Southern Southern and and

Western EuropeWestern Europe

Southern: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Vatican City, San Marino, Greece

Western: France, Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg,

Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein

Spain

San Marino

Greece

Portugal

Italy

Vatican City

France

Luxembourg

Belgium

Netherlands

Austria

Germany

Switzerland

Liechtenstein

Physical Features

• Peninsulas– Iberian (home to Spain and Portugal)

• Pyrenees Mountains – block off peninsula from rest of Europe

– Italian (boot of Italy)

• Alps – Most famous mountain chain in Europe– Stretch across France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland,

Austria, and the northern Balkan Peninsula– Cut Italy off from rest of Europe

• Islands – Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete

Rivers of Europe

• There are NUMEROUS rivers throughout Europe

• Rhine River– Most important river in Western &

Southern Europe– 820 miles

Climates

• Western Europe:Western Europe: – Marine West Coast (mainly)– Highland and Humid Subtropical

• Southern Europe:Southern Europe:– Mainly Mediterranean– Some Marine West Coast, Semiarid, and

Humid Subtropical

Southern and Western Resources

• Majority Zinc and Coal• Biggest variety of resources found in

Spain• Resources throughout the rest of

Western and Southern Europe is scattered

Water Pollution: Venice

• Industrial waste, sewage, and saltwater combine together and eat away the foundations of buildings (damage)

• Erosion is allowing large amounts of seawater into the lagoon– “Killer Algae”: decaying algae uses up all

the oxygen which causes fish in water to die as well = insects in water = STENCH!

ITALY

Rich culture The Roman Empire

Ruled most of the Italian Peninsula Grew by conquering overseas territories

The Renaissance (‘rebirth’) – a renewed interest in learning (Leonardo DaVinci)

Landmarks

Rome is the capital & largest city

Home to the Colosseum and other Roman ruins.

Southern Italy has many natural disasters Earthquakes, Volcanic Activity, Floods, & Droughts Home to Mt. Vesuvius and the ancient city

of Pompeii

Italy’s Economic Problems Italy:

Northern region is much more developed than Southern region

Why?Why?1. North is closer to industrial nations

(Germany & France)2. South = poor transportation systems3. Southern government made poor

decisions when promoting growth

• The island of Sicily – large island on the southern coast of Italy • Mt. Etna, an active volcano

SPAIN & PORTUGAL

Together form the Iberian Peninsula Capital of Spain = Madrid Capital of Portugal = Lisbon

One of the world’s largest tourist industries •Beaches & rich culture

Fishing is a large part of economy

Have a long history of sailing

Leading producer of cork – corkboards, shoes, wine stoppers

BackgroundBackground The Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula

was ruled by the was ruled by the MoorsMoors (a Muslim (a Muslim people from North people from North Africa) for over Africa) for over 700 700 yearsyears

Were the most Were the most powerfulpowerful European European nations; controlled nations; controlled sea tradesea trade during during the 15the 15thth – 16 – 16thth century century – Had a huge Had a huge colonial empirecolonial empire and was a and was a

leader in the leader in the spice tradespice trade..

VATICAN CITY • An independent state surrounded by

the city of Rome• Smallest country in the world (0.2sq.

Miles)

• The pope, the head of the Roman Catholic church, has absolute political authority within the city

GREECE

• Agricultural products – olive oil, tobacco, grapes, & citrus fruits

• Shipping is big part of economy

Background• Ancient Greece – vital to the

development of Western culture (roots of democracy)

• Ancient city of Olympia – site of the first Olympic Games

• Ancient city of Sparta – famous for its athletes and warriors (movie “300”)

• Capital = Athens • Home of the Acropolis with the

Parthenon (one of the world’s most photographed and famous buildings)

SAN MARINOSAN MARINO San Marino was founded early in the San Marino was founded early in the

44thth century by century by Christians escaping Christians escaping persecutionpersecution

One of the One of the oldestoldest and and smallestsmallest republics / countries republics / countries

Western EuropeWestern Europe

Rise of Nation-StatesRise of Nation-States

: political and economic : political and economic systemsystem Powerful LORDS owned most of the landPowerful LORDS owned most of the land Strong kings gain power over feudal Strong kings gain power over feudal

lordslords Evolved into Evolved into ::

Fierce loyalty to one’s nationFierce loyalty to one’s nation Contributed to yearnings for Contributed to yearnings for

independent countriesindependent countries

Feudalism

Nationalism

Modern ConflictsModern Conflicts

WWI:WWI: Causes: Causes:

