Sources of Knowledge Sources of Knowledge of Ancient Greeceof Ancient Greece

January 11January 11thth, 2012, 2012

What are the basic materials What are the basic materials that historians use to that historians use to

reconstruct the world of reconstruct the world of ancient Greece?ancient Greece?

The Nuts and Bolts of Historical The Nuts and Bolts of Historical (Re)construction(Re)construction

Written sources.Written sources.

Art and archaeology.Art and archaeology.

Epigraphy.Epigraphy.

Numismatics.Numismatics.

Papyri.Papyri.

Comparative history and anthropology.Comparative history and anthropology.

Early Writing and Written Early Writing and Written SourcesSources

Evidence for existence of writing from at least ca. 1450 BCE (i.e. Evidence for existence of writing from at least ca. 1450 BCE (i.e. Linear B).Linear B).

Greek characters inscribed on clay tablets.Greek characters inscribed on clay tablets.

Associated with Mycenaean palace centers.Associated with Mycenaean palace centers.

Probably produced by a “scribe” class.Probably produced by a “scribe” class.

Mostly lists of produce and inventories.Mostly lists of produce and inventories.

Religious inscriptions.Religious inscriptions.

First deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952.First deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952.

Knowledge of writing lost ca. 1100 BCE; not re-acquired until ca. Knowledge of writing lost ca. 1100 BCE; not re-acquired until ca. 800 BCE.800 BCE.

Writing RediscoveredWriting Rediscovered Writing recovered ca. 800 BCE from the Writing recovered ca. 800 BCE from the

Phoenicians (Lefkandi).Phoenicians (Lefkandi).

Phoenician script adapted to Greek language; Phoenician script adapted to Greek language; Greeks added vowels.Greeks added vowels.

The poetry of Homer (ca. 750-700 BCE), The poetry of Homer (ca. 750-700 BCE), IliadIliad and and OdysseyOdyssey; dates for Homeric poems highly ; dates for Homeric poems highly contested.contested.

The poetry of Hesiod (ca. 700 BCE), The poetry of Hesiod (ca. 700 BCE), TheogonyTheogony, , WorksWorks andand DaysDays..

Archaic Writing (ca. 750-480 Archaic Writing (ca. 750-480 BCE)BCE)

No No extantextant writers aside from Homer and Hesiod. writers aside from Homer and Hesiod.

Fragmentary (i.e. quotations from later writers).Fragmentary (i.e. quotations from later writers).

PoetryPoetry - Tyrtaeus (ca. 650 BCE); Archilochus (ca. 650 - Tyrtaeus (ca. 650 BCE); Archilochus (ca. 650 BCE); Mimnermus (ca. 650 BCE); Sappho (ca. 600 BCE); Mimnermus (ca. 650 BCE); Sappho (ca. 600 BCE); Alcaeus (ca. 600 BCE); Solon (ca. 600 BCE); BCE); Alcaeus (ca. 600 BCE); Solon (ca. 600 BCE); Theognis (ca. 550 BCE).Theognis (ca. 550 BCE).

Natural PhilosophyNatural Philosophy – Thales (624-546 BCE); – Thales (624-546 BCE); Anaximander (610-546 BCE); Anaximines (585-525 Anaximander (610-546 BCE); Anaximines (585-525 BCE); Heraclitus (ca. 500 BCE); Xenophanes (570-480 BCE); Heraclitus (ca. 500 BCE); Xenophanes (570-480 BCE).BCE).

HistoriographyHistoriography – Hecataeus of Miletus (ca. 500 BCE) – Hecataeus of Miletus (ca. 500 BCE)

The Archaic Epic and Lyric The Archaic Epic and Lyric PoetsPoets

““Mother tells me, the immortal goddess Thetis with her glistening feet, that two Mother tells me, the immortal goddess Thetis with her glistening feet, that two fates bear on me to the day of death. If I hold out here and lay siege to Troy, my fates bear on me to the day of death. If I hold out here and lay siege to Troy, my journey home is gone, but my glory never dies. If I voyage back to the fatherland I journey home is gone, but my glory never dies. If I voyage back to the fatherland I love, my pride, my glory dies…true, but the life that’s left me will be long, the stroke love, my pride, my glory dies…true, but the life that’s left me will be long, the stroke of death will not come on me quickly.” (Homer, of death will not come on me quickly.” (Homer, IliadIliad 9.499-505. R. Fagles, 1990) 9.499-505. R. Fagles, 1990)

