SOUTHWESTERN NEWS VOLUME V. MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, JULY, 1943 NUMBER 5

Entered as second-class matter Oct. 21i. 1938, at the post off1cc at MemphiS, Tennessee, "'nder the act of Aug. 24, 1912. Puhhshed B1·Monthly hy the Collegt

COLLEGE SCORES WELL ON NATIONAL TEST PROGRAMS

Seniors and Sophomores Show Knowledge On Comprehensive Examinations

GRADUATES SHOULD UNDERTAKE TO FORTIFY THE I.NWARD LIFE

Results of three national testing programs in which Southwestern students participated the past session have recently been announced. During the September orientation period the freshman class took the American Council on Education's Psychological Examination along with some 50,000 freshmen in 253 American colleges. On this test the South­western freshman class ranked 57 among these 253 freshman classes.

PRESIDENT GAINES GIVES TEST FOR WELL-BUILT CHARACTER

This spring Southwestern sophomores were given the General Culture Test in the Amer­ican Council on Education's National Col­lege Sophomore Testing program. Included in the test were sections on Current Social Problems, History and Social Studies, Litera­ture, Science, Fine Arts, and Mathematics. On the total General Culture Test the upper half of the Southwestern sophomore class ranked in the upper 27 % of the national group of 4500 sophomores in 77 colleges. The upper 25 % of the Southwestern sopho­mores were in the upper 8% of the national group. Only 25% of the sophomores at Southwestern fell below the average of the group tested. In Mathematics the South­western group scored higher than in anv other section of the test, Southwestern's mid­dle score (50 percentile) corresponding · to [he 85 percentile score for the whole group; i.e., 50% of the Southwestern sophomores ranked in the upper 15% of the national group. The college's median or 50 percentile score on the other sections fell as follows: Literature at the national percentile score of 73, History and Social Studies at 70, Current Social Problems at 62, Science at 60, Fine Arts at the 50 percentile score for the na­tional sophomores.

For the first time this year seniors to.ok

"America and Geopolitics" will be · the first topic in a second forum series to begin in October and continue month­ly throughout the academic year 1943-44, according to present plans. The series of eight meetings will deal with a subject that must concern all Amer­icans deeply, "The Next Decades of United States Foreign Policy." The Forums will be held in Hardie Audi­torium from 7:30 to 9;00 in the eve­ning.

the Graduate Record Examination which was originally designed by the Carnegie Founda­tion for the Advancement of Teaching for a group of Eastern colleges. This test has not yet been widely used, and norms for the whole country are not available. Norms have been published for a small group of high ranking Eastern .and Mid-Western Universi­ties and liberal arts colleges. Regardless of whether or not the. seniors had had mathe­matics, chemistry, biology, physics. history and social studies, literature and fine arts, they took the tests in these fields. In litera­ture, mathematics, biology, history and social studies Southwestern seniors compare favora­bly with the Eastern and Mid Western se. niors. In chemistry, physics, and fine arts, however, where relatively few Southwestern seniors take much wotk, they did not come up to the average for the Eastern group.

The results of all of these examinations are being studied by the college's Committees on the Curriculum and on the Improvement of Instruction.

-Hayley Studio WIZARDS OF INGENUITY: All military alerts and directives, concerning the academic instruction of cadets, must go first to the office of Professors P. N. Rhodes, R. W. Hartley, and R. S. Pond. There, in the light .of previous bulletins, they try to understand the meaning, phrase it in langu~ ~e a college professor can read, and devise a plan by which the College. can meet Army expectations.

The weather was cloudy, with showers earlier in the day, but no rain fell to interrupt the 94th annual commencement, held this year in the Hubert F. Fisher Memorial Garden on the campus.

Low-flying airplanes would occasionally pass overhead, and blast out a few sentences. Then Sabbath stillness would return, un­broken by ~quirrels scampering here and there on squirrel business, and partridges whistling iii .the shrubbery a few yards away.

A life of insight was the topic chosen by Dr._ F. B. Gear f~r the b_a¥calaureate. sermon,

, whtch was also h1s valedictory before leaving the faculty to take up full pastoral duties. His text: "Where there is no vision, the people perish." · Dr. F. P. Gaines, president of Washington and Lee university, made the commencement address on three introspective questions, which he asked the members of the graduat ing class to consider.

( 1) Can you sustain the better part of your original purposes, however violent and prolonged the interruption of your purpose by war may be?

( 2) Can you transmute the experiences of what you will go through, helpfully to your­self and the American ideals?

( 3) Can you be faithful to the best ideals your conscience can discern?

Of the candidates for the bachelor's degree, 7 were in science and 43 in liberal arts. Degrees were awarded in absentia to 4 men who have already gone into the armed forces.

Degrees with honors were awarded to 6 candidates:

Gelorge Gordon Battle Case, Tarrytown, N. Y., in philosophy.

James Wesley Edwards, Raleigh, Tenn., in mathe· matics.

Robert Goostree, Clarksville, Tenn., in political sctence.

Louise Hbwry, Memphis, Tenn., in history. DorQ,thy Isabel South, Memphis, Tenn., in eco­

nomiCs. John Childress Whitsitt, .Memphis, Tenn., jn eco·

nomics. Degrees with distin<;tion were aw<:rd<!d to

6 candidates: James Tucker Andrews, Memphis, mathematiCS. Dorothy Louise Gill, Memphis, mathematics. Tommie Jean Hayg<;lod, Memphis, mathematics. Roland Ward Jones, Jr., Lulu, Miss., mathematiCs

and physics. Kathryn Munsey Martin, Memphis, Spanish . Julian Clark Nall, Memphis, mathematics and

physics. Four honorary degrees were conferred: Walter P. Armstrong, Memphis attorney, Doctor

of Laws. Theodore N. Barth, rector of Calvary Episcopal

Church, Doctor of Divinity. Paul McLauren Watson, moderator, Synod of

Alabama, Doctor of Divinity. David Henry Edin~:ton, judge 13th judicial dis•

trict, Alabama, Doctor of Laws.

OUTHWESTERN NEWS

• MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE

HONOR AMONG WOMEN The celebrated author of My Day loves to

up an awkward idea, thrust it upon the inine consciousness, and say by way of

egating a task, "It is up to the women." Incidentally, that technique is supposed to a com'pliment.

