positively correlated with
plant height, leaf length, number of nodes per plant, growth rates at 30-45 and
45-60 DAS, GFY and DFY and negatively correlated with leaf:stem ratio,
days to 50 per cent flowering and shoot fly attack. Leaf area per plant was
positively correlated with number of tillers per plant, GFY and DFY, and
negatively with regeneration potential. GFY and DFY were positively
associated with plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, number of leaves per
plant, leaf area per plant, stem girth, number of nodes per plant, growth rates
and negatively correlated with leaf stem ratio.
Umakanth et al. (2004) opined that selection could be practiced for
head weight, plant height, panicle length, number of primaries per panicle and
100-seed weight as these characters manifested positive and significant
correlation with grain yield.
Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006) reported that grain yield per plant
showed significant positive correlation with head weight and 1000-seed
weight. 1000-seed weight show positive significant association with head
weight.
Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006) reported that grain yield per plant was
significant positive correlation with 100-seed weight.
Kenga et al. (2006) noticed that grain yield had positive genotypic
correlation with days to anthesis, plant height and inflorescence length.
Whereas days to anthesis was negatively correlated with vegetative and
reproductive traits. The results suggest that improvement of days to anthesis,
plant height, and inflorescence length should be faster because of higher
heritabilities and greater phenotypic variation.
Premalatha et al. (2006) reported that grain yield was significantly and
positively correlated with number of grains per panicle and 100-grain weight.
22
Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007) reported that seed yield was
positively and significantly correlated with days to maturity, number of leaves
per plant, ear head weight and number of primaries per panicle, but there was
negative and significant correlation with grain mould score.
Elangovan et al. (2007) reported that grain yield/fodder yield showed
positive correlation with number of leaves, plant height and ear head width.
100-seed weight showed positive correlation with plant height, ear head width
and grain yield.
Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007) reported a negative and
significant association of plant height with ear head length and head exertion
at the genotypic level. Stem thickness showed negative and significant
association with ear head length and positive and significant association with
head exertion and number of spikelets per plant at both phenotypic and
genotypic levels. The days to 50 per cent flowering had positive and
significant association with ear head length, number of spikelets per spike,
head exertion and 1000-seed weight and plant height at genotypic level.
Tariq et al. (2007) conducted an experiment to determine the
relationship of harvest index with the economic and biological yields of seven
sorghum genotypes. A significant positive correlation was observed between
economic yield and biological yield.
Alhassan et al. (2008) reported that days to 50 per cent flowering and
grain yield per plant were positively and significantly associated with grain
yield per hectare (rP=0.5336 and rg=0.6944, respectively).
Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008) reported that grain yield per plant
showed positive significant association with panicle weight, number of
primaries per panicle, panicle length and 100-seed weight. Panicle weight
show positive significant association with number of primaries per panicle,
panicle length and 100-seed weight. Number of primaries per panicle showed
23
positive significant association with panicle length, whereas panicle length
observed negative significant association with 100-seed weight.
Sukhchain and Karnail Singh (2008) studied to study the interrelations
between forage yield and dry matter yield with various vegetative traits. Data
were recorded for plant height, number of tillers, stem thickness, leaves per
plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf: stem ratio and green forage yield. Dry
matter yield showed highly significant positive correlation coefficients with
green forage yield and also with leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth.
However, these characters showed negative phenotypic correlation coefficient
with leaf: stem ratio. Genotypic correlation coefficients were higher in
magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients.
Godbharle et al. (2010) observed positive and significant correlation
between grain yield and harvest index, total biomass, fodder yield and leaf
area index at both phenotypic and genotypic level, while the characters field
grade score , threshed grade score and days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited
negative correlation with grain yield
Prakash et al. (2010) reported that green fodder yield per plant was
found to be significantly and positively correlated with plant height, number
of tillers, leaf length, leaf breadth, stem diameter, hydrocyanic acid and crude
fibre. Days to 50 per cent flowering and crude protein showed a negative
association with green fodder yield per plant.
Warkad et al. (2010) revealed that 1000-seed weight showed highly
significant association with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and
phenotypic level. Among the yield components, days to 50 per cent flowering
showed highly significant positive association with days to maturity, plant
height, dry fodder weight per plant and number of leaves per plant. The
character, number of internodes per plant exhibited very strong positive
correlation with number of leaves per plant and stem girth, while number of
leaves showed moderately significant positive association with stem girth.
24
Mahajan et al. (2011) reported that grain yield per panicle showed
positive significant correlation with panicle length, panicle width, plant
height, number of primary branches per panicle, number of grains per panicle,
test weight and harvest index at both phenotypic and genotypic levels.
Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) revealed that seed yield showed positive
significant correlation with days to maturity in the cross Sb X Sl and test
weight and fodder yield in both the crosses. Days to 50 per cent flowering
exhibited significant positive association with days to maturity in the cross
Sb X Sl and plant height in the cross Sb X Su. Days to maturity recorded
significant positive correlation with fodder yield in the cross Sb X Sl. Plant
height recorded significant positive correlation with panicle length and test
weight in the cross Sb X Sl. Whereas test weight showed positive significant
correlation with panicle length in Sb X Sl and fodder yield in Sb X Su.
Shinde et al. (2011) revealed that plant height, number of leaves per
plant, number of internodes per plant, panicle length, panicle breadth, number
of primaries per panicle, test weight, number of grains per panicle and fodder
yield per plant had positive association with grain yield per plant at both the
locations (Bijapur and Dharwad). Days to 50 per cent flowering had negative
association with grain yield per plant.
El-Din et al. (2012) reported that number of kernels/head had positive
and highly significant (p<0.01) correlation with grain yield (0.920), whereas,
the positive and significant (p<0.05) correlation was found between panicle
length and grain yield (0.233). On the other hand there are negative and non-
significant correlation (-0.034) between panicle width and grain yield/panicle.
Jain and Patel (2012) revealed that fodder yield was positively and
significantly correlated with number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width
and panicle length.
Mohammad Yazdani (2012) reported that biological yield, was
positively correlated with grain yield (P<0.01) and obtained high amount of
correlation coefficient. Lowest significant and positive correlation was
observed between plant height and grain yield. Among evaluated traits, the
25
values of the correlation coefficient with grain yield were ordered as
biological yield>grain number per panicle>harvest index>plant height with
0.760, 0.749, 0.623 and 0.333, respectively.
Prasuna et al. (2012) reported that grain yield per plant was found to
be significantly positive association with plant height, panicle length, panicle
weight, number of grains per primary branch, 100-seed weight and number of
grains per panicle at both phenotypic and genotypic levels.
Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012) reported that grain yield per plant was found
to be significant and positively correlated with panicle weight, harvest index,
100-seed weight and panicle length.
2.3 PATH ANALYSIS IN SORGHUM
Path analysis is done with the main purpose of understanding the
direct and indirect contributions of different characters towards the grain
yield. The direct contribution of each component to the yield and the indirect
effects and its association with other characters cannot be differentiated by
simple correlations. Path coefficient analysis fulfils this lacuna. It was first
developed and described by Wright (1921) as a tool in genetic analysis for
deriving the direct and indirect effects of any set of variables themselves
related to one another. Later Dewey and Lu (1959) used this technique in
crested wheat grass. Since then, its application has been extended to numerous
other crops.
Path analysis in sorghum is done with the main purpose of
understanding the direct and indirect contributions of grain yield components
like days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, panicle length, panicle weight,
number of primaries per panicle, 1000 seed weight, harvest index etc.
A review on path analysis briefed in Table 2.1.
26
Table 2.1. Literature showing direct and indirect effects of various characters on grain yield per plant in 81
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes
Cont……
SI.
No.
Character
Direct effect
Indirect effect
References
1
Days to 50 per cent
Flowering
Positive
Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer Kumar et al. (2011),
Warkad et al. (2010), Alhassan et al. (2008),
Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha et al.(2006),
Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Iyanar et al. (2001),
Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Ashtana et al.
(1996) and Pokle et al. (1973)
Negative
Prasuna et al. (2012) and Deepalakshmi and
Ganesamurthy (2007)
Negative Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) and Pokriyal et al. (1976)
Positive
Mahajan et al. (2011), Warkad et al. (2010),
Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Potdukhe et al. (1992),
Kukadia et al. (1980) and Patel et al. (1980b)
2 Days to Maturity Negative
Sameer Kumar et al. (2011)
27
SI.
No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References
3
Plant Height
Positive
Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011),
Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al. (2010),
Prakash et al. (2010), Premalatha et al. (2006),
Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Asthana et al. (1996),
Potdukhe et al. (1994), Potdukhe et al. (1992), Kukadia
et al. (1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and Pokle et al.
(1973)
Negative Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007)
Positive
El-Din et al. (2012), Jeyaprakash et al. (1997),
Potdukhe et al. (1992), Berenji (1990) and Patel et al.
(1980b)
4
Panicle Weight (g)
Positive
Prasuna et al. (2012), Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012),
Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Khapre et
al.(2007), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Iyanar et al.
(2001), Potdukhe et al. (1992), Raut et al. (1992),
Thombre and Patil (1985), Naphade and Ailwar (1976)
and Singh et al. (1976)
Positive Iyanar et al. (2001), Jeyaprakash et al. (1997) and
Asthana et al. (1996)
Cont…..
28
SI.
No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References
5
Panicle Length (cm)
Positive
El-Din et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer
kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al. (2010), Warkad et al.
(2010), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),
Iyanar et al. (2001), Lata Chaudhary et al.(2001),
Kukadia et al. (1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and
Pokle et al. (1973)
Negative Prasuna et al. (2012)
Positive
El-Din et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011),
Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Patel et al. (1983)
and Jeyaprakash et al. (1997)
6
No. of Primaries per
Panicle
Positive
Mahajan et al. (2011), Shinde et al. (2011),
Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),
Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001) and
Thombre and Patil (1985)
Negative Prasuna et al. (2012), Mahajan et al.(2011)
Positive Kukadia et al.(1980) and Singh and Baghel (1977)
Cont…..
29
SI.No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References
7
1000 Seed Weight (g)
Positive
Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Sameer Kumar et al.
(2011), Bisen et al. (2010), Warkad et al. (2010),
Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha et al.