““(ll. 405-413) First of all, get a house, and a woman and an ox for the plough -- a (ll. 405-413) First of all, get a house, and a woman and an ox for the plough -- a slave woman and not a wife, to follow the oxen as well -- and make everything slave woman and not a wife, to follow the oxen as well -- and make everything ready at home, so that you may not have to ask of another, and he refuses you, and ready at home, so that you may not have to ask of another, and he refuses you, and so, because you are in lack, the season pass by and your work come to nothing. Do so, because you are in lack, the season pass by and your work come to nothing. Do not put your work off till to-morrow and the day after; for a sluggish worker does not not put your work off till to-morrow and the day after; for a sluggish worker does not fill his barn, nor one who puts off his work: industry makes work go well, but a man fill his barn, nor one who puts off his work: industry makes work go well, but a man who putts off work is always at hand-grips with ruin.” (Hesiod, who putts off work is always at hand-grips with ruin.” (Hesiod, Works & DaysWorks & Days, H.G. , H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914 - http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/works.htm)Evelyn-White, 1914 - http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/works.htm)

““What life is there apart from Golden Aphrodite? What joy can there be? May I die What life is there apart from Golden Aphrodite? What joy can there be? May I die when I no longer care for secret love and tender gifts and bed, the alluring blosoms when I no longer care for secret love and tender gifts and bed, the alluring blosoms of youth for men and women too. And when miserable old age comes on that makes of youth for men and women too. And when miserable old age comes on that makes a man both ugly and useless, then troublesome worries forever wear and tear at his a man both ugly and useless, then troublesome worries forever wear and tear at his wits, nor can he enjoy the sight of the sun’s rays. Boys find him hateful, women wits, nor can he enjoy the sight of the sun’s rays. Boys find him hateful, women contemptible. So sorrowful a thing has the god made old age.” (Mimnermus, Fr. 1 contemptible. So sorrowful a thing has the god made old age.” (Mimnermus, Fr. 1 West. Trans. Fowler, 1992)West. Trans. Fowler, 1992)

How can we use material such How can we use material such as Archaic epic or lyric poetry as Archaic epic or lyric poetry

as sources of historical as sources of historical evidence?evidence?

Archaic Poetry and HistoryArchaic Poetry and History

Few if any references to real Few if any references to real historical events.historical events.

Myth and mythic references a Myth and mythic references a common theme.common theme.

Reflect prevailing social values and Reflect prevailing social values and customs.customs.

The Writing of HistoryThe Writing of History No separation between myth and history (i.e. Homeric epic No separation between myth and history (i.e. Homeric epic

accepted as history).accepted as history).

Historiography proper begins in the late 5Historiography proper begins in the late 5thth century BCE. century BCE.

Extant (or substantially extant) Histories: Herodotus (480-425 Extant (or substantially extant) Histories: Herodotus (480-425 BCE), BCE), HistoriesHistories; Thucydides (460-395 BCE), ; Thucydides (460-395 BCE), Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars; ; Xenophon (428-354 BCE), Xenophon (428-354 BCE), HellenicaHellenica; Polybius (200-118 BCE), ; Polybius (200-118 BCE), HistoriesHistories; Diodorus Siculus, ; Diodorus Siculus, LibraryLibrary (fl. Ca. 60 BCE). (fl. Ca. 60 BCE).

Numerous fragmentary historians (i.e. works that have survived Numerous fragmentary historians (i.e. works that have survived as quotations in later writers – cf. F. Jacoby, as quotations in later writers – cf. F. Jacoby, Fragmente der Fragmente der griechischen Historikergriechischen Historiker – 1923-1959). – 1923-1959).

Biographers, i.e. Plutarch (50-120 CE), Biographers, i.e. Plutarch (50-120 CE), Parallel LivesParallel Lives..

Geographers, i.e. Strabo (ca. 63 BCE – 27 CE), Geographers, i.e. Strabo (ca. 63 BCE – 27 CE), GeographyGeography

What do historians need to What do historians need to know before using ancient know before using ancient

histories as historical histories as historical evidence?evidence?

A Critical ApproachA Critical Approach Working methods and assumptions.Working methods and assumptions.

Evidence (i.e. eye-witnesses; oral informants; other Evidence (i.e. eye-witnesses; oral informants; other historians; myth, legend, and folklore; inscriptions historians; myth, legend, and folklore; inscriptions and monuments).and monuments).

