South Carolina Native Americans SC History 8-1.1 Summarize the collective and individual aspects of the Native American culture of the Eastern Woodlands

South Carolina Native Americans

SC History 8-1.1

Summarize the collective and individual aspects of the Native American culture of the Eastern Woodlands tribal group, including the Catawba, Cherokee, and Yemassee.


Chapter 3

Prehistory-Native Americans in

America

1350-1500 European

Renaissance

1492 Columbus Arrives in America

1527 Spain settlement at San

Miguel de Gualdape near Georgetown, SC

1562 France settlement at Charles Fort near Port Royal,

SC


American Indian ErasPaleo Indians (10,000 B.C.)• Hunter gatherers – hunted large herd animals/gathered plants

for food• Used projectile points attached to spears & stone tools• Were NOT farmersArchaic Indians (8,000-2,000 B.C.)• Became less nomadic-more settled• Large animals (mammoth/camels) disappeared, hunted smaller

animals (raccoon, turkey, deer, fish, shellfish, turtles…)• Change in tools – smaller spear points, fishing hooks from bone,

grinding bowl• Developed pottery = food storage & closer to creation of village

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American Indian ErasWoodland Indians (1000 B.C.)• Development of Agriculture (domestication of plants) & Villages• Farming, Hunting, and Gathering food• Population increased

Mississippian Indians (700 A.D.)• Last prehistoric era• Villages with mounds were common

– 100 feet high & surrounded by palisades (12-20ft high fence w/ pointed stakes)

– Burial place – On top were public buildings, temples, and where the chieftain

lived• Hieroglyphics (picture symbols representing sounds, meanings, &

ideas)

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List the three major Indian tribes of South Carolina and where they are located (SC Geographic Regions)

SC Native AmericansSC Native American Tribes

Were different based on the regions in which they lived & the natural resources available

Cherokee - Blue Ridge & Piedmont Regions

Catawba – Piedmont Region

Yemassee – Coastal Plains and Coastal Zone

CherokeeCatawba

Yemassee

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List specific natural resources found in South Carolina that the Native Americans used.

SC Native AmericansNatural Resources

Rocks, Minerals, Rivers, Plants, Shells & Animals

Are different in each geographic region of SCHad an affect on diet, housing, & travel

The Yemassee had oyster shells and sea- grass, which the Cherokee & Catawba did not have.

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SC Native Americans

Natural ResourcesWood & Animal Skins were natural resources

found in all of the regionsALL 3 South Carolina tribes used wood to build

houses, canoes, weapons, & toolsAnimal skins had a variety of uses

Wigwam roof

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Style of House?Cherokee house -

Catawba and Yemassee house -

Upon which natural resource did all 3 groups rely to build their homes?

SC Native Americans

Rock, wood, bone, shells, and animal skin were all used for tools, weapons, and building supplies.

–Rock and animal bone were commonly used for sharp points for hunting and bows and arrows. –Tree bark and animal skins were used to make houses •The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub style houses of sticks and mud.• The Catawba and Yemassee lived in wigwams of tree bark and deer skins.

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The Catawba and Yemassee used a style of house called a wigwam.

SC Native AmericansHousing

wattle & daubgrass or wood woven together & covered in mud

Rectangular summer houseA winter house was round & conical

Cherokee

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Native Americans located their villages next to rivers for…

• ___• ___• ___• ___

SC Native AmericansNatural Resources

Native American villages were often found near water sources – Rivers

Drinking, farming, food, and transportationThe rolling hills and red-yellow clay, made the land fertile

and ideal to develop farming

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• List examples of Native American weapons and tools.

• What types of natural resources were used to make them?

SC Native AmericansWeapons & Tools

• Smaller harder rock - used as drills – for making holes in wood, shells, and other types of stone

• Rock used to create farming tools (Garden hoe) and mortars• Shells were carved down to create a sharp edge used for

scraping

• Shells and bones were used to make combs, jewelry, awls and other tools.

