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In this unit, a high school history class built their understanding of the overlapping belief systems of Song dynasty China by creating soundless poems: visual responses to Confucian, Buddhist, or Taoist texts using techniques drawn from Chinese painting and calligraphy. SOUNDLESS POEMS INTEGRATED UNIT: VISUAL ART & WORLD HISTORY WRITTEN BY JOEL BAXLEY SCEA DIRECTOR OF VISUAL ART EDUCATION

SOUNDLESS POEMS

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I n t h i s u n i t , a h i g h s c h o o l h i s to r y c l a s s b u i l t t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e ove r l a p p i n g b e l i e f sys te m s o f S o n g d y n a s t y C h i n a by c re a t i n g s o u n d l e ss p o e m s : v i s u a l re s p o n s e s to Co n f u c i a n , B u d d h i s t , o r Ta o i s t tex t s u s i n g te c h n i q u e s d raw n f ro m C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g a n d c a l l i g ra p hy.

S O U N D L E S S P O E M SI N T E G R AT E D U N I T:

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I STO RY

W R I T T E N BY J O E L B A X L E Y

S C E A D I R E C TO R O F V I S UA L A R T E D U C AT I O N

c 2015 Southeast Center for Education in the Arts T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e n n e s s e e a t C h a t t a n o o g a

S O U N D L E S S P O E M S

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 2

CO N N E C T I N G CO N C E P T:

STA N DA R DS

O B J E C T I V E S

V I S UA L A R TN AT I O N A L STA N DA R DS FO R V I S UA L A R T E D U C AT I O N

C N 1 0 .1 Sy n t h e s i ze a n d re l a te k n ow l -

e d g e a n d p e r s o n a l ex p e r i e n c -e s to m a ke a r t .

H S I I ( Acco m p l i s h e d ) U t i l i ze i n q u i r y m e t h o d s o f

o b s e r va t i o n , re s e ra c h , a n d ex p e r i m e n t a t i o n to ex p l o re u n fa m i l i a r s u b j e c t s t h ro u g h a r t - m a k i n g

S t u d e n t s w i l l :• V i ew a n d d i s c u ss C h i n e s e

p a i n t i n g s f ro m t h e S o n g d y n a s t y a n d a f te r, f o c u s i n g o n p a i n t i n g s a s “ s o u n d l e ss p o e m s ” , ex p re ss i o n s o f i d e a s

• E x p l o re t h e ex p re ss i ve u s e s o f i n k a n d b r u s h p a i n t i n g u s i n g we t o n we t a n d we t o n d r y te c h n i q u e s .

• D eve l o p a s e r i e s o f s ke tc h e s o f m e t a p h o r i c a l re s p o n s e s to s e l e c te d tex t s .

• D eve l o p i m a g e s i n re s p o n s e to Co n f u c i a n , Ta o i s t , o r B u d d h i s t tex t s .

• D i s c u ss t h e i r v i s u a l c h o i ce s i n

s h o r t w r i t te n re s p o n s e s .

H I STO RYT N STA N DA R DS FO R A N C I E N T

H I STO RYTh e s t u d e n t w i l l d e m o n s t ra te

k n ow l e d g e o f t h e c i v i l i z a t i o n s o f P e r s i a , I n d i a , a n d C h i n a i n te r m s o f c h ro n o l o g y, g e o g ra p hy, s o c i a l s t r u c t u re s , g ove r n m e n t , e co n o my, re l i g i o n , a n d co n t r i b u t i o n s to l a te r c i v i l i z a t i o n s .

A H 2 2 - D e s c r i b e t h e i m p a c t o f Co n f u c i a n i s m , Ta o i s m , a n d B u d d h i s m

S t u d e n t s w i l l :• Co m p a re a n d co n t ra s t co re

b e l i e f s o f Co n f u c i a n i s m , B u d d h i s m , a n d Ta o i s m .