(2006), Iyanar et al. (2001), Veerabadhiran and
Kennedy (2001), Potdukhe et al. (1994), Geremew
and Gebeychu (1993), Berenji (1990), Gomez et al.
(1986), Patel et al. (1980b) and Abu-El-Gasim and
Kambal (1975)
Negative
Mahajan et al. (2011), Deepalakshmi and
Ganesamurthy (2007) and El-Nagar (1997)
Negative El-Din et al. (2012)
Positive
Sameer Kumar et al. (2011),
Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006),
Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006),
Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001),
Geremew and Gebeyechu (1993),
Potdukhe et al. (1992) and Gomez et al. (1986)
Cont…….
30
SI.No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References
8 Stover Yield per Plant
(g)
Positive Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Pokle et al. (1973)
Positive Jeyaprakash et al. (1997)
9 Harvest Index Positive Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012)
Negative Mahajan et al. (2011)
Negative Mahajan et al. (2011)
31
Chapter-III
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present investigation on “Genetic variability and character
association for yield and yield attributes in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.
Moench)” was carried out during early rabi season, 2012 at College Farm,
Agricultural college, Mahanandi. Popularly known as maghi season in
Kurnool district. It is situated at an altitude of 233.48 m above mean sea level,
15° 51| N latitude and 78° 61| E longitude. Which falls under scarce rainfall
Agro-climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh. The materials used and methods
followed pertaining to the present investigation are presented here under.
3.1 MATERIAL
The experimental material for the present study comprised of 81
diverse genotypes and their sources were furnished in Table 3.1.
3.2 METHODS
3.2.1 Field Layout
The experiment was laid in a Simple Lattice Design (SLD) with two
replications at College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi. The crop was
sown/planted on 14th September, 2012. Each genotype was planted in single
row of 3m length with spacing of 45 cm between rows and 15 cm between
plants within row (Figure 3.1.).
3.2.2 Data Recording
Observations were recorded on randomly selected five plants in each
genotype in each replication for all the characters except for days to 50 per
cent flowering and days to maturity.
32
Table 3.1. List of 81 genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
S.No. Name of the genotypes Origin Source
1 IC 1004 India ICRISAT
2 IC 1041 India ICRISAT
3 IC 1219 China ICRISAT
4 IC 2205 India ICRISAT
5 IC 2379 South Africa ICRISAT
6 IC 4360 India ICRISAT
7 IC 4951 India ICRISAT
8 IC 5295 India ICRISAT
9 IC 5301 India ICRISAT
10 IC 5919 India ICRISAT
11 IC 7131 Uganda ICRISAT
12 IC 7305 Nigeria ICRISAT
13 IC 7679 Nigeria ICRISAT
14 IC 7987 Nigeria ICRISAT
15 IC 8777 Uganda ICRISAT
16 IC 10302 Thailand ICRISAT
17 IC 10969 USA ICRISAT
18 IC 12965 Cuba ICRISAT
19 IC 14779 Cameroon ICRISAT
20 IC 15170 Cameroon ICRISAT
21 IC 15466 Cameroon ICRISAT
22 IC 15478 Cameroon ICRISAT
23 IC 15744 Cameroon ICRISAT
24 IC 15931 Cameroon ICRISAT
25 IC 15945 Cameroon ICRISAT
26 IC 17941 India ICRISAT
27 IC 18039 India ICRISAT
Cont……..
33
S.No. Name of the genotypes Origin Source
28 IC 19153 Sudan ICRISAT
29 IC 19676 Zimbabwe ICRISAT
30 IC 19859 India ICRISAT
31 IC 20679 USA ICRISAT
32 IC 20956 Indonesia ICRISAT
33 IC 21512 Malawi ICRISAT
34 IC 21645 Malawi ICRISAT
35 IC 21863 Syrian Arab Public ICRISAT
36 IC 22239 Botswana ICRISAT
37 IC 23644 Gambia ICRISAT
38 IC 23684 Mozambique ICRISAT
39 IC 23891 Yemen ICRISAT
40 IC 24139 Tanzania ICRISAT
41 IC 25732 Mali ICRISAT
42 IC 27557 Burkina Faso ICRISAT
43 IC 27786 Morocco ICRISAT
44 IC 28449 Yemen ICRISAT
45 IC 28747 Yemen ICRISAT
46 IC 29091 Yemen ICRISAT
47 IC 29100 Yemen ICRISAT
48 IC 29358 Lesotho ICRISAT
49 IC 29441 Lesotho ICRISAT
50 IC 29519 Lesotho ICRISAT
51 IC 29565 Lesotho ICRISAT
52 IC 29627 South Africa ICRISAT
53 IC 29654 China ICRISAT
54 IC 30400 China ICRISAT
55 IC 30838 Cameroon ICRISAT
Cont…….
34
S.No. Name of the genotypes Origin Source
56 IC 32349 India ICRISAT
57 IC 32439 India ICRISAT
58 IC 305919 India DSR
59 IC 305920 India DSR
60 IC 305921 India DSR
61 IC 305931 India DSR
62 IC 305932 India DSR
63 IC 343554 India DSR
64 IC 343565 India DSR
65 IC 343567 India DSR
66 IC 343568 India DSR
67 IC 343571 India DSR
68 IC 343573 India DSR
69 IC 343582 India DSR
70 IC 343584 India DSR
71 IC 343587 India DSR
72 IC 343588 India DSR
73 IC 343589 India DSR
74 IC 343590 India DSR
75 IC 343591 India DSR
76 IC 343594 India DSR
77 IC 343595 India DSR
78 IC 345198 India DSR
79 IC 345205 India DSR
80 IC 345718 India DSR
81 IC 345726 India DSR
ICRISAT: International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Crops,
Patancheru, Hyderabad.
DSR : Directorate of Sorghum Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
35
Figure 3.1. Experimental field layout
36
The mean of these five plants were used as the mean of the entry in
the statistical analysis. The procedure followed for recording observations is
described below.
3.2.2.1 Days to 50 per cent flowering
The number of days from the day of sowing to first flowering in 50
per cent of plants were counted and recorded as days to 50 per cent flowering.
3.2.2.2 Days to Maturity
The number of days from sowing to maturity of the grains at the
bottom of the panicle was recorded as days to maturity.
3.2.2.3 Plant Height (cm)
Plant height was recorded from ground level to the tip of panicle of
the matured panicle of the plant from randomly tagged five plants in each
genotype. Data on five random plants was recorded.
3.2.2.4 Panicle Weight (g)
The fully dried panicle before separation of seeds was weighed and
mean weight of five plants was recorded and expressed in grams.
3.2.2.5 Panicle length (cm)
Panicle length was recorded from the base of the panicle to the tip of
the panicle and expressed in centimetres.
3.2.2.6 Number of Primaries per Panicle
The total number of primary branches on the main rachis of the
panicle was counted and average of five ear heads in each entry was recorded.
3.2.2.7 Grain Yield per Plant (g)
Grains harvested from the five selected plants of each treatment were
dried and weighed. The average grain weight of five plants was expressed as
grain yield per plant in grams.
37
3.2.2.8 1000-Seed Weight (g)
The weight of 1000-seeds drawn randomly from each of the five
randomly selected plants was recorded and expressed in grams.
3.2.2.9 Stover Yield per Plant (g)
Stem harvested after panicle cutting from the five selected plants of
each treatment were dried and weighed. The average fodder weight of five
plants was expressed as fodder yield per plant in grams.
3.2.2.10 Harvest Index (%)
It was computed by dividing the grain yield with biological yield per
plant and expressed in per centage.
Harvest Index (HI) = 100 x (g) yield Biological
(g) YieldGrain
3.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
The treatment means obtained for each character over two replications
were subjected to the following statistical analysis.
1. Analysis of variance
2. Estimation of genetic parameters viz., genotypic and phenotypic
coefficient of variation, broad sense heritability, genetic advance
and genetic advance as per cent of mean.
3. Estimation of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients.
4. Path-coefficient analysis.
38
3.3.1 Analysis of Variance
Differences between 81 sorghum genotypes for different characters
were tested for significance by using analysis of variance technique on the
basis of model given by Panse and Sukhatme (1967).
Yij = μ + rj + gi + eij
where,
Yij = phenotypic observation in ith genotype in jth replication
μ = General mean
rj = True effect of jth replication
gi = True effect of ith genotype
eij = Random error associated with ith genotype and jth replication.
The analysis of variance for each character was carried out as indicated
below.
Source of
variation
Degree of
freedom
Sum of
squares
Mean sum of
squares F Cal. Values
Replications (r) r-1 RSS RMSS /
EMSS
Treatments (t)
Unadjusted p2-1 TSS TMSS
TMSS /
EMSS
Blocks (b) with
in replication r (p-1) BSS BMSS
BMSS/
EMSS
Intra block
error (E) (p-1) (rp-p-1) ESS EMSS
Total rp2-1 TSS
39
Where,
r = Number of replications
p = Square root of total treatments
RSS = Replication Sum of squares
TSS = Treatment Sum of squares
ESS = Error Sum of squares
RMSS = Mean sum of squares due to replications
TMSS = Mean sum of squares due to treatments (genotypes)
EMSS = Mean sum of squares due to error
The significance test was carried out by referring to ‘F’ table values
given by Fisher and Yates (1967).
3.3.2 Genetic Parameters
3.3.2.1 Variances
The genotypic and phenotypic variances were calculated as per the
formulae (Burton and Devane, 1953)
Genotypic variance (σ2g) = nsreplicaito ofNumber
error todue MSS- genotypes todue MSS
Phenotypic variance (σ2p) = σ2g + σ2e
Error variance = σ2e
3.3.2.2 Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation
The genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation
were calculated by the formulae given by Burton (1952).
40
GCV (%) = X
σ gx 100
PCV (%) = X
σ px 100
Where,
g, p and X are genotypic standard deviation and phenotypic standard
deviation and general mean of the character, respectively.
Categorization of the range of variation was effected as proposed by
Sivasubramanian and Menon (1973).
Less than 10% : Low
10-20% : Moderate
More than 20% : High
3.3.2.3 Heritability (Broad Sense)
Heritability in broad sense refers to the proportion of genotypic
variance to the total variance. Heritability in broad sense (H) was calculated
according to the formula given by Burton (1952).
