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Southern & Eastern Asia’s
Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism, and Confucianism
© Brain Wrinkles
STANDARDS:
SS7G12 Analyze the diverse cultural characteristics of the people who live in Southern and Eastern Asia. a. Explain the differences between an
ethnic group and a religious group. b. Compare and contrast the belief systems
originating in Southern and Eastern Asia: Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism, and Confucianism.
© Brain Wrinkles
Ethn
ic Gro
up
•Th
is is a grou
p o
f pe
op
le wh
o sh
are __________________ ch
aracteristics.•
They are id
en
tified
on
the b
asis of religio
n, _
_________________ , o
r natio
nal o
rigin.
•Eth
nic gro
up
s can _
_________________ th
ings in
com
mo
n:
•Sh
ared h
istory, _
_________________ , lan
guage
, religio
n, trad
ition
s, custo
ms, h
olid
ays, fo
od
, etc.•
The
se characteristics h
ave be
en p
art of th
eir com
mu
nity fo
r __________________ .
•A
ll of th
ese thin
gs make u
p a co
mm
on
cultu
re __________________ b
y the m
emb
ers o
f th
e ethn
ic grou
p.
•So
uth
ern an
d Eastern
Asia’s p
op
ulatio
n is a _
_________________ o
f man
y ethn
ic grou
ps.
Re
ligiou
s Gro
up
•Th
is is a grou
p o
f pe
op
le wh
o sh
are a com
mo
n _
_________________ .
•A
religiou
s grou
p is id
entifie
d b
ased o
n m
utu
al __________________ an
d p
ractices.
•Th
ey be
lieve in th
e same go
d (o
r god
s) and
have a co
mm
on
sacred text w
ith a sp
ecific set of
rules ab
ou
t __________________ .
•P
eop
le from
differen
t ethn
ic grou
ps m
ay share th
e _
_________________ ; h
ow
ever, they
may b
e from
differen
t cultu
res.•
The
re are man
y religiou
s grou
ps fo
un
d th
rou
gho
ut So
uth
ern
and
Eastern A
sia, with
the m
ost
pred
om
inate b
ein
g __________________ an
d H
ind
uism
.•
The
re are also fo
llow
ers of th
e religiou
s __________________ o
f Shin
toism
and
C
on
fucian
ism.
BU
DD
HISM
Origin
•A
rou
nd
50
0 B
CE, B
ud
dh
ism _
_________________ an
d rap
idly sp
read fro
m th
ere.•
Tod
ay, Bu
dd
hism
is the _
_________________ religio
n in
the w
orld
with
6%
of th
e p
op
ulatio
n b
eing B
ud
dh
ist.•
The
religion
’s __________________ o
f follo
wers are fo
un
d in
Sou
thern
and
Eastern A
sia.
Gu
atama
•B
ud
dh
ism w
as fou
nd
ed b
y the ro
yal Ind
ian p
rince
__________________ .
•G
uatam
a was a rich
man
wh
o led
a life of lu
xury; h
ow
ever, he
was tro
ub
led b
y the
__________________ th
at he
saw aro
un
d h
im.
•H
e __________________ an
d traveled
arou
nd
Ind
ia for years, h
op
ing to
find
ou
t wh
y p
eo
ple h
ad to
suffer.
© B
rain W
rinkles
Bu
dd
ha
•A
fter med
itating ab
ou
t the _
_________________ , h
e fin
ally tho
ugh
t he
un
de
rstoo
d w
hat
had
to b
e d
on
e.
•G
uatam
a felt that p
eo
ple co
uld
find
pe
ace on
ly if they co
uld
__________________ an
d
de
sire.•
He b
ecam
e th
e Bu
dd
ha, o
r “__________________ ”, after sp
end
ing so
mu
ch tim
e p
on
derin
g the w
ays of life.
Enligh
ten
me
nt
•B
ud
dh
a __________________ an
cient In
dia sh
aring h
is enligh
tenm
ent w
ith o
the
rs.•
Soo
n, m
any p
eo
ple b
ecam
e _
_________________ .
•B
ud
dh
a record
ed
his b
asic teachin
gs in th
e Tripita
ka, th
e h
oly b
oo
k that teach
es that
sufferin
g exists in th
e wo
rld b
ut h
um
ans can
overco
me it b
y __________________ .
