Soviet MRR Compared to OPFOR

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  • 8/13/2019 Soviet MRR Compared to OPFOR

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    KNOW YOUR ENEMY : A COM PAR ISON O F A S O V I E T MO TO R IZ ED R I F L ER E G I M E N T A N D T H E O P P O S I N G F OR C ES ( O P F O R ) M O T O R I Z E D R I F L E R E G IM E N T

    A t h e s i s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e U .S . A r m y C o mm a nd andG e n e r a l S t a f f C o l l e g e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r t h e

    MAST ER OF M I L I T A R Y A R T AND S C IE N C E

    ROBERT L . JO R DAN , JR . , MAJO R , U SAB . S . , T r o y S t a t e U n i u e r s i t y , 1579

    F o r t L e a v e n w o r t h , K a n s a s1986

    Approved for public rel ease; distr ibut ion is unlimited.

    86- 5 1 0

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    MASTER OF M I L I T A R Y A RT A ND S C I E N C ETH E S I S AP P ROV A L P AGE

    Name o f c a n d i d a t e R o b e r t L . J o r d a n . J r , , M A J . USAT i t l e o f t h e s i s KNOW YOUR ENEMY: A C o m p a r i s o n o f aS o v i e t M o t o r i z e d R i f l e R e a im e n t a n dt h e O D p o s i n a F o r c e s (O P FO R ) M o t o r i z e dR i f l e R c s i m e n tA p p r o v e d b y :

    - , T h e s i s C o m m i t t e e C h a i r m a n

    , M e m b e r, G r a d u a t e F a c u l t yMAJ,'Raymond F. " A r m e n t 1 1 1 , M A, M e m b e r , C o n s u l t i n g F a c u l t yB r u c e W . M e n n i n g , F h . D .

    A c c e p t e d t h i s 6 t h d a y o f June 1986 hy:

    , D i r e c t o r G r a d u a t e D e g r e e P r o g r a m sP h i l i p ' J . B r o o k e s , P h .D .The o p i n i o n s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s e x p r e s s e d h e r e i n a r e t h o s e o f t h es t u d e n t author and do not n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t t h e v i e w s o f t h eU .S . A r m y Com m and a n d G e n e r a l S t a f f C o l l e g e o r a n y o t h e rg o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y . ( R e f e r e n c e s t o t h i s s t u d y s h o u l d i n c l u d et h e f o r e a o i n a s t a t e m e n t . )

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    A B S T R A C TKNOW Y OU R E NE M Y: A C o m p a r i s o n o f a S o v i e t M o t o r i z e d R i f l eR e g i m e n t and t h e Op p o s i n g F o r c e s (O PFO R ) M o t o r i z e d R i f l e R e g i m e n t

    by: M a j o r R o b e r t L . Jordan J r .T h i s s t u d y a t t e m p t s t o i d e n t i f y t h e m a j o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l ande q u i p m e n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n a S o v i e t M o t o r i z e d R i f l e R e g i m e n tand t h e OPFOR M o t o r i z e d R i f l e R e g i m e n t . A n a l y s i s a l s o i n c l u d e sb a s i c t a c t i c a l d o c t r i n e a t t h e r e g i m e n t a l l e v e l .R e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e s t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h et w o o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n r e g a r d t o o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e ande q u i p m e n t a p p e a r a n c e and c a p a b l l i t i e s . A n a l y s i 5 of t a c t i c a ld o c t r i n e and e m p l o y m e n t d o e s n o t r e v e a l a n y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r -e n c e s .

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    fiCKNOWLEDGEMENTSw ou ld l i k e t o t han k m y w i f e a nd c h i l d r e n f o r t h e i r m o t i u a t i o n ,

    t h e i r f a i t h , an d t h e i r t i m e.I am g r a t e f u l t o m em ber s o f m y t h e s i s c om mi t t ee f o r t h e i r t i m e,p a t i e n c e , a n d o p e n -m i n d e dn e s s.

    w o ul d a l s o 1 i k e t o t hank Ma j o r s John Moore and Dave Murdock f u rp r o v i d i n g c u r r e n t i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e NTC.

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    T I T L E PAGE ..............................................TH E S I S AP P ROV A L P AGE ....................................ABSTRACT ................................................

    i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................... T A B L E O F CONTENTS .......................................

    L I S T OF F I G U R E S .........................................( D I A Q R A M S & I L L U S T R A T I O N S )CHAPTER 1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N

    1 - 1 BACKGROUND..............................1-2 PURPOSE ................................1-3 SCOPE ..................................1-4 CHAPTER END NOTES .......................

    CHAPTER 2 . ORGA NI ZA T I ONA L S TRUCTURE OF COMBAT AND COMBATSUPPORT FORCES2-1 I N T R O D U C T I O N ...........................2-2 S OV I E T M RR .............................2-3 OPFOR MRR ..............................2-4 S I G N I F I C A N T D I F F E R E N C E S / I W A L Y S I S .......2-5 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .....................2-6 CHAPTER END NOTES ......................

    CHAPTER 3 . E Q U I P M E N T3-1 I N T R O D U C T I O N ...........................3-2 EQUIPMENT COMPARISONS ..................3-3 S I G N I F I C A N T D I F F E R E N C E S / A N A L Y S I S . . . . . . .3-4 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .....................3-5 CHAPTER END NOTES ......................

    P a g ei

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    i vV

    v i i

    1 - 11-31-31-5

    2-12-12-5

    2-202-242-25

    3-13-1

    3-173-203-21

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    CHAPTER 4 . T A C T I C S4 - 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N ...........................4-2 OFFEN SE ................................4-3 D EFEN SE ................................4-4 S I G N I F I C A N T D I F F E R E N C E S / A N A L Y S I S .......4-5 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .....................4-6 CHAPTER END NOTES ......................

    CHAPTER 5 . CON CL USIO NS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5-1 I N T R O D U C T I O N ...........................5-2 S I M I L A R I T I E S ...........................5-3 D I F F E R E N C E S ............................5-4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT . . . . . . . .5-5 C ON C L U SION .............................

    APPENDA . B i b l i o g r a p h y ...................................B . I n i t i a l D i s t r i b u t i o n L i s t ......................

    4-14-6

    4 - 1 14 - 1 34 - 1 3 ..4-15

    5 - 15 - 15-35-55-6

    a w Aa w B

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    L I S T O F F I G U R E S

    F I G U R E1234567891 0

    1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 8192 021222324252627

    S U B J E C T / T I T L EM O TO R IZ ED R I F L E R EG IM E NT ( S O V I E T )S O V I E T MRR S U B O R D IN A T E U N I T SN A T I O N A L T R A I N I N G C EN TE R (NTC)J - S E R I E S B A T T A L I O N SM O T O R IZ E D R I F L E R E G I M EN T ( OP F O R )OPFOR MRR SU B O RD IN A T E W I T SOPFOR MRR HEADQUARTERSOPFOR MRBO P F O R T A N K B A T T A L I O NO P F O R A R T I L L E R Y B A T T A L I ONOPFOR RE CO NNA ISSA NC E COMPANYO PFOR A I R D E F E NS E B A T T E R YOPFOR ELECTRON1C WARFARE PLATOONOPFOR HIND- E SECTIONOPFOR ENGINEER COMPANYOPFOR AUGMENTATION INFANTRY COMPANIESS O V IE T M I - 2 4 H IN D -EOPFOR V ISMOD HIND- EZ S U - 2 3 - 4122mm SELF-PRO PELLED HOWITZERB RD M -2 A M P H I B I O U S R E C O N NA IS S A N CE V E H I C L EB T R - 6 0 P BM T - L BT-72 TANK COMPARISONT-72 TANKBMP COMPARISONBMP INFANTRY COMBAT VEHICLEMEETING ENGAGEMENT FORCESTRUCTURE COMPARISON

    PAGE2-22-32-72-82-92 - 1 02 - 1 12 - 1 22 - 1 32-1 42-152 - 1 62-1 72 - 1 82-13-23-33 - 43-53-63-73-83 - 1 13 - 1 23-153 - 1 64 1

    . ..

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    CHAPTER 1

    NTRODUCTION

    1 - 1 . BACKGROUND: The A i r l a n d B a t t l e d o c t r i n f o r t h Un i t e dS t a t e s A rm y, a s o u t 1 i n e d i n F i e l d M anual (FM) 100-5 FINAL DRAFT,d a t e d 28 Octo b e r 1985, o u t 1 i n e s c on t em p or ar y c h a l l e n g e s f a c i n gt h e U .S . A r m y . One i s t r a i n i n g . Because t r a i n i n g i s t r u l y t hec o r n e r s t o n e o f s uc ce ss , l e a d e r s a t a l l l e v e l s m us t m ax im iz e e v e r yp o s s i b l e t r a i n i n g o p p o r t u n i t y . An im p or t an t e l e m e n t o f p r e p a r i n gf o r t r a i n i n g and p r e p a r i n g f o r war i s kn ow in g t he enemy.

    A i r La n d B a t t l e d o c t r i n e s t r e s s e s t e n co mbat i m p e r a t i v e s , t h et h i r d o f w h ic h i s t o " d i r e c t f r i e n d l y s t r e n g t h s a g a in s t enemyw ea kn es se s. " I n o r d e r t o acc om pl i s h t h i s , c om bat l e a d e r s m u s tknow the enemy. A cc o r d i ng t o FM 100-5 :

    T o d e t e r m i n e t h e t a c t i c s t o us e commanders m us t s t u d yt h e enemy O R W IZ A T IO N , EQUIPMENT, and TACTICS - howt h e enemy f i g h t s . M ore i m p o r t a n t l y t h e y m u s tu n d e r s t a n d s t r e n g t h s an d w ea kn es s es o f t h e enemy f o r c et h e y a r e a bo ut t o f i g h t . 1 ( e m p h a s i s

    When t a c t i c i a n s an a l y z e t h e f a c t o r s o f m i s s i o n , enemy,t e r r a i n , t r o op s a v a i l a b l e , and t i m e (METT-T), i n the conduc t o fp l a n n i n g o f f e n s i v e o r d e f en s i ve o p e r a t io n s , t h ey a r r a y t h e i rcombat f o r c e s i n a cc or da nc e w i t h d o c t r i n a l r a t i o s . B r i ga d e andb a t t a l i o n commanders a nd s t a f f s a r r a y enemy b a t t a l i o n a nd companys i z e e l em e n ts when f o r m u l a t i n g c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n . A r e a l i s t i ca r r a y c a l l s f o r a t h or ou gh u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t he enemy, e s p e c i a l l ya t t h e r e g i m e n t a l l e v e l and be low.

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    d i v i s i o n s , 98 o f w h i c h a r e o p p o s i t e t h e N o r t h AO r g a n i z a t i o n ( N A T O ) , 30 of w h i c h a r e i n E a s t e r no f t h e S o v i e t ground f o r c e s s e e m s o v e r w h e l m

    T h e f o l l o w i n g q u o t e f r o m t h e O f f i c e o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o fD e fe n s e R e p o r t , S o v i e t M i l i t a r r P o w e r 1985, c l e a r l y d e s c r i b e s t h ei m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e S o v i e t t h r e a t . S i n c e World War 11, t h ep r i m a r y s e c u r i t y o b j e c t i v e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s has b e e nd e t e r r e n c e o f S o v i e t a g g r e s s i o n t o e n s u r e t h e f r e e d o m of t h eU n i t e d S t a t e s a n d a l l n a t i o n s t h a t c h e r i s h l i b e r t y . T h eS o v i e t s c u r r e n t l y h a v e 199 a c t i v e t a n k , m o t o r i z e d a n d a i r b o r n e

    l a n t i c T r e a t yE u r o p e . T h e s i z en g . T h e g r o u n d

    c o m b a t t h r e a t i n E u r o p e i s c l e a r l y t a n k a n d m o t o r i z e d f o r c e s .A l t h o u g h t h i s t h e s i s i s o r i e n t e d on t h e t a c t i c a l l e v e l , t h e a b o v eq u o t e a p p r o p r i a t e l y e m p h a s i z e s t h e S o v i e t t h r e a t .