H = 100x p2σ
g2σ
Where,
σ2g = Genotypic variance
σ2p = phenotypic variance
41
As suggested by Johnson et al. (1955), heritability estimates were categorized as
Low : 0-30 %
Medium : 30-60 %
High : 61 % and above
3.3.2.4 Genetic Advance (GA)
Genetic advance refers to the expected gain (or) improvement in the
next generation by selecting the superior individuals under certain amount of
selection pressure. From the heritability estimates, the genetic advance was
estimated by the following formula given by Burton (1952).
G A = (K) (σp) (H)
where,
G A = Genetic Advance
σp = Phenotypic standard deviation
H = Heritability (broad sense)
K = Selection differential at 5% selection intensity (2.06)
3.3.2.5 Genetic Advance as per cent of mean (GA as per cent of mean)
Genetic Advance as per cent of mean was calculated as per the formula:
GA as per cent of mean=X
GAx100
where,
GA = Genetic Advance
X = Grand mean of the character
42
The range of genetic advance as per cent of mean was classified as
suggested by Johnson et al. (1955).
Low : Less than 10%
Medium : 10-20 %
High : More than 20%
3.3.3 Character Associations
The correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the
association of characters with yield and also among the yield components.
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were calculated using the
method given by Johnson et al. (1955).
3.3.3.1 Phenotypic correlation coefficient (rp)
rp (xixj) = )()(
)(
jpip
jip
xVxV
xxCov
where,
Vp(Xi) = Phenotypic variance of ‘ith’ character
Vp(Xj) = Phenotypic variance of ‘jth’ character
Cov (XiXj) = Phenotypic covariance between ‘ith’ and ‘jth’ characters.
3.3.3.2 Genotypic correlation coefficient (rg)
rg (xi xj) = )()(
)(
jgig
jig
xVxV
xxCov
where,
rg (Xi Xj) = Genotypic correlation between ‘ith’ and ‘jth’ characters
Vg (Xi) = Genotypic variance of ‘ith’ character
43
Vg (Xj) = Genotypic variance of ‘jth’ character
Cov(g) (Xi Xj ) = Genotypic covariance between ‘ith’ and ‘jth’ characters.
Significance of correlation coefficients was tested by comparing the
genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients with table value [Fisher and
Yates (1967)] at (n-2) degree of freedom at 5% and 1% level where, ‘n’
denotes the number of treatments used in the calculations.
3.3.4 Path Coefficient Analysis
To know the direct and indirect effects of the individual characters on
yield, path coefficient analysis was carried out by the procedure originally
proposed by Wright (1921) which was subsequently elaborated by Dewey and
Lu (1959).
The following set of simultaneous equations were formulated and
solved for estimating various direct and indirect effects.
r1y = P1y + r12 P2y + r13 P3y +………. + r1i Piy
r2y = r21 P1y + P2y + r23 P3y +………. + r2 i Pi y
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
riy = ri1 P1y + ri2 P2y + ri3 P3y +…….. + Pi y
Where,
r1y to riy = Coefficient of correlation between causal factors 1 to i and
dependent character ‘y’
P1y to Piy = Direct effects of characters 1 to ‘I’ on character ‘y’.
The above equations were written in the matrix form as under.
44
A C B
r1y 1 r12 r13 . . r1i P1y
r2y r21 1 r23 . . r2i P2y
r3y r31 r32 1 . . r3i P3y
. . . . .
. . . . .
riy ri1 ri2 ri3 . . 1 Piy
Then B = [C]-1 A
Where,
C11 C12 C13 . . ……… C1i
C21 C22 C23. . ……… C2i
. . . .
[C] = . . . .
. . . .
Ci1 Ci2 Ci3 . . ……… C ii
Then, direct effects were calculated as follows:
P1y =
I
i 1
C1i r1y
P2y =
I
i 2
C2i r2y
Piy =
I
i 1
Cii riy
45
Besides the direct and indirect effects, the residual effect, which
measures the contribution of the characters not considered in the causal
scheme was obtained as Residual effect.
Residual effect (PRy) = 2
iyiy2y2y1y1y ]rp rp r[P-1
Where,
PRy = Residual effect
Piy = Direct effect of ‘Xi’ on ‘y’
riy = Correlation coefficient of ‘xi’ on ‘y’
The direct and indirect effects were classified based on the scale given
by Lenka and Mishra (1973)
More than 1.0 - Very high
0.3 to 0.99 - High
0.2 to 0.29 - Moderate
0.1 to 0.19 - Low
0.00 to 0.09 - Negligible
46
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Eighty one genotypes of sorghum were evaluated for variability,
genetic parameters, character association analysis and path coefficient
analysis for ten yield and its component characters, viz., days to 50 per cent
flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), panicle weight (g), panicle
length (cm), number of primaries per panicle, 1000-seed weight (g), stover
yield per plant (g), harvest index and grain yield per plant (g). The data
collected on these characters were utilized for biometrical studies.
The results obtained from these investigations are furnished in this
chapter under the following sub-heads:
4.1 Analysis of Variance
4.2 Mean Performance
4.3 Genetic Parameters
4.4 Character Association Analysis
4.5 Path Coefficient Analysis
4.1 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
The analysis of variance for ten characters recorded highly significant
differences among the entries. The results of ANOVA are presented in Table
4.1
4.2 MEAN PERFORMANCE
Mean performance of 81 genotypes for ten characters are presented in
Table 4.2
4.2.1 Days to 50 per cent Flowering
Days to 50 per cent flowering ranged from 47 to 80.5 days with a
mean flowering of 60.98 days. Among all the genotypes IC 12965 flowered
early whereas IC 15466 flowered very lately. Forty five genotypes were
earlier in flowering when compared to the mean flowering of the genotypes.
47
Table 4.1. Analysis of variance for ten yield components in 81 Sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
S.
No.
Character
Mean sum of squares
Replications Treatments
(unadjusted)
Blocks within
replication Intra block error
Degrees of freedom (d f) 1 80 16 64
1 Days to 50 % Flowering 11.95 150.60** 3.37 1.94
2 Days to Maturity 51.11 257.36** 14.96 9.67
3 Plant Height (cm) 9879.44 3822.98** 446.940 174.96
4 Panicle Weight (g) 2.17 2636.64** 36.30 60.85
5 Panicle Length (cm) 57.37 60.97** 24.23 8.41
6 Number of Primaries per
Panicle 137.95 396.83** 109.51 185.21
7 1000 Seed Weight (g) 10.32 202.80** 34.78 29.34
8 Stover Yield per Plant (g) 4728.60 33543.83** 7573.12 2870.35
9 Harvest Index 0.01 124.52** 24.60 10.14
10 Grain Yield per Plant (g) 146.06 1945.55** 35.50 29.11
** Significant at 1% level of significance
F table value for F 80, 64 = 1.75 (1% level of significance )
48
Table: 4.2. Mean performance of 81 genotypes of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) for ten quantitative
characters
S.N
O Genotypes
Days to
50%
Flowering
Days to
Maturity
Plant
Height
(cm)
Panicle
Weight
(g)
Panicle
Length
(cm)
Number
of
Primaries
per
panicle
1000
Seed
weight
(g)
Stover
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
Harvest
Index
(%)
Grain
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
1 IC 1004 75.00 117.00 291.60 92.62 11.40 56.50 29.13 437.60 14.04 71.41
2 IC 1041 53.00 97.50 228.50 69.19 21.30 41.30 28.74 155.10 24.83 50.78
3 IC 1219 47.50 86.00 224.40 48.39 18.40 36.40 23.14 79.45 31.26 36.00
4 IC 2205 64.00 90.50 259.50 53.24 16.80 56.90 20.62 284.70 12.53 36.20
5 IC 2379 47.50 87.00 184.90 63.61 18.80 25.40 24.27 91.90 33.52 46.34
6 IC 4360 52.50 92.50 252.30 76.29 16.70 36.60 29.96 254.90 18.70 58.10
7 IC 4951 67.00 111.50 233.10 36.63 25.00 25.30 14.07 228.60 11.15 18.79
8 IC 5295 58.50 99.50 248.90 33.99 25.40 29.40 13.11 173.00 11.41 19.10
9 IC 5301 59.00 96.50 213.70 37.36 19.40 18.70 16.88 213.00 12.32 23.37
10 IC 5919 59.50 99.00 248.10 56.01 25.80 44.20 60.89 254.40 13.66 40.26
11 IC 7131 60.00 106.50 217.60 80.28 28.80 44.20 31.91 406.80 13.40 62.71
12 IC 7305 54.00 89.50 251.20 71.95 22.40 40.60 28.62 208.70 21.56 51.77
13 IC 7679 73.00 117.00 363.60 41.53 34.90 37.10 29.43 439.70 11.49 37.92
14 IC 7987 59.00 98.50 278.10 78.77 34.10 49.80 34.98 274.20 17.87 57.50
15 IC 8777 53.00 91.50 196.30 44.06 23.10 45.30 16.05 170.90 14.82 29.77
16 IC 10302 58.00 95.00 243.00 55.71 22.00 61.90 29.47 329.20 10.67 39.13
Cont……
49
S.NO Genotypes
Days to
50%
Flowering
Days to
Maturity
Plant
height
(cm)
Panicle
weight
(g)
Panicle
length
(cm)
Number
of
Primaries
per
panicle
1000
Seed
weight
(g)
Stover
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
Harvest
Index
(%)
Grain
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
17 IC 10969 47.50 87.00 221.90 60.17 22.40 30.00 27.63 140.50 23.35 42.18
18 IC 12965 47.00 86.00 119.80 46.97 25.20 31.80 22.70 116.70 20.16 28.84
19 IC 14779 55.50 95.50 233.70 145.12 18.40 29.80 36.53 214.70 34.18 108.98
20 IC 15170 51.00 96.50 218.40 100.49 19.90 37.10 33.34 197.40 26.86 71.82
21 IC 15466 80.50 116.50 257.20 64.44 13.70 44.70 27.84 338.20 12.16 46.68
22 IC 15478 55.00 111.50 299.30 134.53 26.35 36.30 36.09 332.80 24.22 105.15
23 IC 15744 70.50 113.00 260.10 179.56 16.00 60.20 49.82 456.20 24.79 146.56
24 IC 15931 64.50 107.50 340.40 84.96 26.70 32.80 36.06 331.80 16.05 63.42
25 IC 15945 65.00 109.00 304.60 91.39 23.50 37.60 37.36 343.80 16.75 68.91
26 IC 17941 77.00 118.00 222.80 149.02 10.80 60.60 44.40 381.60 23.65 118.41
27 IC 18039 78.50 122.50 277.30 59.89 15.40 71.35 28.09 351.20 11.83 42.36
28 IC 19153 58.00 97.00 180.50 71.01 21.20 45.80 30.32 286.80 15.33 51.83
29 IC 19676 64.00 106.00 176.40 56.81 28.74 56.60 22.49 161.60 21.65 42.58
30 IC 19859 49.50 88.50 212.50 111.59 16.50 42.40 29.62 140.50 37.33 83.67
31 IC 20679 47.50 87.00 204.20 89.87 21.20 23.70 31.52 154.40 30.56 67.42
32 IC 20956 56.00 95.00 245.70 78.70 26.60 33.70 32.05 273.60 18.03 57.48
33 IC 21512 51.50 90.50 203.40 44.13 20.90 35.00 17.46 110.00 21.36 29.61
34 IC 21645 53.50 92.50 219.00 47.38 20.40 44.80 18.31 261.30 16.61 34.97
35 IC 21863 47.00 82.50 191.80 75.33 25.60 39.50 31.69 226.60 22.72 56.78
36 IC 22239 57.50 92.50 188.10 67.82 25.70 33.80 23.30 117.30 29.90 49.11
Cont….