Be
liefs•
Bu
dd
ha tau
ght th
at there w
ere Fou
r No
ble Tru
ths in
life (basic in
structio
ns th
at teach
sufferin
g exists in th
e wo
rld an
d h
um
ans m
uch
reach en
lighten
men
t to
__________________ ).
•B
ud
dh
ists also b
elieve in
__________________ , a cycle o
f birth
and
rebirth
, wh
ere on
e’s b
eh
avior in
this life d
etermin
es wh
at on
e be
com
es in th
e n
ext life.•
Bu
dd
hists d
o n
ot b
elieve in
a god
or go
ds; in
stead, th
ey __________________ .
Nirvan
a•
__________________ is th
e ultim
ate goal o
f Bu
dd
hists.
•It is a state o
f enligh
tenm
ent w
he
re on
e can h
ave __________________ .
•In
ord
er to
achieve N
irvana, a p
erso
n m
ust fo
llow
The
Mid
dle W
ay (eigh
t __________________ ).
Mid
dle
Way
1.
Try to re
cogn
ize th
e tru
th2
.Try to
__________________ an
d b
ad p
eo
ple
3.
Do
__________________ th
at hu
rt oth
ers
4.
Re
spe
ct oth
er p
eo
ple
and
the
ir be
lon
gings
5.
Ch
oo
se a jo
b th
at __________________ to
oth
ers
6.
Do
no
t thin
k __________________
7.
Avo
id excite
men
t or an
ger
8.
__________________
, thin
king carefu
lly abo
ut w
hat m
atters in life
© B
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rinkles
HIN
DU
ISMO
rigin•
Hin
du
ism d
evelop
ed in
__________________ aro
un
d 1
50
0 B
CE.
•H
ind
uism
is the _
_________________ in
the w
orld
, beh
ind
Ch
ristianity an
d Islam
.•
Tod
ay, Hin
du
ism is largely p
racticed in
Ind
ia wh
ere __________________ o
f Ind
ians claim
to b
e H
ind
u.
Po
lytheistic
•H
ind
us are _
_________________ , m
eanin
g they b
elieve in
man
y god
s and
god
desses.
•Th
ere are som
e god
s, like __________________ , w
ho
are mo
re significan
t and
are wo
rship
ped
m
ore o
ften th
an o
thers.
Texts•
Hin
du
s __________________ ju
st on
e ho
ly bo
ok th
at they co
nsid
er sacred.
•In
stead, th
ere are man
y imp
ortan
t texts that teach
__________________ .
•__________________
, wh
ich is co
mp
ose
d o
f com
plicated
praye
rs, rituals, an
d h
ymn
s, is on
e
examp
le.
Rein
carnatio
n•
All H
ind
us b
elieve in
reincarn
ation
, a __________________ , d
eath, an
d reb
irth.
•Th
ey belie
ve that th
e sou
l __________________ w
ith th
e bo
dy, b
ut en
ters the b
od
y of an
oth
er b
eing (h
um
an o
r anim
al) to live an
oth
er life.•
In H
ind
uism
, a __________________ (go
od
or b
ad b
ehavio
r) in o
ne life d
etermin
es his o
r her
po
sition
, wealth
, and
social class in
the n
ext life.•
A so
ul is rein
carnated
over an
d o
ver again u
ntil it is go
od
eno
ugh
to ach
ieve _
_________________ .
•Th
e goal o
f Hin
du
s is to ach
ieve m
oksh
a, o
r __________________ fro
m th
e cycle of rein
carnatio
n.
Caste System•
Hin
du
s live by th
e __________________ -
a be
lief that so
cial class is he
red
itary and
do
es n
ot
chan
ge thro
ugh
ou
t a perso
n’s life.
•H
istorically, th
e __________________ castes w
as to b
e bo
rn in
to a d
ifferent o
ne in
the n
ext life.•
Traditio
nal fam
ilies w
ou
ld _
_________________ ch
ildren
marry so
meo
ne fro
m an
oth
er caste.•
Man
y job
s in In
dia are _
_________________ b
ased o
n caste co
nn
ection
s.•
The caste system
__________________ in
to 4
main
classes:1
.B
rahm
ans (p
riests and
wise m
en) –
__________________
2.
Kashatriyas
(__________________ , ru
lers, sold
iers) 3
.V
aishyas
(merch
ants, trad
ers, __________________ )
4.
Shu
dras (_
_________________ an
d field
wo
rkers)•
A fifth
caste is con
sidered
even lo
wer, th
e __________________ o
r pariah
s, wh
o d
o w
ork th
at no
o
ne else w
ou
ld d
o.
