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Sorting out a taxonomic mess: Mimulus montioides (Phrymaceae)—one species or five?. Naomi S. Fraga Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont Graduate University. Mimulus montioides. Phryma leptostachya missouriplants.com. Mimulus (monkeyflowers). Phrymaceae (Scrophulariaceae) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Sorting out a taxonomic mess: Mimulus montioides (Phrymaceae)one species or five?
Naomi S. FragaRancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont Graduate UniversityMimulus montioides
Mimulus (monkeyflowers) Phrymaceae (Scrophulariaceae) ca. 90-150 species 75% occur in North America (67 species in CA)
Mimulus fremontii
Mimulus nanusPhryma leptostachyamissouriplants.com
Mimulus (monkeyflowers) Primarily annuals and herbaceous perennials Floral variation Wide range of habitatsMimulus cardinalis
Mimulus androsaceusMimulus aurantiacus
Mimulus palmeriOverviewMinute annual herbs Subgenus MimulusSection ParadanthusTaxonomic confusion (7-12)Montane/desert transitionSeveral species with narrow distributionsThe Mimulus palmeri clade
Beardsley et al. 2004Subgenus Mimulus
Combined MP analysis trnL-F ITS ETS
Mimulus palmeri clade M. androsaceusM. shevockiiM. purpureusM. palmeri M. gracilipes M. suksdorfiiM. montioidesM. montioides [M. barbatus] 100%100%47%100%100%63%48%Beardsley et al. 2004
Combined MP analysis trnL-F ITS ETS
Mimulus palmeri clade M. androsaceusM. shevockiiM. purpureusM. palmeri M. gracilipes M. suksdorfiiM. montioidesM. montioides [M. barbatus] 100%100%47%100%100%63%48%Beardsley et al. 2004
Combined MP analysis trnL-F ITS ETS
Mimulus palmeri cladeM. androsaceusM. barbatusM. diffususM. discolor M. gracilipesM. montioidesslender stalkedmonkeyflowerM. palmeriM. purpureusM. shevockiiM. suksdorfiiM. ignotusM. calcicolus
Mimulus palmeri cladeM. androsaceusM. barbatusM. diffususM. discolor M. gracilipesM. montioidesM. palmeriM. purpureusM. shevockiiM. suksdorfiiSampled by BeardsleyM. ignotusM. calcicolus
Mimulus palmeri cladeM. androsaceusM. barbatusM. diffususM. discolor M. gracilipesM. montioidesM. palmeriM. purpureusM. shevockiiM. suksdorfiiM. calcicolusMimulus montioides species complexM. ignotus
Mimulus palmeri cladeCurrent Treatment in TJM (1993)
Currently recognized taxaSynonymMimulus androsaceousMimulus palmeri var. androsaceousMimulus gracillipesnoneMimulus montioidesM. barbatus, M. deflexus, M. discolor, M. rubellus var. latiflorus, M. calcicolus, M. ignotusMimulus palmeriM. diffususMimulus purpureusnoneMimulus shevockiinoneMimulus suksdorfiinone
Mimulus palmeri cladeCurrent Treatment in TJM (1993)
Currently recognized taxaSynonymMimulus androsaceousMimulus palmeri var. androsaceousMimulus gracillipesnoneMimulus montioidesM. barbatus, M. deflexus, M. discolor, M. rubellus var. latiflorus, M. calcicolus, M. ignotusMimulus palmeriM. diffususMimulus purpureusnoneMimulus shevockiinoneMimulus suksdorfiinone
Mimulus palmeri cladePrevious WorkE.L. Greene (1885) 3 species in Studies in the Botany of California and Parts AdjacentA. Gray (1886) 4 species in Synoptic Flora of North AmericaA.L. Grant (1925), F.W. Pennell (1951), P.A. Munz (1968) 9 species in Monograph of MimulusD.M. Thompson (1993) 7 species The Jepson ManualN.S. Fraga (Unpublished) 12 species Unpublished
Species Protologue (A. Gray 1868)Mimulus montioides
Mimulus montioides
OverviewFive syntypesBrewer 1864 High Sierra, Tulare County, CAAnderson 1865, Carson City, NevadaTorrey, Empire City, NevadaBolander, Mono Pass, CaliforniaParry 1864, Middle Park, COMimulus suksdorfii (1886)
Mimulus montioides
OverviewFive syntypesBrewer 1864 High Sierra, Tulare County, CAAnderson 1865, Carson City, NevadaTorrey, Empire City, NevadaBolander, Mono Pass, CaliforniaParry 1864, Middle Park, COMimulus suksdorfii (1886)
