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Southwest Asia & North Africa
5 Quick Words… Come up with 5 words that come to mind
when you think of this region.
People Places Things Events
List of Countries…. Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon
Libya Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen
Peninsulas Arabian Peninsula
Bordered by: Red Sea Persian Gulf Arabian Sea Gulf of Aden
Sinai Peninsula Bordered by:
Red Sea Anatolian Peninsula
Bordered by: Black Sea Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea
Location… This region is
sometimes called the “crossroads” of the world because of its critical location between several continents
Dead Sea…. Landlocked
saltwater lake Saltiest body of
water 9 times as salty as
the ocean
Mountains…. Taurus Mount Ararat Elburz Zagros Hindu Kush Atlas Ahaggar
Rivers…. Nile
World’s longest river
Tigris Euphrates
Makes up Mesopotamia or “Fertile Crescent”
Jordan Flows into Dead Sea
Deserts…. Cover about 50% of this
region Sahara
World’s largest desert Rubal Khali
Means empty quarter Found on the Arabian
Peninsula This desert covers ¼ of
total land are of Arabian Peninsula
Natural Resources…. Most important
resources Natural gas Petroleum (oil)
60 % of the world’s reserves are found here
Before World War II, this region produced less than 5% of the world’s oil
Today, it is the top region for oil production
Population…. Crossroads for Africa, Asia
and Europe Ethnic diversity – the
difference in people based on origins, language, customs, or beliefs
Arabs Majority of people in this
region Most Arabs follow Islam
Islam is the religion Muslim is a person who
follows Islam Speak Arabic language
Population cont…. Israelis
Live in Israel Most are Jewish (follow Judaism) Settled in the region believing that God had given them land for a
permanent home Continuing conflict between Israelis and Arabs
Turks Live in Turkey Practice Islam
Iranians Live in Iran Speak Farsi Practice a form of Islam called Shiism
Afghanis Many ethnic groups established from invasions and migrations Practice Islam
Kurds Primarily live in Turkey and Iraq Muslim but not Arab
Population Densities & Growth…. 350 million Growing quickly Water and population
People live near water Desert areas are unpopulated
Except for cities and oil fields Urbanization
The region used to be more rural than urban Since World War II, most of the major oil and gas producing
countries have become more urbanized Rural villagers moved to cities to search for a better life The cities can’t handle the population shift yet Shortage of housing and food
History…. Early Civilizations
Mesopotamia Sumerian Civilization developed in Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers called the “Fertile Crescent” Egypt
Developed along the Nile River Phoenician Civilization
Coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Israel and Lebanon Persian Empire
Between the Nile River and Aegean Sea 3 of the world’s major religions began in
southwest Asia
Judaism…. Oldest of the three
religions The Hebrews established
the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Made Jerusalem their capital and religious center
People who followed Judaism are called Jews
Believe in monotheism- the belief in one God
Holy book- Torah or Hebrew Bible
Christianity…. Based on the
teachings of Jesus The Jews and non-Jews
who followed the teachings of Jesus became known as Christians
Holy book- Bible Christians added books
to the Hebrew Bible called the New Testament
Islam…. Majority of people in this region follow Islam
Islam is the religion Muslim is a person who follows
Islam Sunni & Shia Sunnis choose own leaders; Shia
only allow descendants of Muhammad to lead
Began around 600 AD Newest of the three religions Muslims believe Muhammad was
the prophet- God’s messenger Worship “Allah”- Arabic word for God Holy book- Quran Worship in mosques – temples Mecca – holiest city
5 Pillars of Islam… The Creed - "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the prophet of Allah" Prayer - Prayer is done five times a day, said facing the direction of Mecca, and
a weekly prayer on Friday. Daily prayers are said while rising, at noon, mid-afternoon, after sunset and before retiring to bed. The weekly prayer is usually offered at mid-day in public worship in a mosque.
Fasting - during the ninth month of the Muslim year, Ramadan. A Muslim must not take any food or drink from dawn until sunset. At night, this time is a great feast/festival. (There are exceptions - old people, sick, young children)
The Hajj - a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. Every Muslim is expected to do this at least once in their lifetime - unless illness or poverty make this impossible. Then they go to the great mosque to kiss the Black Stone in the eastern corner of the Ka'aba. They make seven trips around the Ka'aba (the first three running, the rest walking). On the ninth day of the hajj, the Muslims travel 12 miles to Mt. Arafat where continuous prayer is offered from noon to sunset.
Almsgiving - Muhammad believed that his followers should give to God and to the poor. Giving is based on income: a Muslim is expected to give about 2 1/2% of his yearly income.
Cultures & Lifestyles…. Religion
Religion influences the language, arts, government and lifestyles of the people
Very important in this region The majority of the people
follow Islam Even though Christianity and
Judaism began in this region, only a small percentage of the population follow Judaism or Christianity
Most Jews live in Israel Cyprus and Lebanon have
large Christian populations
Cultures & Lifestyles….
Languages The major
language spoken is Arabic
Hebrew is official language of Israel
Meeting Food Needs…. Because a lot of the
land is desert, producing enough food is always an issue
Agriculture Only a small portion of
land is good for crops or grazing
Yet a large percentage of people work in agriculture (especially in poorer countries)
Meeting Food Needs….