50
S.NO Genotypes
Days to
50%
Flowering
Days to
Maturity
Plant
height
(cm)
Panicle
weight
(g)
Panicle
length
(cm)
Number
of
Primaries
per
panicle
1000
Seed
weight
(g)
Stover
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
Harvest
Index
(%)
Grain
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
37 IC 23644 56.00 94.50 269.50 57.90 20.17 29.20 19.06 152.40 20.75 39.60
38 IC 23684 59.50 97.00 283.80 40.23 22.30 35.30 19.64 163.30 11.69 21.60
39 IC 23891 60.00 99.00 273.80 174.58 16.80 59.80 65.03 410.40 26.33 142.69
40 IC 24139 68.00 110.00 338.60 56.84 19.50 36.40 18.00 225.40 14.72 38.72
41 IC 25732 57.00 95.50 233.40 111.14 14.60 35.50 34.11 269.80 24.23 85.62
42 IC 27557 53.50 86.00 242.10 77.24 14.00 34.20 25.90 145.00 25.37 49.35
43 IC 27786 47.50 80.50 150.30 73.02 21.10 27.00 26.20 108.60 31.17 48.39
44 IC 28449 55.00 91.00 278.10 85.42 19.50 39.80 29.79 215.60 26.40 59.68
45 IC 28747 55.00 94.00 322.20 62.48 13.10 56.20 24.46 348.65 10.68 41.69
46 IC 29091 65.50 108.50 232.05 160.32 10.58 51.30 50.38 310.30 30.61 136.69
47 IC 29100 59.50 104.00 295.40 176.87 12.90 99.00 50.56 241.40 36.70 139.39
48 IC 29358 54.50 91.00 184.10 76.40 17.50 33.10 26.59 145.20 28.45 57.60
49 IC 29441 53.00 89.50 166.60 74.03 19.40 44.00 28.49 136.50 27.53 52.14
50 IC 29519 55.50 91.00 242.00 81.72 22.40 41.40 24.74 116.70 34.96 61.41
51 IC 29565 54.00 92.50 192.00 125.89 16.10 37.20 42.19 140.40 40.02 94.05
52 IC 29627 52.50 92.00 218.10 81.66 27.30 47.60 25.30 142.50 30.72 62.94
53 IC 29654 55.50 94.50 245.70 58.30 24.20 54.30 20.45 192.40 18.36 41.86
54 IC 30400 48.50 84.50 243.10 72.94 21.40 40.70 23.77 182.30 24.52 58.25
55 IC 30838 63.50 108.50 355.10 161.19 33.50 50.40 43.46 335.40 26.59 121.56
56 IC 32349 56.00 93.50 282.40 45.47 30.30 34.50 18.18 246.60 10.93 30.27
Cont…..
51
S.NO Genotypes
Days to
50%
Flowering
Days to
Maturity
Plant
height
(cm)
Panicle
weight
(g)
Panicle
length
(cm)
Number
of
Primaries
per
panicle
1000
Seed
weight
(g)
Stover
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
Harvest
Index
(%)
Grain
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
57 IC 32439 56.00 93.50 255.68 67.09 22.93 32.70 28.54 271.20 14.84 47.12
58 IC 305919 71.00 117.50 261.15 100.92 15.94 48.40 32.85 491.20 14.12 80.54
59 IC 305920 78.50 125.50 254.95 92.76 14.34 54.88 26.56 364.00 16.97 72.71
60 IC 305921 67.50 110.00 278.60 133.13 17.10 58.20 36.69 332.90 24.39 106.69
61 IC 305931 65.50 107.00 284.90 130.69 18.20 63.40 45.54 446.00 16.75 89.71
62 IC 305932 69.00 120.50 274.05 108.23 15.03 44.70 33.00 430.00 18.21 90.32
63 IC 343554 70.50 122.50 258.70 82.66 15.20 74.00 27.36 464.20 12.12 63.63
64 IC 343565 70.00 113.00 272.90 85.27 18.90 52.50 31.95 569.00 10.93 66.29
65 IC 343567 69.50 109.50 244.40 90.55 17.20 68.90 34.19 439.70 15.52 80.04
66 IC 343568 65.00 107.50 284.90 66.40 20.60 63.20 28.53 358.40 11.68 47.44
67 IC 343571 64.00 107.50 273.20 90.27 16.20 43.00 29.50 426.80 14.05 69.47
68 IC 343573 59.50 96.50 241.50 63.29 14.30 73.50 23.79 227.50 16.53 45.04
69 IC 343582 68.00 109.50 265.80 192.69 13.80 56.20 61.09 344.50 32.46 165.53
70 IC 343584 64.50 105.00 262.70 67.69 19.40 57.30 28.82 355.20 12.51 50.56
71 IC 343587 70.50 114.50 276.60 151.82 11.20 60.80 42.48 536.90 18.18 119.32
72 IC 343588 72.50 117.50 258.20 81.78 11.50 64.30 27.15 552.60 10.64 62.00
73 IC 343589 76.50 122.00 252.60 88.69 10.20 55.40 33.65 574.60 10.92 69.87
74 IC 343590 75.00 121.00 282.90 93.08 11.20 68.40 32.47 511.40 12.18 70.78
75 IC 343591 68.50 112.00 260.00 68.79 15.90 64.80 28.31 500.00 10.75 50.47
76 IC 343594 68.00 108.50 264.80 90.27 17.10 53.70 30.64 406.40 14.28 65.64
77 IC 343595 67.00 107.50 251.00 98.11 17.40 51.20 33.56 266.60 23.58 79.38
Cont…..
52
S.NO. Genotypes
Days to
50%
Flowering
Days to
Maturity
Plant
height
(cm)
Panicle
weight
(g)
Panicle
length
(cm)
Number
of
Primaries
per
panicle
1000
Seed
weight
(g)
Stover
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
Harvest
Index
(%)
Grain
Yield
per
Plant
(g)
78 IC 345198 69.50 111.00 303.00 71.54 20.50 59.20 26.42 466.80 11.16 55.39
79 IC 345205 65.00 104.50 267.80 60.20 22.10 49.80 24.13 414.60 12.01 42.41
80 IC 345718 60.00 99.50 272.60 72.47 18.40 45.10 27.71 381.10 11.98 51.64
81 IC 345726 61.50 95.00 238.40 66.94 16.50 49.40 24.81 300.60 14.46 51.47
Mean 60.98 101.54 249.40 84.78 19.72 46.62 30.42 291.36 19.78 63.86
CV % 2.38 3.17 5.62 8.56 15.64 27.10 18.08 19.50 17.02 8.60
SE m ± 1.45 3.22 14.00 7.34 3.08 12.63 5.50 56.80 3.37 5.49
C D 5% (in same
block) 2.85 6.33 27.30 14.99 6.00 26.12 10.91 110.66 6.57 10.89
C D 5% (in
different block) 2.91 6.45 28.15 14.37 6.20 25.01 11.00 114.18 6.77 10.99
53
4.2.2 Days to Maturity
Days to maturity was ranged from 80.5 to 125.5 days with a mean of
101.54 days. Among all genotypes IC 27786 matured early when compared to
IC 305920, matured lately. Forty Four genotypes were found to mature earlier
when compared to grand mean.
4.2.3 Plant Height (cm)
The mean values of genotypes for plant height ranged from 119.80 cm
to 363.60 cm with a general mean height of 249.40 cm. Among all the
genotypes IC 12965 was the shortest, whereas IC 7679 was the tallest. Forty
three genotypes were found taller in height compared to their grand mean
height.
4.2.4 Panicle Weight (g)
The mean values of genotypes for panicle weight ranged from 33.99 g
to 192.69 g with a general mean weight of 84.78 g. Among all the genotypes
IC 5295 had low panicle weight, whereas IC 343582 with the high panicle
weight. Thirty one genotypes were found high panicle weight than their
general mean weight.
4.2.5 Panicle Length (cm)
The trait panicle length ranged from 10.2 cm to 34.99 cm with a mean
panicle length of 19.72 cm. The longest panicle was produced by the genotype
IC 7679 whereas the shortest panicle was recorded by the genotype IC
343589. Among all genotypes, 37 genotypes had greater panicle length when
compared to mean panicle length of the genotypes.
4.2.6 Number of Primaries per Panicle
Number of primaries per panicle ranged from 18.7 to 99.00 with a
mean Number of primaries per panicle of 46.63. The maximum number of
54
primaries per panicle was recorded in the genotype IC 29100 whereas
minimum in the genotypes IC 5301. Thirty seven genotypes have recorded
more number of primaries per panicle when compared to general mean of this
character.