• Re s e a rc h t h e s e b e l i e f sys te m s t h ro u g h a n exa m i n a t i o n o f Co n f u c i a n , B u d d h i s t , a n d Ta o i s t tex t s .

• D i s c u ss t h e ro l e o f t h e “ t h re e p e r fe c t i o n s ” i n C h i n e s e s o c i e t y.

• Wr i te re s p o n s e s to t h e i r ow n p a i n t i n g s a n d t h o s e o f o t h e r s t u d e n t s ex p l a i n i n g t h e i m a g e s i n te r m s o f t h e s e b e l i e f sys te m s .

D I V E R S I T Y

c 2015 Southeast Center for Education in the Arts T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e n n e s s e e a t C h a t t a n o o g a

S O U N D L E S S P O E M S

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 3

H OW C A N M A K I N G I M AG E S H E L P U S U N D E R STA N D?

E SS E N T I A L Q U E ST I O N S :

ASS E SS M E N TS :

FO R M AT I V E

S t u d e n t s D e m o n s t ra te t h e i r l eve l o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h ro u g h :• G u i d e d d i s c u ss i o n s a b o u t i m a g e s o f C h i n e s e

l a n d s c a p e , b i rd a n d f l owe r p a i n t i n g s , a n d co n te m p o ra r y i n k a n d b r u s h wo r k .

• Th u m b n a i l s ke tc h e s i n re s p o n s e to s e l e c te d tex t s f ro m t h e A n a l e c t s , Th e Ta o Te C h i n g , o r t h e D h a m m a p a d a S u t ra

• P ra c t i ce d raw i n g s u s i n g i n k a n d b r u s h

S i t u a t i o n :S t u d e n t s n e e d to d e m o n s t ra te t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f Co n f u c i a n , B u d d h i s t , a n d Ta o i s t i d e a s l i ke a S o n g d y n a s t y a r i s to c ra t .

P ro d u c t : A “ s o u n d l e ss p o e m ” - a h a n g i n g s c ro l l

C r i te r i a : • I m a g e s d e m o n s t ra te a m o d u l a t i o n o f l i n e a n d va r i a t i o n i n va l u e .• I m a g e s i n c l u d e we t o n we t a n d we t o n d r y te c h n i q u e s .• Th e i m a g e s a n d t h e co m p o s i t i o n ex te n d o r re s p o n d to t h e

m e a n i n g o f t h e c h o s e n tex t .• A p o r t i o n o f t h e tex t i s m a d e p a r t o f t h e co m p o s i t i o n .• I n a s h o r t e s s ay, t h e s t u d e n t d i s c u ss e s h ow t h i s tex t a n d t h e i r

i m a g e i s co n s i s te n t w i t h Co n f u c i a n , Ta o i s t , o r B u d d h i s t b e l i e f s

S U M M AT I V E

c 2015 Southeast Center for Education in the Arts T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e n n e s s e e a t C h a t t a n o o g a

S O U N D L E S S P O E M S

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 4

I n t ro d u c t i o nTh e c l a s s v i ews a re p ro d u c t i o n o f Th e V i n e g a r Ta s te r s , a n i m a g e t h a t h a s b e e n re p e a te d by m a ny a r t i s t s i n C h i n a . A f te r s t u d e n t s h ave h a d t i m e to co n s i d e r t h e i m a g e , t h ey b u i l d a g ro u p i n te r p re t a t i o n o f w h a t t h ey s e e .

K n ow l e d g e / Co m p re h e n s i o nO n ce t h e i r i d e a s a re s h a re d , p rov i d e i n fo r m a t i o n o n t h e i m a g e : I t d e p i c t s Th re e o l d m e n t a s t i n g f ro m a va t o f v i n e g a r. E a c h re s p o n d s d i f f e re n t l y to t h e t a s te . P o i n t o u t t h a t w h i l e t h i s i s a n i m a g e o f t h re e o l d m e n t a s t i n g v i n e g a r, i t i s n o t a p a i n t i n g a b o u t m e n t a s t i n g v i n e g a r. Th i s i s a p a i n t i n g a b o u t b e l i e f sys te m s i n C h i n a . Wh o a re t h e t h re e m e n?