•To
day, h
ow
ever, man
y Hin
du
s can ach
ieve a h
igher so
cial class thro
ugh
__________________ o
r gettin
g an ed
ucatio
n.
© B
rain W
rinkles
THE P
HILO
SOP
HY
OF SH
INTO
ISMO
rigin•
Shin
toism
is a belief system
that is _
_________________ .
•It _
_________________ to
oth
er parts o
f the w
orld
. •
Shin
toism
was o
nce th
e official state religio
n o
f Japan
and
is still __________________ am
on
g the Jap
anese to
day.
Kami
•Sh
into
ism is b
ased o
n th
e traditio
nal Jap
anese teach
ing th
at everythin
g in n
ature
con
tains ka
mi, o
r the _
_________________ .
•M
any Jap
anese b
elieve that th
e mo
un
tains an
d rivers in
Japan
are ho
me to
these ka
mi
and
are con
sidered
__________________ .
•Sh
rines are b
uilt to
help
__________________ b
elieved to
have b
ecom
e kamiafter
death
.•
Shin
toists o
ffer prayers an
d p
erform
rituals to
__________________ th
e kami.
•M
ost Jap
anese h
ou
seho
lds h
ave a small altar w
here th
e family w
ill offer p
rayers for th
e sp
irits they h
op
e will _
_________________ th
em.
Be
liefs•
Shin
toism
__________________ , p
rimary go
d o
r text. •
Instead
, Shin
toists _
_________________ th
at help
con
nect th
em to
natu
re and
to
their an
cestors.
•Sh
into
ists are expected
to resp
ect and
ho
no
r all __________________ .
•Sh
into
ism also
teaches th
at __________________ (clean
liness) is m
ore im
po
rtant
than
mo
ral pu
rity.•
Follo
wers m
ust p
erform
man
y ceremo
nies an
d ritu
als to _
_________________ th
e w
orld
.•
Since Sh
into
offers n
o id
eas of a m
oral co
de, a go
d, o
r life after death
, man
y Japan
ese w
ho
practice Sh
into
also _
_________________ as w
ell.
© B
rain W
rinkles
THE P
HILO
SOP
HY
OF C
ON
FUC
IAN
ISMO
rigin•
Co
nfu
cianism
is no
t a religion
bu
t rather _
_________________ th
at is often
said to
b
e the fo
un
datio
n o
f mo
dern
Ch
inese cu
lture.
•C
on
fucian
ism w
as declared
the o
fficial guid
ing p
ractice for th
e __________________
in 1
21
BC
E.•
It has co
ntin
ued
to h
ave great influ
ence o
n C
hin
ese govern
men
t for o
ver __________________ .
Co
nfu
cius
•C
on
fuciu
s was b
orn
in 5
50
BC
E, a time w
hen
the go
vernm
ent w
as havin
g __________________ an
d w
arlord
s con
trolled
mu
ch o
f the lan
d.
•H
e believed
he kn
ew h
ow
to b
ring p
eace to an
cient C
hin
a –th
e key was fo
r peo
ple to
b
ehave w
ith _
_________________ an
d virtu
e.•
Co
nfu
cius created
a __________________ fo
r social life an
d p
olitics th
at every p
erson
sho
uld
follo
w in
ord
er to b
ring p
eace to C
hin
a.
Be
liefs•
Co
nfu
cianism
is based
on
__________________ an
d d
oes n
ot fo
llow
on
e rulin
g god
.•
It teaches th
at each p
erson
has a p
lace in so
ciety and
that h
e or sh
e mu
st __________________ if so
ciety is to fu
nctio
n in
harm
on
y.•
There are five b
asic types o
f __________________ : ru
ler and
sub
ject, father an
d
son
, hu
sban
d an
d w
ife, old
er bro
ther an
d yo
un
ger bro
ther, &
friend
and
friend
.
Go
lde
n R
ule
•C
on
fuciu
s believed
that if each
relation
ship
were _
_________________ , th
ere w
ou
ld b
e peace an
d h
armo
ny in
the co
un
try.•
His _
_________________ o
f Beh
avior w
as “Wh
at you
do
no
t like wh
en d
on
e un
to
you
rself, do
no
t un
to o
thers.”