Rivalries and competition for coloniesRivalries and competition for colonies• Central Powers vs. Allied PowersCentral Powers vs. Allied Powers

Assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand OUTCOMES:OUTCOMES: Consequences for GermanyConsequences for Germany

• Take blame, pay reparations, couldn’t form an Take blame, pay reparations, couldn’t form an armyarmy

Axis Powers: Germany

Austria-Hungary**Their allies

Allied Powers: France

Great BritainRussia

ItalyUS

Modern ConflictsModern Conflicts

WWII:WWII: Causes:Causes:

German resentment from WWIGerman resentment from WWI Rise of Adolf Hitler to powerRise of Adolf Hitler to power Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers

Outcomes:Outcomes: Holocaust Holocaust Division of GermanyDivision of Germany Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Axis Powers:

Japan

Italy

Germany

Allied Powers: U.S.

Great BritainSoviet Union

**BIG THREE**

Holocaust Facts and ImagesHolocaust Facts and Images

Religious Genocide (Mass Murder of Religious Genocide (Mass Murder of Jews)Jews)

Around 6 million fell victim to concentration Around 6 million fell victim to concentration campscamps

Also targeted were gypsies, vagrants, and Also targeted were gypsies, vagrants, and homosexualshomosexuals

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Divided between East and WestDivided between East and West West controlled by:West controlled by:

• Britain, US, and FranceBritain, US, and France• More democraticMore democratic

East controlled by:East controlled by:• Soviet UnionSoviet Union• Communist influencedCommunist influenced• ““Satellite” nationsSatellite” nations

Economic Diversity and Economic Diversity and LuxuryLuxury

Strong economy Strong economy (agriculture, manufacturing, (agriculture, manufacturing, & high-tech service industry)& high-tech service industry)

Agricultural Resources:Agricultural Resources: dairy farming, dairy farming, livestock raising (export), wheat, grapes, livestock raising (export), wheat, grapes, vegetablesvegetables

Industry:Industry: coal and iron ore coal and iron ore Electronics:Electronics: Netherlands, France, and Netherlands, France, and

GermanyGermany Switzerland: Switzerland: BankingBanking

TourismTourism

Climate, scenery, and historic sites Climate, scenery, and historic sites encourage many to travel to Western encourage many to travel to Western EuropeEurope Major part of the economy (France, Major part of the economy (France,

Switzerland, and Austria)Switzerland, and Austria) Luxuries:Luxuries: Cars, Jewelry, high fashion Cars, Jewelry, high fashion

clothingclothing

Germany’s Economic Germany’s Economic ProblemsProblems

What caused economic problems?What caused economic problems? Reunification of Germany Reunification of Germany

Western European nations (and West Western European nations (and West Germany) were much more advanced Germany) were much more advanced United Germany couldn’t keep up or United Germany couldn’t keep up or

catch the eastern parts upcatch the eastern parts up Outdated factoriesOutdated factories

Progress is occurring, but will take Progress is occurring, but will take time to see resultstime to see results

Music and ArtMusic and Art

Germany: Germany: Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach Ludwig von BeethovenLudwig von Beethoven

Austria:Austria: Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Arts: Arts: Jan Van Eyck (painter; used oils)Jan Van Eyck (painter; used oils) Rembrandt (Dutch painters—Realism)Rembrandt (Dutch painters—Realism) Claude Monet (French—impressionist)Claude Monet (French—impressionist)

Modern LifeModern Life

Prosperous economies = high Prosperous economies = high standard of living (standard of living (mucho dineromucho dinero)) Many Western Europeans live in citiesMany Western Europeans live in cities

City life:City life: Transportation, attractions (arts, plays, Transportation, attractions (arts, plays,

museums, etc.)museums, etc.) Low crime ratesLow crime rates Small houses = more public socializationSmall houses = more public socialization Paid vacation (more than what Ams. Paid vacation (more than what Ams.

receive)receive)

Modern ConflictsModern Conflicts

Immigration:Immigration: ““Guest Workers” from Serbia & Guest Workers” from Serbia &

Montenegro/Turkey (to West Germany)Montenegro/Turkey (to West Germany) Economic problems blamed on these Economic problems blamed on these

workers (stole jobs, etc.)workers (stole jobs, etc.) Austria and remarks from leader Austria and remarks from leader

defending Nazis; caused racial tensionsdefending Nazis; caused racial tensions Fear of rebirth of racist politicsFear of rebirth of racist politics