Space Exploration and Technology_1

7/30/2019 Space Exploration and Technology_1

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Space Exploration


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What is aRocket?

A rocket is amachine that

uses escapinggas to move


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Modern Rocketry

Robert Goddard isknown as the fatherof modern rocketry.

American inventorand physicist

Launched the firstsuccessful liquid fuelrocket in 1926.Hetested more than 150rocket engines.

By WWII his workbecame of interest tothe US military.


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Goddards First Rocket-Nell

On March 16, 1926, Goddard finished building aspin

dly, 10-ft. rocket he dubbed Nell, loaded it intoan open car and trundled it out to his aunt Effie'snearby farm.

Traveled upward at 60 m.p.h.Altitude of 41 ft. Entire flight lasted just 2 1/2 sec. but that was 2

1/2 sec. longer than any liquid-fueled rocket hadever managed to fly before.


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Goddard Moves to Roswell NewMexico in 1930.

Over the next nine years, his Nells grewfrom 12 ft. to 16 ft. to 18 ft., and theiraltitude climbed from 2,000 ft. to 7,500 ft.

to 9,000 ft.He built a rocket that exceeded the speed of

sound and another with fin-stabilizedsteering, and he filed dozens of patents foreverything from gyroscopic guidancesystems to multistage rockets.


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By the late 1930s, however, Goddard grew troubled. He had noticedlong before that of all the countries that showed an interest inrocketry, Germany showed the most.

Now and then, German engineers would contact Goddard with a

technical question or two, and he would casually respond. But in1939 the Germans suddenly fell silent.

With a growing concern over what might be afoot in the Reich,Goddard paid a call on Army officials in Washington and broughtalong some films of his various Nells.

He let the generals watch a few of the launches in silence, then

turned to them. "We could slant it a little," he said simply, "and dosome damage." The officers smiled benignly at the missile man,thanked him for his time and sent him on his way.

The missile man, however, apparently knew what he was talkingabout. Five years later, the first of Germany's murderous V-2rockets blasted off for London. By 1945, more than 1,100 of them

had rained down on the ruined city.


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Rebuffed by the Army, Goddard spent World War II onsabbatical from rocketry, designing experimentalairplane engines for the Navy.

When the war ended, he quickly returned to his

preferred work. As his first order of business, he hopedto get his hands on a captured V-2.

From what he had heard, the missiles soundeddisturbingly like his more peaceable Nells. Goddard'strusting exchanges with German scientists had given

Berlin at least a glimpse into what he was designing. What's more, by 1945 he had filed more than 200

patents, all of which were available for inspection. When a captured German scientist was asked about the

origin of the V-2, he was said to have responded, "Why

don't you ask your own Dr. Goddard? He knows betterthan any of us. When some V-2s finally made their way to the U.S. and

Goddard had a chance to autopsy one, he instantlyrecognized his own handiwork. "Isn't this your rocket?"

an assistant asked as they poked around its innards. "Itseems to be," Goddard replied flatly.


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Germany and the V-2

Many of Goddards ideaswere used to design theGerman V-2 rocket.

Wernher Von Braunworked for the Germanmilitary developing theV-2 rocket.

In 1945 Von Braun andhis research teamsurrendered to the USmilitary and the USgained 127 of the bestGerman rocket scientists.


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As part of a militaryoperation called ProjectPaperclip, he and his rocketteam were scooped upfrom defeated Germanyand sent to America wherethey were installed at FortBliss, Texas.

There they worked onrockets for the U.S. Army,launching them at WhiteSands Proving Ground,New Mexico.

In 1950 von Brauns teammoved to the RedstoneArsenal near Huntsville,Ala., where they built theArmys Jupiter ballistic

missile.

Von Brauns surrender to the

US Army, WWII.


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Wernher von Braun (19121977) was oneof the most important rocket developers

and champions of space exploration duringthe period between the 1930s and the1970s.


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In 1960, his rocketdevelopment centertransferred from the

Army to the newlyestablished NASA andreceived a mandate tobuild the giant Saturnrockets.

Accordingly, von Braunbecame director ofNASAs Marshall Space

Flight Center inHuntsville, Alabama, andthe chief architect of theSaturn V launch vehicle,the super booster thatwould propel Americansto the Moon.

Huntsville, Alabama washome to the facilities theUnited Statesgovernment used todevelop the country'sfirst space vehicles.


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Space Race- US and the SovietUnion

October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Unionsuccessfully launched Sputnik I.

The world's first artificial satellite was about thesize of a beach ball and took about 98 minutes toorbit the Earth on its elliptical path.

The public feared that the Soviets' ability to launchsatellites also translated into the capability tolaunch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclearweapons from Europe to the U.S.

That launch ushered in new political, military,technological, and scientific developments. Whilethe Sputnik launch was a single event, it markedthe start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.Rspace race.