Perspective and bias (Exclusively written by elite Perspective and bias (Exclusively written by elite males for elite males; War and politics; Political males for elite males; War and politics; Political bias; Ethnic bias; Class bias).bias; Ethnic bias; Class bias).

Authorial Objective (i.e. Panegyric, Apologetics, Authorial Objective (i.e. Panegyric, Apologetics, Analysis).Analysis).

Genre (i.e. Biography not history).Genre (i.e. Biography not history).

Authorial Objective in Authorial Objective in Herodotus, Thucydides, and Herodotus, Thucydides, and

PolybiusPolybius ““This is the display of the inquiry of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, so that things done by man not This is the display of the inquiry of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, so that things done by man not

be forgotten in time, and that great and marvelous deeds, some displayed by the Hellenes, be forgotten in time, and that great and marvelous deeds, some displayed by the Hellenes, some by the barbarians, not lose their glory, including among others what was the cause of their some by the barbarians, not lose their glory, including among others what was the cause of their waging war on each other.” (Herodotus, waging war on each other.” (Herodotus, HistoriesHistories, 1.1.0. Trans. A.D. Godley, 1920), 1.1.0. Trans. A.D. Godley, 1920)

““And it may well be that my history will seem less easy to read because of the absence in it of a And it may well be that my history will seem less easy to read because of the absence in it of a romantic element. I will be enough for me, however, if these words of mine are judged useful by romantic element. I will be enough for me, however, if these words of mine are judged useful by those who want to understand clearly the events which happened in the past and which (human those who want to understand clearly the events which happened in the past and which (human nature being what it is) will, at some time or other and in much the same ways, be repeated in nature being what it is) will, at some time or other and in much the same ways, be repeated in the future. My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, the future. My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last for ever.” but was done to last for ever.” (Thuc. 1.22, R. Warner 1954)(Thuc. 1.22, R. Warner 1954)

““Had previous chroniclers neglected to speak in praise of History in general, it might perhaps Had previous chroniclers neglected to speak in praise of History in general, it might perhaps have been necessary for me to recommend everyone to choose for study and welcome such have been necessary for me to recommend everyone to choose for study and welcome such treatises as the present, since men have no more ready corrective of conduct than knowledge of treatises as the present, since men have no more ready corrective of conduct than knowledge of the past. But all historians, one may say without exception, and in no half-hearted manner, but the past. But all historians, one may say without exception, and in no half-hearted manner, but making this the beginning and end of their labour, have impressed on us that the soundest making this the beginning and end of their labour, have impressed on us that the soundest education and training for a life of active politics is the study of History, and that surest and education and training for a life of active politics is the study of History, and that surest and indeed the only method of learning how to bear bravely the vicissitudes of fortune, is to recall indeed the only method of learning how to bear bravely the vicissitudes of fortune, is to recall the calamities of others. Evidently therefore no one, and least of all myself, would think it his the calamities of others. Evidently therefore no one, and least of all myself, would think it his duty at this day to repeat what has been so well and so often said. For the very element of duty at this day to repeat what has been so well and so often said. For the very element of unexpectedness in the events I have chosen as my theme will be sufficient to challenge and unexpectedness in the events I have chosen as my theme will be sufficient to challenge and incite everyone, young and old alike, to peruse my systematic history. For who is so worthless or incite everyone, young and old alike, to peruse my systematic history. For who is so worthless or indolent as not to wish to know by what means and under what system of polity the Romans in indolent as not to wish to know by what means and under what system of polity the Romans in less than fifty-three years have succeeded in subjecting nearly the whole inhabited world to less than fifty-three years have succeeded in subjecting nearly the whole inhabited world to their sole government — a thing unique in history? Or who again is there so passionately their sole government — a thing unique in history? Or who again is there so passionately devoted to other spectacles or studies as to regard anything as of greater moment than the devoted to other spectacles or studies as to regard anything as of greater moment than the acquisition of this knowledge?” acquisition of this knowledge?” (Polybius, Histories 1.1. Trans. W.R. Patton, 1922)(Polybius, Histories 1.1. Trans. W.R. Patton, 1922)

Other Written SourcesOther Written Sources

Oratory (i.e. surviving political and law-Oratory (i.e. surviving political and law-court speeches).court speeches).

Philosophical writing.Philosophical writing.

Drama (i.e. Tragedy and Comedy).Drama (i.e. Tragedy and Comedy).