Here at Southwestern we face an awk­rd problem. If all the boys go to war, d the co-eds try to operate student gov­ment, they will find they have the honor tern on their hands. If they know what do with it, the college will be lucky. If y do not, we shall have petticoat govern­nt-and the honor system will disappear.

ow, it is agreed that an honor system is ood thing, and ought to be preserved. It also agreed that women have a talent for ing things. They save ingredients to make . h for supper. They save extra bacon ase to make high explosives. They save ny a piece of ritual for a benefit that is hly uncertain . Yes, women are conserva­

e. Certainly if saving the honor system ant retaining a dinky little traditional list prohibitions and prescn ptions, the girls

uld have no trouble w1th It. Or if the or system were some poor little innocent g that needed a lot of mothering, there

uld be plenty of help commg up. But in er case-nothing doing! ittle housekeepers are out of luck. The

dern campus is as big as all outdoors. It s where students go, and students go to ends of the earth. If the honor system only mean a student should have per­

a! honesty, and try to pass his examina­s without cheating, the honor system has

ed. r if it is a quaint and- Quixotic code that only thrive under the shelter of ivy walls, as still failed. No, the world is wide, ought to be full of space. Yet there s to be a good deal of crowding, not to rough-house pushing and shoving. And

that is on the campus of modern educa . It is beggars and burglars that stu­t government should learn to govern.

A Sweet Little Echo freshman simply cannot think for him­He has always lived on predigested

s, and his whole mental economy 1s based plagiarism.

his trunk when he comes to college the hman brings a dictionary in wh1ch h1s t is unbroken. He even believes what he sin the newspaper. Livmg by authonty, knowing himself inadequate, he main­

s a submissive attitude and hopes to keep self on somebody's breadline. He ties up

things. Apron strings! His money es from home. His sportsmanship comes

the high schnol he attended. His reli­s observances are ecclesiastical patterns. r~ seems to be no originality in him.

In the classroom the freshman expects the teacher to exercise strong authority, tell ev­erybody exactly what to do, and teach stu­dents exactly what will be expected of them on examination. The whole plan-if it meets pre-set expectations-will resemble Jraffic on a one-way street, with a steady stream of in­formation flowing out of the instructor's ex­perience and into the student's consciousness. (Parents who stopped growing at this age will have the same views).

The freshman girl is no different, only more so. She likes the factual type of lec­ture. She thrives on the "keeping" of note­books. As a woman who likes to shop around, she may not choose to accept what the teacher offers; but she feels it is the posi­tive duty of other people to do things for her. She rather likes this idea of being sup­ported. It is nice!

Any teacher who makes it his educational policy to WITHHOLD information is sim­ply not doing his duty. The freshman girl feels annoyed and resentful. At times the teacher will say, '"I think you are living by hearsay, and hearsay is the lowest form of knowledge." That is no compliment. It makes the young lady feel liJre a pinhead. She demands what there is to education, any­how, except the FLOW from those who have to those who have not. The teacher smiles and says nothing. He is holding out on her.

"I do wish people would TELL me things -so I'll know."

"Yes, I know you do. That's why I don't do it. How about that little Greek boy named Prometheus. Remember? He was tempted . to take what he could not make. He got what he wanted. Yes. He also got an awful pain in his little insides. But of course if you want to get academic indiges­tion, go ahead. Don't ever say I tried to stop you!"

A Sophomore Is a State-of-Mind Nobody ever gets sicker than a sopho­

more. He has been jerked around in a game of

crack-the-whip until he is ready for a change -and no wonder! Life to him is still a dy­namic line, with power on one end and ium p on the other. The best thing to do is be hard. Be rough, tough, and rugged. Stand up and get 'em told! If they won't get out of your way, run over 'em. Nothing is worth a whoop in this world unless it can dominate in competition. He does not withhold. He pushes in where he can.

The sophomore is also Eick in what-::ver it is he uses for a soul

Any soft lump of wax, on which a ime gold signet has been pressed, loses integrity and becomes TWO things instead of one. The sophomore 1s cheapness of material, plua excellence of design. Unlike things are had to unify. The sophom'ore is an incongru­ity, a mere take-off. He has been put upon by something fine and firm-but foreign. He has accepted a design at variance wtch his own structure. He can never he wh'lt he seems. His life is a contradiction betwe·;!n substance and surface.

The sophomore, of course, judges every­body by himself. He is convinced that ev­erybody runs a dump and plays a crnoked game. It is no secret he does. But then nothing is wrong unless you get caught doing it.

In the classroom the sophomore expects a teacher to be good at the sort of interpre­tation known as "debunking." Sometimes it is called "digging up the dirt," and sopho­mores who have anything to do with school newspapers eagerly print as much dirt as possible. All conduct is broken-down (an excellent word!) into the lowest terms of avarice and hypocrisy.

The sophomore girl is 5lappy only when she is "needling" (not to be confused with Victorian fancywork!) She will try to gain a military advantage by asking several ques­tions; .and when she gets two answers that do not appear to agree with each other, she undertake& to MAKE somebody prove he is not a liar, a fool, or both. It is a pleasure to the sophomore to sit back and watch somebody squirm. Where there is dualism there will be duels, misfortunes to enjoy, and a lot of self-pity when Number One takes second place. ·

If the sophomore can't get anything else, he will demand sympathy . He will tel\ you at length how miserable he is. "Man, I was really sent for and couldn't come! Felt like I'd been run through a country sawmill, and hit in the face with a buzzard food ca­nal. ... "

Wherever the sophomore goes, there is always an urge, a pressure, a tension. It is the urge of the incomplete.

People Throwing Things We have said enough about throwing the

voice. Teacher uses ventriloquism . Student makes good recitation. That is all.

Throwing up is sometir:1es a relief. The sophomore, having taken on more than he can manage, starts throwing everything ev­erywhere. The more p·rofuse he is, the more chance he has to come clean.

We could call this interlude "a therap~· of katharsis."

The sophomore throws money away. He is a gambler, but in his p:ambling he always bets against himself. He figures he can't win, because his support is enough to put a iinx on any enterprise. Consequently he has found a way of beating the iinx. He puts his money on a phony article, watches it take a loss, and feels strangely satisfied. To he sure, he has made a pamful sacrifice, but that was necessary to make things come out all right. The loss was really a profitable in­vestment.

