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[He] 2s2 2p2

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2Usama El-Ayaan

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d.

.

C=C, CC , CN

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1-:

Ge, Si

(d)10

Pb, Sn(f)14

.

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(d,f)

(s,p)s>p>d>f

2-.

3-M4+

.

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.

.

s.

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complexes

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...

sp2sp3

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.

Alkanes CnH2n+2(CH4, C2H6, C3H8)

Alkenes CnH2n(C2H4 , C3H6)

Alkynes CnH2n-2HCCH

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SinH2n+2

Mg2Si:

SiH4LiAlH4

624SOH

2

HSi,SiHSiMgSiMg2 42

SiCl4 + LiAlH4 SiH4

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PbI4 -(SnF4PbF4 ,

.)

CF4

CF2Cl2 , CFCl3

.

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What is Ozone?

O3

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What is Ozone?

O

O

O

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What is Ozone?

O

O

O

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What is Ozone?

O

O

O OOO

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1-

,

,.

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:,17.

:1750.

:70-80

.

:100.

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The Stratosphere

Lithosphere

Stratosphere

Troposphere10 km

20 km

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Formation of Ozone in the

Stratosphere

O2 + UVCO + O

O + O2 O3

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Function of Ozone in the Stratosphere

O3 + UVBO + O2

O + O2 O3

and the cycle continues

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Incoming UV

Scattered UV

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1Movie

3Movie

Stratospheric ozone

CFC compounds

2Movie

Ozone destruction

Usama El-Ayaan

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/035_StratosOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/036_CFCsAndOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/037_DestructOzon.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/037_DestructOzon.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/036_CFCsAndOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/035_StratosOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/035_StratosOzone.mov

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()

(CFCs)

1-.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. Usama El-Ayaan

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CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons example: CF2Cl2 (dichlorodifluromethane)

Developed by General Motors in 1928 to be used

as non-toxic, non-flammable refrigereants Previous refrigerants used

ammonia (NH3) - TOXIC!

Butane (C4H10) - FLAMMABLE!

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Cl

Cl

FF

C

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So what is the problem with

CFCs?

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THEY ARE TOO STABLE!

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CFCs will not react in theTroposphere and will eventually

reach the Stratosphere where theycan react with high energy UV

light

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Reaction of CF2Cl2 in the

stratosphere CF2Cl2 + UV CF2Cl + Cl

Cl + O3ClO + O2

ClO + OCl + O2

and the Cl atom is free to continue its cycle

of destruction

Cl speeds up (catalyzes) the conversion of

O3 to O2

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Fact: CFCs are DENSER than air

How do they get to thestratosphere?

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.

().

.

.

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:

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OHCOSOHHCOOH 242

.

2

232

COCuCOCuO

CO3Fe2CO3OFe

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22

2223

COOC

OHCOCaClHCl2CaCO

CO2

23 COCaOCaCO

2

CO2

Ca(OH)

23OH

23

2322

)HCO(CaCOCaCO

OHCaCOCO)OH(Ca

2

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CO23222 COHOHCO

sp

O=C=O

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SiO2SiSiO2()

-CO2-2SiO

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NaOH, HF

n322

242

)SiONa(NaOHSiO

OH2SiFHF4SiO

Transistors

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1-2-

3-4-(3930)

5-sp3()

6-

1-2-

3-4-

5-sp2

6-Usama El-Ayaan

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[CC]2-

B4C, SiC

SiC