Epigraphy (i.e. inscriptions of laws, Epigraphy (i.e. inscriptions of laws, decrees, treaties etc.).decrees, treaties etc.).

OratoryOratory Lysias (459-380 BCE), Andocides (440-390 BCE), Lysias (459-380 BCE), Andocides (440-390 BCE),

Isocrates (436-338 BCE), Isaeus (420-340 BCE), Isocrates (436-338 BCE), Isaeus (420-340 BCE), Demosthenes (384-322 BCE).Demosthenes (384-322 BCE).

Beware rhetorical considerations; some oratorical Beware rhetorical considerations; some oratorical material the work of professional material the work of professional logographerslogographers..

Beware of objectives (i.e. trying to win a lawsuit; Beware of objectives (i.e. trying to win a lawsuit; trying to propose/oppose legislation etc.).trying to propose/oppose legislation etc.).

Highly Highly AthenocentricAthenocentric..

Lysias 1: The Murder of Lysias 1: The Murder of EratosthenesEratosthenes

Euphiletus on trial for the murder of Euphiletus on trial for the murder of Eratosthenes.Eratosthenes.

Eratosthenes had an affair with Euphiletus’ Eratosthenes had an affair with Euphiletus’ wife.wife.

Euphiletus claiming legal right to kill an Euphiletus claiming legal right to kill an adulterer.adulterer.

Euphelitus attempts to idealize his marital Euphelitus attempts to idealize his marital life in order depict Eratosthenes as a life in order depict Eratosthenes as a predatory “home-wrecker.”predatory “home-wrecker.”

Lysias Reflects on Women and Lysias Reflects on Women and MarriageMarriage

““When I, Athenians, decided to marry, and brought a wife into my house, for some When I, Athenians, decided to marry, and brought a wife into my house, for some time was disposed neither to vex her nor to leave her too free to do just as she time was disposed neither to vex her nor to leave her too free to do just as she pleased; I kept watch on her as far as possible, with such observation of her as was pleased; I kept watch on her as far as possible, with such observation of her as was reasonable. But when a child was born to me, thenceforward I began to trust her, and reasonable. But when a child was born to me, thenceforward I began to trust her, and placed all my affairs in her hands, presuming that we were now in perfect intimacy. It placed all my affairs in her hands, presuming that we were now in perfect intimacy. It is true that in the early days, Athenians, she was the most excellent of wives; she was is true that in the early days, Athenians, she was the most excellent of wives; she was a clever, frugal housekeeper, and kept everything in the nicest order.” (Lysias 1. Lim & a clever, frugal housekeeper, and kept everything in the nicest order.” (Lysias 1. Lim & Bailkey, 2005).Bailkey, 2005).

““Now in the first place I must tell you, sirs (for I am obliged to give you these Now in the first place I must tell you, sirs (for I am obliged to give you these particulars), my dwelling is on two floors, the upper being equal in space to the lower, particulars), my dwelling is on two floors, the upper being equal in space to the lower, with the women’s quarters above and the men’s below.” (Lysias 1. Lim & Bailkey, with the women’s quarters above and the men’s below.” (Lysias 1. Lim & Bailkey, 2005)2005)

““You hear, gentlemen, how the law directs that, if anyone indecently assaults a free You hear, gentlemen, how the law directs that, if anyone indecently assaults a free man or a child, he shall be liable to double damages, while if he so debauches a man or a child, he shall be liable to double damages, while if he so debauches a woman, in any of the cases where it is permitted to kill him, he is subject to the same woman, in any of the cases where it is permitted to kill him, he is subject to the same rule. Thus the lawgiver, gentlemen, considered that those who commit rape deserve a rule. Thus the lawgiver, gentlemen, considered that those who commit rape deserve a less penalty than those who use persuasion. For these latter he prescribed death, less penalty than those who use persuasion. For these latter he prescribed death, whereas for rapists he doubled the damages, considering that those who achieved whereas for rapists he doubled the damages, considering that those who achieved their ends by force are hated by the persons forced, while those who used persuasion their ends by force are hated by the persons forced, while those who used persuasion corrupted thereby their victims’ souls, thus making the wives of others more closely corrupted thereby their victims’ souls, thus making the wives of others more closely attached to themselves than to their husbands, and got the whole house into their attached to themselves than to their husbands, and got the whole house into their hands, hands, and caused uncertainty as to whose the children really were, the husbands’ or and caused uncertainty as to whose the children really were, the husbands’ or the adulterersthe adulterers’. In view of all this the author of the law made death their penalty’. In view of all this the author of the law made death their penalty .” .” (Lysias 1. Trans. W.R.M. Lamb. 1930. Nagles & Burstein, 2006. pp. 126-7)(Lysias 1. Trans. W.R.M. Lamb. 1930. Nagles & Burstein, 2006. pp. 126-7)

How can we use the writings of How can we use the writings of Philosophers as historical Philosophers as historical

evidence?evidence?