NOTETh e V i n e g a r Ta s te r s i s n o t a s i n g l e p a i n t i n g , b u t a s u b j e c t t h a t h a s b e e n p a i n te d by m a ny a r t i s t s .

P R O C E D U R E S

• Co n f u c i u s - h a s a s o u r l o o k o n h i s f a ce . Wh a t h e t a s te s ( t h e wo r l d ) i s i n n e e d o f a d j u s t m e n t .

• B u d d h a - h a s a b i t te r l o o k o n h i s f a ce . Fo r h i m , t h e wo r l d i s b i t te r a n d s h o u l d b e s e t a s i d e .

• L a o Tz u - t h e Ta o i s t i s s m i l i n g . Fo r h i m , t h i s i s w h a t v i n e g a r i s s u p p o s e d to t a s te l i ke . I t ’ s v i n e g a r !

D i s c u ss t h e b e l i e f sys te m s t h e s e m e n re p re s e n t . H ow d o e s t h i s i m a g e re f l e c t w h a t e a c h t a u g h t ?

Rev i ew b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f e a c h b e l i e f sys te m :

Co n f u c i a n i s m - e m p h a s i ze d i d e a s l i ke :• L i - P ro p r i e t y, R i t u a l• Re n - N o b i l i t y, g o o d n e ss , a u t h o r i t y• Te - m o ra l p owe r, v i r t u e , o r exce l l e n ce• Re n t a o - t h e way o f h u m a n g o o d n e ss

Ta o i s m• Ta o - Th e n a t u ra l , e te r n a l , i n d e s c r i b a b l e way• Te - v i r t u e , i n te g r i t y• Wu we i - w i t h o u t a c t i o n ; e f fo r t l e s s d o i n g

c 2015 Southeast Center for Education in the Arts T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e n n e s s e e a t C h a t t a n o o g a

S O U N D L E S S P O E M S

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 5

SKETCHING THOUGHTSTh e re a re t wo k i n d s o f p a i n t i n g : fo r m a l , d e t a i l e d re a l i s t i c p a i n t i n g c a l l e d g o n g - b i s t y l e a n d m o re i n f o r m a l s ke tc h - l i ke p a i n t i n g s t h a t e m p h a s i ze d ex p re ss i ve n e ss ove r a cc u ra c y. Th i s l a t te r s t y l e , c a l l e d x i ey i s t y l e p a i n t i n g , o r “ s ke tc h i n g t h o u g h t s ” i s l o o s e r a n d m o re ex p re ss i ve .

B e c a u s e o f t h e f o c u s o f t h i s u n i t , we fo c u s e d m o s t l y o n x i ey i p a i n t i n g s .

B u d d h i s m• N i e p a n ( N i r va n a ) - e n l i g h te n m e n t ; re l e a s e f ro m d e s i re a n d

s u f fe r i n g• Ka r m a - a n i m p a c t o f i n te n t i o n s u p o n t h e wo r l d• Fa ( D h a r m a ) - t h e p a t h ; s t u d y a n d p ra c t i ce

S o u n d l e ss P o e m s a n d Th e Th re e P e r fe c t i o n s

D i s c u ss t h e ro l e o f p a i n t i n g i n a n c i e n t C h i n e s e s o c i e t y, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e S o n g D y n a s t y.

A c u l t u re d i n d i v i d u a l wa s ex p e c te d to b e a b l e to d o t h re e t h i n g s - t h e t h re e p e r fe c t i o n s :• Pa i n t i n g• P o e t r y• C a l l i g ra p hy

A n d a l l t h re e co u l d a p p e a r to g e t h e r i n o n e a r t i f a c t . A p a i n te r m i g h t c re a te a n i m a g e i n re s p o n s e to a p o e m , w h i c h wo u l d t h e n b e w r i t te n o u t i n c a l l i g ra p hy o n t h e p a i n t i n g i t s e l f . Th e c a l l i g ra p hy, a n a r t fo r m o f i t s ow n , wo u l d b e co m e p a r t o f t h e co m p o s i t i o n .