•C
on
fucian
ism is a b
elief system b
ased o
n go
od
__________________ .
© B
rain W
rinkles
Southern & Eastern Asia’s
Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism, and Confucianism
© Brain Wrinkles
• This is a group of people who share common cultural characteristics.
• They are identified on the basis of religion, race, or national origin.
• Ethnic groups can have many things in common:• Shared history, physical appearance,
language, religion, traditions, customs, holidays, food, etc.
© Brain Wrinkles
• These characteristics have been part of their community for generations.
• All of these things make up a common culture that is shared by the members of the ethnic group.
• Southern and Eastern Asia’s population is a unique blend of many ethnic groups.
© Brain Wrinkles
© Brain Wrinkles
Tagalogs of the Philippines
Chams of Vietnam
• This is a group of people who share a common belief system.
• A religious group is identified based on mutual religious beliefs and practices.
• They believe in the same god (or gods) and have a common sacred text with a specific set of rules about how to live.
© Brain Wrinkles
• People from different ethnic groups may share the same religion; however, they may be from different cultures.
• There are many religious groups found throughout Southern and Eastern Asia, with the most predominate being Buddhism and Hinduism.
• There are also followers of the religious philosophies of Shintoism and Confucianism.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Tibetan Buddhist Monks
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• Around 500 BCE, Buddhism originated in India and rapidly spread from there.
• Today, Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world with 6% of the population being Buddhist.
• The religion’s largest numbers of followers are found in Southern and Eastern Asia.
© Brain Wrinkles
© Brain Wrinkles
Distribution of Buddhists Around the World
• Buddhism was founded by the royal Indian prince Siddhartha Gautama.
• Guatama was a rich man who led a life of luxury; however, he was troubled by the poverty and suffering that he saw around him.
• He became a monk and traveled around India for years, hoping to find out why people had to suffer.
© Brain Wrinkles
© Brain Wrinkles
One of the earliest statues of Siddhartha
Guatama – circa 1st-2nd
century CE.
• After meditating about the unhappiness of man, he finally thought he understood what had to be done.
• Guatama felt that people could find peace only if they could reject greed and desire.
• He became the Buddha, or “enlightened one”, after spending so much time pondering the ways of life.
© Brain Wrinkles
© Brain Wrinkles
Painting of Buddha
Surrounded By Monks
• Buddha traveled all over ancient India sharing his enlightenment with others.
• Soon, many people became devout followers.
• Buddha recorded his basic teachings in the Tripitaka, the holy book that teaches that suffering exists in the world but humans can overcome it by becoming enlightened.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Sarnath – where Buddha gave his first sermon.
• Buddha taught that there were Four Noble Truths in life (basic instructions that teach suffering exists in the world and humans much reach enlightenment to rise above it).
• Buddhists also believe in reincarnation, a cycle of birth and rebirth, where one’s behavior in this life determines what one becomes in the next life.
• Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods; instead, they follow Buddha’s teachings.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Buddha Tooth Relic Temple - Singapore
• Nirvana is the ultimate goal of Buddhists.
• It is a state of enlightenment where one can have happiness and peace.
• In order to achieve Nirvana, a person must follow The Middle Way (eight rules for conduct).
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© Brain Wrinkles
Mahabodhi temple in India -Where Buddha
attained nirvana under the Bodhi
tree.
1. Try to recognize the truth2. Try to avoid evil actions and bad people3. Do not say things that hurt others4. Respect other people and their belongings5. Choose a job that does no harm to others6. Do not think evil thoughts7. Avoid excitement or anger8. Work at meditation, thinking carefully about
what matters in life
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© Brain Wrinkles
Buddha Memorial Center - Taiwan
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• Hinduism developed in ancient India around 1500 BCE.
• Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world, behind Christianity and Islam.
• Today, Hinduism is largely practiced in India where over 80% of Indians claim to be Hindu.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Akshardham Temple in Delhi – World’s Largest Hindu Temple
• Hindus are polytheistic, meaning they believe in many gods and goddesses.
• There are some gods, like Shiva and Vishnu, who are more significant and are worshipped more often than others.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Statue of Shiva – 65 Ft. Tall
• Hindus do not have just one holy book that they consider sacred.
• Instead, there are many important texts that teach proper Hindu behavior.
• The Vedas, which is composed of complicated prayers, rituals, and hymns, is one example.
© Brain Wrinkles
• All Hindus believe in reincarnation, a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.
• They believe that the soul does not die with the body, but enters the body of another being (human or animal) to live another life.