Philosophical Writing as Philosophical Writing as Historical EvidenceHistorical Evidence

Aristotle (384-322 BCE), Plato (429-347 BCE).Aristotle (384-322 BCE), Plato (429-347 BCE).

Evidence of intellectual life.Evidence of intellectual life.

Philosophers, starting in the sixth century BCE began to Philosophers, starting in the sixth century BCE began to write about a wide variety of subjects (Pre-Socratics only write about a wide variety of subjects (Pre-Socratics only survive in fragments).survive in fragments).

Natural science and medicine.Natural science and medicine. Religion and theology.Religion and theology. Politics, law, and ethics.Politics, law, and ethics. Art and literature.Art and literature.

Must beware of certain social, political, religious, and Must beware of certain social, political, religious, and intellectual assumptions.intellectual assumptions.

Aristotle on SlaveryAristotle on Slavery

““This is why our poets have said, This is why our poets have said, ‘meet it is that barbarous peoples ‘meet it is that barbarous peoples should be ruled by Greeks.’ – the should be ruled by Greeks.’ – the assumption being that the barbarian assumption being that the barbarian and the slave are by nature one and and the slave are by nature one and the same thing.” (Aristotle, the same thing.” (Aristotle, PoliticsPolitics, , 1.2.4. E. Barker, 1958)1.2.4. E. Barker, 1958)

Drama as Historical Drama as Historical EvidenceEvidence

Worship of Dionysus.Worship of Dionysus.

Tragedy emerges first (Tragedy emerges first (TragoidiaTragoidia; ; DithyrambDithyramb).).

Central element in the Great Dionysia since ca. 535 BCE; Central element in the Great Dionysia since ca. 535 BCE; Playwrights enter 3 tragedies and a Satyr Play.Playwrights enter 3 tragedies and a Satyr Play.

Comedies added later.Comedies added later.

Juries voted first, second, and third place for each category Juries voted first, second, and third place for each category (tragedy, satyr play, comedy).(tragedy, satyr play, comedy).

Old Comedy very political; ridiculed real people etc.Old Comedy very political; ridiculed real people etc.

What can comedy or tragedy tell us about the society that What can comedy or tragedy tell us about the society that produced them?produced them?

Aeschylus, Aeschylus, EumenidesEumenides (458 (458 BCE):BCE):

Athena and the Trial of OrestesAthena and the Trial of Orestes ““Too large a matter, some may think, for mortal men to Too large a matter, some may think, for mortal men to

judge. But by all rights not even I should decide a case of judge. But by all rights not even I should decide a case of murder – murder whets the passions. Above all, the rites murder – murder whets the passions. Above all, the rites have tamed your wildness. A suppliant, cleansed, you bring have tamed your wildness. A suppliant, cleansed, you bring my house no harm. If you are innocent, I’d adopt you for my house no harm. If you are innocent, I’d adopt you for my city. But they have their destiny too, hard to dismiss, my city. But they have their destiny too, hard to dismiss, and if they fail to win their day in court – how it will spread, and if they fail to win their day in court – how it will spread, the venom of their pride, plague everlasting blights our the venom of their pride, plague everlasting blights our land, our future…So it stands, a crisis either way. Embrace land, our future…So it stands, a crisis either way. Embrace the one? Expel the other? It defeats me. But since the the one? Expel the other? It defeats me. But since the matter comes to rest on us, I will appoint the judges of matter comes to rest on us, I will appoint the judges of manslaughter, swear them in, and found a tribunal here for manslaughter, swear them in, and found a tribunal here for all time to come. My contestants, summon your trusted all time to come. My contestants, summon your trusted witnesses and proofs, your defenders under oath to help witnesses and proofs, your defenders under oath to help your cause. And I will pick the finest men of Athens, return your cause. And I will pick the finest men of Athens, return and decide the issue fairly, truly – bound to our oaths, our and decide the issue fairly, truly – bound to our oaths, our spirits bent on justice.”spirits bent on justice.”