4.2.7 1000-Seed Weight (g)
This character mean ranged from 13.11 g to 65.03 g. The genotype IC
23891 recorded the highest 1000-seed weight whereas IC 5295 registered the
lowest 1000-seed weight. Thirteen genotypes displayed high 1000-seed
weight than the general mean 30.42 g.
4.2.8 Stover Yield per Plant (g)
This character mean ranged from 79.45g to 574.6g. The genotype IC
343589 recorded the highest stover yield per plant whereas IC 1219 registered
the lowest stover yield per plant. Thirty seven genotypes displayed more
stover yield per plant than the general mean 291.360 g.
4.2.9 Harvest Index
The highest harvest index was observed in IC 29565 (40.02 %) while
IC 343588 had the lowest harvest index (10.64 %) with a mean harvest index
of 19.78 per cent. Thirty five genotypes surpassed their mean value for harvest
index.
4.2.10 Grain Yield per Plant (g)
This character mean in the genotypes ranged from 18.79 g to 165.53 g.
The genotype IC 343582 recorded the highest grain yield whereas IC 4951
registered the lowest grain yield per plant. Twelve genotypes recorded higher
grain yield than the general mean 63.86 g.
55
In the present study the genotype IC 343582 recorded the highest per
se performance for grain yield per plant followed by IC 15744. The increased
grain yield in genotype IC 343582 was due to high panicle weight, high 1000-
seed weight, more number of primaries per panicle and high harvest index.
The genotype IC 15744 also recorded promising yield potential as it had high
panicle weight, more number of primaries per panicle, high 1000-seed weight
and high harvest index. Similarly, the genotype IC 23891 showed fairly high
grain yield due to relatively high panicle weight and high 1000-seed weight.
Thus the genotypes IC 343582, IC 15744 and IC 23891 appeared to be
promising donors for grain yield and other economic traits. The genotype IC
343589 had high stover yield per plant. Similarly IC 29100 recorded high for
1000-seed weight (50.55g) and number of primaries per panicle (99) and IC
7679 for plant height (363.6 cm). The above genotypes are worthy of
utilization in improvement of above respective characters. These can be
utilized as donors in the hybridization programme.
4.3 GENETIC PARAMETERS
The estimates of variability as phenotypic and genotypic coefficients
of variation, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance and genetic advance
as per cent of mean of 10 quantitative characters in 81 genotypes of sorghum
were furnished in Table 4.3 and Figure 4.1
4.3.1 Variability
The highest estimates of coefficients of variation were registered for
grain yield per plant (GCV = 48.46; PCV = 48.84 ) followed by panicle
weight (GCV = 42.37; PCV = 42.82), stover yield per plant (GCV = 41.85;
PCV = 44.45), harvest index (GCV = 37.74; PCV = 39.88), 1000-seed weight
(GCV = 30.52; PCV = 33.11), panicle length (GCV = 25.2; PCV = 28) and
number of primaries per panicle (GCV = 22.84; PCV = 30.21) in the
decreasing order of their magnitude. Similar kind of high estimates of
variability were reported by Mahajan et al. (2011), Shinde et al. (2010),
56
Table 4.3: Estimation of GCV, PCV, h2b, GA and expected genetic gain as per cent of mean in 81 sorghum genotypes
GCV : Genotypic Coefficient of Variation h2
b : Heritability in broad sense
PCV : Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation GA : Genetic Advance
S.NO. Character Mean Range GCV
(%)
PCV
(%)
h2b
(%) G A
GA as % of
mean Min Max
1 Days to 50 % Flowering 60.98 47.00 80.50 14.13 14.23 98.52 17.61 28.88
2 Days to Maturity 101.54 80.50 125.50 10.94 11.17 95.83 22.40 22.05
3 Plant Height (cm) 249.40 119.80 363.60 16.70 17.53 94.00 84.66 33.95
4 Panicle Weight (g) 84.78 33.99 192.69 42.37 42.82 97.88 73.21 86.35
5 Panicle Length (cm) 19.71 10.20 34.90 25.20 28.00 81.01 9.21 46.72
6 Number of Primaries per
Panicle 46.63 18.70 99.00 22.84 30.21 57.14 16.58 35.56
7 1000 Seed Weight (g) 30.42 13.11 65.03 30.52 33.11 85.00 17.63 57.97
8 Stover Yield per Plant (g) 291.36 79.45 574.60 41.85 44.45 88.64 236.47 81.16
9 Harvest Index 19.78 10.64 40.02 37.74 39.88 89.53 14.55 73.56
10 Grain Yield per Plant (g) 63.86 18.79 165.53 48.46 48.84 98.44 63.25 99.04
57
Figure 4.1. Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for ten characters in 81
sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotype
58
Warkad et al. (2008), Bheemashankar (2007), Khapre et al. (2007), Rajkumar
and Kuruvinashetti (2007), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Arunkumar et al.
(2004) , Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Prabhakar (2001), Veerabadhiran and
Kennedy (2001), Biradar et al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996),
Nimbalkar et al. (1988), Kumar and Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980b) and
Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for grain yield per plant; Lata Chaudhary and
Shailesh Arora (2001), Amit et al. (1999), Goud et al. (1980) and Swarup and
Chaugale (1962a) for panicle weight; Warkad et al. (2008), Lata Chaudhary
and Shailesh Arora (2001) and Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for stover yield
per plant; Mahajan et al. (2011) and Amit et al. (1999) for harvest index;
Warkad et al. (2008), Bheemashankar (2007), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006),
Prabhakar (2001), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Singh and Makne
(1980b) and Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for 1000-seed weight; Warkad et
al. (2008), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Arunkumar et al. (2004), Biradar et
al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Goud et al. (1980) and Swarup
and Chaugale (1962a) for panicle length; Shinde et al. (2010), Khapre et al.
(2007), Arunkumar et al. (2004) and Chaudhary and Balai (1996) for number
of primaries per panicle. Comparatively high estimates of variability observed
in the above characters especially grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover
yield per plant, harvest index, 1000-seed weight and panicle length shows that
there is ample scope for selection.
The moderate estimates of coefficients of variation were observed for
plant height (GCV = 16.7, PCV =17.53), days to 50 per cent flowering (GCV
= 14.13, PCV =14.23), days to maturity (GCV = 10.94, PCV =11.17). Similar
kind of moderate estimates of variability were reported by Negash et al.
(2005) for plant height. The difference between PCV and GCV values for
number of primaries per panicle was high indicating the effect of
environment. However, the difference between the PCV and GCV values for
other characters was low indicating minimum effect of environment.
59
4.3.2 Heritability
High heritability in broad sense was registered for all the characters
under study. The highest heritability was recorded for days to 50 per cent
flowering (98.52%) followed by grain yield per plant (98.44%), panicle
weight (97.88%), days to maturity (95.83%), plant height (94.00%), harvest
index (89.53%), stover yield per plant (88.64%), 1000-seed weight (85.00%)
and panicle length (81.01%) in the decreasing order of their magnitude
(Figure 4.2). Similar kind of high estimates of high heritability were reported
by Bello et al. (2007), Kishore and Singh (2005), Prabhakar (2001),
Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Nimbalkar et al. (1988) and Singh and
Makne (1980b) for days to 50 per cent flowering; Sameer Kumar et al.
(2011), Chavan et al. (2010), Kusalkar et al. (2009), Tiwari et al. (2003), Lata
Chaudhary et al. (2001), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Chaudhary and
Balai (1996) , Eckebil et al. (1997), Cheralu and Rao (1989), Goud et al.
(1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and Sindagi et al. (1970) for grain yield per
plant; Amit et al. (1999), Eckebil et al. (1997), Cheralu and Rao (1989),
Kumar and Singh (1986), Goud et al. (1980) and Liang et al. (1972) for
panicle weight; Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Tiwari et al. (2003), Lata
Chaudhary et al. (2001) , Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Singh and Makne
(1980b) for days to maturity; Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Chavan et al.
(2010), Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009), Bello et al. (2007), Tiwari et al.
(2003), Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Eckebil et al. (1997), Chaudhary and
Balai (1996), Amrithadevarathinam and Sankarapandian (1994), Kumar and
Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980a), Singh and Makne (1980b), Wanjari and
Patil (1977), Liang et al. (1972) , Basu (1971) and Swarup and Chaugale
(1962a) for plant height; Chavan et al. (2010), Amit et al. (1999) and
Chaudhary and Balai (1996) for harvest index; Chaudhary and Balai (1996)
and Sindagi et al. (1970) for stover yield per plant; Sameer Kumar et al.
(2011), Kusalkar et al. (2009), Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009), Tiwari et
al. (2003), Kumar and Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980a), Naphade and
Ailwar (1976) and Singh and Singh (1973) for 1000 seed weight; Kusalkar et
60
al. (2009), Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009), Warkad et al. (2008), Bello
et al. (2007), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Chaudhary and Balai (1996),
Cheralu and Rao (1989), Patel et al. (1980b), Goud et al. (1980), Wanjari and
Patil (1977) and Singh and Singh (1973) for panicle length.
Moderate heritability was exhibited by number of primaries per
panicle (57.14). Similar results are not available for this character.
In the present study, the estimates of heritability in broad sense were
computed, which includes both additive and non additive gene effects. High
value of heritability in broad sense indicates that the character is least
influenced by environmental effects.
4.3.3 Genetic Advance
The highest genetic advance was recorded for stover yield per plant
(236.47%) followed by plant height (84.66%), panicle weight (73.21 %), grain
yield per plant (63.25%), days to maturity (22.4%) in the decreasing order of
their magnitude (Figure 4.2).
Moderate value of genetic advance was observed for 1000-seed weight
(17.63%) followed by days to 50 per cent flowering (17.61%), number of
primary branches (16.58%), harvest index (14.55%) where as panicle length
(9.21%) was registered low estimates of genetic advance in decreasing order
of their magnitude.
4.3.4 Genetic Advance as per cent of Mean
The maximum genetic advance as per cent of mean was registered for
grain yield per plant (99.04%) followed by panicle weight (86.35%), stover
yield per plant (81.16%), harvest index (73.56%), 1000-seed weight (57.97%),
panicle length (46.72.%), number of primaries per panicle (35.56%), plant
height (33.95%), days to 50 per cent flowering (28.88%), days to maturity
(22.05%) and in decreasing order of their magnitude.
The high heritability value alone provides no indication of the amount
of genetic progress that would result from the selection of the best individuals.