• In Hinduism, a person’s karma (good or bad behavior) in one life determines his or her position, wealth, and social class in the next life.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Some animals, like the cow, are especially sacred, and many Hindus are vegetarians.
• A soul is reincarnated over and over again until it is good enough to achieve moksha.
• The goal of Hindus is to achieve moksha, or peace and freedom from the cycle of reincarnation.
© Brain Wrinkles
© Brain Wrinkles
Diwali “Festival of Lights” – Hindu Celebration in India
• Hindus live by the caste system - a belief that social class is hereditary and does not change throughout a person’s life.
• Historically, the only way to change castes was to be born into a different one in the next life.
• Traditional families would not let their children marry someone from another caste.
• Many jobs in India are still awarded based on caste connections.
© Brain Wrinkles
• The caste system divides people into 4 main classes:1. Brahmans (priests and wise men) – highest class2. Kashatriyas (warriors, rulers, soldiers) 3. Vaishyas (merchants, traders, small farmers) 4. Shudras (peasants and field workers)
• A fifth caste is considered even lower, the untouchables or pariahs, who do work that no one else would do.
• Today, however, many Hindus can achieve a higher social class through learning new skills or getting an education.
© Brain Wrinkles
© Brain Wrinkles
School of Untouchables – Early 1900s
© Brain Wrinkles
The Philosophy of
• Shintoism is a belief system that is unique to Japan.
• It has not spread to other parts of the world.
• Shintoism was once the official state religion of Japan and is still widely honored among the Japanese today.
© Brain Wrinkles
• Shintoism is based on the traditional Japanese teaching that everything in nature contains kami, or the spirit of a god.
• Many Japanese believe that the mountains and rivers in Japan are home to these kami and are considered very sacred.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Mt. Fuji – Sacred to Shintoism
• Shrines are built to help worship ancestors believed to have become kami after death.
• Shintoists offer prayers and perform rituals to honor and please the kami.
• Most Japanese households have a small altar where the family will offer prayers for the spirits they hope will bless and protect them.
© Brain Wrinkles
© Brain Wrinkles
Torri gates mark the separation between the human world and the world of the kami.
Torri Gates Outside of a Shinto Shrine
• Shintoism follows no single, primary god or text.
• Instead, Shintoists follow daily rituals that help connect them to nature and to their ancestors.
• Shintoists are expected to respect and honor all life and nature.
© Brain Wrinkles
• Shintoism also teaches that physical purity (cleanliness) is more important than moral purity.
• Followers must perform many ceremonies and rituals to cleanse and purify the world.
• Since Shinto offers no ideas of a moral code, a god, or life after death, many Japanese who practice Shinto also practice another religion as well.
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© Brain WrinklesShinto Shrine
© Brain Wrinkles
The Philosophy of
• Confucianism is not a religion but rather a philosophy that is often said to be the foundation of modern Chinese culture.
• Confucianism was declared the official guiding practice for the Chinese government in 121 BCE.
• It has continued to have great influence on Chinese government for over 2000 years.
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© Brain Wrinkles
• Confucius was born in 550 BCE, a time when the government was having trouble keeping order and warlords controlled much of the land.
• He believed he knew how to bring peace to ancient China – the key was for people to behave with good character and virtue.
• Confucius created a moral structure for social life and politics that every person should follow in order to bring peace to China.
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© Brain Wrinkles
• Confucianism is based on society and traditions and does not follow one ruling god.
• It teaches that each person has a place in society and that he or she must accept that position if society is to function in harmony.
• There are five basic types of relationships in society: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, & friend and friend.
© Brain Wrinkles
• Confucius believed that if each relationship were based on kindness, there would be peace and harmony in the country.
• His Golden Rule of Behavior was “What you do not like when done unto yourself, do not unto others.”
• Confucianism is a belief system based on good deeds and morality.
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© Brain Wrinkles
Temple & Cemetery of Confucius in his Hometown
Ethn
ic Gro
up
•Th
is is a grou
p o
f peo
ple w
ho
share co
mm
on
cultu
ral characteristics.
•Th
ey are iden
tified o
n th
e basis o
f religion
, race, or n
ation
al origin
.•
Ethn
ic grou
ps can
have m
any th
ings in
com
mo
n:
•Sh
ared h
istory, p
hysical ap
pearan
ce, langu
age, religion
, traditio
ns, cu
stom
s, ho
lidays,
foo
d, etc.