    A s a p a r t o f t h e A r m y t r a i n i n g s y s t e m o u t l i n e d i n C h a p t e r 2o f A r m y R e g u l a t i o n , AR 350 - 1 , c h a n g e 1 , d a t e d 1 A u g u s t 1 9 8 3 , t h eN a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g C e n t e r ( N T C ) p r o v i d e s b a t t a l i o n t a s k f o r c e s a ne n v i r o n m e n t a p p l i c a b l e t o E u r o p e , A s i a , a n d t h e M i d d l e E a s t . Oneo f t h e r e a l i s t i c a s p e c t s o f t r a i n i n g p r o v i d e d a t t h e NTC I S ah i g h l y t r a i n e d O p p o s i n g F o r c e (O P F O R ). T h e m i s s i o n o f t h e OPFORi s:

    A . R e p l i c a t e t h e m a j o r c o m b a t e l e m e n t s o f a S o v i e tB M P - e q u ip p e d M o t o r i z e d R i f l e R e g i m e n t .

    B . P r o v i d e r e a l i s t i c f o r c e r a t i o s a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ofc u r r e n t S o v i e t d o c t r i n e a n d t a c t i c s t o r o t a t i o n a lu n i t s , ( b r i g a d e s a n d b a t t a l i o n s - t a s k f o r c e s ) .

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    1-2. PURPOSE: The p u r p o se o f t h l s t h e s i s is t o p r o v i d ei n f o r m a t i o n a bo ut t h e S o v i e t a n d t h e OPFOR m o t o r i z e d r i f l er e g i m e n t s ( M R R ) . The p r i m a r y f o c u s i s on t h e a r e a s o fo r g a n i z a t i o n , e qu ip m en t , a n d t a c t i c s , w i t h em ph as is onI d e n t i f y i n g an d a n a l y z i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een t he S o v i e t a ndt h e OPFOR M R R s . T h i s s t u d y w i l l s e r v e as a t r a i n i n g r e f e r en c edocument f o r u n i t s sc he d u l e d t o t r a i n a t t h e NTC, and i t w i l la l s o p r o v i d e c om manders a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e OPFOR.T h i s s t u d y i s n o t i n t en d e d t o d e t r a c t f r o m t he va l ue o f F i e l dMa nu al s, FM 100-2-1, -2, -3, w h ic h s p e c i f y t h e c u r r e n t U . S . A r m )u n d e r s t a n d in g o f S o v i e t A r m y d o c t r i n e .

    1-3. SCOPE: The i n t e n t o f t h i s t h e s i s i s t o s y n t h es i zei n f o r m a t i o n f r o m num erous s o u r c e s r e g a r d i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n ,e qu ip m en t , an d t a c t i c s . I t d oe s n o t a d d re s s d e c i s i o n c y c l e s ,t r a i n i n g , combat s e r v i c e s u p p o r t , o r o t h e r a r e as n o r m a l l ya s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n a l y s i s o f an enemy f o r c e . An a dd i t i o n a ll i m i t a t i o n i s th e i n t e n t i o n a l r e s t r i c t i o n t o a n a l y s i s o f ag e n er i c S o v i e t m o t o r i z ed r i f l e r e g i m en t .

    C h a p te r 2 a d dr e s se s t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l 5 . tr uc t ur .e o f b o t h t heS o v i e t a nd t he OPFOR M R R s . A S o v i e t MRR i s a c om b in e d arm s f o r c ew i t h o r g a n i c tan l t s, i n f a n t r y f i g h t i n g v e h i c l e s ( pe rs on ne lc a r r i e r s ) , a r t i l l e r y , combat s u p p o r t , and combat s e r v i c e s u pp o r tf o r c e s . T h er e a r e t h r e e m o t o r i z e d r i f l e r e g i m e n t s i n a m o t o r i z e dr i f l e d i v i s i o n , a nd t h e re i s one m o to r i z e d r i f l e r eg im e n t i n at an k d i v i s i o n . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e re a r e two t y pe s o f m o t o r i z edr i f l e r e g i m e n t s , BMP an d BTR. The OPFOR MRR a t the NTC i s

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    d e s i g n e d t o r e p l i c a t e t h e S o v i e t B M P -e q u ip p e d MRR. T h e r e f o r e ,t h i s s t u d y w i l l a d d r e s s o n l y t h e BMP r e g i m e n t . C h a p t e r 2i d e n t i f i e s and a n a l y z e s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h et w o o r g a n i z a t i ons.

    C h a p t e r 3 a d d r e s s e s t h e m a j o r i t e m s o f e q u i p m e n t i n a S o v i e tMRR a n d t h e OPFOR e q u i p m e n t u s e d t o r e p 1 c a t e t h e s e i t e m s . T h ep r i m a r y f o c u s o f c h a p t e r 3 i s on t h e BMP a n d t a n k . C h a p t e r 3also i d e n t i f i e s a n d a n a l y z e s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e nt h e m a j o r i t e m s o f e q u i p m e n t .

    C h a p t e r 4 a d d r e s s e s t h e t a c t i c a l d o c t r i n e a n d e m p lo ym e n t o fa S o v i e t MRR i n t h e c o n d u c t o f o f f e n s i v e a n d d e f e n s i v eo p e r a t i o n s , a n d c o m p a r e s t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f t h e OPFOR MRR t o t h a to f t h e S o v i e t . C h a p t e r 4 i s l i m i t e d i n s c o p e t o a d i s c u s s i o n oft h e c o m b a t m i s s i o n s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y p o r t r a y e d a t t h e N T C .C h a p t e r 4 a l s o i d e n t i f i e s and a n a l y z e s t h e s i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c e s .

    .

    C h a p t e r 5 p r o v i d e s a s u m m a r y o f t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n da n a l y s i s c o n d u c t e d i n c h a p t e r s 2, 3, a n d 4. C h a p t e r 5 a l s oc o n t a i n s s om e o u e r a l 1 c o n c l u s i o n s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .

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    CHAPTER 1

    END NOTE

    1 U . S . A r m y , FM 100-5 , O n e r a t i o u ( F i n a l D r a f t ) , W as h i n g t o n ,D . C . , U . S . A r m y , 28 O c t o b e r 1985. p a g e 2-26.

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    CHAPTER 2

    ORGAN1 Z A T I ONAL STRUCTURE OF COMBAT

    AND COMBAT SUPPORT FORCES

    2-1. p4 rRODUCT1ON;The p u r p o s e o f t h i s c h a p t e r i s t o a n a l y z e t h eo r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f b o t h t h e S o v i e t MRR a n d t h e O P F O RMRR .

    T h e S o v i e t s h a v e o r g a n i z e d a n d e q u I p p e d t h e I r g r o u n df o r c e s t o s u p p o r t t h e i r o f f e n s i v e d o c t r i n e . M o r e o v e r ,S o v i e t o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d e q u i p m e n t a r e b e i n gs t r e n g t h e n e d and m o d e r n i z e d c o n s t a n t l y t o i m p r o v e t h e i rc a p a b i l i t i e s t o f i g h t e i t h e r a n u c l e a r o r a n o n n u c l e a rw a r . A n u c l e a r e x c h a n g e i n E u r o p e c o u l d e a s i l y e n t a i lt r e m e n d o u s d a m a g e t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e r e f o r e , i tw o u l d b e c l e a r l y i n t h e S o v i e t s i n t e r e s t t o h a v e t h ea b i l i t y t o f i g h t a n d w i n a w a r i n E u r o p e q u i c k l y ,b e f o r e e i t h e r a i d e m ad e u s e o f n u c l e a r w e a p o n s . T h eS o v i e t s h a v e d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e o n l y w ay t o w i n s u c h awar i s by o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s . T h e S o v i e t c o n c e p t oft h e o f f e n s i v e e m p h a s i z e s s u r p r i s e a n d h i g h r a t e s ofa d v a n c e c o m b i n e d w i t h o v e r w h e l m i n g f i r e p o w e r . A t t h eh e a r t o f S o v i e t c o m b a t d o c t r i n e i s t h e c o n c e p t o fc o m b i n e d a r m s . 1

    The OPFOR MRR a t t h e NTC i s d e s i g n e d t o r e p l i c a t e t h e S o v i e tMRRs o r g a n i z a t i o n , e q u i p m e n t , a n d t a c t i c s .2 -2 . T HE S W I E T MRR m The MRR i s t h e b a s i c c o m b in e d a r m so r g a n i z a t i o n a n d t h e m o s t com m on m a n e u v e r e l e m e n t o f t h e S o v i e tground f o r c e s . M o t o r I z e d r i f e , t a n k , a r t 1 1 e r y , a n t i a i r c r a f t ,a n t i t a n k , e n g i n e e r , s i g n a l , a n d c o m b a t s e r v i c e s u p p o r t a s s e t s a r eo r g a n i c t o t h e MRR. A l t h o u g h t h e MRR n o r m a l l y o p e r a t e s a s p a r to f a d i v i s i o n , b a s e d u p o n t h c c o m b i n e d a r m s o r g a n i z a t i o n a n ds t r u c t u r e , i t i s c a p a b l e o f i n d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t i o n s . 2

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    T h e MRR s t r u c t u r e d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 1 r e p r e s e n t s a v a s ta m o u n t o f c o m b a t p o w e r . What s i z e o f f o r c e d o e 0 t h i s e q u a t e t oon t h e ground? What q u a n t i t y and t y p e of c o m b a t v e h i c l e s y s t e m sw i l l b e a r r a y e d a g a i n s t a U .S . A r m y b r i g a d e o r b a t t a l i o n taskf o r c e ? A S o v i e t MRR. a t 100% s t r e n g t h . w o u l d e q u a t e t oa p p r o x i m a t e l y 209 c o m b a t v e h i c l e s y s t e m s on t h e b a t t l e f i e l d T h eb r e a k o u t o f t h e s u b o r d i n a t e e l e m e n t s o f t h e S o v i e t MRR a r e s h o w ni n F i g u r e 2 .

    F I G U R E 2S O V I E T MRR S UB ORDI NA TE U N I T S

    S O V I E T MRR UN I T S V E HI C LE TY P E S QUANT T 1 E SMRR .............................. T O T A L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 9MRR HEADQUARTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MP ........................ 3MRB ( 3 , M o t o r i z e d R i f l e B n s ) . . . . . MP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93MRB (1 20 m m M o r t a r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-66 ( T r u c k ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18T A N K B A T T A L I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . l K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40A R T I L L E R Y B A T T A L I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2m m SP H o w i t z e r . . . . . . . . . . 18A N T I - A I R & A R T I L L E R Y B A T T E R Y . . . . . MP o r BRDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3A N T I - A I R & A R T I L L E R Y B A T T E R Y ..... S U - 2 3 - 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4A N T I -T A N K M I S S I L E BA TT ER Y . . . . . . . . MP o r BRDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RECON COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BMPRECON COMPANY .................... BRDM ....................... 4RECON COMPANY .................... MOTOR CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ENGINEER COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T R - 6 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ENGINEER COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TU/M T-55 ( b r i d g e ) . . . . . . . . . 1SIGNAL COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MP.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3SIGNAL COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTORCYCLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

