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Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Geant4 Contextfrom the point of view of
The Space Environments and Effects Analysis Section
E.J. Daly
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
ESA Programmes
• http://www.esa.int/• Science (~14%)
• Applications missions : Navigation (growing)Earth Observation (weather, etc.); Telecomms.
• Manned Missions (International Space Station)
• Launchers
• R&D
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Budgets (‘97)Earth ObservationEarth Observation24%; 632M Ecu24%; 632M Ecu
ScienceScience14%; 352M Ecu14%; 352M Ecu
General &…General &…10%; 270M Ecu10%; 270M Ecu
LaunchersLaunchers22%; 574M Ecu22%; 574M Ecu
TelecommsTelecomms6.4%; 165M Ecu6.4%; 165M Ecu
Manned & microgravityManned & microgravity17% 466M Ecu17% 466M Ecu
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Astrophysics missions
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Trends
• More demanding science missions• More sensitive components (“payloads” & “platforms”)
• COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) components• “Cheaper-faster-better”; “smaller-faster-cheaper”, etc…• man in space: career astronauts; long stays• {Avionics and air crew}• Operations in the “space radiation environment”
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
The Radiation Environment
Radiation BeltsSolarEnergeticParticles
GalacticCosmicRays
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Space Weather"conditions on the sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-
borne and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life or
health”
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Effects on Space Systems: RadiationEffects on Space Systems: RadiationAspect Features Effects
CosmicRays
modified by events in theinterplanetary mediumand magnetosphere
Upsets in electronics (space and aircraft);Long-term hazards to crew(space and aircraft);Interference with sensors
Solar EnergeticParticle Events
Sporadic events modifiedby the dynamics of theinterplanetary medium andmagnetosphere processes
Radiation damage of various sorts;Upsets in electronics (space and aircraft);Serious prompt hazards to crew(space and aircraft);Massive interference with sensors;
RadiationBelts
Permanent feature with adynamic componentlinked to injections ofparticles and perturbationsof fields and atmosphere
Various radiation damage;Upsets in space electronics;Hazards to astronauts;Interference with sensors;Electrostatic charging and discharge;
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Solar Energetic Events & EffectsSolar Energetic Events & Effects
Flare on sun
SOHOEIT
SOHOLASCO
Cosmic-ray strikes on CCD
Sun’s disk
Coronal Mass Ejection
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Solar Energetic Events & EffectsSolar Energetic Events & Effects
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Solar Energetic Events & EffectsSolar Energetic Events & Effects
Solar energetic particles hit detectors
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Equator-S FailureEquator-S Failure
December 97
Primary CPU Fails
April 98
Back-up CPU Fails
GOES Energetic Particle Data Courtesy NOAA
Enhanced Hot Electrons
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Earth’sSurface
RadialDistance
(RE)
Geo-stationaryAltitude
Colour-coded Dose Rate from REM on STRV in GTOColour-coded Dose Rate from REM on STRV in GTO
InnerBelt
“Slot”
OuterBelt
Dos
e
Low
High
4
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Hipparcos Radiation BackgroundHipparcos Radiation Background
Radial geocentric
distance
Dec 89 - Feb 93
Apr. ‘90Mar. ‘91 Nov. ‘91
May ‘92
GEO orbitaltitude
Earth’ssurface
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
UoSAT SEU’sUoSAT SEU’s
mapped
Oct ‘89
Time behaviour
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
South Atlantic Anomaly
SEU:
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
Outlook
Need for tools
Demanding missions - Science: Cluster-II, XMM, Integral, Rosetta, SMART-1, Mars Express…
- Applications: - telecom [incl. Artemis], constellations, navigation, EO [incl. Envisat]
- Space Station
New and old problems More types of SEU’s
Radiation Background Surface and internal charging
Solar array problems,…
Systems Becoming More Sensitive- sensitive payloads
- high-performance components- more and longer manned missions
- lightweight, low-cost
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
The Current Challenge
Typical Focal Plane of an X-ray mission
A “typical” X-ray telescope
Space Environments and EffectsSpace Environments and EffectsAnalysis SectionAnalysis Section
What can affect CCD’s on X-ray astronomy missions?
• Radiation belt electrons?
• Scattered in the mirror shells?
• Effectiveness of Magnetic “brooms”
• Electron damage mechanism? - NIEL?
• Other particles? Protons, cosmics
• path to CCD? wall penetration?
• Proposal: set the problem up in Geant4 as a case-study for the week.