•Th
ese characteristics h
ave been
part o
f their co
mm
un
ity for gen
eration
s.•
All o
f these th
ings m
ake up
a com
mo
n cu
lture th
at is shared
by th
e mem
bers o
f the
ethn
ic grou
p.
•So
uth
ern an
d Eastern
Asia’s p
op
ulatio
n is a u
niq
ue b
lend
of m
any eth
nic gro
up
s.
Re
ligiou
s Gro
up
•Th
is is a grou
p o
f peo
ple w
ho
share a co
mm
on
belief system
. •
A religio
us gro
up
is iden
tified b
ased o
n m
utu
al religiou
s beliefs an
d p
ractices.•
They b
elieve in th
e same go
d (o
r god
s) and
have a co
mm
on
sacred text w
ith a sp
ecific set o
f rules ab
ou
t ho
w to
live.•
Peop
le from
differen
t ethn
ic grou
ps m
ay share th
e same religio
n; h
ow
ever, they m
ay b
e from
differen
t cultu
res.•
There are m
any religio
us gro
up
s fou
nd
thro
ugh
ou
t Sou
thern
and
Eastern A
sia, with
the
mo
st pred
om
inate b
eing B
ud
dh
isman
d H
ind
uism
.•
There are also
follo
wers o
f the religio
us p
hilo
sop
hies
of Sh
into
ism an
d C
on
fucian
ism.
BU
DD
HISM
Origin
•A
rou
nd
50
0 B
CE, B
ud
dh
ism o
riginated
in In
dia an
d rap
idly sp
read fro
m th
ere.•
Tod
ay, Bu
dd
hism
is the fo
urth
largest religion
in th
e wo
rld w
ith 6
% o
f the p
op
ulatio
n
bein
g Bu
dd
hist.
•Th
e religion
’s largest nu
mb
ers of fo
llow
ers are fou
nd
in So
uth
ern an
d Eastern
Asia.
Gu
atama
•B
ud
dh
ism w
as fou
nd
ed b
y the ro
yal Ind
ian p
rince Sid
dh
artha G
autam
a.•
Gu
atama w
as a rich m
an w
ho
led a life o
f luxu
ry; ho
wever, h
e was tro
ub
led b
y the
po
verty and
sufferin
gth
at he saw
arou
nd
him
.•
He b
ecame a m
on
k and
traveled aro
un
d In
dia fo
r years, ho
pin
g to fin
d o
ut w
hy p
eop
le h
ad to
suffer.
© B
rain W
rinkles
Bu
dd
ha
•A
fter med
itating ab
ou
t the u
nh
app
iness o
f man
, he fin
ally tho
ugh
t he u
nd
erstoo
d
wh
at had
to b
e do
ne.
•G
uatam
a felt that p
eop
le cou
ld fin
d p
eace on
ly if they co
uld
reject greed an
d d
esire.•
He b
ecame th
e Bu
dd
ha, o
r “enligh
tened
on
e”, after spen
din
g so m
uch
time p
on
derin
g th
e ways o
f life.
Enligh
ten
me
nt
•B
ud
dh
a traveled all o
ver ancien
t Ind
ia sharin
g his en
lighten
men
t with
oth
ers.•
Soo
n, m
any p
eop
le becam
e devo
ut fo
llow
ers.•
Bu
dd
ha reco
rded
his b
asic teachin
gs in th
e Tripita
ka, th
e ho
ly bo
ok th
at teaches th
at su
ffering exists in
the w
orld
bu
t hu
man
s can o
vercom
e it by b
ecom
ing en
lighten
ed.
Be
liefs•
Bu
dd
ha tau
ght th
at there w
ere Fou
r No
ble Tru
ths in
life (basic in
structio
ns th
at teach
sufferin
g exists in th
e wo
rld an
d h
um
ans m
uch
reach en
lighten
men
t to rise ab
ove it).
•B
ud
dh
ists also b
elieve in rein
carnatio
n, a cycle o
f birth
and
rebirth
, wh
ere on
e’s b
ehavio
r in th
is life determ
ines w
hat o
ne b
ecom
es in th
e next life.
•B
ud
dh
ists do
no
t believe in
a god
or go
ds; in
stead, th
ey follo
w B
ud
dh
a’s teachin
gs.
Nirvan
a•
Nirvan
ais th
e ultim
ate goal o
f Bu
dd
hists.