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    T h e n u mb e r s, t y p e s and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f an MRRa r e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s f o r numerous r e as o n s . I n t e l l i g e n c ep r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e b a t t e f i e l d ( I P E ) i s an i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o fa 11 c om ba t o p e r a t i o n s . S t e p o ne o f t h e IPB p r o ce s s , t h r e a te v a l u a t i o n , r e q u i r e s Know ledge an d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f enemy f o r c e si n o r d e r t o a c c u r a t e l y a p p l y t h e t e ch n i q u e o f d o c t r i n a lt em p1 at in g* 3 A d d i t i o n a l l y , k no w le dg e o f t h e s i z e a nd s t r u c t u r e o fan MRR i s i m p o r t a n t when c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s t r e n g t h l e v e l o f t h eenemy u n i t . F r e q u e n t l y i n t e l l i g e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n i s p r o v i d e d f r o ma h i g h e r h e a d qu a r t e r s t o a s u b o r d i n a t e u n i t i n t h e f o r m o fp e r c e n t a g e s . A s an e x am p le , an i n t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t m i g h te s t l m a t e t h e s t r e n g t h o f an a t t a c k i n g m o t o r i z e d r i f l e r e g im e n t a t85%. For t he i n t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t t o h a v e m e a n i n g o r r e l e v a n c e ,t h e s t a f f must b e a b l e t o r e l a t e t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t t o t h ec om ba t s t r e n g t h o f the enemy u n i t a t 100%. The S-2 ( i n t e l l i g e n c eo f f i c e r ) s h o u l d b e a b l e t o d e s c r i b e t o t he commander t h er e l e v a n c e o f t he i n t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t i n t e r ms o f p e r c e n ta g e s ,n um be r s a n d t y p e s o f c om ba t s y s te m s, a n d p o s s i b l e enemy c o u r s e so f a c t i o n . An a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r t o c o n s i d e r when a s s e s s i n g t h eo r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e a n d combat power o f the enemy i s t a r g e tp r i o r i t y . When a t a c t i c a l commander e s t a b l i s h e s a p r i o r i t y o ft a r g e t s t h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l d i c t a t e w h i c h enemy c om ba t s y s t e m h a sa h i g h e r o r l o w e r p r i o r i t y . I n an assesc .ment o f t he 209 comba ts y s t e ms d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 2, many v a r i a t i o n s o f t a r g e tp r i o r i t i e s c o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d b a s ed on t h e s i t u a t i o n s o rc i r c u m s t a n c e s . A s a n e xa mp le , t h e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e m o t o r c y c l e o rBRDM m i g h t h av e a h i g h e r p r i o r i t y t h a n a n enemy t a n k .A d d i t i o n a l l y , i f t h e enemy w er e a t t a c k i n g a d e f e n s i v e p o s i t i o n

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    r e i n f o r c e d by a n a n t i t a n k d i t c h , t h e MTWMT-55 ( b r i d g e ) m i g h tha ve a h i g h e r p r i o r i t y t ha n a n ot h er s ys te m. T h e r e f o r e , i t i si m p o r t a n t f o r l e a d e r s a t t h e b a t t a l i o n and company l e v e l t ou n d e r s t a n d t h e o r ga n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e a nd c om po si t i or1 o f anMRR .2-3. THE OPFOR MRR; The OPFOR i s c om pr is ed p r i m a r i l y o f u n i t ss t a t i o n e d a t F o r t I r w i n , C a l i f o r n i a , w h i c h i s th e l o c a t i o n o f theNTC. The u n i t s w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e t h e OPFOR a r e :

    a. The 6 t h B a t t a l i o n ( M ec h an iz e d) , 3 1 s t I n f a n t r y . The 6-31I N i s a Fo rc es Command (FORSCOM) u n i t o r ga n i ze d under theJ - S e r i e s TOE. Th e 6 -3 1 I N i s p e r m a n e n t l y s t a t i o n e d a t t h e NTCa n d p r o v i d e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60% o f t h e OPFOR r e g i m e n t ' s com ba tf o r c e s ( F i gu r e 3 ) . 4

    b . The 1s t B a t t a l i o n , 7 3d A r mo r. T he 1 -7 3 AR i s a l s o aFORSCOM u n i t o r g a n i z e d u n de r t h e J - S e r i e s TOE. The 1- 73 A R i sp e r m a ne n t l y s t a t i o n e d a t t h e NTC a nd p r o v i d e s a p p r o x t m a t e l y 20%o f t h e OPFOR r e g i m e n t ' s com ba t f o r c e s ( F i g u r e 3 ) .

    C . The S u p p or t B a t t a l i o n o f t h e NTC i s a l s o a FORSCOM u n i t .The S u p p o rt B a t t a l i o n p r o v i d e s b o t h com bat s u p p o r t a nd com bats e r v i c e s u p p o r t t o t h e OPFOR r e g i m e n t .

    ( 1 ) The f l i g h t d et ac hm en t p r o v i d e s c r ew s f o r UHls e r e s he1 i c o p t e r s w h i c h a r e v i s u a l l y m o d i f i e d (UISMOD) t or e p i c a t e a H I N D -E he1 i c o p t e r .

    2 ) The e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e de ta ch me nt p r o v i d e s c r e w sf o r t h e g r ou n d s u r v e i I l a n c e r a d a r s a n d c om m un ic a ti on s j a m m e r s .

    ( 3 ) C Company, 20 3d Mi i t a r y l n t e l i ge nce B a t t a l i o n ,p r o v i d e s o p e r a t o r s an d s u p p or t f o r a l l a c t u a l S o v i e t e qu ip me ntw h i ch i s u s ed t o t r a n s p o r t d is mo un te d i n f a n t r y and e n g in e e r s .

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    F I G U R E 4

    P IO T O R IZ E D R I F L E R E G IM E N T

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    T h e OPFOR MRR d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 4 r e p r e s e n t s a v a s t a m o u n to f c o m b a t p o w e r . What s i z e o f f o r c e d o e s t h i s e q u a t e t o on t h eground? What q u a n t i t y and t y p e o f c o m b a t v e h i c l e s y s t e m s w i l l b ea r r a y e d a g a i n s t a U .S . A r m y b r i g a d e or b a t t a l i o n t a s K f o r c et r a i n i n g a t t h e NTC? T h e OPFOR MRR. a t 1 0 0 % s t r e n g t h w o u l de q u a t e t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 201 c o m b a t v e h i c l e s y s t e m s . on t h eb a t t l e f i e l d T h e b r e a k o u t o f t h e s u b o r d i n a t e e j e m e n t s of t h eOPFOR MRR a r e d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 5 ..F I G U R E 5

    OPFOR MR H SU BOR D IN ATE U N ITSOPFOR MRR U N IT S U E HI CLE TYPE(J1 SMOD) Q UA NT IT I ESMRR .................................. T O T A L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 1MRR HEADQUARTERS ..................... BMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3MRB (3. M o t o r i z e d R i f l e B a t t a l i o n s ) .. M P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3T A N K B A T T A L I O N....................... T A N K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40A R T I L L E R Y B A T T A L I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22mm SP H o w i t z e r . . . . . 12A R T I L L E R Y B A T T A L I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2A N T I - A I R & A R T I L L E R Y B A T T E R Y . . . . . . . . . SU -2 3 -4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4A N T I - A I R & A R T I L L E R Y B A T T E R Y ......... MP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4RECON COMPANY ........................ BMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4RECON COMPANY ........................ BRDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4EW REC CE ............................. BRDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2ENGINEER COMPANY ..................... BTR -6 0 * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6ENGINEER COMPANY ..................... AUL......,.,.......... 1INFANTRY COMPANY ..................... B M P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2INFANTRY COMPANY ..................... M T - L E + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0A V I A T I O N S E C T IO N ..................... H I N D - E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4* T h e s e a r e n o t V IS M O D s . t h e y a r e a c t u a l S o v i e t v e h i c l e s .

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    T h e OPFOR MRR h e a d q u a r t e r s c o n s i s t s o f t h e co m ma n d a n d s t a f fe l e m e n t s o f t h e m a n e u v e r b a t t a l i o n ( 6 - 3 1 I N or 1-73 A R ) e x e r c i s -i n g c om man d a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e MRR. T he o n l y p o r t i o n s o f t h e MRRh e a d q u a r t e r s p o r t r a y e d on t h e b a t t l e f i e l d a r e t h e c o m b a t v e h i c l e so f t h e MRR c o m m a n d e r , t h e S 3 o p e r a t i o n s o f f i c e r , a n d t h e S -3a i r . T h e S-3 a i r p e r f o r m s t h e d u t i e s o f t h e S o v i e t a i r d i r e c t i o no f f i c e r ( A D O ) . T h e ADO c o n t r o l s t h e H IN D -E a i r c r a f t as a f o r w a r da i r c o n t r o l l e r ( F A C ) w o u l d c o n t r o l c l o s e a i r s u p p o r t ( C A S )a i r c r a f t . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e MRR h e a d q u a r t e r s h a s t w o m e s s e n g e rm o t o r c y c 1 e s . F o r s a f e t y p u r p o s e s t h e s e m o t o r c y c l e s a r e n o te m p l o y e d i n t h e o f f e n s e . F i g u r e 6 d e p i c t s t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h eMRR h e a d q u a r t e r s .

    F I G U R E 6

    OPFOR MRR HQ

    3 - BMP2 - M o t o r c y c l e s

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    T h e O PFO R MRR h a s t h r e e m o t o r i z e d r i f l e b a t t a l i o n s ( M R 5 ) .P r i o r t o t a s k o r g a n i z a t i o n o f MRR a s s e t s , ( t a n ks , a i r d e f e n s e ,e t c ) , t h e MRE c o n s i s t of 31 EMP. T h e r e a r e t h r e e m o t o r i z e d r i f l ec o m p a n i e s (M RC ) i n e a c h M R B , and t h e r e a r e t h r e e m o t o r i z e d r i f l ep l a t o o n s ( MR P) i n e a c h MRC, and t h e r e a r e t h r e e BMP i n e a c hMRP. T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e MRB i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 7.

    FIGURE 7

    OPFOR MRB

    H a - I - 5MP

    MRC - 10 - BMP1 p e r MRC C d r )(3 p e r M RP )( 1 p e r squad)

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    The OPFOR MRR h a s one a r t i l l e r y b a t t a l i o n . The a r t i l l e r yb a t t a l i o n h as t h r e e a r t i l l e r y b a t t e r i e s , w hi ch c o n s i s t o f s i x122mm s e l f p r o p e l l e d h o w i t z e r s , (122mm SP H o w i t z e r s ) , a nd tw oBMPs i n t h e b a t t a l i o n h e a d q u a r t e r s . W i t h i n t h e OPFOR r e g i m e n tt h e t w o m aneu ve r b a t t a l i o n s ' (6-31 I N and 1-73 A R ) h e a v y m o r t a rp l a t o o n s e a ch p r o v i d e one-BMP a n d s i x - 1 2 2 m m SP Ho wi t z e r . Thet h i r d b a t t e r y o f 122mm SP H o w i t z e r s i s n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r m ann ing ;i t i s n o t i o n a l . The s t r u c t u r e o f th e a r t i l l e r y b a t t a l i o n i sshown i n F i g u r e 9.

    FIGURE 9

    OPFOR A R T I L L E R Y BATTALION

    HQ - - BMP

    A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l i o n( 6 - 122mm SP Howl t z e r s

    p e r b a t t e r y )( 1 2 - 122mm SP H o w i t z e r s

    a r e a c t u a l )( 6 - 122mm SP How

    a r e n o t i o n a lt z e r s

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    The OPFOR MRR h a s one r e c o n n a is s a n c e company. Ther e co n n a i ssa n ce com pa ny co n s i s t s o f f o u r EMPs a n d fo u r ERDMs w h i cha r e d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r e qu a l s e c t i o n s o r teams o f one EMP and oneERDM each. W i t h i n the OPFOR re g i me n t th e sc ou t p l a t o o n s of t h et wo m aneuver b a t t a l i o n s (6-31 IN and 1-73 A R) f o r m t h ere co nn a i ssance company . D u r n g t h e e a r 1 y y e a r s o f t he N a t i o n a lT r a i n i n g C e n t e r , t h e OPFOR a l s o e m pl o ye d m o t o r c y c l e s c o u t s .H oweuer, f o r s a f e t y r e a s o n s t he m o t o r c y c l e s a r e n o l o n g e r us e d i na r e c o n n a i ssa n ce r o l e m The s t r u c t u r e of th e OPFOR r ec on n ai ssancecompany i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 0 .

    FIGURE 10

    OPFOR RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY

    I_._. - -r------ I0 O f,.._____...__--.I.d ,,;/77::'. i:-.;- I---. .