61
The heritability and genetic advance when calculated together are most useful
for predicting the resultant effect, thus, selecting the best individuals than
considering heritability or genetic advance alone. Since, magnitude of genetic
advance is influenced by units of measurement, genetic advance as percentage
of mean was computed.
In the present investigation high heritability coupled with high genetic
advance as percentage of mean was recorded for majority of characters viz.,
grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover yield per plant, harvest index,
1000-seed weight, panicle length, plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering
and days to maturity. Similar kind of high estimates of high heritability
coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were reported by
Mahajan et al. (2011), Chavan et al. (2010), Kusalkar et al. (2009) , Warkad
et al. (2008), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Tiwari et al. (2003),
Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) , Patel et al.
(1980b), Singh and Makne (1980b), Wanjari and Patil (1977), Basu (1971)
and Sindagi et al. (1970) for grain yield per plant; Deepalakshmi and
Ganesamurthy (2007), Amit et al. (1999), Biradar et al. (1996), Kumar and
Singh (1986) and Goud et al. (1980) for panicle weight; Jain and Patel (2012),
Shinde et al. (2010), Warkad et al. (2008), Lata Chaudhary and Shailesh
Arora (2001), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Sindagi et al. (1970) for stover
yield per plant; Amit et al. (1999), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) for harvest
index; Kusalkar et al. (2009), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),
Negash et al. (2005), Umakanth et al. (2004), Tiwari et al. (2003),
Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Nguyen et al. (1998), Kumar and Singh
(1986), Singh and Makne (1980b) and Singh and Singh (1973) for 1000-seed
weight; Kusalkar et al. (2009), Warkad et al. (2008), Bello et al. (2007),
Negash et al. (2005), Umakanth et al. (2004), Arunkumar et al. (2004), Amit
et al. (1999), Biradar et al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996), Patel et al.
(1980b), Goud et al. (1980) and Wanjari and Patel (1977) for panicle length;
Jain and Patel (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Chavan et al. (2010), Shinde et
al. (2010), Kusalkar et al. (2009), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),
62
Figure 4.2. Heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance (GA) as per cent of mean for ten characters in 81
sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotype
63
Negash el al. (2005), Tiwari et al. (2003), Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001),
Nguyen et al. (1998), Biradar et al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) ,
Sankarapandian et al. (1996), Kumar and Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980b),
Singh and Makne (1980b) and Wanjari and Patil (1977), Basu (1971) and
Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for plant height; Jain and Patel (2012),
Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007) and Basu (1971) for days to 50 per
cent flowering, Tiwari et al. (2003) and Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001) for days
to maturity. Thus these traits are most probably controlled by additive gene
action and hence these traits can be fixed by selection.
Moderate heritability with high genetic advance was registered for
number of primaries per panicle. These results are not accordance with the
any author. Thus the trait is controlled by additive gene action. The decrease
in heritability for this character is slightly influenced by environment. Hence,
this trait is less amenable for selection.
4.4 CHARACTER ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS
Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were computed in
order to assess the direction and magnitude of association existing between
grain yield and other component characters and were furnished in Table 4.4.
In general, the genotypic correlations were higher than the corresponding
phenotypic correlations, similar kind of results were reported by Mahajan et
al. (2011), Sukhchain and Karnail Singh (2008), Ezeaku and Mohammed
(2006), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Prabhakar (2001) and Swarup
and Chaugale (1962b). Grain yield per plant had highly significant positive
phenotypic and very strong positive genotypic correlation with panicle weight
(rg = 1.001***; rp = 0.993***) followed by 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.910 ***;
rp = 0.835***), harvest index (rg = 0.500***; rp = 0.477***). Similarly, it had
also showed significant positive phenotypic and significant positive genotypic
association with number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.487 ***; rp =
0.397***), stover yield per plant (rg = 0.378***; rp = 0.356***), days to
maturity (rg = 0.359***; rp = 0.343***), days to 50 per cent flowering
64
(rg=0.276 ***; rp = 0.269***) and plant height (rg = 0.208**; rp = 0.209**).
Similar kind of results was made by Prasuna et al. (2012), Vijaya kumar et al.
(2012), Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy
(2007), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Umakanth et al. (2004), Iyanar et al.
(2001), Navale et al. (2001), Jeyaprakash et al. (1997), Potdukhe et al. (1994),
Raut et al. (1992), Nimbalkar et al. (1988) and Naphade and Ailwar (1976)
and Liang et al. (1969) were indicating that panicle weight is significant
positive associated with grain yield per plant. Similarly, Prasuna et al. (2012),
Vijaya kumar et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer Kumar et al.
(2011), Warkad et al. (2010), Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008), Hemlata
Sharma et al. (2006), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Premalatha et al.
(2006), Umakanth et al. (2004), Veerabadiran and Kennedy (2001),
Muppidathi et al. (2000), Chaudhary and Balai (1996), Potudukhe et al.
(1994) and Nimbalkar et al. (1988) reported that 1000-seed weight is positive
significant associated with grain yield per plant. Mohammad Yazdani (2012),
Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Godbharle et al. (2010),
Tariq et al. (2007), Kumaravadivel and Amirthadevarathinam (2000),
Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Bohra et al. (1985) reported that harvest
index is significant positive associated with grain yield per plant. Mahajan et
al. (2011), Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy
(2007) and Umakanth et al. (2004) reported that number of primaries per
panicle is significant positive associated with grain yield per plant. Thus the
panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and number of primaries per panicle seems
to have predominant effect on grain yield per plant. Hence there is ample
scope in the improvement of yield by selecting a genotype having higher
panicle weight, higher 1000-seed weight and number of primary branches per
panicle since they are highly correlated with grain yield per plant at both
phenotypic and genotypic levels.
Similarly grain yield per plant has significant negative phenotypic and
genotypic association with panicle length (rg = -0.417***; rp = -0.374***).
Similar results were not reported by others.
65
4.4.1. Days to 50 per cent Flowering
Days to 50 per cent flowering had highly significant positive phenotypic
and very strong significant positive genotypic association with days to
maturity (rg = 0.951***; rp = 0.936***), stover yield per plant (rg = 0.847***;
rp = 0.790***), number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.733***; rp =
0.552***), plant height (rg = 0.537***; rp = 0.517***), panicle weight (rg =
0.240**; rp = 0.236**) and 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.244**; rp = 0.228**).
Similarly, it had also showed highly significant negative phenotypic and
strong significant negative genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -
0.537***; rp = -0.505***) and panicle length (rg= -0.425***; rp = -0.374***).
Similar results were reported by Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007)
indicating the days to 50 per cent flowering had positive and significant
association with 1000-seed weight and plant height at genotypic level.
Warkad et al. (2010) and Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) also reported the days to
50 per cent flowering had positive and significant association with days to
maturity and plant height.
4.4.2. Days to Maturity
Days to maturity had highly significant positive phenotypic and very
strong positive genotypic association with stover yield per plant (rg =
0.866***; rp = 0.808***), plant height (rg = 0.573***; rp = 0.537***), number
of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.758***; rp = 0.528***), panicle weight (rg =
0.327***; rp = 0.310***) and 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.290***; rp =
0.274***). On contrary, it had highly significant negative phenotypic and very
strong negative significant genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -
0.477***; rp = -0.450***) and panicle length (rg = -0.352***; rp = -0.310***).
Similar results were reported by Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) indicating days
to maturity had significant positive correlation with fodder yield.
66
Table 4.4. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficients among grain yield and its components in 81 sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes
Characters
DFF DTM P H
(cm)
P W
(g)
P L
(cm) N P P
1000 S W
(g) S Y P P (g) H I
G Y P P
(g)
DFF rp 1.000 0.936*** 0.517*** 0.236** -0.374*** 0.552*** 0.228** 0.790*** -0.505*** 0.269*** rg 0.951*** 0.537*** 0.240** -0.425*** 0.733*** 0.244** 0.847*** -0.537*** 0.276***
DTM rp 1.000 0.537*** 0.310*** -0.310*** 0.528*** 0.274*** 0.808*** -0.450*** 0.343*** rg 0.573*** 0.327*** -0.352*** 0.758*** 0.290*** 0.866*** -0.477*** 0.359***
P H (cm) rp 1.000 0.204** 0.018 0.314*** 0.213** 0.550*** -0.386*** 0.209*
rg 0.207** -0.001 0.412*** 0.257** 0.586*** -0.414 0.208*
P W (g) rp 1.000 -0.370*** 0.379*** 0.830*** 0.327*** 0.496*** 0.992*** rg -0.420*** 0.426*** 0.904*** 0.350*** 0.520*** 1.00***
P L (cm) rp 1.000 -0.428*** -0.221** -0.343*** -0.047 -0.374***
rg -0.657** -0.260** -0.450*** -0.026 -0.417***
N P P rp 1.000 0.368*** 0.575*** -0.197* 0.397***
rg 0.514*** 0.825*** -0.303*** 0.487***
1000 S W(g) rp 1.000 0.356*** 0.325*** 0.835*** rg 0.411*** 0.372*** 0.91***
S Y P P (g) rp 1.000 -0.571*** 0.356*** rg -0.554*** 0.378***
H I rp 1.000 0.477 *** rg 0.500***
* Significant at 1% level ** Significant at 0.5% level, *** Significant at 0.1% level DFF= Days to 50 per cent Flowering, DTM = Days to Maturity,
PH = Plant Height (cm), PW = Panicle Weight, PL = Panicle Length (cm), NPP=Number of Primaries per Panicle, 1000 SW = 1000 Seed Weight(g),
SYPP = Stover Yield per Plant (g,), HI = Harvest Index (%) and GYPP = Grain Yield per Plant (g)
67
4.4.3. Plant Height
Plant height showed highly significant positive genotypic and strong
phenotypic association with stover yield per plant (rg = 0.586***; rp =
0.550***), number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.412***; rp = 0.314***),
1000-seed weight (rg = 0.257**; rp = 0.213**) and panicle weight (rg =
0.207**; rp = 0.204**). On contrary, it had also showed significant negative
phenotypic and genotypic association with harvest index (rg = - 0.414***; rp =
-0.386***). Panicle length (rg = -0.001; rp = 0.018) showed non significant
positive phenotypic and non significant negative genotypic association with
plant height. Similar kind of results were reported by Sameer Kumar et al.