Mimulus montioides
OverviewFive syntypesBrewer 1864 High Sierra, Tulare County, CAAnderson 1865, Carson City, NevadaTorrey, Empire City, NevadaBolander, Mono Pass, CaliforniaParry 1864, Middle Park, COMimulus suksdorfii (1886)Lectotype
Herbarium specimens
slender stalkedmonkeyflowerMimulus discolorMimulus montioidesMimulus barbatus
slender stalkedmonkeyflowerMimulus ignotus ined.Short nodes, spatulate leaves, striate on adaxial surface of corolla Mimulus barbatus GreeneUpper corolla lobe reflexed, tube (3-4) 5-8mm long, pedicles spreading at maturity, flower color varies.Mimulus montioides A. GrayCorolla lobes entire, no markings on adaxial surface, beardlessMimulus calcicolus ined.Ovate leaves, stalked glands, flower color varies, tube/throat short and wide, flowers last one day
Mimulus discolor A.L. GrantFlower color varies,yellow form has red pigment on adaxial surface of floral tube/throat, lacks a beard
Mimulus ignotusMimulus montioidesMimulus barbatusMimulus calcicolusMimulus discolor
Mimulus montioides Published 1868 A. Gray Sparsely hairy and nearly entire corolla lobes High central Sierra Nevada Elevation 6,800-9,500 ft Understory of lodgepole pine forest Dry granitic sandOverviewMimulus montioides
Mimulus barbatus Published 1884 (M. deflexus 1889) Long floral tube, upper lip reflexed, bicolored or all yellow. Eastern Sierra, Kern Plateau Elevation 6,000-11,000 ft. Montane meadow and stream edges Moist granitic sand, or frost heaved loamy soilOverviewMimulus barbatus
Mimulus discolor Published 1924 A.L. Grant Pink and yellow color morphs, red on adaxial surface of floral tube Southern Sierra, Kern County Elevation 4,000-6,400 ft Jeffrey pine to desert chaparral Vernally moist granitic sand along stream beds and seepsOverviewMimulus discolor
Mimulus calcicolus Discovered in the herbarium Thick ribbed calyx, densely glandular Death Valley NP, W. Nevada Pinyon Juniper to Creosote Bush Scrub Elevation 3,600- 6800 ft Carbonate substratesOverviewMimulus calcicolus
Mimulus ignotus Listed as a syntype for M. montioides Large nectar guides, red stripes 10 historic locations (2 known extant) Elevation 4,900-5,500 ft Flats dominated by sagebrush or bitterbrush Sandy decomposed granitic soilOverviewMimulus ignotus
slender stalkedmonkeyflowerConservation Implications
Cryptic species in Mimulus Potentially many more undescribed species in Mimulus Conservation implications Annuals that primarily differ in floral features require careful field work Photography Microhabitat characterizationSummaryMimulus purpureus
Future Directions Examine type specimens G, MO, ND, US Morphometric study Improved resolution of relationships ITS, CYCLOIDEA, rpl32-trnL, trnQ5-rps16, 3rpS16-5trnk Study reproductive biology Pollinators, UV photography, floral pigments, nectar properties Genetic diversity to characterize breeding systemOverviewMimulus shevockii
Thank you!CommitteeElizabeth FriarLucinda McDadeJ. Mark Porter
AssistanceSteve BoydDaniel BrockDuncan BellJoanna ClinesShelley EllisLeRoy GrossGenie FragaElizabeth KemptonShawn KrosnickSteve MatsonJim MorefieldJerry MumfordLinda PrinceMichelle SlatonAlison SheeheyMimulus montioidesSteve ScheonigTim ThomasMichael WallDana York
FundingCNPS BristleconeCNPS SacramentoCalifornia Desert Research FundRancho Santa Ana Botanic GardenGoldhamer Scholarship AwardTorrey Botanical Society
HerbariaRSA-POMCAS/DSUC/JEPSRENOSBBG SDUNLV
Mimulus palmeri cladePrevious Work
AuthorPublication# of Species RecognizedE.L. GreeneStudies in the Botany of California (1885)3GraySynoptic Flora of North America (1886)4A.L. GrantA Monograph of the Genus Mimulus (1924)9Pennell, MunzIFPS (1951), A California Flora (1968)9D.M. ThompsonThe Jepson Manual Treatment (1993) 7N.S. FragaUnpublished data12