    1 - BMP 1 - EMP 1 - BMP 1 - EMP1 - BRDM 1 - BRDM 1 - BRDM 1 - BRDM

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    The OPFOR MRR h a s one a i r de fe ns e b a t t e r y . The a i r d e fe ns eb a t t e r y c o n s i s t s o f t w o p l a t o o n s : one p l a t o o n o f Z S U - 2 3 - 4 a n t i -a i r c r a f t guns, a nd one p l a t o o n o f S A - 7 / G R A I L , s u r f a c e - t o - a i rm i s s i l e s . The S A - 7 / G R A I L i s a m an -p or ta bl e g ro un d t o a i r m i s s i l es i m i l i a r t o t h e U.S. A r m y r e d e y e o r s t i n g e r m i s s i l e s ys t em s.W i t h i n t he OPFOR r e g i m e n t t h e 6-31 I N p r o v i d e s t he f o u r Z S U - 2 3 - 4 sand t w o o f t he f o u r S A - 7 / G R A I L s y s t e m s . The 1 - 7 3 A R p r o v i d e s th eo t h e r t w o S A - 7 / G R A I L s y s t e m s . The S A - 7 / G R A I L s y s t e m s a r et r a n s p o r t e d i n v i s u a l l y m o d i f i e d U . S . Army M 1 1 3 A 2 and M 1 0 6 A 2c a r r i e r s . B o t h s y s t e m s h a v e t h e o u t w a r d a p p e a r a n c ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a BMP, b u t t h ey hav e no w eapon s y s t e m o t h e rt h a n t h e S A - 7 / G R A I L . The S A - 7 / G R A I L i s em plo ye d i n l i e u o f t h eS A - P / G A S K I N b e c au s e t h e r e i s n o mu1 t i p i e i n t e g r a t e d 1 as e rengagement s y s t e m ( M I L E S ) a v a i l a b l e t o r e p l i c a t e t h e S A -9 . Thes t r u c t u r e o f t h e OPFOR a i r d ef en se b a t t e r y i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 1 .

    F I G U R E 1 1OPFOR A I R DEFENSE BATTERY

    I

    4 - Z S U - 2 3 - 4 4 - BMPS A -7 / GRA I L

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    The OPFOR MRR h a s o n e e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e p l a t o o n . T h ee l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e p l a t o o n c o n s i s t s o f t w o BRDMs ( w i t h o u t w e a p o ns y s t e m s ) , t w o ground s u r v e i 1 l a n c e r a d a r s , t h r e e r a d i o j a m m e r s ,and a g r o u n d r a d a r e m i t t e r . T h e ground s u r v e i l l a n c e r a d a r s (GS R)a r e U.S. A r m y P U S -5 -6 m o d e l s . T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s of r a d i oj a m m e r s ; t h e X M-3 30 i s an FM r a d i o j a m m e r and t h e X M - 8 3 4 i s aUHF and UHF r a d i o j a m m e r . T h e Ground Radar E m i t t e r For T r a i n i n gA v i a t o r s ( G R ET A ) , i s a s y s t e m w h i c h p r o v i d e s r a d a r l o c k - o ns i g n a l s t o a i r c r a f t . T h e r a d a r s i g n a l s f r o m t h e GRETA r e p l i c a t e

    t h e S o v i e t SA-6, S A - 8 , and t h e Z S U -2 3- 4 w e a p o n s s y s t e m s . T h eGRETA s y s t e m i s t r a n s p o r t e d on a U . S . A r m y , M548 t r a c k e d c a r r i e r ,a n d i s n o t equ p p e d w i t h a U I S M O D . The s t r u c t u r e o f t h e OPFORe l e c t r o n i c w a r a r e p l a t o o n i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 12.

    F I G U R E 12OPFOR ELECTRONIC WARFARE

    D O..........I

    _-__ t .........

    1 - BRDM 1 - BRDM2 - GSR 2 - J a m m e r s

    ( P U S - 3 B ) ( X M - 3 3 0 )1 - J a m m e r

    ( X M - 8 3 4 )

    PLATOON

    1 - M 5 4 8 C a r r i e r1 - GRETA

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    The OPFOR MRR i s a ug me nted w i t h o ne s e c t i o n o f HIND-Ea i r c r a f t . The HIND-E a i r c r a f t a r e c o n t r o l l e d by an a i r d i r e c t i o no f f i c e r a nd em ploy ed i n s u p po r t o f t h e MRR d u r i n g t h e c o n du c t o fMRR a t t a c k s a nd d ef e ns e o f t h e m a i n b e l t . Th ey a r e n o t e m p l oye di n s u p p o r t o f m o t o r i z e d r i f l e b a t t a i o n s i n an a dv an ce t o c o n t a c to r w i t h u n l t s i n t h e d ef en se o f a s e c u r i t y zone. The a i r c r a f ta r e v i s u a l l y m o d i f i e d , and equ pped w i t h t he a i r g ro un dengagement s y s t e m s ( A G E S ) , w h i ch i n t e r f a c e s w i t h ( M I L E S ) . Thec a p ab i i t i e s o f e ac h a i r c r a f t d u p l i c a t e t h e AT-6, 57mm r o c k e t s ,and th e 30mm cannon. The OPFOR HIND-E s e c t i o n i s d e p i c t e d i nF i g u r e 13.

    FIGURE 13

    OPFOR HIND-E SECTION

    b . 4 - HIND-E A i r c r a f t

    AT-6 M i s s i l e57mm R o c k e t s30mm Cannon

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    T h e OPFOR MRR i s a u g m e n t e d w i t h o n e FORSCOM e n g i n e e rc om p an y . T h e e n g i n e e r u n i t s t r a d i t i o n a l l y p r o v i d e a m i x of t h ef o l l o w i n g t y p e s o f U .S . A r m y e q u i p m e n t ( a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , b a s e du p o n a v a i i b i 1 i t y a t t h e t i m e o f a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e O P F O R ) : twoD - 7 b u l I d o r e r s , t w o b a c k h o e s , t w o h e a v y e q u i p m e n t t r a n s p o r tt r u c k s w i t h t r a i l e r s (HE Ts ) , a n d f o u r dum p t r u c k s . T h e e n g i n e e re q u i p m e n t d e s c r i b e d a b o v e i s e m p lo y e d i n s u p p o r t o f d e f e n s i v em i s s i o n p r e p a r a t i o n , and i s n o t e m p l o y e d i n o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s .A n a d d i t i o n a l e n g i n e e r a s s e t , t h e a r m o r e d v e h i c u l a r l a u n c h e db r i d g e ( A V L B ) , i s e m p l o y e d i n o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s . T he AU LB i sp r o v i d e d b y t h e 1 -7 3 AR . When c o m b a t e n g i n e e r f o r c e s a r ee m p l o y e d i n s u p p o r t of o f f e n s i v e a n d d e f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s t h e ya r e t r a n s p o r t e d i n S o v i e t B T R - 60 s . T h e E TR -6 0 i s a n e i g h t w h e e ld r i v e p e r s o n n e l c a r r i e r c a p a b l e o f t r a n s p o r t i n g a c r e w of t e n .T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e OPFOR e n g i n e e r c o m p a n y i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e14 .

    F I G U R E 1 4OPFOR ENGINEER COMPANY

    2 - 0-7 B u l l d c * z e r s- B a c k h o e s

    2 - H E T s4 - 5 t o n Dump T r k s1 - AULB6 - BTR-60 *

    * T h e B T R - 6 0 5 , u s e d t o t r a n s p o r t e n g i n e e r s o l d i e r s , a r e a c t u a lS o v i e t e q u i p m e n t .

    2-18

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    T h e OPFOR MRR i s a u g m e n t e d w i t h t w o FORSCOM i n f a n t r yc o m p a n i e s . T h e c o m p a n i e s , r e g a r d l e s s o f t y p e - a i r b o r n e , a i ra s s a u l t , m e c h a n i z e d o r l i g h t i n f a n t r y - a r e e m p l o y e d t o s u p p o r tt h e O PFO R i n a d i s m o u n t e d r o l e . T h e a u g m e n t a t i o n i s t a s k e d byFORSCOM b e c a u s e t h e i n f a n t r y s o l d i e r s i n 6 - 3 1 I N a r e r e q u l r e d t oc r e w 1 2 8 OPFOR U IS M O D c o m b a t v e h i c l e s . T h e d i s m o u n t e d i n f a n t r yc o m p a n i e s a r e t r a i n e d and s u p p o r t e d by t h e 6 -3 1 IN . T h ed i s m o u n t e d i n f a n t r y a r e e m p l o y e d i n b o t h o f f e n s i v e a n d d e f e n s i v em i s s i o n s . T h e y a r e t r a n s p o r t e d i n BMP U IS MO D M I 1 3 6 2 p e r s o n n e lc a r r i e r s and S o v i e t M T- L B s w h i c h i s a m u l t i p u r p a s e a m p h i b i o u sa r m o r e d t r a c k e d v e h i c l e c a p a b l e of t r a n s p o r t i n g t e n m e n . F i g u r e1 5 d e p i c t s t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e OPFOR a u g m e n t a t i o n i n f a n t r yc o m p a n i e s .

    F I G U R E 15

    OPFOR AUGMENTATIONI NFA NTRY COM P A NI E S

    1 2 - B M P (M 113 U I S M O D )1 0 - M T-LB *

    2 - I n f C o m p a n i e s( a p p r o x I m a t e

    s t r e n g t h o f 1 1 6men p e r c o )

    * T h e M T - L B s , u s e d t o t r a n s p o r t d i s m o u n t e d i n f a n t r y s o l d i e r s , a r ea c t u a l S o v i e t e q u i p m e n t .

    2 - 1

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    2-4. SION1F IWNT D IFFERENCES/AN6+CYSISC The d i f f e r e n c e s be tw ee nt h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e S o v i e t a n d OPFOR M R R sa r e n um er ou s. T he i n t e n t h e r e i s t o h i g h l i g h t t h e s i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c e s an d a n a l yz e t h e r e l ev a n c e o f t ho se d i f f e r e n c e s . A s ar e s u l t o f c o m pa r in g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s b et we en t h eOPFOR a nd t h e S o v i e t MRR, t he f o l l o w i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e sa nd s h o u l d b e t ak en i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n d u r i n g t hep l a n n i n g , p r e p a r a t i o n , an d e x e c u t i o n o f t r a i n i n g a t t he NTC.

    D i sm o un te d I n f a n t r y : The d i s m ou n te d i n f a n t r y c a p a b i l i t yw i t h i n a S o v i e t MHR e qu at e s t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 567 p e r s o n n e l . T h et o t a l o f 567 i s b a se d upon t he f o l l o w i n g c o m p ut a t i o n:

    (d i s mo un te d squad e lemen t o f BMP = 7)6

    3 c om pa nie s p e r b a t t a l i o n(3 b a t t a l i o n s p e r r eg i me n t

    The d is m o un t ed i n f a n t r y c a p a b i la p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 3 2. T he t o t a l number

    ( 3 BMP pe r p la t o o n = 21)(3 p l a t o o n s p e r company = 63)

    = 189)= 567)t y o fo f 232

    he OPFOR MRR i si s b a se d up on t h e

    d is m ou nt ed i n f a n t r y p r o v i d e d b y a ug me nt at io n d e s c r i b e d i n F i g u r e15 page 2-19.

    The d i f f e r e n c e r e p r e s e n t e d by 335 d is m ou nt e d i n f a n t r ys o l d i e r s i s s i g n i f i c a n t f r o m a t r a i n i n g p e r sp e c t i v e a t t h e

    b a t t a l i o n / t as k f o r c e l e v e l . A s an example , i f a U . S . t a s k f o r c ei s d e fe n d in g a g a i n s t a S o v i e t MRR, t h e t a s k f o r c e c o u l d ex pe ct567 i n f a n t r y s o l d i e r s t o p r o v i d e s u p pr es s i ve f i r e f r om t heBMPs i n a mounte d o r d is mou nte d a t t a c k . However, t he OPFOR can

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    r e p l i c a t e o n l y 40% o f t h e S o v i e t MRR d i s m o u n t e d i n f a n t r yc a p a b i l i t y . V e h i c l e l i m i t a t i o n s a l s o r e d u c e t h e O P F O k s a b i l i t yt o r e p l i c a t e t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f S o v i e t i n f a n t r y , a n d t h i s w i l lbe d i s c u s s e d i n c h a p t e r 3 .