Like our old friend the robin, who comes back every spring to peel< himself to death against some window pane, the sophomore is at war with his own reflection. He builds up a great industry of destruction. There­fore, do not inquire for whom the bell tolls. We already know. It will be a fraction of a sophomore that got pecked to death. Too bad!

Evidently some transfiguration is possible. People seem to get beyond the sophomore class. If any get beyond without passing throw~h. we have not heard about them.

Not until a college girl gets beyond the sophomore class is she in position to give much help to any civilized institution.

Painter of the fruit and flowers, We thank Thee for Thy wise design­

Whereby these human hands of ours In Nature's garden work with Thine.

Oass of 1917 The Rev. Robert M. McGehee, D.O., '17,

received his diploma for the degree of Doctor of Theology from the Union Theology Semi· nary, Richmond, Va., in May. He is regional director of religious education, synod of Lou­isiana, Presbyterian Church in the United States.

Class of 1929 Lt. Seneca B. Andersons, '29, married Mar·

tha Pervere, May 3, 1942, at Boston, Massa· chusetts.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Crawford S. Mc­Giveran, '29, a son, Crawford S. McGiveran, Ma)l, 1943, at Clarksdale, Mississippi.

Class of 1934 Julia Marie Ries (Mrs. James), '34, is liv·

ing in Pensacola, Fla., where her husband, Lt. Ries, is stationed at the Naval Air Base.

Class of 1935 Sarah and Mac Elder, '35, have been trans·

ferred back to Memphis. Mac is flying with American Airlines between here and New York.

Could any of the class of 19 3 5 tell us where Hortense Louckes, '35, is now? She was a technician in Memphis for a number of years, then moved to Osceola, Arkansas, in 1941. Her mail was returned in December last year and we do not know her present address.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Fred Mcintosh (Nina Stansell, '35), a girl, Nina Maynard Mcintosh, on May 27, 1943.

Class of 1936 Sara Louise Tucker, '36, married John

Walker Bridges on May 21, 1943, at Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

Bernice Cavett, '36, married Samuel Moser Blackwell, on April 16, 194 3.

Shirley Ham, '36, married Norwood Giles Paddison on April 18, 1943, at Seattle, Wash­ington. They will live at Bremerton, Wash­ington.

Jean Reid, '36, married Major Frederick Walker, Jr., on April 16, 1943.

Duff Gaither, '36, married Marie Walden, on April 2, 1943, at Augusta, Ark. They will live at 1860 Court Ave., Memphis, Tenn.

Class of 1937 Frank Newcomb Butler, '37, was ordained

to the Episcopal priesthood at St. John's Episcopal Church, Knoxville, Tenn., by Bish­op James M. Maxon, Diocese of Tennessee, May 23, 1943.

Born to Captain and Mrs. Battle Malone, Jr., x'37, (Alice Allen-spl. '41), a daughter, Margaret, May II, 1943. Send mail in care of Mrs. Estelle Lamb Allen on Central.

Mrs. Douglas Partee (Elizabeth Harvey, x'37), with her two daughters, arrived in Memphis for a visit and has returned to her home in Fremont, Neb.

Mabel Frances Gray, x'37, married Bert Raymond Hopper on May 24th, at Wells­ville, Mo. They are at home at 2231 E. 67th St., Chicago, Ill.

Paul Freeman, '37, married Ethel Margaret Kihl of Sacramento, California, in Panama. J~es Tipton Merrin, Jr., '37, who received

his M. A. at the University of Ch1cagp m 1940, has just received a fellowship for the year 1943-44 to the University of Chic;ago, in English Language and Literature.

Class of 1938 Olive Owens, '38, is waiting for her call

to' the W A YES. ' Mary Sands Dreisbach, x38, married Lt.

William C. Sturgeon of Utica, N. Y., on December 4, 1942. Lt. Sturgeon is stationed at Drew Field, Tampa, Fla.

Lt. No~man David Shapiro, '38' married Rhoda Ruth Hermann on April 3, 1943. They live in Patterson, N. J.

Dr. Sam C. Carter, '39, married Eva Meador of Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Dr. Car­ter is interning at Carney Hospital in Bos· ton, Mass.

Class of 1939 Born to Dr. and Mrs. William Thomas

Tyson, Jr., '39 (Jane Gilfillan, x'41), a son, William Thomas Tyson, III, on May 15, 1943.

Class of 1940 ·Born to Lt. and Mrs. E. A. (Jimmy) Pow­

ell, '40, (Ethel Williams, x '43) a daughter, May 26, 1943.

A/C Charles C. King, Jr., x '40, married Margaret Ann Batchelor of Columbus, Miss· issippi, on April 10, 1943. '

M¥jorie Elwood McEilroy, '40, married Sgt. William Edward Montero on April 10, 1943.

Mr. and Mrs. Allen'Gary, Jr., x'36 (Mary Churchill, x '40), have a son, Allen, III, horn May 21, 1943. •

George D. Jackson, '40, and Walter "Red" Fontaine Hall, '40, were licensed and or· dained as ministers of the Presbyterian Church by the Memphis Presbytery on May 21, 1943. George will begin wor1' as a min­ister in the Synod of Louisiana and "Red" will go to the Synod of Texas. . Lt. Thomas K. Kelley, spl. '39- '40, married Margaret McKinney Jordan in Covington, Tenn., on May 15, 1943. They are at home at Petersburg, Va.

Lt. Winston E. Lamb, Jr., x'40, married Rachel Duke, April I 0, 1943. They live in Memphis, Tenn.

Jeanne McMahan, spl. '39- '40, married Lt. Harry Schadt, Jr .. on May 19, 1943. They are at home at Camp Stewart, Ga.

Dr. John S. Pilkington, '40, married Doris Giddens at Uniontown, Ala., Nov. 28, 1942. Jack is interning at Hillman Hospital, Bir· mingham, Ala.

Oass of 1941 Ensign Henry L. Boothe, x '41, married

Mary Pennel Simonton, May 25, 1943, at Covington, Tenn.

Lt. Malcolm Patterson Hooker, x '41, mar­ried Margaret Wulhcrg, April 30, 1943, at Pine Bluff, Ark . They arc at home in Belle­ville, Michigan.