•It is a state o
f enligh
tenm
ent w
here o
ne can
have h
app
iness an
d p
eace.
•In
ord
er to ach
ieve Nirvan
a, a perso
n m
ust fo
llow
The M
idd
le Way (eigh
t rules fo
r co
nd
uct).
Mid
dle
Way
1.
Try to reco
gnize th
e truth
2.
Try to avo
id evil actio
ns an
d b
ad p
eop
le3
.D
o n
ot say th
ings th
at hu
rt oth
ers4
.R
espect o
ther p
eop
le and
their b
elon
gings
5.
Ch
oo
se a job
that d
oes n
o h
arm to
oth
ers6
.D
o n
ot th
ink evil th
ou
ghts
7.
Avo
id excitem
ent o
r anger
8.
Wo
rk at med
itation
, thin
king carefu
lly abo
ut w
hat m
atters in life
© B
rain W
rinkles
HIN
DU
ISMO
rigin•
Hin
du
ism d
evelop
ed in
ancien
t Ind
ia arou
nd
15
00
BC
E.•
Hin
du
ism is th
e third
largest religion
in th
e wo
rld, b
ehin
d C
hristian
ity and
Islam.
•To
day, H
ind
uism
is largely practiced
in In
dia w
here o
ver 80
% o
f Ind
ians claim
to b
e Hin
du
.
Po
lytheistic
•H
ind
us are p
olyth
eistic, me
anin
g they b
elieve in
man
y god
s and
god
desses.
•Th
ere are som
e god
s, like Shiva an
d V
ishn
u, w
ho
are mo
re significan
t and
are wo
rship
ped
mo
re often
th
an o
thers.
Texts•
Hin
du
s do
no
t have ju
st on
e ho
ly bo
ok th
at they co
nsid
er sacred.
•In
stead, th
ere are man
y imp
ortan
t texts that teach
pro
per H
ind
u b
ehavio
r.•
The V
edas, w
hich
is com
po
sed
of co
mp
licated p
rayers, rituals, an
d h
ymn
s, is on
e examp
le.
Rein
carnatio
n•
All H
ind
us b
elieve in
reincarn
ation
, a cycle of b
irth, d
eath, an
d reb
irth.
•Th
ey belie
ve that th
e sou
l do
es n
ot d
ie with
the b
od
y, bu
t enters th
e bo
dy o
f ano
ther b
eing (h
um
an
or an
imal) to
live ano
ther life.
•In
Hin
du
ism, a p
erson
’s karma (go
od
or b
ad b
ehavio
r) in o
ne life d
etermin
es his o
r her p
ositio
n,
wealth
, and
social class in
the n
ext life.•
A so
ul is rein
carnated
over an
d o
ver again u
ntil it is go
od
eno
ugh
to ach
ieve m
oksh
a.
•Th
e goal o
f Hin
du
s is to ach
ieve m
oksh
a, o
r pe
ace an
d fre
ed
om
from
the
cycle of re
incarn
ation
.
Caste System•
Hin
du
s live by th
e caste system -
a belief th
at social class is h
ereditary an
d d
oe
s no
t chan
ge th
rou
gho
ut a p
erson
’s life.•
Histo
rically, the o
nly w
ay to ch
ange castes w
as to b
e bo
rn in
to a d
ifferent o
ne in
the n
ext life.•
Traditio
nal fam
ilies wo
uld
no
t let their ch
ildren
marry so
meo
ne fro
m an
oth
er caste.•
Man
y job
s in In
dia are still aw
arded
based
on
caste con
nectio
ns.
•Th
e caste system d
ivides p
eop
le into
4 m
ain classes:
1.
Brah
man
s (priests an
d w
ise men
) –h
ighest class
2.
Kashatriyas
(warrio
rs, rulers, so
ldiers)
3.
Vaish
yas(m
erchan
ts, traders, sm
all farme
rs) 4
.Sh
ud
ras (peasan
tsan
d field
wo
rkers)•
A fifth
caste is con
sidered
even lo
wer, th
e un
tou
chab
leso
r pariah
s, wh
o d
o w
ork th
at no
on
e else w
ou
ld d
o.
•To
day, h
ow
ever, man
y Hin
du
s can ach
ieve a h
igher so
cial class thro
ugh
learnin
g new
skills or gettin
g an
edu
cation
.