    T h e 1 i m i t e d n u m b er o f i n f a n t r y d o e s n o t h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n ti m p a c t w he n t h e OPFOR MRR s u b o r d i n a t e e l e m e n t s p e r f o r m d e f e n s i v em i s s i o n s . T h e OPFOR f r e q u e n t l y c o n d u c t s MRB a n d MRC d e f e n s i v em i s s i o n s . T h e r e i s a n a d e q u a t e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n n e l t o p r o p e r l yp o r t r a y a S o v i e t MRB o r MRC d e f e n s i v e p o s i t i o n .

    Snai n e e r ComDanr : T h e OPFOR e n g i n e e r c o m p a n y o r g a n i z a -t i o n c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l s t h a t of t h e S o v i e t MRR e n g i n e e r c o m p a ny .T h e p r i m a r y d i f f e r e n c e s a r e i n e q u i p m e n t c a p a b i l i t i e s a n da p p e a r a n c e , w h i c h a r e a d d r e s s e d i n c h a p t e r 3.

    A n t i t a n k Bat t e r v i T h e a n t i t a n k ( A T ) b a t t e r y o f t h e S o v i e tMRR i s n o t r e p l i c a t e d by t h e OPFOR. U n i t s t r a i n i n g a t t h eNTC n e e d t o b e a w a r e o f t h e a b s e n c e o f t h i s c r i i c a l w e a p o ns y s t e mas f o lw i t h aA T - 5.

    T h e S o v i e t r e g i m e n t h a s a n A T b a t t e r y w h i c h i s o r g a n i z e do w s: t h r e e A T p l a t o o n s , t h r e e A T d e t a c h m e n t s , e q u i p p e dt o t a l of n i n e BRDM - 2 v e h i c l e s . T he w e a po n s y s t e m i s t h eSPANDREL m i s s i l e s y s t e m w h i c h h a s a m a x im u m r a n g e o f 4,000

    m e t e r s . 7 E a c h v e h i c l e h a s a t o t a l o f 15 m i s s i l e s , w i t h f i v em o u n t e d i n a t r a v e r s a b l e t u r r e t a n d t e n a v a i l a b l e f o r r e l o a di n s i d e t h e v e h i c l e . S o v i e t t a c t i c a l d o c t r i n e c a l l s f o r t h ee m p l o y m e n t o f a n t i t a n k f o r c e s f o r w a r d i n t h e o f f e n s e a n d i n t h ed e f e n s e . 8 T h e r e f o r e , t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e s e 135 m i s s i l e < . i n t h ev a s t o p e n t e r r a i n a t F o r t I r w i n i s e s p e c i a l l y n o t e w o r t h y .

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    A i r D e f e n s e : T h e S o v i e t a i r d e f e n s e c a p a b i l i t i e s a r ec l o s e l y r e p 1 c a t e d f r o m a s t r u c t u r a l p e r s p e c t i v e . T h e m a j o rs h o r t c o m i n g s o f t h e OP FO R a i r d e f e n s e w e a p o n s s y s t e m s a r e t h o s eo f a p a b i l i t y a n d d e n s i t y . T h e S o v i e t MRR a n t i a i r c r a f t m i s s i l eand a r t i l l e r y b a t t e r y h a v e t w o p r i m a r y p l a t o o n s . T h e ZSU-23-4p l a oon o f t h e S o v i e t MRR i s c l o s e l y r e p l l c a t e d by t h e OPFOR MRR;t h e q u a n t i t y a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l . T h e S o v i e tS A-P /G AS KIN p l a t o o n i s n o t a c c u r a t e l y p o r t r a y e d . T h e S A-9 ./G A SK INi s m o u n t e d on a ERDM-2 w i t h f o u r m i s s i l e s i n t h e l a u n c hc a n n i s t e r s a n d f o u r a d d i t i o n a l m i s s i l e s c a r r i e d i n s i d e t h ev e h i c l e . T h e r a n g e o f t h e S A-9 e x c e e d s t h a t o f t h e SA-7 b y 1 , 5 0 0t o 2 ,500 m e t e r s . 9

    I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t w o p l a t o o n s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , t h e S o v i e tMRBs e a c h h a v e a n o r g a n i c a n t i a i r c r a f t p l a t o o n e q u i p p e d w i t h n i n eS A -7 G R A I L t r a n s p o r t e d i n t h r e e B MP s.10

    I n t o t a l , t h e a n t i a i r c r a f t a s s e t s o f a S o v i e t MRR woulde q u a t e t o 47 s y s t e m s .

    4 - ZSU-23-44 - S A - 9 / G A S K I N ( 1 6 m i s s i l e s )

    27 - S A - 7 / G R A I L 9 p e r M RB )W h e r e a s , t h e OPFOR MRR a s s e t s e q u a t e t o 20 s y s t e m s .

    4 - ZSU-23-44 - S A - 7 / G R A I L ( 1 6 m i s s i l e s )T h e u n i t t r a i n i n g a t ' t h e NTC f a c e s a r e d u c e d a i r d e f e n s e

    c a p a b i l i t y , t h u s p r o v i d i n g g r e a t e r l a t i t u d e f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t o fU.S . c l o s e a i r s u p p o r t ( C A S ) and h e l i c o p t e r s u p p o r t .

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    122mm SP H o w i t ze r A r t i l l e r y < The S o v i e t 122mm SP a r t i l l e r yb a t t a l i o n ha s t h r e e b a t t e r i e s o f s i x 122mm SP h o w i t z e r s . Two o ft h e t h r ee b a t t e r i e s a r e p h y s i c a l l y r e p l i c a t e d by t h e OPFOR an dt h e t h i r d b a t t e r y i s n o t i o n a l . The t h i r d ( n o t i o n a l ) b a t t e r y i sc a l c u l a t e d a n d c r e d i t e d i n t h e i n d i r e c t f i r e c o n t r o l r u l e s o fe ng ag em en t p r o c e d u r e s a t t h e NTC. T he p r i m a r y d i f f e r e n c e , f r o m at r a i n i n g p e r s pe c t i v e , 1 5 t h e r ed u ce d v e h i c l e d e n s i t y on t heb a t t l e f i e l d .

    1 2 0 m M o r t a r B a t t e r i e s : The S o v i e t MHR h a s t h r e e m o r t a rb a t t e r i e s o r g a n i c t o ea ch MRB. Each m o r t a r b a t t e r y ha s s i xm o r t a r s t ow ed b y a G A Z - 6 6 t r u c k . 1 1 T h e 18 120mm m o r t a r s w i t p l i nt h e OPFOR MRR a r c a l l n o t i o n a l . A s w i t h t he 122mm SP h ow i t z e r( n o t i o n a l ) b a t t e r y , t he m o r t a r s a r e c r e d i t e d t hr ou gh t he r u l e sof e ng ag em en t, h o w e ve r, t h e i m p a ct on u n i t s t r a i n i n g a t t h e NTCi s a r ed uc ed number o f v e h i c l e s on t h e b a t t l e f i e l d .

    M o t o r c y c l e s : T he S o v i e t r e c o n n a i s s a n c e company h a s t h r e em o t o r c Y c l e s - 1 2 The o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f t he S o v i e t andth e OPFOR re co nn ai ss an ce com pani es a r e th e same WI t h t h ee x ce p t i o n o f t h e m o to r c yc l e s . The OPFOR e m p l oye d m o to r c yc l e e i nt h e r ec o n na i ss a nc e r o l e v e r y s u c c e s s f u l l y d u r i n g t h e 1982 t o 1 984t i m e p e r i o d . However, a s a r e s u l t o f ac c i d e n t s , wh ic h r e s u l t e di n i n j u r y t o p e r so n n e l a n d damage t o e q u i p m e n t , t h e OPFOR n ol o n g e r u s es m o t o r c y c l e s f o r r e co nn a i ss a nc e. U n i t s t r a i n i n g a tthe NTC need t o b e aware o f t h i s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e .M o t o r c y c l es o b v i o u s l y have e x c e l l e n t m o b i l i t y , s t e a l t h , andspeed. A s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r s i z e an d mobi i t y t h e y a re d i f f i c u l tt o a c q u i r e and engage w i t h d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t f i r e s .

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    The f o l l o w i n g q u o te d e s c r i b e s t he c u r r e n t S o v i e t p h if o r t he c on d uc t o f m o un t ed a n d d i s m o u n te d a s s a u l t s .

    S o v i e t s p r e f e r m o t o r i z e d r i f l e u n i t s t o assaum ou nt ed . The f a c t o r s f a v o r i n g m ou nt ed a s s a u l t a r e :- NBC c o n t a m i n a t i o n .- Open t e r r a i n .- R ed uc ed enemy a n t i t a n k c a p a b i l i t y .- Weak enemy defenses.

    0 op h Y

    t

    I f a d is m o un t e d a t t a c k i s p la n ne d , a d is mo un t l i n e i sd e s i g na t ed , w i t h i n a bo ut 4 0 0 m e t e r s f r o m t h e FEBA.W i t h BTRs i n d e f i l a d e t o p r o t e c t r i f l e m e n f r o m m ach in egun f i r e a nd u e h i c l e s f ro m a n t i t a n k f i r e s . F a c t o r sf a v o r i n g d is mo un te d a s s a u l t a r e- S t r o n g enemy a n t i t a n k c a p a b i l i t y .- Wel l p r ep a r ed enemy de f enses .- F o r d s o r b r i d g e s .- O b s t a c l e s o r m i n e f i e l d s .- Rough t e r r a i n : no h i g h s p ee d a ue nu es o f a t t a c k .- Max imum f i repower needed.20T h e S o v i e t BMP h as t he f o l l o w i n g r e c o g n i t i o n f a c t o r s w hi ch

    make i t r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e f r o m o t h e r t r a c k e d combatv e h i c l e s .2 1 (The a s t e r i s k i n d i c a t e s t ho se r e c o g n i t i o n f a c t o r sw h i ch a r e th e same f o r t h e OPFOR B M P ) .

    a. S i x r o a d w h e el s .b . T hr ee s u p p o r t r o l l e r s .c . Two r e a r d o o r s .d. F ou r h a t c h e s on t he t op r e a r o f t he h u l l .e . Low s i l h o u t t e .f . Sharp s l o p i n g f r o n t . Ig. The s h o r t b a r r e l o f the 73mm cannon. *h . D i s t i n c t i v e p o s i t i o n l n g o f t h e AT-B/SAGGER, moun t ed

    above the 73mm cannon. *i l F l a t t u r r e t c e n t e r e d on t h e h u l l . *A c o m p a r i s o n o f S o v i e t an d OPFOR BMP c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s

    p r o v i d e d i n F i g u r e 25, and a c ompar i s on o f p h o t o g r a p h s i s showni n F i g u r e 26.

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    2-5. CONCLUSIONk T he re a r e s i g n i f i c a n t o r g a n i z a t i o n a l a n ds t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s betw een a S o v i e t a n d th e OP F OR M R R . I nt h e a g g r e ga t e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a dd r es s e d above s h o u l d i n d i c a t et o a commander th a t th e OPFOR MRR h as d e f i n i t e o r g a n i z a t l o n a lp e c u l i a r i t i e s . . A s a r e s u l t t h e commander a nd h i s s t a f f n ee d t obe c o g n i z a n t o f t he se f a c t o r s d u r i n g th e p l a n n i n g , p r e p a r a t i o n ,a nd e x e c u t i o n o f t r a i n i n g a t t h e NTC. T hese d i f f e r e n c e s s h o u l da f f e c t h i s t r a i n i n g a n a l y s i s o f l e ss o ns l e a r n e d upon c o m p le t io nof t r a i n i n g a t t h e NTC.