BENJAMIN AVERY PATCH 1868-1943

Southwestern has recently suffered a great loss. On Alumni Day, Monday, May 24, 1943, a telegram was received, announcing the sad news that Mr. B. A. Patch, of Clarksville, Tennessee, an alumnus, and a member of the Board of Directors for the past quarter of a century, had early that morning in his sleep passed quietly into the other world. The funeral was held the next day, the same day on which our commencement exercises were held. Because of imperative duties on that day which he could not delegate, President Diehl was not able to be present at the funeral in Clarksville, but he took occasion at the beginning of the commencement exer­cises to pay a tribute oiO respect to our depart­ed friend and helper, and to record our sense of loss in the passing of one who was beloved by everyone connected with Southwestern.

More than fifty years ago Mr. Patch en­tered Southwestern as a freshman. He joined the Kappa Alpha fraternity, did not remain to graduate, but went into business with his father who had invented and was manufac­turing the Black Hawk corn shellers under the firm name of A. H. Patch, Inc. Later, upon the death of his father, he became President of the firm, and ip that position he was known in every country of the world where corn is grown. For more than forty years he served as deacon of the First Pres­byterian Church of Clarksville, and for many years he was Secretary of the Board of Direc­tors of the First National Bank of Clarks­ville. He was a leader in the business and civic life of that city, and was known for his integrity and fair dealing both with his em­ployees and with the world at large. He appreciated and stood for the true, the beau· tiful and the good, and he had no patience with that which was small or mean. He was big and fine and genuine, straight forward, courageous and farseeing. He was respected and admired by all who knew him. South­western has sustained a severe loss in his passing, but we are grateful for the service which he rendered in helping to plan and build Southwestern as it is today. His life bridged tne important developments of South­western during the past fifty years, and his influence will be felt on this campus for gen­erations to come.

Bog1 to Captain and Mrs. Battle Malone, Jr., x'37, (Alice Allen, spl. A0-41), a daugh­ter, Margaret, on May 11, 1943.

Frances Manire, x '41, married Captain Jimmy Winchester, x'41, May 31, 1943, in Memphis. They will be at home in Tampa, Fla.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. William B. Nail, x'41 (Charlotte Eckd, x'42), a daughter, Edna Louise, May 23, 1943, at Foreman, Ark.

Deola White, '41, married Lt. Maurice E. Miller, Jr., x'42, in Nashville, Tenn., on April 7, 1943.

Lt. Richmond Noble Waller, x'41, married Willine Marie Chadwick on April 10, 1943. Lt. Waller is with the Army Air Fon:cs Fcrry Command in Memphis, Tenn.

(Continued on Page 8)

PUBLIC FORUM SERIES ON CAMPUS ORA WS GOOD ATTENDANCE AND FREE DISCUSSION

Early in January the War Information Cen­ter of Southwestern announced a series of forums to be conducted by the Faculty on "Problems of a Just Peace and World Re­construction." As originally planned, the meetings were to be held once a month until May, in Neely Hall, where dinner could be served at 6:15 o'clock to about a hundred guests, as. a convenience," at a cost of sixty cents; the speaking to begin at seven. These arrangements were adhered to for the first two forums. There were a hundred and ten diners; some hundred and fifty additional listeners crowded into the hall following the meal. The dinner and the informal atmos­phere were meant to foster freer audience participation in the discussion.

However, the arrival on the campus of Southwestern's quota of aviation trainees pro­hibited outside burdens being laid on the dining hall staff, and the forums were trans­ferred to Hardie Auditorium, with no ap­parent falling off in attendance

FORUM I

The first of the series was held on W ednes­day, January 13, and the s~bject chosen was "The Lessons of .Versailles. The panel con­sisted of Professors D. M. Amacker (Politi­cal Science), John H. Davis (History), and A. P. Kelso (Philosophy). These speakers, as former Rhodes· Scholars and Oxford grad­uates had had considerable European expe­rienc~ during the First World War and its aftermath . Dr. Kelso had also lived for years in India. Professor Amacker had been a memher of the Secretariat of the American Peace Commission in Paris in 1919 and for a time had done relief work in prisoner-of­war camps in Germany. Dr. Davis, as head of the War Information Center, opened the meeting and presented Dr. T. E. Hill, who served as moderator with a tact and skill that complet~Jy won the audience;

DA VlO M. AMACKER Soldier, Statesman, Educator

Defense of Versailles Treaty

Prof. Amacker reviewed the usual criti­cisms of the Versailles Treaty and of Pres. Wilson's tactics: For example, the charge that Paris was a bad setting, Mr. Wilson was bamboozled, frontiers were unjustly drawn, Germany was harshly treated, the Fourteen Points were violated, and others. But he then sought to prove that such criticisms were either untrue or if true, trivial. Our failure to enforce the Treaty was the fatal mistake. It is commonly helieved that Amer­ican repudiation of the League and with­drawal from Europe in the political field was due to a sense of the "injustice" of the Treaty. But the speaker pointed out. that America did ratify the Treaty of Berhn m August, 1921, which incorporated most of the stern and popularly criticized features of Versailles, although the League and the self­curing parts of Versailles were rejec~ed. Therefore, we .were in fact involved simi­larly to France and Britain in Hitler's de­nunciation in 19 3 5 of the disarmament clauses of Versailles (and Berlin), and in 1936 in his Rhineland invasion. Our public had for­gotten the Berlin Treaty and our government did nothing to remind them .

Trade Barriers Hurtful

Dr. Davis stressed the harsh economic pro­visions of Versailles, which he thought de­prived Germany of so much coal, iron, ship­ping colonial territory and other resources as t~ plant seeds of later war. Dr. Kelso's chief criticism was the dismemberment of Central Europe, which he said amounted to the ruin of an evolving C?conomic organism. He den :lllllccd vehemently th~ h;:r:eful ef­fects of extremism in applying the principle of self-determination. And Woodrow Wil­son was charged with loosing the whirlwinds in. arousing fervent and world-wide aspira­tions among even small and weak groups for self-determination, that is, independence in politics and self-sufficiency in economics.

Peace Lost by Isolationism

The Forum Summary, which is issued after each meeting, briefed the conclusions and "lessons" as follows:

"The peace was lost, then, not in 1919, but through later Allied policies which InVIted resurgent militarism and amb1t10n m the Reich. The League was not adequately made usc of as an instrument for the airing and removal of grievances. Isolationism and well­me<tnt pacifism disunited the Allies and re­duced us all jointly and severally, together with the League, to virtual milit<try ciphers. We all speedily withdrew from the Occu­pied Zones in tne 1920's and <tllowed Ger­many in I CJ3.'i and 1936 to tear up the Tre<tt­ies hy proclaiming her rearmament and sei~­ing the Rhineland, a dagger, as we now see, pointed at the Americas as well as at France, England and Spain. Mere enforcement of these Versailles clauses would quite likely have prevented the present conflict.