Livestock Cattle and sheep
are another source of food
Fishing Along the seas,
fishing is done
Industrial Growth…. Most important natural
resource is petroleum (oil)
Oil has brought wealth to many countries in this region
Some countries have developed industries that use petrochemicals- products derived from petroleum or natural gas to make fertilizers, medicines, plastics or paints
Most oil is exported in crude form to industrialized countries to refine
Less than 5% of the oil produced is refined in Southwest Asia and North Africa
Natural gas has helped to advance the region by: Powering various industries Promoting economic growth
Provided jobs Improved standard of
living
OPEC…. OPEC stands for Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries Began in 1960 OPEC is considered a cartel - a group of
producers who get together to set prices and determine production OPEC’s ability to control the price of oil is not as great as it
used to be But OPEC still has considerable impact on the price of oil by
controlling the supply of oil OPEC countries produce 40% of the world’s oil and
have 2/3 of the world’s oil reserves
The purpose of OPEC is to: Give these countries greater control over the
price and production of oil Determine the best way to protect the interests
of the member countries Design ways to make sure oil prices remain stable Give a steady income to the member countries
from oil OPEC’s official language is English
Although most of the member countries speak Arabic
http://www.opec.org/home/
11 Member Countries….
Algeria Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Venezuela
Service Industries…. Service industries - business that provides a
service instead of making goods (examples – banking, insurance, tourism)
These industries are important to the economies too
Example: In Bahrain, banking, real estate, and insurance
industries provide more than 60% of the GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – the value of all
goods and services created in a country in a year
Tourism Millions of tourists
travel to see the ancient historical places (pyramids, Holy Lands, Mecca etc)
The violence in this region has hurt the tourism industry
Environment…. 1.2 billion people worldwide do not have clean
water to drink 2/3 of people must find water outside of their
homes In the U.S. people use approximately 300 billions
of water everyday Since a lot of North Africa and SW Asia are
deserts, providing enough freshwater for drinking and irrigation is difficult
They get water from rivers, oases, and wells Water comes from aquifers – underground layers
of porous rocks, gravel, or sand that contain water
Need for Water…. Major rivers
Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates provide water for some countries
Jordan River provides water for Israel “Great Human-Made River”
Found in Libya Multibillion dollar pipeline to carry water from two large
aquifers beneath the Sahara Desert to farm areas The pipeline has a 13 foot diameter Scientists worry the man made river may:
Drain aquifers Draw in saltwater from the Mediterranean Sea
Desalination…. Desalination – the removal of salt from seawater Used during World War II to provide fresh drinking water
United States’ naval ships had simple desalination units that boiled salt out of the seawater
Today, desalination plants around the world produce about 3.4 billion gallons a freshwater a day
First, used in Israel in this region Desalination is very expensive It has moved beyond just distillation - the boiling and condensing of
water The price has come down but it is still too expensive for many
countries Some of the oil rich countries can afford to use these plants
Aswan High Dam…. In the 1950s, President
Nasser of Egypt wanted to build a huge dam on the Nile River at Aswan
The purpose of the dam was to:
Control the Nile’s floods Improve irrigation Supply electricity Create the world’s largest
artificial lake for the fishing industry
The dam provided 50% of electrical power and opened 3 million acres to irrigation
Aswan High Dam… But, the dam had negative effects on the
environment: Before the dam was built, the Nile flooded along
the river banks Now, the soil gets trapped on one side of the dam Farmers have to use expensive fertilizers on their
land The dam also prevents the annual (yearly) floods
from washing away salt from the soil Increases in diseases and deaths caused by
parasites in the Nile River (used to be washed away into the Mediterranean Sea)
Persian Gulf War….
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990
United Nations demanded Iraq withdraw from Kuwait
Iraq refused An international
effort, led by the U.S., attacked the Iraqi soldiers
Persian Gulf War…. Before the Iraqis
withdrew, they set fire to a large number of Kuwait’s oil wells
Huge black clouds of smoke polluted the area
Iraqi troops dumped 250 million gallons of oil into the Persian Gulf
Oil spilled for 350 miles in the Gulf
Current Issues…. Terrorist
organizations: al Qaeda, Taliban
Modern vs. traditional values
Political instability Gap between rich and
poor
Underdeveloped countries
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Refugees Violence
Depletion of resources
ADD THIS INFO IN!!!! Arab / Israeli Wars Who wins and who does the US support? Arab Response Oil Embargo Formation of OPEC Iran - 1950s - 1970s The US supports the "Shah" of Iran 1978 People protest against the Shah / he leaves the country and takes $$$$$ The Shah comes to the US "they" want him back Ayatollah Khomeini takes over in Iran Iran "students" take the US Embassy 11/4/1979 and all 50 Americans in it as hostage for 444
days Also while Carter is President the Camp David Accords M. Begin / Israel and A. Sadat / Egypt sign an agreement to stop fighting many were upset on
both sides. 1979 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan US Response by President Carter Grain Embargo & Boycott the 1980 Olympics (the Soviets boycott the 1984 Olympics in LA) In 1980 Reagan defeats Carter for the Presidency / Iran releases the US hostages / RR lifts the
Grain Embargo