A n a r t s t u d e n t m i g h t b e te s te d by b e i n g h a n d e d a p o e m a n d c h a l l e n g e d to p a i n t i t .

C u l t u re d m e n wo u l d h ave s o c i a l g a t h e r i n g s d u r i n g w h i c h t h ey wo u l d v i ew p a i n t i n g s to g e t h e r, s o m e t i m e s w r i t i n g p o e m s o n te h p a i n t i n g s i n re s p o n s e to t h e m . O r t h ey m i g h t co l l a b o ra te to c re a te a r t i f a c t s t h a t e n co m p a ss e d a l l t h re e . Th e p a i n t i n g s b e co m e “ s o u n d l e ss p o e m s ” .

V i ew s a m p l e s o f p a i n t i n g f ro m t h e S o n g d y n a s t y a n d a f te r. D i s c u ss t h e re l a t i o n s h i p s b e t we e n i m a g e a n d tex t . A r t i s t s wo u l d c re a te i m a g e s t h a t m i g h t n o t l i t e ra l l y d e p i c t w h a t t h e p o e m t a l ke d a b o u t . I m a g e s co u l d m e t a p h o r i c a l l y ex te n d t h e p o e m o r co n t ra d i c t i t .

c 2015 Southeast Center for Education in the Arts T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e n n e s s e e a t C h a t t a n o o g a

S O U N D L E S S P O E M S

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 6

VIDEO RESOURCETo s ave s o m e t i m e , s t u d e n t s we re p rov i d e d a d e m o n s t ra t i o n v i d e o fo r t h e te c h n i q u e s d e s c r i b e d h e re , t h e n a l l owe d to p ra c t i ce t h e m i n c l a s s . Th e v i d e o we u s e d c a n b e fo u n d a t :

h t t p : // j f b a x l ey.co m /h o m e /d e m o s - a n d -m o d e l - l e s s o n s /

A p p l i c a t i o n /A n a l ys i s : A n a l y z i n g tex t s a n d d eve l o p i n g i m a g e sP rov i d e s t u d e n t s co p i e s o f tex t s f ro m e a c h b e l i e f sys te m :

• Co n f u c i a n i s m - Th e A n a l e c t s

• Ta o i s m - Th e Ta o Te C h i n g

• B u d d h i s m - Th e D h a m m a p a d a S u t ra

I n d i v i d u a l l y o r i n p a i r s , s t u d e n t s exa m i n e e a c h tex t . I n n o te b o o k s , t h ey s h o u l d co py d ow n s h o r t p a ss a g e s t h a t co m m u n i c a te t h e i d e a s d i s c u ss e d u n d e r e a c h b e l i e f sys te m e a r l i e r. Th ey s h o u l d co l l e c t 3 - 5 p a ss a g e s fo r e a c h sys te m .

Th e n e a c h s t u d e n t s h o u l d c h o o s e o n e p a ss a g e f ro m e a c h t h a t t h ey f e e l t h a t t h ey co n f i d e n t l y u n d e r s t a n d a n d co u l d ex p l a i n b a s e d o n t h e b e l i e f sys te m t h a t o r i g i n a te d i t .

S t u d e n t s b e g i n to b ra i n s to r m i m a g e s t h a t d eve l o p o r re s p o n d to t h e i d e a s i n t h e tex t . Re m e m b e r : Th i n k m e t a p h o r i c a l l y.