"These 'lessons,' applied to futu;e policy, might suggest:

MISS CHARLOTTE NEWTON Custodian, War Information Center

Lessons of Versailles

a. Immediate United Nations occupation of shattered Axis and Allied countries to feed, police, and restore to normal political and economic life.

b. World economic welfare as a primary and permanent concern of all govern­ments, especially the victors.

c. Retention of key strategic areas to guar­antee peace.

d. Less attention to boundaries, those of 1930 standing until altered by the United Nations.

e. No general peace congress at once, if ever. Arrangements to be worked out by expert committees directed broadly by the Big Four from ·their Capitals or in occasional meetings. Final settle­ment, however, not to be long delayed, owing to the paralyzing effect of un­certainty and to Roosevelt's and Chur­chill's probable unwillingness to leave negotiations of such complexity to in­experienced successors.

f. A World League or Council or a treaty alli<tnce to hold the United Nations, as ag<tinst reviving isolationism, to their international duties of preserving order and a full flow of trade.

g. UQremitting effort to educate Axis and Allied publics in international-minded­ness and responsibility."

FORUM II The · Second Forum on "The Economic

Consequences of Versailles" was held on Tuesday, February 9. Dr. Hill again pre­sided and Dr. John Davis led off with a strong indictment of the economic follies in­volved in the Treaty terms and Allied poli­cies prior to 192 4.

. Reparations Excessive Professor Junkin of the Economics De­

partment, discussed the effects of aut~rchic trends, and the difficulty or Impossibility of transfers of money among nations when goods and services are blocked by tariffs, quotas and exchange restrictions. Credits, of

course, could be extended in lieu of pay­ment, but this was only a postponement, and usually resulted in loss to the creditor through default. Dr. Paulsen discussed the impact of the inflation on Germany, as he recalled it from his boyhood in the Rhineland, and Franco-German relations during the Ruhr oc­cupation and subsequently.

The Summary of the Forum discussion may be quoted:

"Germany was stripped of a large part of her coal and iron, and of all her shipping and colonies. Worse, she was condemned to a reparations liability both vast and uncer-tain; it was the size and uncertainty of the burden of payments that impeded revival and later destroyed the mark altogether.

"The Reparations Commission in April, 1921, fixed a debt of 13 2 billion gold marks (32.5 billion dollars) to be paid in two types of annuities: one fixed at two billion gold marks; one variable, of 26% of her exports, the German government to reimburse ex­porters.

Reparations and Inflation

"The causes of her collapse in 1923 were:

( 1) To start her industries she had to buy largely abroad; but her export outlets and connections had been cut by the blockade.

(2) Uncertainties of reparations - the threat of limitless demands-and of economic recovery caused a flight of capital abroad.

(3) No foreign loans could be had to off­set selling of marks.

( 4) The Government had to buy immense quantities of foreign exchange for transfer of reparations and in payment for raw material and other purchases abroad.

( 5) French and English industrialists pro­tested violently when transfers, in kind, of coal,. labor and building ma­terials was attempted by Germany. Such reparations ceased.

"It is probably true that many capitalists stalled, and a will to pay reparations was lacking in many quarters.

"The mark began to slip in 1921; toward the fall of 1922 it had slid to 435 to the dollar; payments shrank. On January 9, 1923, 'default' was declared and the Ruhr invasion followed at once.

"The heritage of bitterness from the infla­tion and the Ruhr occupation were made the most of by Hitler in his campaign to over­throw the Republic, and seize sovereignty, and prepare the German mind for rearma­ment and war.

Revival Under Dawes Plan

"Yet by the end of 192 3 the peace was not irretrievably lost. The Dawes Committee restabilized Germany. Annuities were re­duced to a manageable figure, and a prac­ticable method of taxation and transfer was arranged. While, unfortunately, n~ term was set, a sense of confidence and pacifica­tion was created such that foreign loans poured into Germany.

"A remarkable revival ensued. A transfer committee kept control over transfers so as

not to hurt the new currency. The process worked, despite creditors' dislike of receiving German goods and services. (Its success really rested on foreign loaning, now possible with the ebbipg of anti-German feeling.)

"It seems clear, therefore, that bad eco­nomic provisions of the Treaty cannot alone be held responsible for the renewal of war. Of course, the whole Western world was hard hit by the depression; not only Ger­many saw ten or more millions of unemployed walking the streets. Hitler had little strength until the crash of 192 9.

"The depression, and the economic warfare which followed it, with its tariff barriers, closed economies, quota plans, exchange con­trols, devaluation of currency, and the growth of large cartels, to protect the home markets from foreign trade led naturally to national­istic autocratic control. In the absence of free trade, military aggression was the escape opened to the 'have not' nations."

FORUM III

The Third Forum, dealing with "The Moral Aftermath of the Great V..T ar," was held on Thursday, March 11. The panel comprised Professors Kelso, Gear, Paulsen and Amacker and the Reverend Roy L. Davis. It was argued that the loss of the ·Peace wa~ also due in large measure to a universal moral failure and a paralyzing cynicism and skepticism as to ideals and moral values. In America, Dr. Kelso pointed out, this wave took the form of a hedonism and an oppor­tunistic pragmatism which sapped the sense of duty and willingness to sacrifice on both individual and national levels. Dr. Gear, who resided in Edinburgh for his degree,

Speakers on Forum Series-Sout hwe.stern War Information Center

Davis, J. H. Kelso

Hill Junkin

-Photo of Davi1, R. L., by Link's Studio; Diehl, by Kay Hart, N . Y.; others by George W. Hayley Studio.

Gear Paulsen

Davis, R. L. Diehl

Townsend Baker

stressed parallel trends in British society. Even the noblest pacific and pro·League sen· timents there were t.ranslated by the govern· ment into terms of appeasement in Japan's attack on Manchuria, i.n Hitler's Rhineland invasion and in the Munich surrender.