    The p r i m a r y d i f f e r e n c e s i n c l u d e th e s ho r ta g e o f i n f a n t r y ,t h e r e d u c e d num ber o f a i r d e f e n s e a s s e t s , a n d th e a b se nc e ofa n t i t a n K a s se t s , a l l o f w h i c h 1 i m i t t h e co mb at po we r o f t h eO P F O R . The s h o r t a g e o f 122mm S P h o w i t z e r a n d 120mm m o r t a rs ys te ms i s a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r i n r e g a r d t o t he number o fv e h i c l e s on t he b a t t l e f i e l d . However, s i n c e t he se m i s s i n ge le me nt s a r e r e p l i c a t e d t hr ou gh t h e r u l e s o f engagement f u ri n d i r e c t f i r e s , t h e i r absence doe s n o t a d v e rs e l y a f f e c t l e ss o nsl e a rn e d . A n ot he r f a c t o r w o r t h y o f n o t e i s t h e a b se nce o fm o t o r c y c l e s f r o m t h e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e c om pany .

    A t o t a l a ssessm ent o f t he o r g a n i z a t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s n o t e db e tw e en a S o v i e t a n d th e OPFOR MRR r e v e a l s t h a t t he OPFOR MRR h a sa l e ss e r d e g r e e o f co mb at p o w e r.

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    CHAPTER 2

    END NOTES

    1 U.S . A r m y , FM 1 0 0 - 2 -3 , T h e S o v i e t A r m y T r o o D s : O r a a n -i z a t i o n . and E q u i p m e n t . W a s h i n g t o n , D .C ., U . S . A r m y , 1 9 8 4 .p a g e 1 - 3 .2m.a g e s 4 -8 .3 U . S . A r m y , I n t e l 1 i a e n c e P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e B a t t l e -f i e l d . U .S . G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 8 3 . p a g e s 1 -5 , 1 -8 ,a n d 1-9.4 Th e a u t h o r w a s a s s i g n e d t o t h e N T C d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d M ay1 9 8 2 t h r u J u n e 1 9 8 5 , and p e r f o r m e d d u t i e s as o b s e r v e r c o n t r o l l e rw i t h TRADOC, O p e r a t i o n s G r o u p , a n d b a t t a l i o n S-3, a n d XO o f 6 t h

    E n , 31st I n f a n t r y .5U .S . A rm y H e a d q u a r t e r s N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g C e n t e r ,TACSOP. O f f i c e of t h e D e p u t y C om ma nd er f o r T r a i n i n g , 1 9 8 5 .p a g e 2.6FM 1 0 0 - 2 - 3 , p a g e 4 -2 2 . T h e d i s m o u n t e d s q u a d e l e m e n t c o n -s i s t o f s e v e n p e r s o n n e l . T h e d r i v e r and a s s i s t a n t s q u a d l e a d e rr e m a i n w i t h t h e v e h i c l e t o p r o v i d e f i r e s u p p o r t .' I b i d* I p a g e s 4 - 16 , 5 - 8 0 , a n d 5-87..S. A r m y , FM 1 0 0 -2 -1 ,T h e S o v i e t A r m y : O p e r a t i o n s a n d

    T a c t i c s . W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. U.S. A r m y , 1 9 8 4 . p a g e s 1 0 - 1 t h r u1 0 - 3 .9FM 1 0 0 - 2 - 3 , p a g e s 5-95, 5 - 1 0 1 , a n d 5 - 1 0 3 .O w . , p a g e s 4 - 24 a n d 4 - 25 .l1U.,a g e s 4 - 5 , 4 - 2 4 , and 5 - 6 0 .l 2 U . p a g e 4 - 1 5 .

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    CHAPTER 3

    E Q U IPMENT

    3 - 1 . J NT RO DU CT IO N: T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s c h a p t e r i s t o c o m p a r et h e m a j o r i t e m s o f O P F O R e q u i p m e n t t o t h a t o f a S o v i e t MRR. Ab r i e f c o m p a r i s o n and a n a l y s i s a r e m ad e o f a l l t y p e s o f v e h i c l e su s e d by t h e OPFOR; h o w e v e r , t h e p r i m a r y f o c u s i s on t h e BMPp e r s o n n e l c a r r i e r and t h e T - 7 2 t a n k . T h e OPFOR MHR a t t h e N T Ca t t e m p t s t o r e p 1 i c a t s t h e S o v i e t e q u i p m e n t b y u s i n g i m i t e dq u a n t i t i e s o f a c t u a l S o v i e t v e h i c l e s p r o v i d e d by C o m p a n y C , 2 0 3 dM i 1 i t a r y I n t e l 1 i g e n c e ( M I ) B a t t a l i o n , a n d b y u s i n g l a r g eq u a n t i t i e s o f v i s u a l l y m o d i f i e d (U IS M O D ) U .S . A rm y v e h i c l e s .

    3-2. FQU I PMFNT COMPARISONS: T h e f o l l o w i n g e q u i p m e n t c o m p a r i s o n si n d i c a t e t h e d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y i n w h i c h t h e OPFOR e q u i p m e n ta c t u a l 1 y r e s e m b l e s S o u i e t e q u i p m e n t . T h e p h o t o g r a p hr e p r o d u c t i o n s o f OPFOR e q u i p m e n t a r e f r o m an OPFOR V i s u a l l yM o d i f i e d ( U I S M O D ) V e h i c l e R e c o a n i t i o n G u i d e , p r e p a r e d a t t h eN T C . 1

    T h e S o v i e t H IN D-E i s o n e o f t h r e e v e r s i o n s o f t h eM i -2 4 /H I N D , w h i c h i s a m u l t i p u r p o s e h e l i c o p t e r , c a p a b l e o fc a r r y i n g e i g h t f u l l y e q u i p p e d c o m b a t s o l d i e r s a n d a b a s i c l o a d o fa r m a m e n t . T h e a r m a m en t c o n s i s t o f 32 57mm r o c k e t s , a 1 2 . 7 m mm a c h i n e gun o r a 2 3 m m c a n n o n , and f o u r , A T - 6 / S P I R AL m i s s i l e s .T h e a i r c r a f t S v u l n e r a b l e f o r t w o p r i m a r y r e a s o n s , o ne i s t h el a r g e s i z e and i r r e g u l a r s h a p e w h i c h m a k e t h e a i r c r a f t v e r ye a s i l y r e c o g n i z a b l e . T h e o t h e r i s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e

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    a i r c r a f t t o r e m a i n s t a t i o n a r y i n l i n e o f s i g h t w i t h t h e t a r g e tw he n e m p l o y i n g t h e AT - 6 m i S S i l e . 2 T h e p r i v l a r y d i f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e n t h e OPFOR H I N D - E U I S M O D and t h e a c t u a l H IN D -E a r e t h a tt h e S o v i e t v e r s i o n i s m uc h l a r g e r , has f i v e m a i n r o t o r b l a d e s ,and - d u e t o M I L E S - A G E S e q u i p m e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y - ha5 a 30mmc a n n o n v e r s u 5 a 23mm c a n n o n . T h e S o v i e t and OPFOR a i r c r a f tp h o t o s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 16 and 17.

    F I G U R E 16

    S O V I ET M i - 2 4 H IN D -E

    S OU RC E: FM 1 - 4 0 2 , A V I A T O R S R E C O G N I T I O N M A N U AL , p a g e 1 - 4 8

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    FIGURE 17

    OPFOR U I S M O D H I N D - E

    B .

    A . G u n n e r s c a n o p y .B. S h o r t a u x i l i a r y w i ng s .

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    T h e S o v i e t Z S U-2 3-4 i s a s e l f - p r o p e l l e d a n t i a i r c r a f t s y s t e me q u i p p e d w i t h f o u r 23mm a u t o m a t i c c a n n o n s . 3 T h e re are v i r t u a l l rno d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e a c t u a l S o v i e t v e r s i o n a n d t h e OPFORVISMO D . The OPFOR VISMOD i s m o u n t e d on a n M 5 5 1 S h e r i d a n t a n K .T h e OPFOR a n d S o v i e t ZS U-2 3 -4 a r e s ho w n b e l o w i n F i g u r e 18.

    F I G U R E 18

    ZSU -2 3 -4

    OPFOR UISMOD ZSU-23-4

    S O V I E T Z S U - 2 3 - 4

    SOU RC E: FM 1 - 4 0 2 , A V IATO R S R E C O G N I T I O N M AN UA L, p a g e s 3 - 4 8 & 4P.

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    T h e S o v i e t 122mm s e l f - p r o p e l l e d h o w i t z e r ( 2 S 1 o r M 1 9 7 4 ) i san i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e c o m b i n e d a r m s t e a m o f t h e S o v i e t MRR.I t c a n b e e m p l o y e d i n t h e d i r e c t a n d t h e i n d i r e c t f i r e m od e . T h ev e h i c l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h i s h o w i t z e r p r o v i d e t h e c a p a b i l i t i e sr e q u i r e d t o m a n e u v e r w i t h BMPs a n d t a n k s o n t h e b a t t l e f i e l d . 4T h e OPFOR U IS MO D v e r s i o n o f t h e 122mm SP h a s t h e sam e b a s i cc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s t h e a c t u a l S o v i e t v e h i c l e . T h e t w o m a j o rd i f f e r e n c e s a r e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e t u r r e t i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h eh u l l a n d i n t h e o v e r a l l h e i g h t o f t h e v e h i c l e . T h e S o v i e tv e h i c l e i s l o w e r a n d t h e t u r r e t i s f a r t h e r t o t h e r e a r . T h e1Z Zm m SP h o w i t z e r O PFOR U IS M O D i s a l s o m o u n t e d on t h e PI551S h e r i d a n t a n K . T h e S o v i e t a n d OPFOR 122mm SP h o w i t z e r s a r e s h ow ni n F i g u r e 1 9 .

    F I Q U R E 1 91 2 2 m m SELF-PROPELLED HOWITZER

    SOVIET 122mm SP H o w i t z e r

    SOURCE: WEAPONS OF THE MODERN S O V I E T GROUND FORCES, p a g e 6 4 ..................................................................OPFOR U IS M O D 1 22m m S P H o w i t z e r

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    T h e S o v i e t ERDM h a s m a n y a p p l i c a t i o n s ; h o w e v e r , t h e v e h i c l ei s most c o m m on l y e m p l o y e d i n a r e c o n n a i s s a n c e r o l e . T h e a c t u a lS o v i e t ERDM-2 has a t u r r e t m o u n t e d 1 4 .5 m m m a c h i n e gun and a7 . 6 2 m m m a c h i n e gun. T h e v e h i c l e i s v u l n e r a b l e t o a r t i l l e r yf r a g m e n t s and . 5 0 c a l i b e r m a c h i n e gun f i r e . 5 The pr imaryd i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e a c t u a l v e h i c l e and OPFOR UISMOD i s t h a tt h e OPFOR v e h i c l e d o e s n o t h a v e t h e 1 4 .5m m w e a p o n s y s t e m ort u r r e t . T h e OPFOR V IS MO D BRDM i s m o u n t e d on an M 88 0 t r u c k . T h eOPFOR and S o v i e t BRDM-2 a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 20.

    F I G U R E 2 0

    B RDM -2 A M P H I B I OU S RE CONNA IS S A NCE V E HI C LE

    OPFOR UISMOD BRDM

    SOURCE: WEAPONS OF THE MODERN SO VIE T GROUND FORCES, p a g e 41 .

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    The S o v i e t MT-LB i s an a m p h ib i o u s a r mo r ed t r a c K e d v e h i c l e ,armed w i t h a 7.62mm mac hi ne gun . When th e MT-LB i s employed as ap er s o n ne l c a r r i e r i t h a s a c r e w o f t w o a nd c an c a r r y t e ns o l d i e r s . The v e h i c l e i s v u l n e ra b l e t o a r t i l l e r y f r a gm en ts and.SO c a l i b e r m ac hi ne gu n f i r e . 7 The OPFOR M T - L B ~ are a c t u a lS o v i e t v e h i c l e s . A s w i t h t h e BTR-60 t h ey a r e us ed s t r i c t l y f o rt r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f s o l d i e r s , a nd have no weapon s y s t e m . TheSov iet MT-LB i s shown i n F i g u r e 22.

    FIGURE 20

    MT-LB

    SOURCE: FM 100-2-3, THE SOVIET ARMY TROOPS, ORGANIZATION ANDEQUIPMENT, page 5-28.