K n ow l e d g e / Co m p re h e n s i o n : Pa i n t i n g Te c h n i q u eD e m o n s t ra te i n k p a i n t i n g te c h n i q u e s i n c l u d i n g p ro p e r te c h n i q u e fo r h o l d i n g t h e b r u s h , h ow to m i x a n d d i l u te t h e i n k , c re a t i n g a m o d u l a te d , ex p re ss i ve l i n e , a n d e f f e c t s t h a t c a n b e a c h i eve d w i t h p a i n t i n g we t o n we t .

A p p l i c a t i o n /A n a l ys i s : Pa i n t i n g P ra c t i ceS t u d e n t s ex p l o re p a i n t i n g te c h n i q u e s o n t h e i r ow n w i t h f e e d b a c k f ro m t h e te a c h e r. Th ey a re e n co u ra g e d to ex p l o re f i r s t t h e e f f e c t s o f e a c h te c h n i q u e , t h e n to t r y o u t t h e s e te c h n i q u e s i n d eve l o p i n g s o m e o f t h e i m a g e s f ro m t h e i r s ke tc h e s .

c 2015 Southeast Center for Education in the Arts T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e n n e s s e e a t C h a t t a n o o g a

S O U N D L E S S P O E M S

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 7

Th e te a c h e r s h o u l d rev i ew t h e c r i te r i a fo r t h e i m a g e s a s s t u d e n t s b e g i n :

• Th e i m a g e s h o u l d m e t a p h o r i c a l l y ex te n d o r re s p o n d to t h e tex t yo u c h o s e f ro m a Co n f u c i a n , Ta o i s t , o r B u d d h i s t tex t .

• Yo u r tex t m u s t b e i n c l u d e d a s p a r t o f t h e co m p o s i t i o n .

• Yo u s h o u l d m a ke u s e o f a va r i e t y o f va l u e s a n d b r u s h s t ro ke s , a n d i f p o ss i b l e , i n c l u d e we t o n we t te c h n i q u e s a s p a r t o f t h e wo r k .

Wh e n p a i n t i n g s a re co m p l e te a n d m a te r i a l s c l e a n e d u p , e a c h s t u d e n t s h o u l d w r i te a re s p o n s e to t h e wo r k t h a t d i s c u ss e s t h e fo l l ow i n g :

H ow d o e s t h i s i m a g e re s p o n d to t h e tex t ?

Wh a t i d e a s f ro m Co n f u c i a n i s m , B u d d h i s m , o r Ta o i s m a re co m m u n i c a te d i n t h i s p a i n t i n g ?

Sy n t h e s i s / Eva l u a t i o n : C re a t i n g a S o u n d l e ss P o e mS t u d e n t s a re s h ow n t h e l o n g ( 9 x 24 ) s h e e t s o f p a p e r t h a t t h e i r wo r k w i l l b e p a i n te d o n . Re m i n d t h e m t h a t fo r o u r p u r p o s e s , t h e p a i n t i n g s w i l l a l l b e d o n e ve r t i c a l l y.

S t u d e n t s g o b a c k to t h e i r s ke tc h e s a n d c h o o s e o n e i m a g e f ro m o n e b e l i e f sys te m . Th e n t h ey s p e n d t i m e d eve l o p i n g h ow t h e i m a g e s t h ey b ra i n s to r m e d co u l d b e co m p o s e d to f i t a l o n g ve r t i c a l co m p o s i t i o n a n d w h a t p a i n t i n g te c h n i q u e s wo u l d wo r k b e s t i n t h e f i n a l exe c u t i o n .