Dr. Pauisen traced in French and German literature of the War and post-War era, evi• dences of a noble humanity in a few choice souls, which could not, however, be trans• lated into political and economic action. Mr. Roy Davis, who was educational director of Near East Relief in the early 'twenties and saw much of Russia at close range, stressed the splendid qualities of the Russian man and woman and the high ideals professed .by the Soviet leadership. However, critics at the panel table and from the floor pointed to the frequent practical denial in political action of these ideals in a manner, and to a degree, which at one time shocked the whole world.

Professor Amacker discussed the Christian­Democratic faith in human value, dignity, equality and rights. which is the cornerstone of our Western social order.

FORUM IV The Fourth Forum met on Thursday, April

8, to discuss "Philosophies in Conflict: Nazi· ism, Fascism, Communism, Democracy." The panel comprised Drs. Townsend (Modern Languages), Baker (Biology), Davis (His· tory) and Hill (Bible). Dr. Townsend, ap· praising National Socialism (Naziism) said: "This new 'idealism' scorns the individual (Liberalism), the Universal (Catholici&m) and the right of private judgment (Protest· antism). It idolizes only the Nation and the Nation's incarnate spirit, the Leader."

Nazi Ethics of the Superman "In the Nazi creed the Christian moral

code was invented by the weak to fool the strong out of asserting their natural rights of mastery: the master race must be hard, mer· ciless in its enslavement or extermim.tion of defectives and the inferior non· Aryan races. The average man is irrational. He is swayed, and should be swayed, by appeals to his emo· tions, rather than to his radonal self-interest. Even the Leaders should not be guided too much by reason. Successful leadership calls for blind faith in the creed and for a fiery fanaticism in the deed-attitudes which are essentially non-rational."

Survival of the Fittest "Social Darwinism is also a Nazi article of

faith. To the Nazi all progress in human history has been due to the struggle for life and the survival of the strong and ruthless. All men are born unequal. Democracy is contrary to the laws of nature, which are the real Ia ws of God. The Aryan is the strong and superior. 'All that is not race in this world is trash'. The Asiatic and the African can only meanly copy the culture of the Aryan."

Fascism "Italian Fascism differs from Naziism

mainly in these respects: It has never dared to attack religion; and it has set little store hy racism or hy a eugenic 'science' justify· ing the mercy-killing or other elimination of the 'unfit.' "

Racist Biology Refuted Dr. Baker pointed out that at the dawn

of history the German people represented . a

mixture of Mediterranean, Nordic and Alpine racial types. He said: "There is no true Aryan race; 'Aryan' i5 properly, in linguis· tics, a term for a grand division among world language families. Civilizations have arisen in areas favored by advantageous geograph· ical and climatic conditions, with a wide va· riety of racial types usually present. Mixing of races is not deleterious. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Persians, the present day British and Americans resulted from a mixture of various races and anthropological types. A pure race could be produced only by controlled breeding for centuries from a genetically pure type. It is doubtful if such a type is, or ever has been, available. More· over, superiority and inferiority may be as· serted of individuals in respect of energy, gifts, or social status. But there seems to be little evidence in biological science for main· taining the genetic superiority, as contrasted with the cultural advancement, of whol~races as such."

Dr. Davis said: "Communism has an an· cient history, dating from Plato, the Bible, then the Renaissance and eighteenth century utopias. But for our purpose it begins with Karl Marx, who saw that the 'liberalism' of his day was not benefiting the victims of the industrial age (proletariat)."

Marxism · "He gave them a theory of revolution and

a doctrine of inevitability. To do this he advanced: ( 1) an economic interpretation of history; (2) the Hegelian dialectic-thesis. antithesis. and synthesis; (3) a theory of value which represented the laborer as the creator of all value in the product and hence as defrauded by the profit·takin~ capitalist, who was stigmatized as an 'exploiter'; (4) the State as the instrument of exnloitation hv the owning classes; (5) the need of revo· lution to dispossess the exploiters."

"Interpreters of Marx differed as to wheth­er to achieve this change gradually by demo· cratic·representative forms (the Socialist the· ory) or by revolntion (Communism). Lenin, as the apostle of the latter theory, aimed to use the dictatorship of the proletariat until the need for the state 'withered away' and the Communist goal-'from each accordin_g to his abilities. to each according to his needs '-was attained."

Stalinist Russia "In Russia this dictatorship stage is in

progress. Superficially akin to nationalist Fascism (in some features), the Trotskyist program aimed at world revolution; Stalin's policy, at 'communism in one country.' The Stalinist constitution of 19~6. in form. in· corporates mal!y democratic ideas; e.g., free· dam of religion, universal suffrage, a free press, etc. But in practice there can be but ""'e rn.rtv; and it must absolutely dominate. No freedom is allowed that questions the basic doctrines and assumptions of Marx, Lenin, and Stalin."

The Democratic Ethic Dr. Hill, examining the Democratic sys·

tPm, said: "The Pnemies of democracy are right: the struggle is not one of techniques of government, hut of moral philosophies. Why may we confidently assert that demrc· racy constitutes the best social order? To reply we must seek essential moral values and realit:es. Although such values must he veri· fied by rational, moral, and religious judg·

ments, they must be discovered in the solid earth of historical fact. There is one fact that emerges from the struggle of the ages as the clue. to an intelligible interpretive of history: the inherent and incomparable worth of every individual human being. A person lives in and is responsible to a society, but he is himself the sole center of conscious· ness and tqe bearer of all other values. Ma· terial wealth, States, political and economic processes, races, all these are significant only in terms of their relationships to persons. This I take it is the supreme moral discov· ery of the great Hebrew prophets which sets them so far above all their contemporaries in their era and makes them teachers even of contemporary civilization. Especially is it the characteristic doctrine of the Founder of Christianity. In a world where human life was cheap, men and women counted for lit· tle, and autocracy was the rule, He dared to declare that under the Divine Father ev· ery human life was of inestimable value."

"This faith, proclaimed in the ringino; phrases of Rousseau, Paine, and Henry, laid the basis of those ~reat upheavals in human history, the French and American Revolu· tions and their proiectiono. in the liberal and democratic movements of Europe and Latin America down to 1920."

"In Fascism the supreme value is the St~ · e, a fiction if ever there was one, as though the State, not the individuals which compose it, were a center of consciousneFs. Such a con· cept has no place for persons as such. Jn Communism the supreme moral value is the productive laborer, which is also an abstrac· tion, for the worker is first a man, with all the manifold interests of a man and a citizen."