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Sputnik-First Orbiting Artificial Satellite-

Soviet Union-1957


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What is a Satellite?http://www.gma.org/surfing/sats.html

Although anything that is in orbit aroundEarth is technically a satellite, the term"satellite" is typically used to describe a

useful object placed in orbit purposely toperform some specific mission or task

We commonly hear about weather satellites,communication satellites and scientific .satellites.

The path a satellite follows is an orbit.
http://www.gma.org/surfing/sats.htmlhttp://www.gma.org/surfing/sats.html


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How are Satellites Used?

Satellites come in all shapes and sizes and play a variety of roles. Weather satellites help meteorologists predict the weather or see

what's happening at the moment. Communications satellites allow telephone and data conversations

to be relayed through the satellite.

Broadcast satellites broadcast television signals from one point toanother (similar to communications satellites). Scientific satellites perform a variety of scientific missions. The

Hubble Space Telescope is the most famous scientific satellite, butthere are many others looking at everything from sun spots to gammarays.

Navigational satellites help ships and planes navigate. Rescue satellites respond to radio distress signals Earth observation satellites observe the planet for changes in

everything from temperature to forestation to ice-sheet coverage.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/telephone.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/tv.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hubble.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hubble.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hubble.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/sun4.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/sun4.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/sun4.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hubble.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/tv.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/telephone.htm


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Military Satellites

Military satellites are up there, but much of the actual applicationinformation remains secret. Intelligence-gathering possibilities usinghigh-tech electronic and sophisticated photographic-equipmentreconnaissance are endless.

Applications may include:

-Relaying encrypted communications-Nuclear monitoring-Observing enemy movements-Early warning ofmissile launches

-Eavesdropping on terrestrial radio links-Radar imaging-Photography (using what are essentially large telescopes that take

pictures of militarily interesting areas)
http://www.howstuffworks.com/encryption.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-bomb.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/cruise-missile.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/cruise-missile.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-bomb.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/encryption.htm


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GPS- Global Positioning System

When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of

27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in caseone fails).

The U.S. military developed and implemented this satellite network asa military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else.

They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than24 hours. These satellites are traveling at speeds of roughly 7,000miles an hour.

GPS Receivers can be found in newer model cars, airplanes, ships,telephones and in a handheld version.

It will pinpoint your location by latitude and longitude. It will show you the direction you are traveling and map out a route

you would like to travel.

' b l f f
http://science.howstuffworks.com/satellite.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/satellite.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/satellite.htm


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A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more ofthese satellites, figure out the distance to each,and use this information to deduce its own

location.

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gps2.htm
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gps2.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gps2.htm


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Space Exploration

Part 2


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Satellites

Satellites are used to transmit information as theyorbit the Earth.

They are used in weather, communications,

science, navigation and Earth observation.GPS satellites (Global Positioning System) allow

people to find their location anywhere on Earthand help planes, ships and cars navigate their

routes.GPS uses 27 Earth orbiting satellites.

Weather and communication satellites are useddaily and are in GEO, Geosynchronous Orbit.


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Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)Satellites

A satellite in geosynchronous (orgeostationary) orbit are positioned a fixedpoint at approx. 21,000 miles above the

earth's surface.GEO satellites primary purpose is weather

imagery.

The GEO satellites above the US transmitweather imagery and information to helpforecasters relay weather information to us.


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GEO Satellites

http://www.satsig.net/sslist.htm

List of GEO satellites
http://www.satsig.net/sslist.htmhttp://www.satsig.net/sslist.htm


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NASA

The launch of the first satellite, Sputnik,launch led directly to the creation ofNational Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA).

In July 1958, Congress passed the NationalAeronautics and Space Act (commonly

called the "Space Act"), which created NASAas of October 1, 1958.
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.html


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Marshall Space Flight Center

Huntsville, Alabama

On January 31, 1958, rocket called aJupiter-C launched Explorer I, Americasfirst orbiting satellite.

1960 Von Braun became director ofNASAs new George C. Marshall Space

Flight Center in Huntsville where he andhis team would develop the Saturn rocketsthat launched astronauts to the moon in1969.


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Van Allen Belt

Data returned by Explorer 1 and Explorer 3(launched in March 1958) provided evidencethat the Earth is surrounded by intense

bands of radiation, now called the Van Allenradiation belts.

This was the first major scientific discovery

of the space age.


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Jupiter C Rocket

Explorer 1, First satellitelaunched by the US.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Jupiter_c_pad.jpg


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Saturn V- Apollo 8 and 11

The Saturn V wasflight-tested twicewithout a crew.

The first mannedSaturn V sent the

Apollo 8 astronautsinto orbit around theMoon in December1968.

After two more

missions to test thelunar landing vehicle,in July 1969 a SaturnV launched the crewof Apollo 11 to the

first manned landingon the Moon.