Awl: instrument used to poke holes in animal skins for sewing

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How was fire used as a tool?• • •

Fire -used as a tool1.Used to drive out animals for hunting

2.To clear a field for farming– cut trees and burned the

brush to create farmland

3.Burn out a log to make a canoe

SC Native AmericansWeapons & Tools

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The entire region from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean and up to the Great Lakes is know as…?

•EasternEastern because of the East Coast

•WoodlandWoodland because of all the forests

•Hunters & Farmers•Mississippian

SC Native AmericansEastern Woodland Indians

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Mounds were used by the Native Americans for what four reasons?

1. 2. 3. 4.

mound builders Mounds were used for a variety of reasons:1.burial places2.public buildings3.temples/ceremonial sites4.houses of the chieftainMississippian

Sautee Nacoochee Valley, GA, Cherokee burial moundSautee Nacoochee Valley, GA, Cherokee burial mound

Remains of a shell mound, Edisto, SCRemains of a shell mound, Edisto, SC

SC Native AmericansVillages

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• Name the Native American group that had the most advanced government in South Carolina.


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Government• CherokeeCherokee had the most advanced

• 7 sided tribal house• Usually located on a mound

• Cherokee had representatives from each of the 7 clans meet in the council house with the chieftain • Made decisions for the tribe

• List the language group for each of the three main tribes in South Carolina.Cherokee =Catawba =Yemassee =

SC Native AmericansCulture

3 Tribes = 3 Language Groups

Cherokee - an Iroquoian language group - Did NOT have a written language until early 1800’s

Catawba – Siouan language group

Yemassee – Muskogean language group - Historians know very little about the Yemassee - A violent tribe - Did not allow observers near to document actions

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Always located near a water source:•Rivers•Springs•Stream •Ocean

Palisades - surrounded by tall wooden posts that were sharpened on top

Farming was usually done outside the palisades

The open space in the middle of the village was used for sportsLacrosse

• What was the Native American attitude toward land ownership?


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Communal environment•All hunted and worked to harvest the food•Shared by everyone in the village

They used all parts of the animal that they killed, for example an animal’s bladder was used to store and carry water.

Land•Belonged to everyone•Could not be owned by one person

Would eventually cause problems with the European Settlers

• Two methods in which the Native Americans got their food

SC Native American Diet • Very Simple•Yemassee (Low Country/Coast)

•seafood, wild game, and gathered nuts and berries

•Cherokee & Catawba•Hunted wild game•Used wooden fish traps to catch fish in rivers and streams•Gathered seeds, nuts, and berries

Eventually farmed Fertile soil & domestication of plants Easier than hunting/gathering

Fish TrapFish Trap


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Possible Yemassee village appearance

Possible Yemassee village appearance

• Describe the “three sisters”.– Draw an illustration


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The Most Important crops: CornPole beans Squash

Together, these crops are known as “The 3 Sisters”

Used corn stalks as poles for the beans Grew crops of pumpkins and bottle gourdsTobacco was grown in rows on separate plots

Corn was easily dried and kept for winter food.

Gourds were used for bowls and to carry

water.


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Cofitachequi

•SC Indian town near the Savannah River•Ruled by women•Rich Indian village•Large trade network in Coastal Plain

Large quantities of:Clothing, deerskins, shoes, pearls, & figures made from pearls

At first contact, Native Americans got along well with European settlers.

•Because Native Americans viewed the land as belonging to everyone, they were very willing to share food and resources with struggling colonists.

European ContactEuropean Contact


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Did not take long to change!!


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EuropeansEuropeans• Thought American Indians to be

crude, savage, & uncivilized• Mistreated the Indians and took their

land & lives• Indians were enslaved• Some males shipped to West Indies• Native Americans had to fight for Native Americans had to fight for

survival against disease, wars, and survival against disease, wars, and cultural destructioncultural destruction

Documents

South Carolina Native Americans SC History 8-1.1 Summarize the collective and individual aspects of the Native American culture of the Eastern Woodlands