"Then what must democracy do to save itself? It must not abdicate to reactionaries, who are its foes; nor can it Hindly cling to the status quo, for that is not perfect. On the contrary, the democracy of actuality must strive toward the democracy of the ideal. That is to say, we must make our democracy more genuinely democratic, more honestly a government bv all the people, for all the people. This is the only way of sal· vation. for only so can democracv base itself squarely on its central ethical axiom, the in· herent value of every human being. Fro!'1 this inspiriting faith, it gained its strength in all ages, and only by beinl{ increasinglv true to its faith can it triumph in an age of confusion and disillusionment."

FORUM V The fifth and final meetin~ of the series

was held on May 6 for a discussion of "Peace Plans,. Political and Economic." Professors ]. H. Davis, Junkin and Amacker comprised the panel and Dr. Wilbur Stout (English and Dramatics) was moderator.

Types of World Organization Dr. Davis reviewed various schools of

peace planning. "To begin with," he said, "there are the Confederationists, who he· lieve in collective security hut oppose the ab· rogation of national sovereignties or the eras· ure of national boundaries. Some would revive the League on a truly u~iversal basis: a constitution, a f.ramework, an intricate sys· tern of technical services· and a body of ac­cumulated experience already exist. Faults like the League's non-inclusiveness, unan· imity rule, and involvement with a had status quo would be remedied."

"More numerous are those who would keep the League idea but change the name and location. They insist that the United Nations group must continue into the peace as the nucleus of an actually working world government, without a mechanical written constitution to shackle the sovereignties of the member Powers and give opponents easy targets for attack. Another wing of this group advocates a definite United Nations constitution. Some stress American, others Anglo-American leadership in the United Nations as avoiding the pitfall of faction, and the obstructionism of smaller but highly vocal sovereignties with little enforcement re­sponsibility."

The FORTUNE Program

"A form of this thinking is embodied m the Fourth Report of Fortune for April, 1943: 'Relations with Europe' in the series 'The United States in a New World'. Here we find advocated a plan for common military security, recognition of individual human rights, and a common purpose to secure these in the economic field by intermeshed, though not uniform, economic processes. There would be a European Council, Court and Police and a Bill of Rights; also semi-antono­mous committees on trade, tariffs, banking and transport.

Treatment of Germany

"As regards Germany, for the intermediate term, proposals vary greatly. Some planners urge a harsh vengeance and the dismember­ment of the Bismarckian Reich, including a partitioning of Prussia itself. Others hold that forgiveness of the German people and recognition of their inevitable leadership, eco­nomic and political, of Europe will alone bring lasting peace."

World Federalists

"Then," Professor Davis continued, "ther•? are the out-and-out world Federalists who propose a world commonwealth with a con­stitution reaching, as does our American Con­stitution, down to individuals, and not merely to states. Ely Culbertson, the bridge expert, has a plan which would base a world legis­lature, court, executive and police force on eleven great regions. Lionel Curtis, H. G. Wells, Henry Ford and the Fellowship of Renconciliation seem to belong in this di­vision, though no particular structure is gen­erally accepted."

Limited Federationists

"Groups advocating restricted federalism would limit their system on either a regional or ideological basis. For example, Couden­hove-Kalergi's Pan-Europe, and Briand's and Herriot 's United States of Europe, in the 1920's, and the sundry proponents of Pan­American and Asiatic regionalism illustrate regional federalism of a sort, whereas Clar­ence Streit's Union of the Democracies and Union with 'Britain, and Churchill's English­speaking Union, embody ideological unifica· tions. Some regionalists urge elaborate writ· ten federal constitutions to incorporate their schemes. Mr. Churchill seems to feel that a system of common citizenship for the Eng· lish·speaking world would effect such a psy· chological tie·up of loyalties as to establish a new supergreat Power, the Anglo-Saxon

bloc, on ~nassailable foundations, and that this Power could preserve world peace indefi· nitely."

The Isolationists

"A new version of Manifest Destiny ap· peitrs in the theory that the United States cannot and will not abrogate its sovereignty and will dominate the world in any event; tleat we seem unable really to get on with British, Russians and Chinese in war, there· fore certainly cannot in peace; and that we must center mainly on this hemisphere and play a cool balance of power politics toward both Europe and Asia to preserve our para· mount power position."

Economic Realities

Professor Junkin remarked that no politi· cal blue·prints for securing peace would be effective without proper economic arrange· ments; and that he believed most of the plan· ners did in fact stress the importance of un· shackling world trade by stabilizing curren· cies, iowering tariffs and relaxing quota sys· terns and exchange controls. "For a time," he said, "lend-lease will subsidize United States exports and help to restore a damaged wGrld economy. But if we are to place cred· its or investments in foreign countries on a business basis, without probable loss of prin· cipal and yearly return, we must find mean~ to receive the foreigner's goods and services.

"World banks or clearing unions of the sort proposed by Lord Keynes and Dr. Harry White might be helpful in facilitating ex· change transactions and protecting weaker currencies, but could, possibly, alter the basic realities of international trade. Needed food and raw materials are, or will be, freely avail­able to every foreign nation with the requi· sit'e purchasing power. But this simply means that its own products to an equal value must find markets abroad. Do we in the United States and do our Allies really mean to pro· vide or share such markets?

"It should be recognized," continued Pro· fessor Junkin, "that the Keynes-White pro· posals are presented by their advocates not as flexible systems but as preliminary sug· gestions and as the basis of bargaining in the negotiations which inevitably must take place. There are differences in structure and there are differences in determining the amount of control a particular nation might exercise. But, in the long run, whether the world community will benefit or suffer will depend not upon which nation controls nor upon the mechanisms by which control is ex· ercised, but upon ~he goals of international welfare which the controlling nations set he· fore them and the day·to·day policies by which they seek to reach them."

A Workable Scheme

Professor Amacker criticized certain types of peace plan. "Politics has been called the art of the possible," he said, "and this is es· pecially true of the politics of world organi· zation. Most workable political structures grow out of pre-existing patterns which fit the customs and psychologies of the public. Our Constitution may he a partial t:xception to this general rule; hut League history tends to corroborate. the rule. A highly ingenious and meritorious mechanism, the League failed because too far ahead 'of its time; it repre· sented too great a leap, given existing po·

litical psychology (nationalisms, separatism, suspicion of the "foreigner' and the like). Hence, an excellent machine was only partly used, }nd was discarded in the face of great tasks.

