View
221
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Soybeans
Presented by: Samantha PrivratskyFood, Culture and Agriculture Spring 2010
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant- Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types
• History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints,
inks, pesticides
• Health Benefits- Lowers cholesterol- Complete protein- Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks- Allergies- Toxic pesticides/chemicals- Raw soybeans toxicity- Reduce sperm count- Increase risk cancer
The Plant: Key points
• Scientific name: Glycine max
• Member of the legume family
• 40% protein, 20% fat, 35% carbohydrates
• Originated from China
The Plant: OriginFamily Facts
• Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]• Wild relative: Glycine soja
– Most likely the ancestor of Glycine max
• Other relatives in China, Korea, Russia, Japan, Taiwan, and Australia
• Member of the Legume Family– Alfalfa– Peas– Dry beans
The Plant: OriginSoybean has had many names:
Soya Bean
Soja Bean
Chinese Pea
Manchurian bean
Japan pea
Japan bean
Japan fodder plant
The Plant: Chemical Composition
• 40% protein; 20% fat; 35 % carbohydrates; 5% ash
• Complete protein: contain all essential amino acids
• 1 cup of green, raw soybeans includes:376 calories; 19g fat; 38mg sodium(2%DV); 11 g fiber; 33g protein; 50% DV Calcium; 50% DV Iron
Copyright ©2010 School Nutrition Foundation. All Rights Reserved. www.schoolnutrition.org
The Plant: Chemical Composition
Protein Digestibility– Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is a scoring system created to analyze the quality of a protein.
Protein Quality Scale: Amino Acid Content
The Plant: Origins
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
EQUATOR
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30
40
50
60
70
80
20
10 10
30
40
50
60
70
80
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
30
TROPIC OF CANCER
40
50
60
70
80 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CANCER
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN TROP OF CAPRICORN
10
20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60
70 70
80 80 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
30
40
50
60
70
80 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
AUSTRALIA
A S I A
A F R I C A
E U R O P E
GREENLANDGREENLAND
NORTHAMERICA
ANTARCTICA
SOUTHAMERICA
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
O C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
PACIFIC OCEAN
A T L A N T I C
The Plant: Origins
CHINA
JAPAN
KOREA
RUSSIA
MONGOLIA
Manchuria
To be more specific, soybeans came from Manchuria, a region of China.
The Plant: OriginMedicinal values in 450 A.D.
• Heart• Liver• Kidneys• Stomach• Bowels• Lungs
• Yellow & Green Seed– Increased lung power– Improved complexion
• Black Seed– Used in foods– Fed to horses before a
long journey
Soybeans were believed to be good for the organs listed.Different seed colors were claimed to have different benefits to human health.
The Plant: Physical Characteristics
AnnualUpright architecture
Height varies from 7.9 in. – 6.6 ft.Trifoliate leavesFlowers from auxiliary budsSeeds in pods (2 to 3 seeds/pod)
The Plant: Maturity: Key Points
• Soybeans are photosensitive (i.e. requires a certain day length for flower initiation)
• Current cultivars are divided into 13 maturity groups (MG III and MG IV are grown in Ohio)
• Temperature, physiological age, and day length interact to affect soybeans.