(2011) indicating plant height had significant positive correlation with test
(1000-seed weight) weight. Similar kind of results were reported by Chauvan
and Singh (1975) indicating positive association between plant height and
panicle length. Wanjari and Patil (1977) and Panchal et al. (1979) reported
that plant height was negatively correlated with the panicle length. But
Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007) reported a negative and significant
association of plant height with ear head length at the genotypic level.
4.4.4. Panicle Weight
Panicle weight showed highly significant positive phenotypic and very
strong positive genotypic association with 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.904***;
rp = 0.830***) followed by harvest index (rg = 0.520***; rp = 0.496***),
number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.426***; rp = 0.379***) and
stover yield per plant (rg = 0.350***; rp = 0.327***). Panicle weight recorded
the significant negative phenotypic and genotypic association with panicle
length (rg = -0.420***; rp = -0.370***). Similar kind of results was reported
by Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006) indicating significant positive association
of panicle weight with 1000-seed weight. Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008) also
indicating the positive significant association with number of primaries per
panicle and 100-seed weight.
68
4.4.5. Panicle Length
Panicle Length recorded the high significant negative genotypic and
phenotypic association with number of primaries per panicle (rg = -0.657***;
rp = -0.428***) followed by stover yield per plant (rg = -0.450***; rp = -
0.343***) and 1000-seed weight (rg = -0.260***; rp = -0.221**). While its non
significant negative phenotypic and genotypic association with harvest index
(rg = -0.026; rp = -0.047). A similar result was reported by Aruna and
Audilakshmi (2008) for panicle length showed negative significant correlation
with 1000 seed weight.
4.4.6. Number of Primaries per Panicle
Number of primaries per panicle recorded the highly significant
positive phenotypic and very strong positive genotypic association with stover
yield per plant (rg = 0.825***; rp = 0.575***) followed by 1000-seed weight
(rg = 0.514***; rp = 0.368***). While its lowest significant negative
phenotypic and genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -0.303***; rp =
-0.197*).
4.4.7. 1000-Seed Weight
1000-seed weight recorded highly significant positive phenotypic and
genotypic association with stover yield per plant (rg = 0.411***; rp =
0.356***) followed by harvest index (rg = 0.372***; rp = 0.325***). Similar
kind of results were reported by Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) indicating 1000-
seed weight had significant positive correlation with fodder yield. Mahajan et
al. (2011) indicating positive significant association of 1000-seed weight with
harvest index.
1.4.8. Stover Yield per Plant
Stover yield per plant showed highly significant negative phenotypic
and very strong negative genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -
0.554***; rp = -0.571***).
69
Besides the correlation studies between yield and yield components,
inter se association studies reveal the favourable or unfavourable association
existing among yield components. Therefore, inter se association studies also
provide an opportunity to select only those characters which are favourably
associated among themselves as well as with yield. In the present
investigation also, studies on inter se association among yield components
revealed the highest significant favourable association existed between days to
50 per cent flowering with days to maturity followed by stover yield per plant,
number of primaries per panicle and plant height; days to maturity with stover
yield per plant, plant height, number of primaries per panicle and panicle
weight; plant height with stover yield per plant and number of primaries per
panicle; panicle weight with 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of
primaries per panicle and stover yield per plant; number of primaries per
panicle with stover yield per plant and 1000-seed weight; 1000-seed weight
with stover yield per plant and harvest index. Similar kind of result was
reported by Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006) indicating significant positive
association of panicle weight with 100-seed weight; Mahajan et al. (2011) for
100-seed weight with harvest index. Highly significant favourable correlation
among yield attributes indicates that, the unit increase in one trait will cause a
unit increase in the associated trait, which inturn will cause an increase in the
yield.
In the present study, it was observed that, among the yield components
grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant positive association with
most of the traits viz., panicle weight, 1000-seed weight, harvest index,
number of primaries per panicle, stover yield per plant and days to maturity
whereas panicle length exhibited highly significant negative correlation with
grain yield per plant.
To conclude, correlation studies in general suggested that
improvement in grain yield per plant can be obtained by applying selection on
panicle weight, 1000-seed weight, harvest index and number of primaries per
70
panicle as they represent more sink to source ratio, finally resulting in more
grain yield per plant.
4.5 PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS
Path coefficient analysis helps in the partitioning of correlation
coefficient into direct and indirect effects of various characters on grain yield.
It provides an effective means of finding out direct and indirect causes of
association and presents a critical examination of the specific forces acting to
produce a given correlation and measures the relative importance of each
causal factor.
The path coefficient analysis of different characters on grain yield per
plant in eighty one genotypes of sorghum were presented in Table 4.5 and
Figure 4.3.
4.5.1 Direct effects of different characters on grain yield per
plant
The phenotypic path coefficient analysis among grain yield and its
components revealed that panicle weight (0.8926) had positive and maximum
direct effect on grain yield per plant. Harvest index (0.0781), stover yield per
plant (0.0675), 1000-seed weight (0.0367), days to maturity (0.0282), days to
50% flowering (0.0175), panicle length (0.0086) and number of primaries per
panicle (0.0053) have a negligible positive direct effect on grain yield per
plant. Conversely, the negligible negative direct effect on grain yield per plant
by plant height (-0.0142).
4.5.2 Indirect effect of component characters on grain yield per
plant
4.5.2.1 Days to 50 per cent Flowering
Days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited positive and significant
correlation with grain yield per plant (0.2688***). Its direct effect on grain
71
yield per plant was positive and negligible (0.0175). The indirect effect of
days to 50 per cent flowering on grain yield per plant was positive and
moderate through panicle weight (0.2103). Similarly the indirect effect of
days to 50 per cent flowering on grain yield per plant was positive and
negligible through stover yield per plant (0.0533), days to maturity (0.0264),
1000-seed weight (0.0084), panicle length (0.0032) and number of primaries
per panicle (0.0029). On contrary negative and negligible indirect effect was
exhibited by harvest index (-0.0395) and plant height (-0.0073).
4.5.2.2 Days to Maturity
Days to maturity exhibited highly significant positive correlation with
grain yield per plant (0.3432***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was
positive and negligible (0.0282). The indirect effect of days to maturity on
grain yield per plant was positive and moderate through panicle weight
(0.2768). Similarly the indirect effect of days to maturity on grain yield per
plant was positive and negligible through stover yield per plant (0.0545), days
to 50 per cent flowering (0.0164), 1000-seed weight (0.010) and number of
primaries per panicle (0.0028). On contrary negative and negligible indirect
effect was exhibited by harvest index (-0.0352), plant height (-0.0076) and
panicle length (-0.0027).
4.5.2.3 Plant Height
Plant height exhibited positive and significant correlation with grain
yield per plant (0.208**). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was
negative and negligible (-0.0142). The indirect effect of plant height on grain
yield per plant was positive and low through panicle weight (0.1820).
Similarly the indirect effect of plant height on grain yield per plant was
positive and negligible through stover yield per plant (0.0370), days to
maturity (0.0151), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.009), 1000-seed weight
(0.0078), number of primaries per panicle (0.0017) and panicle length
72
(0.0002). On contrary negative and negligible indirect effect was through
harvest index (-0.0302).
4.5.2.4 Panicle Weight
Panicle weight exhibited highly significant positive correlation with
grain yield per plant (0.9926***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was
positive and high (0.8926). The indirect effect of panicle weight on grain yield
per plant was positive and negligible through harvest index (0.0388), 1000-
seed weight (0.0304), stover yield per plant (0.0220), days to maturity
(0.0087), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.0041) and number of primaries per
panicle (0.0020). On contrary the indirect effect of panicle length (-0.0032),
plant height (-0.0029) was negative and negligible.
4.5.2.5 Panicle Length
Panicle length exhibited negative and significant correlation with grain
yield per plant (-0.3739***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was
positive and negligible (0.0086). The indirect effect of panicle length on grain
yield per plant was negative and high through panicle weight (-0.3297).
Similarly, its indirect effect of panicle length on grain yield per plant was
negative and negligible through stover yield per plant (-0.0232), days to
maturity (-0.0087), 1000-seed weight (-0.0081), days to 50 per cent flowering
(-0.0065), harvest index (-0.0036), number of primaries per panicle (-0.0023)
and plant height (-0.0003).
4.5.2.6 Number of Primaries per Panicle
Number of primaries per panicle exhibited significant positive
correlation with grain yield per plant (0.3967***). Its direct effect on grain
yield per plant was positive and negligible (0.0053). The indirect effect of
number of primaries per panicle on grain yield per plant was positive and high
through panicle weight (0.3381). Similarly the indirect effect of number of
primaries per panicle on grain yield per plant was positive and negligible
73
Table 4.5. Phenotypic path co-efficients among grain yield and yield components in 81 sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes
S.
No Characters
Days to
50 Per
cent
flowering
Days to
Maturity
Plant
Height
(cm)
Panicle
Weight
(gm)
Panicle
Length
(cm)
Number of
Primaries
per Panicle
1000-
Seed
Weight
(gm)
Stover
Yield per
Plant (gm)
Harvest
Index
Grain Yield
per Plant
1 Days to 50 per cent
Flowering 0.017 0.026 -0.007 0.210 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.053 -0.040 0.269***
2 Days to Maturity 0.016 0.028 -0.008 0.277 -0.003 0.003 0.010 0.054 -0.035 0.343***
3 Plant Height (cm) 0.009 0.015 -0.014 0.182 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.030 -0.030 0.208**
4 Panicle Weight (g) 0.004 0.008 -0.003 0.893 -0.003 0.002 0.030 0.022 0.039 0.993***
5 Panicle Length (cm) -0.006 -0.009 -0.001 -0.330 0.009 -0.002 -0.008 -0.023 -0.004 -0.374***
6
Number of
Primaries per
Panicle
0.010 0.015 -0.004 0.338 -0.004 0.005 0.013 0.039 -0.015 0.397***
7 1000 Seed Weight
(g) 0.004 0.008 -0.003 0.740 -0.002 0.002 0.037 0.024 0.025 0.835***
8 Stover Yield per
Plant(g) 0.014 0.023 -0.008 0.2914 -0.003 0.003 0.013 0.067 -0.045 0.356***
9 Harvest Index -0.009 -0.013 0.005 0.443 -0.003 -0.001 0.012 -0.038 0.078 0.477***
** Significant at 0.5% level, ***Significant at 0.1% level, Residual effect at phenotypic level = 0.108
Bold : Direct effects Normal : Indirect effects
74
Figure 4.3. Phenotypic path diagram of yield and yield components in
sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes
75
through stover yield per plant (0.0388), days to maturity (0.0149), 1000-seed
weight (0.0135), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.0097) and number of
primaries per panicle (0.0020). Number of primaries per panicle showed
negative and negligible indirect effect on grain yield per plant through harvest
index (-0.0154), plant height (-0.0045) and panicle length (-0.0037).