© B
rain W
rinkles
THE P
HILO
SOP
HY
OF SH
INTO
ISMO
rigin•
Shin
toism
is a belief system
that is u
niq
ue to
Japan
.•
It has n
ot sp
read to
oth
er parts o
f the w
orld
. •
Shin
toism
was o
nce th
e official state religio
n o
f Japan
and
is still wid
ely ho
no
red
amo
ng th
e Japan
ese tod
ay.
Kami
•Sh
into
ism is b
ased o
n th
e traditio
nal Jap
anese teach
ing th
at everythin
g in n
ature
con
tains ka
mi, o
r the sp
irit of a go
d.
•M
any Jap
anese b
elieve that th
e mo
un
tains an
d rivers in
Japan
are ho
me to
these ka
mi
and
are con
sidered
very sacred.
•Sh
rines are b
uilt to
help
wo
rship
ancesto
rs believed
to h
ave beco
me ka
miafter d
eath.
•Sh
into
ists offer p
rayers and
perfo
rm ritu
als to h
on
or an
d p
lease the ka
mi.
•M
ost Jap
anese h
ou
seho
lds h
ave a small altar w
here th
e family w
ill offer p
rayers for th
e sp
irits they h
op
e will b
less and
pro
tect them
.
Be
liefs•
Shin
toism
follo
ws n
o sin
gle, prim
ary god
or text.
•In
stead, Sh
into
ists follo
w d
aily rituals th
at help
con
nect th
em to
natu
re and
to th
eir an
cestors.
•Sh
into
ists are expected
to resp
ect and
ho
no
r all life and
natu
re.•
Shin
toism
also teach
es that p
hysical p
urity (clean
liness) is m
ore im
po
rtant th
an m
oral
pu
rity.•
Follo
wers m
ust p
erform
man
y ceremo
nies an
d ritu
als to clean
se and
pu
rify the w
orld
.•
Since Sh
into
offers n
o id
eas of a m
oral co
de, a go
d, o
r life after death
, man
y Japan
ese w
ho
practice Sh
into
also p
ractice ano
ther religio
n as w
ell.
© B
rain W
rinkles
THE P
HILO
SOP
HY
OF C
ON
FUC
IAN
ISMO
rigin•
Co
nfu
cianism
is no
t a religion
bu
t rather a p
hilo
sop
hy th
at is often
said to
be th
e fo
un
datio
n o
f mo
dern
Ch
inese cu
lture.
•C
on
fucian
ism w
as declared
the o
fficial guid
ing p
ractice for th
e Ch
inese go
vernm
ent in
1
21
BC
E.•
It has co
ntin
ued
to h
ave great influ
ence o
n C
hin
ese govern
men
t for o
ver 20
00
years.
Co
nfu
cius
•C
on
fuciu
s was b
orn
in 5
50
BC
E, a time w
hen
the go
vernm
ent w
as havin
g trou
ble
keepin
g ord
er and
warlo
rds co
ntro
lled m
uch
of th
e land
.•
He b
elieved h
e knew
ho
w to
brin
g peace to
ancien
t Ch
ina –
the key w
as for p
eop
le to
beh
ave with
goo
d ch
aracter and
virtue.
•C
on
fuciu
s created a m
oral stru
cture fo
r social life an
d p
olitics th
at every perso
n sh
ou
ld
follo
w in
ord
er to b
ring p
eace to C
hin
a.
Be
liefs•
Co
nfu
cianism
is based
on
society an
d trad
ition
s and
do
es no
t follo
w o
ne ru
ling go
d.
•It teach
es that each
perso
n h
as a place in
society an
d th
at he o
r she m
ust accep
t that
po
sition
if society is to
fun
ction
in h
armo
ny.
•Th
ere are five basic typ
es of relatio
nsh
ips in
society: ru
ler and
sub
ject, father an
d so
n,
hu
sban
d an
d w
ife, old
er bro
ther an
d yo
un
ger bro
ther, &
friend
and
friend
.
Go
lde
n R
ule
•C
on
fuciu
s believed
that if each
relation
ship
were b
ased o
n kin
dn
ess, there w
ou
ld b
e p
eace and
harm
on
y in th
e cou
ntry.
•H
is Go
lden
Ru
le of B
ehavio
r was “W
hat yo
u d
o n
ot like w
hen
do
ne u
nto
you
rself, do
n
ot u
nto
oth
ers.”•
Co
nfu
cianism
is a belief system
based
on
goo
d d
eeds an
d m
orality.
© B
rain W
rinkles
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