The Plant Maturity: Photosensitivity
• Soybeans are photosensitive– Begin to produce flowers when a critical
dark period is reached (day length)
• Day length varies with latitude• Soybeans were divided into types or
groups according to their photosensitivity
Maturity: Maturity Groups
• 1818: W.J. Morse was first to divide soybeans into photosensitive groups (3 groups)– Late, medium and medium late, and very early
• 1925: Morse expanded his grouping to 5• 1949: Morse expanded his grouping to 9
– MG 0 to MG VIII
• Soybeans are now divided into 13 groups– MG 000 to MG X
Maturity Groups
MG Areas Grown
EARLY 00 Northern Minnesota, Canada
MATURING 0 Northern Michigan
I Central Michigan
II Southern Michigan
III Central Ohio
IV Southern Ohio, Northern Kentucky
V Southern Kentucky, Northern Tennessee
VI Southern Tennessee, Northern Georgia
LATE VII Central Georgia
MATURING VIII Southern Georgia, Florida
The Plant:Factors Affecting Maturity- interactions
• Soybeans are affected by – Temperature– Physiological age– Day length
The PlantGrowth Types: Key Points
• Indeterminate
• Determinate
Growth Types
• Indeterminate– flowers and set pods while continuing to
grow vegetatively
• Determinate– adds much less vegetative mass after
flowering begins
Growth Types
• Indeterminate – Typically grown north of the 37th north
parallel (about Lexington, KY)– MG 00 through IV are in this area
• Determinate– Typically grown south of the 37th parallel– These types require more light for flowering– Originally in south because of their ability to
produce adequate forage
The Plant: Summary
• Annual, upright, trifoliate leaves, seeds in pods
• Maturity Groups based on photosensitivity– 13 groups currently
• Two growth types: – Indeterminate– Determinate
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant- Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types
• History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints,
inks, pesticides
• Health Benefits- Lowers cholesterol- Complete protein- Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks- Allergies- Toxic pesticides/chemicals- Raw soybeans toxicity- Reduce sperm count- Increase risk cancer
• Soybean Future
HistorySoybean Movement from Origin:Key Points
• Used in China before recorded history• Brought to U.S. before U.S. a country• More knowledge about soybean
agronomics and processing increased their production
• key events helped develop the soybean industry– war, technology, weather, government
program
Soybean History: Movement from Origin
1
Before Recorded History
A lot of time passes
1712 1740
Exported from China to Manchuria
Nothing happened
Introduced to Europe by botanist Englebert Kaempfer
Missionaries in China sent soybeans to France (attempts to Cultivate failed)
1765 1776 1804 1812
Samuel Bowman introduces soybean to North America (Savannah, Georgia)
Declaration of Independence
Pennsylvania recommends that farmers grow soybeans
War of 1812
Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History
History: Movement from Origin 2
1829 1854 1873 1898
Soybean grown in Mass. (“luxury crop for soy sauce”)
Two soybean cultivars given to U.S. Commissioner of Patents
“Mammoth yellow”: earliest cultivar grown in U.S.
USDA began organized introductions to U.S.
1903 1907 1937 1941
Ford Motor Company Started
20 cultivars collected in U.S.
10,000 introductions with 2,500 different types
Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor
Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History
3History: Movement from Origin
Three advances in the knowledge of soybean.
• 1905: Commercial inoculant available in U.S. – Germany: discovered that legumes fix atmospheric
nitrogen (N) when roots are nodulated by Rhizobia bacteria. (Massachusetts Experiment Station supported these findings).
• 1917: properly heated soybean meal was superior to unheated meal
• 1920: understanding of “photoperiod sensitivity” of soybean to day length– Soybeans need a certain period of day length to
trigger flower production. Flower production is necessary for feed production.
3
As early as 1923, agricultural scientists were predicting big things for soybeans in the USA. The following is taken from: Piper and Morse. 1923. The Soybean.
THE SOYBEAN
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1) is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United States…
THE SOYBEAN
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1) is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United States…
Soybean History
History:Key Events to Developing the Soybean Industry
1. World War II2. Machine Power3. Dust Bowl4. New Deal5. Biotechnology
1. World War II
• Germany promoted soybean production in Rumania and Bulgaria and guaranteed prices.
– 375,000 bushels in 1934– 5.5 million bushels in 1941
• The United States increased production for wartime products such as fats, oils, and oilseed meal.
– 78 million bushels in 1940– 192 million bushels in 1945
2. Machine Power• Tractors replaced the horse• Soybeans replaced oats and corn
grown for feed- 85 % of the world’s soybean crop processed into meal and vegetable oil for use in animal feed.
