South Africa

• English is a minority language.

15 m Bantu-family

3.5 m Afrikaans

1.5 m English• Bilingualism fairly common

South Africa

• Bilingualism fairly common• English:

– native language of only 1.5 m whites – widely spoken as a 2nd language

• Bantu substratum• African English

– (FLEECE-KIT Merger,– DRESS-FACE Merger– etc.

South Africa

• Early 19th cent (British occupied the Cape 1806)• From the beginning, English considerably

influenced phonetically by Afrikaans. • Early cape colonies:• British occupation of the Cape 1806; 1820 5000

settlers arrived. Heavily influenced by Afrikaans• Later 1850 settlers in Natal less affected by

Afrikaans.

Natal1839-1843

South Africa

Same distinctions as in Aus, only Wells now calls them:

• Conservative (close to RP);

• Respectable (differing considerably from RP) and

• Extreme or Broad which includes some stigmatised features.

South Africa

• Lack of a manual labour class amongst white-speaking South Africans. Wells speculates whether this is the cause of lack of Ing-variable (i~ is almost universal) and lack of H-Dropping.

• Glottal stop

• H-Dropping not in Aus –NZ either

South Africa: KIT Split

South Africa: KIT Split

South Africa: KIT Split

NON-BROAD

South Africa: KIT Split

BROAD

South Africa: KIT Split

South Africa: KIT Split

• KIT Split interferes with the Ing Variable:

- higher allophone in front of the velar ing, retained in spite of the loss of the velar:

South Africa: other vowels

South Africa: other vowels

South Africa

South Africa