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    Th e r e a r e n u me r ou s m o d e l s o f t a n ks i n t h e S o v i e t f o r c es t r u c t u r e . T he T -6 4 m ed iu m t a n k i s d e p lo ye d p r i m a r i l y i n t h eG ro up o f S o v i e t F o r c e s , G ermany an d t h e S o u t h e r n G ro up o f F o r c e s ,

    H u ng a ry .8 T he T - 72 a p p e a r s t o be a h i g h p r o d u c t i o n m od el d e s i g n e dt o c om pl em en t t h e T-64. " Th e T -7 2 h a s b ee n d e p l o r e d w i t h i n t h eUSSR a n d e x p o r t e d t o n o n - So v i e t Warsaw Pa c t a r m i e s a nd se v e r a lo t h e r c o u n t r i e s . " 9

    The So v i e t T -72 med ium tan k i s r e p l i c a t e d by a U I S M U D a t t heNTC. T he S o v i e t T -7 2 me di um t a n k e n t e r e d t h e s e r v i c e i n 1 97 4.A s a r e s u l t o f an i n t e g r a t e d f i r e c o n t r o l s y s t e m a n d an a u t o m a t i cl o a d e r t he S o v i e t s w e r e a b l e t o r e d u c e t h e number o f p e r s o n n e l i nt h e t a n k c r e w f r o m f o u r t o t h r e e s l o Th e a rm am ent on t h e T -7 2 t a n ki s t h e 12Smm sm oo th bo re ma in gun a nd a 12.7mm mac hi ne gu n.

    Some o f t h e p r i m a r y r e c o g n i t i o n f e a t u r e s o f t h e S o v i e t T -7 2a r e i l l (The a s t e r i s k i n d i c a t e s th o se r e c o g n i t i o n f a c t o r w hi ch a r 4t h e same w i t h the OPFOR and the S o v ie t T -72 ).

    a.b .C .d.e.f .9 -h .i .j.

    S i x l a r g e d i e - c a s t , e v e n l y s pa ce d r o a d w h e el s .T h re e t r a c k s u p p o r t roll e r s .Sharp1 y s l o p e d u p p er g l ac i s w i t h V -sh ap ed g u a r d .S i n g l e s n o r k e l m ou nt ed on t he l e f t s i d e o f t he t u r r e t .R ou nd ed t u r r e t m o u nt e d m id wa y on t h e t a n k . *En g i n e e xh a u s t o n t o p o f t h e bacK d e ck . *B o re e v a c ua t o r o n e - t h i r d d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e m u zz le . *I n f r a r e d l i g h t t o t h e r i g h t o f the ma in gun .E x t e r n a l l y mo un te d a nd f i r e d mach ine gun . *O p t i o n a l , e x t e r n a l f u e l c e l l s . *

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    T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n c e s be t we en t h e OPFOR U I S M O D T-72a n d t h e S o v i e t T -7 2 t a n k . The h e i g h t o f th e OPFOR ta nk i s twof e e t a n d t h r e e i n c he s g r e a t e r t ha n t h a t o f t h e S o v i e t T -7 2. TheS o v i e t t an k h a s a t r e n c h o r d i t c h c r o s s i n g c a p a b i l i t y , w h i che x c e e d s t h e OPFOR t a n k by a p p r o x im a t e l y two f e e t . A d d i t i o n a l l y ,00me i tems o f s p e c i a l equ ipm en t a r e n o t r e p l i c a t e d by t h e OPFORV I SMOmi ndct h r e e

    T-72

    . The S o v i e t T- 72 t a n k s a r e e q u i pp e d w i t h t h e KM T-Se a r i n g p lo w. The b a s i s o f i s s u e i s one p e r t a n k p l a t o o n ,p e r company, f o r a t o t a l o f n i n e w i t h i n a MRR.12 T he s o v i e t

    s a l s o e q u i p p e d w i t h a s e l f - g e n e r a t i n g smoke a nd a gr e na d e

    .l aun che d smoke ca pab i i t y . A com par iso n o f S o v i e t and OPFOR T - 7 2t a n k c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s shown i n F i g u r e 23. The S o v i e t an d OPFORT -7 2 a r e shown i n F i g u r e 2 4.

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    V E H I C L E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

    F I G U R E 23

    T-72 TANK COMPARISON

    H E I G H T ( t u r r e t )LENGTH ( h u 1 1 )W I THROAD WHEELSSUPPORT ROLLERSSPEEDMAX GRADE ( s l o p e ) 15TRENCH CROSSINGV E R T I C L E S T E PT U R R E T E L E V A T I O N ( d e g r e e s )CREWS P E C I A L E Q U I P M E N T

    OPFOR 13

    9 f t 8 i n20 f t 6 i n9 f t 2 i n5 each043 mph *60%7 f t33 i n-8 t o +19four mennone

    SOU1 E T 1 4

    ARMAMENT: The M I L E S e q u i p m e n t on t h e OPFOR t a n kr e p l i c a t e s t h e same t y p e, b a s i c l o a d ,r a t e s of f i r e , p r o b a b i l i t y o f h i t andk i l l a s t h a t o f an a c t u a l S o v i e t T-72 .

    7 f t 5 i n20 f t 6 i n1 0 f t

    6 each3 each5 0 mph58%8 f t I i n32 i ns t o + 18

    th ree menm i n e p l o wsmoke

    .+ - OPFOR v e h i c l e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o a maximum s a f es p ee d o f 2 0 mph.

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    F I G U R E 24

    T-72 TA NK

    S O V I E T T-72 M E D I U M T A N K

    SOURCE; A . FM 1-402, A V I A T O R S R E C O G N I T I O N M A N UA L c page 4-37.B . S O V I E T T RO OP C @ N T R @ L Lpage 21.

    OPFOR J ISMOD T - 7 2 TANK

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    The S o v i e t BMP was f i r s t o b s e r v e d by t h e W es te rn w o r l d i nNovember 1967. The BMP (Brone uaya Mas h ina Pe kho ty o r a rmore di n f a n t r y v e h i c l e ) , p r o v id e d th e S o v i e t f o r c e s w i t h t h e f i r s ti n f a n t r y combat v e h i c l e w i t h cannon, a n t i t a n k g u i d e d m i s s i l e , a ndm a c h in e g u n. T he BMP b r o u g h t c o m b in e d a rm s i n t e g r a t i o n t o t h elowesta c t ' c a 1 The BMP-1 i 5 t he v e h i c l e w h ic h i sr e p l i c a t e d by t h e OPFOR a t t he NTC w i t h a UISMOD. Al th ou gh theBMP-2 i s n o t a d d r es s e d h e r e , i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h eBMP-2 i s an impro v ed v e r s i o n o f t he BMP-1. T he improv ement s i nt he BMP-2 a re ex t en s iu e . 17

    S i n ce t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e BMP i n 1 96 7 t h e r e h a s he enmuch d e b a t e a b o u t e m pl oy me nt c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h e s y s t e m . O fp r i m a r y c o n c c r n t o t h e S o v i e t s wa s t h e b a s i c q u e s t i o n . Was t hev e h i c l e t o be u s e d a s an a rm or ed p er so n ne l c a r r i e r o r an i n f a n t r yf i g h t i n g u e h i c l e ? A 19 76 r e s e a r c h r e p o r t f r o m t he U.S. A r m yI n s t i t u t e f o r A d va nce d R u ss ia n a n d E a st E uro pe an S t u d i e si n d i c a t e s a v a r i e t y of t r a i n i n g m et ho dr a n d p h i l o s o p h i e s o fe mp lo ym en t f o r t h e BMP i n c om ba t. The s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a tcommanders o f BMP u n i t s n ee d t o be f l e x i b l e , m a i n t a i n f r ee do m o fm an e uv er , n o t become s t e r e o t y p e d , a n d c o n s i d e r new t e c h n i q u e s f o remployment o f t h e BMP.18

    The 1973 Yom K i pp u r w a r p ro v e d t o be a d i s a s t e r o u se x p e r i e n c e f o r t h e BMP. Th e d o c t r i n e a t t h a t t i m e w a s t o c ha r geo n t o enemy p o s i t i o n s w i t h wea pon s s y s t e m s f i r i n g , t o i n c l u d e p o r tf i r e d s m a l l a rm s, w h i l e s o l d i e r s r e ma i n ed m ou nt ed .1 9

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    V E H I C L E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

    H E I G H T t u r r e t )

    LE NGTH ( h u 1 )

    W I T H

    ROAD WHEELS

    SUPPORT ROLLERS

    MAX GRADE ( s l o p e ) 2 4

    TRENCH CROSSING

    U E R T I C L E S T EP

    F I G U R E 25BMP COMPAR I ON

    OP FOR22

    f t 8 i n

    22 f t 2 i n

    9 f t 2 i n

    5 each

    0

    60

    7 f t

    33 i n

    T U R R E T E L E V A T I O N ( d e g r e e s ) -8 t o +19CREW 4

    S P E C I A L E Q U I P M E N T none

    S OU 1 E T 2 3

    6 f t 6 i n

    22 f t 2 i n

    f t i n

    6 each

    3 each

    58

    6 f t 7 i n

    32 i n

    -4 t o +333 p l u s7 i n f a n t r y

    ueh smoke

    ARMAMENTI The M I L E S e q u i p m e n t o n t h e OPFOR BMP r e p l i c a t e s th esame t yp e , b a s i c l o a d , r a t e s o f f i r e , p r o b a b i l i t y o fh l t a n d k i l l as t h a t o f an a c t u a l S o v i e t BMP.* - OPFOR u e h l l c l e s a r e r e s t r l c t e d t o a maximum s peed o f 20 mph

    f o r s a f e t y p u rp os es .

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    F I G U R E 26

    B M P I N F A N T R Y C O M B A T V E H I C L E

    SOU ET

    A B

    S O UR CE : A . F M 1-402, A V I A T O R S R E C O G N I T IO N M A NU A L , p a g e 7-36.

    8 . S O V I E T T RO O P C O N TR O L , page 2 1 .

    O PF O R V ISMO D BMP

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    3-3. ~ I G N I F I ~I F FE R E NC E S /N W L Y S I S C The d i f f e r e n c e s b et we ent h e e q u i p m e n t o f t h e S o v i e t a n d t h e OPFOR MRRs are numerous . A sa r e s u l t o f c o m pa r in g t h e eq ui pm en t d i f f e r e n c e s b et we en t h e OPFORa nd t h e S o v i e t MRR t h e f o l l o w i n g a re s i g n i f i c a n t and s h o u l d bet a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n d u r i n g t he p l a n n i n g , p r e p a r a t i o n , ande x e c u t i o n o f t r a i n i n g a t t h e NTC.

    HIND-E: The p r i m a r y d i f f e r e n c e s be tw ee n t h e OPFOR VISMODHIND-E a nd th e a c t u a l S o v i e t a i r c r a f t a r c t h e s i z e a nd th e weaponsyst;rn. The s m a l l e r s i z e o f t h e OPFOR a i r c r a f t w i l l make i t mored i f f i c u l t t o a c q u i r e . The d i f f e r e n c e i n th e s i z e o f t h e cannon ,(30mm versus 23m m) g i v e s t h e OPFOR a i r c r a f t a s l i g h t a dva n tageo ve r t he S o v i e t v e r s i o n . The p i c t u r e s o f b o t h a i r c r a f t i nF i . g u r e s 16 and 17, c l e a r l y show th e v i s u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e g a r dt o s i z e , shape, and the number o f r o t o r b l a d e s .

    The m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n t h e OPFOR a n d t h e S o v i e tBRDM i s the f a c t t h a t the OPFOR U I S M O D d o e s n o t h a ve a t u r r e t andweapon s y s t e m . The abs en ce o f t h e t u r r e t d e t r a c t s f r o m t hea c c u ra c y o f r e p 1 c a t i n g t he t r u e ap pea ra nc e o f t he S o v i e tv e h i c l e . The l a c k o f a 14.Smm m a ch i n e g un m akes t h e v e h i c l e m or ev u l n e r a b l e ; h ow ev er , when a s s e s s i n g th e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e OPFORMRR, t h e r e a r e o n l y f o u r i n t h e r e c o n n a i ss a n c e company an d t w o i nt h e e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e s e c t i o n . N e i t h e r o f t h e tw o a r e em plo yedt o f i g h t . The BRDMs e m p l o ye d by t h e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e company c a r r ya M I L E S equ ipp ed 7.62mm mach ine gun . Re ga rd le ss o f the a rmamentc a p a b i l i t i e s t h e BRDM i s a v u l n e r a b l e v e h i c l e on th e b a t t l e f i e l d .