O n ce t h ey h ave t a l ke d ove r t h e i r i d e a s w i t h t h e te a c h e r, s t u d e n t s b e g i n wo r k i n g o n t h e f i n a l p a i n t i n g s .

c 2015 Southeast Center for Education in the Arts T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e n n e s s e e a t C h a t t a n o o g a

S O U N D L E S S P O E M S

V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 8

M AT E R I A L S & R E S O U R C E S

• I m a g e s o f p a i n t i n g s f ro m t h e S o n g D y n a s t y a n d l a te r t h a t s h ow a n i n te ra c t i o n o f tex t a n d i m a g e

• Pa p e r s t u rd y e n o u g h fo r wa te rco l o r ( 9 x 24 )• S c ra p s o f t h e s a m e o r co m p a ra b l e p a p e r fo r p ra c t i ce• I n k• S o f t h a i re d b r u s h e s - B a m b o o b r u s h e s i f ava i l a b l e• B ow l s fo r c l e a n i n g b r u s h e s• Co n t a i n e r s fo r c l e a n wa te r• Pa p e r towe l s• S ke tc h b o o k s o r j o u r n a l s

• S u l l i va n , M . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . Th e Th re e P e r fe c t i o n s : C h i n e s e Pa i n t i n g , P o e t r y, a n d C a l l i g ra p hy. N Y: G e o rg e B ra z i l l e r.

• R u b e n s te i n , L . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . Th e g re a t a r t o f C h i n a ’s ‘ S o u n d l e ss P o e m s ’ . F i d e l i o , 8 ( 1 ) , 4 2 -70

• H i l l wo o d A r t M u s e u m . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . Th e Th re e P e r fe c t i o n s : Pa i n t i n g , P o e t r y, a n d C a l l i g ra p hy. h t t p : //www 2 . l i u .e d u /c w i s /c w p / b u t 0 6/ h i l l wo o d /c h i n e s e /e ss ays /e ss ay _ 03 . h t m l

J o e l B a x l ey S C E A D i re c to r o f V i s u a l A r t Ed u c a t i o n

J o e l h a s wo r ke d a s a n a r t i s t a n d a te a c h e r i n a va r i e t y o f s e t t i n g s . H e h a s c re a te d co m m e rc i a l a r t a n d d e s i g n fo r p r i n t a n d e l e c t ro n i c m e d i a , d e s i g n s fo r s t a g e p ro d u c t i o n s , a n d wo r k s o f f i n e a r t fo r s h ow a n d co m m i ss i o n . H e h a s t a u g h t c h i l d re n a n d a d u l t s i n c l u d i n g ex p e r i e n ce s a s a n a r t s p e c i a l i s t , a co l l e g e i n s t r u c to r, a n d a te a c h i n g a d m i n i s t ra to r. H e h a s p re s e n te d o n v i s u a l a r t a n d a r t s i n te g ra t i o n n a t i o n a l l y, i n c l u d i n g t h e A n n e n b e rg Co n n e c t i n g w i t h t h e A r t s wo r k s h o p s e r i e s .

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V I S UA L A R T & WO R L D H I S TO RY 9

ST R E N GT H E N I N G A R TS T E AC H I N G A N D L E A R N I N G T H R O U G H CO M M U N I T Y- B AS E D PA R T N E R S H I P S

Th e a r t s a l l ow fo r t h e exc h a n g e o f k n ow l e d g e a n d p e r s p e c t i ve s b e t we e n p e o p l e w h o l o o k a n d t h i n k d i f f e re n t l y t h a n o n e a n o t h e r, a n d we b e l i eve t h a t i t i s b e c a u s e o f t h e s e d i f f e re n ce s t h a t t h e a r t s h ave a u n i q u e b e n e f i t o n t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e .

We wo r k i n d i ve r s e s e t t i n g s to c u l t i va te awa re n e ss o f t h e i n n a te va l u e o f E D U C AT I O N I N T H E A R T S . We b e l i eve q u a l i t y a r t s e d u c a t i o n e n co u ra g e s i n te l l e c t u a l , c re a t i ve , a n d p e r s o n a l g row t h w h i c h i n s p i re i n n ova t i ve t h i n k i n g a n d i d e a s .

We p a r t n e r w i t h e d u c a to r s , a r t i s t s , a n d co m m u n i t y -b a s e d o rg a n i z a t i o n s to h e l p p e o p l e l e a r n i n , t h ro u g h , a n d a b o u t t h e a r t s .

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