"Wisdom, therefore, would seem today to suggest developing and extending- machinery already in existence, working smoothly and becoming acceptable to popular p::ychologies. This means, of course, the United Nations alliance. Here we see as a going concern something like international government on a limited scale, the nucleus, perhaps, of com· plete world organization.

Most Plans Impractical

"The formal world federation on the model of the United States is simply not practical politics: it implies a loss of sovereignty that few nations would accept. Regional unifi· cations would be as difficult, and even if realized would only set up new groupments to fight among themselves."

"A world court by itself is no solution whatever, though many Americans urge it as a complete cure for war. It can deal only with questions about which a law or treaty exists; and this is only a small part of the total area of international relations and im· pacts. A policy-deciding (political) author· ity with irresistible force and instant readi· ness to use it is needed."

''Nor is general disarmament, another of our American hobbies, any solution: it is the one sure way to let loose more wars and en· hance the world anarchy. The Axis Powers which have manifested the ethics of the gangster must he disarmed; not the United Nations, who will be the police of our new order. Even a world police that is widely international in composition would not be ef. fective. It would probably split into its na· tiona! fragments 111 a crisis: and the problem of what authority should command it, and to what purpose, would still be unsolved.

Big Four Rule

"Therefore, even within the United Na· tions, Russia, China, Great Britain and the United States should maintain their present leadership in military power and diplomacy, as well as an unshakeable political unity. They should aim at one chief goal: the pres· ervation of order. To attain this goal they should station strong garrisons on a long· term basis at every key strategic point over the world, so that no aggressor could move withl'>ut striking against such a garrisan and almost automatically involving the nation in war with the Big Four. For example, the United States should keep bases, heavily gar­risoned, in England, along the Rhine, per· haps in Central Europe, West Africa, Aus· tralia. the Southwest Pacific and elsewhere. No freezing of an economic or territorial

'status quo would be intended; but merely. orderly peaceful change by rational delibera· tion. The one crime that, regardless of the supposed · merits of a cause. would bring im· placable punishment would be lawless resort to war.'"

"This method of securing peace seems to he more promising of success than others suggested and should he given a thorough trial for at least two generations."

WITH THE ALUMNI (Continued from page 3)

Class of 1942 Robert Featherstone Ackerman, '42, re­

ceiwd his M.S. degree in Physiology from Uni,·ersity of Tennessee, and his degree in Medicine from University of Tennessee June 14. H e is now interning at the Presbyte­rian Hospital in Chicago.

Mrs. Gordon S. Greeson (Frances Akers), '42, was named secretary of the City Beau­tiful Commission.

Allen Webb-, ·42, has received his Master's degree in Business Administration from Har­vard University in June.

Mary Ware, '42, married Sgt. Bartram P. Mueller on April 4, 1943.

Class of 1943 Tommie Jean Haygood, '43, is taking a po­

sition with the Equitable Life Insurance Co. beginning July 1.

Virginia Brittingham, '43, is waiting for her call to the WAVES. She will go to Smith College for indoctrination.

Mary Eleanor Walker, x'43, married Lyle Duane Russell on May 15, 1943, at St. Chrys­ostom Chapel, Chicago, Ill. They are at home, 1312 N. Ritchie Court, Chicago, Ill.

Lt. Mercer E. West, III, x'43, married Jane Axon Evans, x'44, on April 29,. 1943, at home.

Class of 1944 Martha Earp, x'44, married Daniel Doyle

Canale on May 24, 1943. They are at home at Fort Benning, Ga.

Jane Axon Evans, x'44, married Lt. Mer­cer E. West, III, x'43, on April 29, 1943.

Billy Clinton Dowdle, x'44, married Jeanne Carey, x'45, on May 29, 1943. They are at home at 481 Dickinson, Memphis, Tenn.

Born to Rev. and Mrs. James Riley, (Mar­garet Cansler, x'44), a son, in May, 1943.

Class of 194 5 Jeanne Carey, x'45, married Billy Clinton

Dowdle, x'44, on May 29, 1943. They are at home at 481 Dickinson, Memphis, Tenn.

Betty Francis, x'45, married Lt. Auvergne Williams, Jr., x'45, on April 4, 1943.

SOUTHWESTERN NEWS MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE

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The Bulletin Board The Southwestern Alumni Association will

award a scholarship of $200 to some high •chao! senior nominated by a member of the Alumni Association. Nominations should be received by July 15th. Scholarship will be awarded on the basis of high school record, aptitude tests, and recommendations by alumni.

New officers of the Alumni Association are T. M. Garrott, '29, Tunica, Miss., presi­dent; E. W. Walthal, '04, Memphis, In-town vice-president; P. T. Jones, '3 2, Greenville, Miss., Out-of-town vice-president; Annah

Summer School has registered 145 student• to date. There are 60 women and 85 mer The freshman group numbers 28.

Upon Burnet C. Tuthill, director of musi at Southwestern and conductor of the Mem phis Symphony Orchestra, was conferrec this year the honorary degree, Doctor o Music, by Chicago Musical College.

Dr. F. B. Gear, vice-president and profes sor of Bible at Southwestern, was a membe of the committee to set wage minimums i the stone, clay, glass, and allied industrie• employing 500,000 persons. The committe< met in New York May 27.

ALUMNI SCHOLARSHIP NOMINATION The Southwestern Alumni Association is offering a scholarship of $200 to a high

school ;enior for the year 1943-44. In order to receive this award the student must be nominated 1-v an alumnus of Southwestern. Any alumnus may fill out the form below and send it tn the Alumni Office by July 15. Each nominee will be sent an application blank. Name of nominee. Address ... High school.. .. .. . .. . . . . .... . . .. PrincipaL. Address .................................................................. . Alumnus making recommendation ........ ......... ......................................... ........................ . Address .......... ........ .. ................ ............. . ....................................... ........................................................ . (Along with the application form, the alumnus is requested to write a letter giving a state­ment of the character, ability, and worthiness of the student.)

WAft-SERVICE RECORD If you know of someone in the service who is not in our war-service files, please fill out

the form and return to Miss Harriette Hollis, Alumni Secretary, Southwestern, Memphis, Tenn.

The Alumni Office publishes a special newsletter, Lynx Chat, which it sends to South­western men and women in the service. Help us send a copy to everyone. Name... ............................................................ ............................... . ........................................................................... .

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