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    B T R - 6 0 AND MT I B: T h e a c t u a l S o v i e t BT R -6 0 a n d M T-L Bv e h i c l e s e m p l o y e d by t h e OPFOR a r e u s e d f o r t r a n s p o r t p u r p o s e so n l y . A s t h e BRDM t h e y a l s o l a c k a M I L E S w e a p o n s y s t e m , and t h e ya r e v u l n e r a b l e to d i r e c t a n d i n d i r e c t f i r e s . T h e loss o ff i r e p o w e r i s m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t w i t h t h e B TR -60 a n d t h e M T -L Bb e c a u s e of t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y ( B T R - 6 0 , m a x i m u m of s i x and M T - L B ,m a x i m u m o f t e n ) ,

    T-72 TANK T h e O P F O R U I S M O D T-72 tank c l o s e l y p a r a 1 l e l s t h ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e S o v i e t T-72. T h e t h r e e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e sa r e t h e s i z e , m o b i l i t y l i m i t a t i o n s a n d t h e l a c k o f s p e c i a le q u i p m e n t , a l l of w h i c h d e t r a c t f r o m t h e a c c u r a c y o f p e r f o r m a n c eo f t h e O PFO R T-72. T h e OPFOR t a n k i s t w o f e e t a n d t h r e e i n c h e sh i g h e r than t h e S o v i e t T -7 2. B e c a u s e o f t h e e x c e s s h e i g h t t h eOPFOR v e h i c l e w i l l b e m o r e e a s i l y a c q u i r e d a n d d e s t r o y e d on t h eb a t t l e f i e l d . F o l d s i n t h e ground , i n w h i c h a S o u i e t T-72 c o u l do b s c u r e i t s e l f , w o u l d n o t a d e q u a t e l y p r o t e c t t h e OPFOR u e h i c l e .S e c o n d l y , t h e OPFOR T-72 d o e s n o t h a v e a n e q u a l d e g r e e o fm o b i l i t r . T h e S o v i e t T -7 2 s t r e n c h a n d gap c r o s s i n g c a p a b i i t yi s a l m o s t 2 f e e t g r e a t e r t h a n t h e OPFOR U I S M O D T-72.C o u n t e r m o b i l i t y o b s t a c l e s w h i c h w i 1 r e s t r i c t m o v e m e n t o f a nOPFOR T-72 m a y h a v e less e f f e c t or an a c t u a l T-72. T h e l a s tm a j o r d i f f e r e n c e i s s p e c i a l e q u i p m e n t . T h e OPFOR PIRR d o e s n o th a v e a UIS M OD d e v i c e t o r e p l i c a t e t h e n i n e m i n e c l e a r i n g p l o w s ,( K M T- 6 ) , f ound i n a S o v i e t MRR. T h i s s h o r t c o m i n g r e i n f o r c e s t h ev a l u e o f c o u n t e r m o b i l i t y o b s t a c l e s e m p l o y e d a g a i n s t t h e O PFOR.H o w e v e r , as w i t h t h e S o v i e t T-72s s u p e r i o r

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    m o b i l i t y m en t i on ed e a r l i e r , c o u n t e r m o b i l i t y o b s t a c l e s w h i ch a r ee f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t t h e OPFOR MRR w i l l h av e l e s s e f f e c t on ana c t u a l S o v i e t MRR. A n ot he r s h o r t c om i n g i n r e g a r d t o s p e c i a lequ ip ment i s the OPFOR T-72 ' s l a c k o f s m o k e g e n e r a t i n gc a p a b i 1 i y , b o t h s e l f - g e n e ra t i ng and grenade-1 aunched. Thei n a b i l i t y t o r e p l i c a t e t h e smoke c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e S o v i e t T -7 2ma ke s t h e OPFOR T-72 m o r e v u l n e r a b l e t o d i r e c t f i r e i n b o t h t heo f f e n s e and d ef en se . U n i t s t r a i n i n g a t th e NTC n e ed t o t a k et h e s e we a k ne s se s o f t h e OPFOR t a n k i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n whena s s e s s in g th e v a l u e o f l e s s o n s l e a r n e d f r om t h e i r t r a i n i n ge x p e r i e n c e s . The OPFOR T -7 2 w i l l b e m or e e a s i l y d e f e a t e d i nt r a i n i n g a t t h e NTC th an t h e a c t u a l S o v i e t T-7 2 w i l l b e i ncombat ,

    The OPFOR UISMOD BMP a l s o ha s s e v e r a l n o t e w o r t h yd i f f e r e n c e s f r o m t h e S o v i e t BMP. A s w i t h t h e OPFOR T - 72 t h eOPFOR BMP i s h i g h e r ( b y 3 f e e t and 2 i n c h e s ) . A d d i t i o n a l l y th eOPFOR BMP h a s a r e d u c e d t u r r e t e l e v a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y , c a nn o t c a r r yd i s m ou n t e d i n f a n t r y p e r s o n n e l , a n d c a nn o t s e l f - g e n e r a t e smoke.The a d d i t i o n a l h e i g h t an d t h e i n a b i l i t y t o se l f - g e ne r a t e smokem e r i t t h e same c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s s t a t e d above i n r e f e r e n c e t o t heOPFOR UISMOD T-72. T h e o t h e r t w o m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s a r e t h e OPFORUISMOD BMP's i n a b i l i t y t o c a r r y i n f a n t r y p er so nn e l a nd th ed e g r a d a t i on i n t u r r e t e l e v a t i o n . The i n a b i l i t y t o t r a n s p o r ti n f a n t r y an d t o f i g h t t h e v e h i c l e a s an i n f a n t r y f i g h t i n g v e h i c l ei n h i b i t t h e OPFOR f r o m e m p l oy i n g t h e S o v i e t d o c t r i n e s t a t e d onpage 3-14 a bo ve . A s n o t e d i n F i g u r e 25 p ag e 3-15, t h e S o v i e t RMPt u r r e t c an e l e v a t e +33 de gr ee s w h i l e th e OPFOR V I S M O D BMP cane l e v a t e o n l y + 1 9 d e g r e e s .

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    The 14 d eg re e d i f f e r e n c e i s an i m p o r ta n t f a c t o r be ca use i tp r e c l u d e s t h e OPFOR VISMOD EMP f r o m e n g a g in g t a r g e t s on h i g hg ro un d a t c l o s e r a ng e s, t h us l i m i t i n g i t s s e l f defensec a p a b i l i t y i n much o f t he t e r r a i n a t F o r t I r w i n . U n i t s t r a i n i n ga t t he NTC need t o be aware o f t he se s i g n i f i c a n t s h o r tc o m in g s o fth e OPFOR VISMOD BMP be ca us e th e a c t u a l eq ui pm en t on ab a t t l e f i e l d o f t h e f u t u r e w i l l n o t b e as e a s i l y d e f e a t e d .

    3-4. FONCLUSIONS: T he re a r e s i g n i f i c a n t eq uip me nt d i f f e r e n c e sbet wee n a So v i e t an d th e OPFOR MRR. I n an o v e r a l l a n a l y s i s oft he e qu ip me nt d i f f e r e n c e s ad d re s se d above i t s h o u l d b e c l e a r t h a tt h e OPFOR MRR h a s s i g n i f i c a n t e qu ip me nt s h or tc o mi n gs . A s ar e s u l t t h e commander a nd s t a f f n e e d t o be aw are o f t h ed i f f e r e n c e s a nd ta ke them i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n d u r i n g th e p l a n n i n g ,p r e p a r a t i o n , and e x e c u t i o n o f t r a i n i n g a t t h e NTC Thesed i f f e r e n c e s s h o u l d a l s o a f f e c t c o n c l u s i o n s dra wn f r o m l e s s o n sl e a r n e d u pon c o m p l e t i o n o f t r a i n i n g a t t he NTC.

    T he p r r na ry d i f f e r e n c e s i n c l u d e s h o r t c o m i n g s o f t h e OPFORVISMOD 7-72 a n d BMP. When t h e s e m a j o r d e f i c i e n c i e s a r e c o u p l e dw i t h o t h e r p ro b l em s a d dr es se d i n r e g a r d t o t he H I N D - E , BRDM,BTR-60, and MT-LB, t h e OPFOR MRR equ ipmen t i s m ar ke d l y i n f e r i o rt o t h a t o f a S o u i e t MRR.

    3-20

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    17U.S. Army, A r m o r M a a a z i n t , "New S o v i e t BMP-2 U n v e i l e d " ,Ja n u a r y - Fe b r u a r y 1 9 86 , p a g e s 2 4 a n d 25.

    18Major James K . Mc Cast i n , Jr., S t u d e n t R e s ea r ch R e p o r t ,Combat I n f a n t r y V e h i c l e s (BMP) I n C om bat . 1 97 6.

    19Ray Bon ds, Weapons o f t h e M o de rn S o v i e t G r ou n d F o r c e s . p ag e47.20FM 100-2-1, pag e 5-27.21FM 1-402 , pag e 7-36.22TM 9-2350 -230-1 0, pa ge s 1 - 1 t h r u 1-8.23FM 100-2-3, pa ge s 5-18, 5-19, and 5-21.24m.,age 5-18.

    3-22

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    CHAPTER 4

    TACT1 CS

    4-1. INTRODUCTION: Th e pu rp os e o f t h i s c h a p t e r i s t o c omparet h e t a c t i c a l d o c t r i n e o f a S o v i e t MRR, i n t h e c o n du c t o fo f f e n s i v e a nd d e f e n s i v e o p e r a t i on s , t o t h a t o f t h e OPFOR MRR a tt h e NTC. T h i s c h a p t e r i s l i m i t e d i n scope t o an a n a l y s i s o f t h ecombat m i s s i o n s m os t f r e q u e n t l y p o r t r a y e d by th e OPFOR a t th eNTC .

    T he S o v i e t a r t o f w ar i n c l u d e s t h r e e c om po ne nt s:s t r a t e g y , o p e r a t i o n a l a r t , a nd t a c t i c s , e ach o f w hi c hh a s i t s d i s t i n c t i v e s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s f o r t h e co n d u c to f a rm ed c om ba t on v a r i o u s s c a l e s .S t r a t e g y i s t h e h i g h e s t domain o f t he a r t o f w a r , . . .O p e r a t i o na l a r t i n c l u d e s th e t h e o r e t i c a l and p r a c t i c a la s p e c t s o f p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e c on du ct o f o p e r a t i o n s( a c t i o n s ) by t h e l a r g e f o r m a t i o n s . . .T a c t i c s i s t he t h e o r e t i c a l and p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s o fp r e p a r a t i o n f o r t he c o nd uc t o f combat by t he s u b u n i t s ,u n i t s , and f o r m a t i o n s o f t he v a r i o u s s e r v i c e s o f t heArmed Fo rces . . . (emphas is added)The s t r u c t u r e of S o v i e t m i l i t a r y t ho u gh t i s su b d i v i d e d i n t o

    t h r e e m a j o r c a te g o r i e s ; m i l i t a r y d o c t r i n e , m i l i t a r y s c i en c e , andm i l i t a r y a r t s 2 The f o c u s h e r e i n i s a t t h e t a c t i c a l l e v e l o f wara s i t p e r t a i n s t o t h e S o v i e t MMR. A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e i n t e n t i s t oa n a l y z e t h e t a c t i c s o f t h e OPFOR MRR a t t h e NTC t o d e t e r m i n ew he th er t a c t i c a l employment a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t s S o v i e t r e a l i t y .

    The S o v i e t s c a t e g o r i z e combat a c t i o n s i n t o t w o m a Jo r f o r m so f c om ba t, o f f e n s e a nd