5. Dust Bowl
• Droughts of 1934 and 1936• Soybeans were more drought tolerant
than corn• Farmers switched some acres to
soybeans to off-set their risk
6. New Deal
• Great Depression: low corn prices• Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to
help corn prices by controlling the number of acres grown
• No acreage controls placed on soybeans
• Farmers who had reached their limit on corn switched to soybeans
Soybean History: Overall Concepts
• Soybean (Glycine max) originated in China.• Improvements in agronomics and processing
generated more production.• Wars, weather, machinery and government
rapidly increased soybean acres.• U.S. is the leader in soybean production,
with Brazil, Argentina, and China following.• Most soybeans are processed into oil and
protein for food and feed.
HistorySoybean Production: Key Points• United States leads the world in
soybean production.• Brazil, Argentina, and China follow the
U.S. in world production.• Controlled by six Merchants of Grain:
Cargill, Continental(owned by Cargill), Louis Dreyfus, Bunge, Mitsui Cook, and Andre & Company- Control storage- Control transportation- Control prices- Genetically Modified Soybean Crops
HistoryWorld Soybean Production (2007)
USproduced 2,585 million bushels
Brazilproduced 2,241 million bushels
Argentinaproduced 1,727 million bushels
Chinaproduced 525 million bushels
Indiaproduced 342 million bushels
Paraguayproduced 257 million bushels
Othersproduced 301 million bushels Copyright 2007 North Carolina Soybean Producers Association, Inc.
HistorySoybean Bushels Produced in 2000(Total: 2.76 Billion Bushels)
Ohio6%
Kentucky1%
Indiana8%
Illinois16%
Iowa17%
Michigan3%
Other49%
Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant- Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types
• History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints,
inks, pesticides
• Health Benefits- Lowers cholesterol- Complete protein- Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks- Allergies- Toxic pesticides/chemicals- Raw soybeans toxicity- Reduce sperm count- Increase risk cancer
• Soybean Future
Soybean Pests and Pesticides
Pests
• Bacterial diseases• Fungal diseases• Nematodes, parasitic• Viral diseases
Pesticides
• Calcium hypochlorite (326) Uses: Algaecide, Water Treatment
• Magnesium phosphide (2085) Uses: Fumigant, Rodenticide
• Spinetoram (XDE-175-J) (5946) Uses: Insecticide
Harmful effects of Pesticides
• Acute Pesticide Poisoning Associated with Pyraclostrobin Fungicide --- Iowa, 2007
- 27 cases of illness after workers sprayed with air pesticides
- All workers Hispanic, from Texas
Genetically Engineered
Soybeans (GMO)• Monsanto GM soybean seed patent
•- Herbicide-resistant soybean plants•Three new genes genetically engineered into soybean from:
- bacterium- cauliflower virus- petunia
•Drastic increase in U.S. G.M. Soybeans from 1996-1998
- 1996 GMO soybeans: 0.5 million hectares-- 1998 GMO soybeans: 18 million hectares
• Results in increase pesticide usage
Soybean Processing
• 1917: Processing Industry began in Illinois• Oil yield occurs by solvent extraction
– Seeds are cleaned, cracked, and dehulled– Use of unsafe chemicals to extract oil– Remaining portion is rolled into flakes
• Flakes are toasted and used in soy meal and soy meal products
• Protein portion of flakes can be extracted and used in other products
Industrial Processing
• Food safety risks:- Processing involves mixing non-edible oils with
edible oils(chloroethylene, hexene) - Creates saturated fats: link to heart disease
- Consumers denied right to know what toxic chemicals may be in soy products
http://www.soyfoods.org/top/photos
Soybean Products
Soybeans: Today’s Topics
• The Plant- Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types
• History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing
• Cultivation/Pest Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides
• Soy Products- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints,
inks, pesticides
• Health Benefits- Lowers cholesterol- Complete protein- Reduce breast cancer
• Health Risks- Allergies- Toxic pesticides/chemicals- Raw soybeans toxicity- Reduce sperm count- Increase risk cancer