4.5.2.7 1000-Seed Weight
1000-seed weight exhibited highly significant positive correlation with
grain yield per plant (0.8348***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was
positive and negligible (0.0367). The indirect effect of 1000-seed weight on
grain yield per plant was positive and high through panicle weight (0.740).
Similarly the indirect effect of 1000-seed weight on grain yield per plant was
positive and negligible through harvest index (0.0254), stover yield per plant
(0.0240), days to maturity (0.0077), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.0040)
and number of primaries per panicle (0.0019). Whereas negative and
negligible indirect effect was shown by plant height (-0.0030) and panicle
length (-0.0019).
4.5.2.8 Stover Yield per Plant
Stover yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with
grain yield per plant (0.3562***). Whereas its direct effect on grain yield per
plant was negligible and positive (0.0675). The indirect effect on grain yield
per plant was positive and moderate through panicle weight (0.2914).
Similarly the indirect effect of stover yield per plant on grain yield per plant
was positive and negligible through days to maturity (0.0228), days to 50 per
cent flowering (0.0138), 1000-seed weight (0.0131) and number of primaries
per panicle (0.0030). Whereas negative and negligible indirect effect was
through harvest index (-0.0446), plant height (-0.0078) and panicle length (-
0.0029).
76
4.5.2.9 Harvest Index
Harvest index showed highly significant positive correlation with grain
yield per plant (0.4771***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was
negligible and positive (0.0781). The indirect effect of harvest index on grain
yield per plant was high and positive through panicle weight (0.4431).
Whereas negligible and positive indirect effect was through 1000-seed weight
(0.0199) and plant height (0.0055). On contrary negative and negligible
indirect effect was through stover yield per plant (-0.0385), days to maturity (-
0.0127), days to 50 per cent flowering (-0.0088), number of primaries per
panicle (-0.0010) and panicle length (-0.0004).
Considering direct effects, positive direct effect on grain yield per
plant was noticed for panicle weight followed by harvest index, stover yield
per plant, 1000-seed weight, days to maturity, days to 50 per cent flowering,
panicle length and number of primaries per panicle. Similar results were also
observed by Prasuna et al. (2012), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),
Khapre et al. (2007), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Iyanar et al. (2001),
Potdukhe et al. (1992), Raut et al. (1992), Thombre and Patil (1985), Naphade
and Ailwar (1976) and Singh et al. (1976) for panicle weight; Pokle et al.
(1973) for stover yield per plant; Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al.
(2010), Warkad et al. (2010), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha et al.
(2006), Iyanar et al. (2001), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Potdukhe et
al. (1994), Geremew and Gebeyechu (1993), Berenji (1990), Gomez et al.
(1986), Patel et al. (1980b) and Abu-El-Gasim and Kambal (1975) for 1000-
seed weight, Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Warkad et
al. (2010), Alhassan et al. (2008), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha
et al. (2006), Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Iyanar et al. (2001),
Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Ashtana et al. (1996) and Pokle et al.
(1973) for days to 50 per cent flowering; El-Din et al. (2012), Mahajan et al.
(2011), Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al. (2010), Warkad et al.
77
(2010), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Iyanar et al. (2001), Lata
Chaudhary et al.(2001), Kukadia et al. (1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and
Pokle et al. (1973) for panicle length; Mahajan et al. (2011), Shinde et al.
(2011), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Lata Chaudhary et al.
(2001) and Thombre and Patil (1985) for number of primaries per panicle.
Further, these traits also expressed highly significant positive association with
grain yield per plant except panicle length had significant negative association
with grain yield per plant. The high direct effects of these traits appeared to be
the main factor for their strong association with grain yield per plant. Hence,
direct selection for these traits would be rewarding for yield improvement.
The traits plant height exhibited negative direct effect on grain yield
per plant. Similar results were reported by Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy
(2007) for plant height. However, the negative direct effect of plant height
was nullified due to their high indirect positive effects through other
component characters. Even though this trait exerted negative direct effect, its
correlation with grain yield per plant was positive, indicating that the indirect
effects seems to be the cause of positive correlation with grain yield per plant,
indicating the ineffectiveness of direct selection for these traits. Therefore, it
is suggestive to apply indirect selection via plant height.
In conclusion, the contribution of different traits towards grain yield
per plant revealed that the trait panicle weight influenced grain yield per plant
directly and predominantly followed by harvest index and 1000-seed weight.
Further, the association of these traits with grain yield per plant was also
positive and highly significant, indicating the importance of these traits for
grain yield improvement in the present material. Besides this, the traits panicle
weight, harvest index and 1000-seed weight also influenced grain yield per
plant indirectly in a substantial magnitude through most of the other yield
components as evident in the results. This indicated that these traits were the
most important traits in influencing grain yield per plant. Thus, selection for
78
maximum panicle weight, harvest index and 100-seed weight is pre-requisite
for attaining improvement in grain yield per plant in the present material.
In the present study, the residual effect was of low magnitude
(0.1082), suggesting that most of the important components contributing to
yield have been utilized in this analysis.
79
Chapter V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Sorghum is the fifth most important crop and is the dietary staple of
more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. It is an important
food crop of the dry zone of Andhra Pradesh and the area of sorghum is fast
declining for the past 10 decades due to the restricted cultivation, mostly
confined to dry lands of low fertility status with insufficient soil moisture
availability, lack of improved high yielding cultivars, delayed sowing, low
fertilizer use, improper adoption of management practices, lower yields and
competition from high value commercial crops, coupled with stagnant yields.
So there is immediate need to develop improved varieties and hybrids by
utilizing available germplasm. Therefore keeping in view the present study
was planned to understand genetic variability and character association in
sorghum genotypes and utilize information to develop the sorghum varieties
having high yielding potential.
The present study was carried out to estimate nature and magnitude of
genetic variability, character association and path analysis for yield and yield
attributing characters among 81 sorghum genotypes. The genotypes were
evaluated in simple lattice design during early rabi season, 2012 at
Agricultural College, Mahanandi, Popularly known as maghi season in
Kurnool district. The data was collected on days to 50 per cent flowering,
days to maturity, plant height (cm), panicle weight (g), panicle length (cm),
number of primaries per panicle, 1000-seed weight (g), stover yield per plant
(g), harvest index and grain yield per plant (g). The experimental results are
summarised below.
1. Mean performance of 81 sorghum genotypes for ten quantitative
traits revealed that the genotypes IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 23891, IC 29100
and IC 29091 were promising donors for grain yield per plant; IC 343582, IC
15744, IC 29100, IC 23891 and IC 30838 were promising donors for panicle
weight; IC 23891, IC 343582, IC 5919, IC 29100 and IC 29091 were
80
promising donors for 1000-seed weight; IC 7679, IC 7987, IC 30838, IC
32349 and IC 7131 were promising donors for panicle length. Promising
donors for remaining characters days to 50 per cent flowering, days to
maturity, plant height, number of primaries per panicle, stover yield per plant
and harvest index are presented in table 4.15.
2. The analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant
differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Hence, the data on all the
ten traits showed significant differences among the entries were subjected to
further statistical analyses.
3. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability were high for
grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover yield per plant, harvest index,
1000-seed weight, panicle length and number of primaries per panicle. Hence,
selection based on these traits would ultimately improve the grain yield.
4. The characters viz., grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover
yield per plant, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, panicle length, number of
primaries per panicle, plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to
maturity exhibited high heritability coupled with a high genetic advance
indicating that simple selection would be sufficient for these traits to bring
genetic improvement in desired direction.
5. Grain yield per plant had positive and significant association with
panicle weight followed by 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of
primaries per panicle, stover yield per plant, days to maturity, days to 50 per
cent flowering and plant height. Whereas grain yield per plant had negative
and significant correlation with panicle length, so selection for these traits
might be rewarding in improvement grain yield per plant in sorghum
genotypes.
81
Table 5.1. Prominent genotypes for different characters in 81 sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes
Character Prominent genotypes
1. Days to 50 per cent
Flowering
IC 15466, IC 305920, IC 18039, IC 17941and
IC 343589
2. Days to Maturity
IC 305920, IC 343554, IC 18039, IC 343589 and
IC 343590
3. Plant Height (cm)
IC 7679, IC 30838, IC 15931, IC 24139 and
IC 28747
4. Panicle Length (cm)
IC 7679, IC 7987, IC 30838, IC 32349 and
IC 7131
5. Panicle Weight (g)
IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 29100, IC 23891 and
IC 30838
6. Number of
Primaries per
Panicle
IC 29100, IC 343554, IC 343573, IC 18039 and
IC 343567
7. 1000-Seed Weight
(g)
IC 23891, IC 343582, IC 5919, IC 29100 and
IC 29091
8. Stover Yield per
Plant (g)
IC 343589, IC 343588, IC 343587, IC 343590 and
343591
9. Harvest Index
IC 29565, IC 19859, IC 29100, IC 29519 and
IC 14779
10. Grain Yield per
Plant (g)
IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 23891, IC 29100 and
IC 29091
82
6. Path coefficient analysis revealed that panicle weight had the highest
positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by harvest index, stover
yield per plant and 1000-seed weight. Hence, it would be rewarding to lay
stress on these characters in selection programme for increasing the grain
yield in sorghum.
7. In the present study on “Genetic variability and character association
for yield and yield attributes in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)”
concluded that the characters panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and harvest
index show high variability, high heritability and high genetic advance and
also show positive and direct effect on grain yield per plant. So selecting the
genotypes having high panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and harvest index is
pre-requisite for improving the grain yield in sorghum.
83
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