EpigraphyEpigraphy

Inscriptions.Inscriptions. Graves.Graves. Laws.Laws. Decrees and political decisions.Decrees and political decisions. Treaties.Treaties. Trophies.Trophies. Dedications.Dedications.

Phyle, Wife of Thessalos:Phyle, Wife of Thessalos:Inscription, Priene (1Inscription, Priene (1stst Century BCE) Century BCE)

““Phyle, daughter of Apollonios and Phyle, daughter of Apollonios and wife of Thessalos, the son of wife of Thessalos, the son of Polydeukes, after having been the Polydeukes, after having been the first woman to hold the office of first woman to hold the office of crown bearer, paid for with her own crown bearer, paid for with her own money a cistern for water and the money a cistern for water and the water pipes in the city.” (water pipes in the city.” (Inschriften Inschriften von Prienevon Priene 208. Nagle & Burstein, 208. Nagle & Burstein, 296)296)

The Dedication of The Dedication of HeliodorusHeliodorus

Late 2Late 2ndnd Century BCE Century BCE This Garuda pillar of the god of gods, This Garuda pillar of the god of gods,

Vasudeva, was caused to be made by Vasudeva, was caused to be made by Heliodorus, the devotee, the son of Heliodorus, the devotee, the son of Dion, from Taxila, who came as Greek Dion, from Taxila, who came as Greek ambassador from the court of the Great ambassador from the court of the Great King Antialkidas to Bhagabadra, the son King Antialkidas to Bhagabadra, the son of Kasi, the Savior, who was then in the of Kasi, the Savior, who was then in the fourteenth year of his prosperous reign.fourteenth year of his prosperous reign. ((“Dedication to the Hindu god Vishnu by Heliodorus, son of Dion. Besnegar, “Dedication to the Hindu god Vishnu by Heliodorus, son of Dion. Besnegar, India.” India.” The Hellenistic Age from the battle of Ipsos to the death of Kleopatra VIIThe Hellenistic Age from the battle of Ipsos to the death of Kleopatra VII. . Ed. Stanley, M. Burstein. Cambridge, 1985. Inscr. 53., Trans. K. Bohlle & J. Ed. Stanley, M. Burstein. Cambridge, 1985. Inscr. 53., Trans. K. Bohlle & J. PuhvelPuhvel))

OstrakaOstraka

http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~kallet/greece/Pic%20Ostraka.jpg

How can historians use ancient How can historians use ancient art as historical evidence?art as historical evidence?

Art and ArchaeologyArt and Archaeology

Art and archaeology invaluable.Art and archaeology invaluable.

Pottery used to establish chronology and Pottery used to establish chronology and patterns of trade.patterns of trade.

Art (i.e. painting and sculpture etc.) tells Art (i.e. painting and sculpture etc.) tells us many things that written histories can’t: us many things that written histories can’t: 1. Standards of beauty. 2. Scenes of daily 1. Standards of beauty. 2. Scenes of daily life. 3. Social, Religious, Cultural concerns. life. 3. Social, Religious, Cultural concerns. 4. Record of cross-cultural influences.4. Record of cross-cultural influences.

Art as a Source of Historical Art as a Source of Historical EvidenceEvidence

http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/greek_kore.jpgwww.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/04/eusb/hob_32.11.1.htm

www.edu.pe.ca/.../art/egyptian_art.htm

Pottery and Its Uses:Pottery and Its Uses:The Eurymedon Vase (ca. 460 BCE)The Eurymedon Vase (ca. 460 BCE)

http://www.mkg-hamburg.de/mkg.php/en/sammlungen/antike/~P7

How do you think coins How do you think coins (numismatic evidence) can (numismatic evidence) can

be used by historians?be used by historians?

The Uses of Coins in The Uses of Coins in Historical ReconstructionHistorical Reconstruction

Quantity and distribution of currency Quantity and distribution of currency provide evidence for volume and provide evidence for volume and patterns of trade.patterns of trade.

Level of material prosperity can be Level of material prosperity can be gauged from coin quantity and fabric.gauged from coin quantity and fabric.

Images and inscriptions on coins convey Images and inscriptions on coins convey political and cultural information.political and cultural information.

Cultural Interaction:Cultural Interaction:Silver Drachma of Menander (Greek/Kharosthi)Silver Drachma of Menander (Greek/Kharosthi)

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/History/IndoGreekKingdom.html

Questions?Questions?