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First on the Moon-Apollo 11- July1969

The US was the first to put a man on themoon.

Launched on July 16, 1969, it carried

Commander Neil Alden Armstrong,Command Module Pilot Michael Collins andLunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz'

Aldrin, Jr.

On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin becamethe first humans to land on the Moon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_%28astronaut%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_%28astronaut%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_16


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Video Clips from the moon.

http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11v_1092338.mpg

http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093

409.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093

543.mov

http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.v1100253.mov
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11v_1092338.mpghttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11v_1092338.mpghttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093409.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093409.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093543.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093543.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.v1100253.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.v1100253.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.v1100253.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.v1100253.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093543.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093543.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093409.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093409.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11v_1092338.mpghttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11v_1092338.mpg


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Space Shuttle

On January 5, 1972, President RichardM. Nixon announced plans to developthe Space Shuttle for routine access to

space. It would be launched like arocket but would land like an airplane.


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Space Shuttle

April 12, 1981 marked a new era in the history of space flight.

The worlds first reusable space vehicle, the Space Shuttle,powered by Marshall developed propulsion systems, was

thrust into orbit with two astronauts aboard.

This new chapter in the history of the Center would featureMarshall at the forefront of the nations space explorationefforts, among them launch of the Hubble Space Telescope in1990, responsibilities for more than 20 Spacelab missions, andmuch more.

One of Marshalls prime responsibilities included developingthe Hubble Space Telescope, an optical observatory that isreturning unprecedented views of the universe.


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SpaceShuttle

Hubble Space

Telescope


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Space Shuttle

On April 12, 1981, theSpace Shuttle Columbiabecame the first shuttleto orbit the Earth.

Flown by Commander

John W. Young andPilot Robert L. Crippen,Columbia spent 2 daysaloft on its check-outmission, STS-1, whichended in a smoothlanding, airplane-style,at Edwards Air ForceBase in California.
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsref-toc.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsref-toc.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html


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Shuttle Disasters

In 1986, the shuttle Challenger

exploded in flight and theentire crew was lost.

The Space Shuttle Challengerdisintegrated 73 seconds intoits flight.

A member of its crew was a

civilian and first teacher inspace, Christa McAuliffe.

In 2003, while re-entering theEarth's atmosphere, theshuttle Columbia broke up overthe United States.


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Future of the Space Shuttle

While the space shuttles are a greattechnological advance, they are limited as tohow much payload they can take into orbit.

The shuttle cannot go to high altitude orbitsor escape the Earth's gravitational field totravel to the Moon or Mars.

NASA is currently exploring new conceptsfor launch vehicles that are capable of goingto the Moon and Mars.


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Space Probes


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Space Probes

Space Probes are used to gatherinformation about distant objects inthe solar system.

They are unmanned vehicles thatcan reach distances that humans

would not be able to reach. Space probes are made to conduct

science experiments and takephotographs.

Luna 1:

The first successful space probewas the Soviet Luna 1flyby of theMoon in 1959.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1


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Mariner Space Probe

NASA launched the first series of planetary probes,called Mariner.

Mariner 2first reached Venus in 1962. Later Mariner spacecraft flew by Mars in 1964 and

1969, providing detailed images of that planet. In 1971, Mariner 9became the first spacecraft to

orbit Mars.During its year in orbit, Mariner 9transmitted

footage of an intense Martian dust storm as wellas images of 90 percent of the planet's surfaceand the two Martian moons.


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Mariner Space Probe


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Space Probes TheMars Exploration Rovers: The Mars Exploration Rovers, Spiritand Opportunitylanded on Mars to

explore the Martian surface and geology, and search for and clues topast water activity on Mars. They were each launched in 2003 andlanded in 2004.

Voyager1:Voyager1is an 733-kilogram probe launched September 5, 1977. It iscurrently still operational, making it the longest-lasting mission of theU.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It visitedJupiter and Saturn and was the first probe to provide detailed imagesof the moons of these planets.

Voyager 1is the farthest human-made object from Earth, travelingaway from both the Earth and the Sunat a relatively faster speed than

any other probe. As ofAugust 12, 2006, Voyager 1is over 100AU, or9.3 billion miles from the Sun and has left our solar system never toreturn.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_%28planet%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_%28planet%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover


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Future Arrivals

Two missions have been launched and are nowmaking the long trips to their target solar systemobjects.

The Messengerspacecraft was launched in 2004and will arrive at Mercury in 2011. It will be onlythe second probe sent to that small, rocky planet.

The New Horizonsspacecraft was launched in2006, and will arrive at Pluto in 2015. It will be thefirst spacecraft to visit that very distant dwarfplanet.


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Space Technology in Everyday Life

In 2008, NASA will celebrate 50 years of exploringthe solar system and expanding human knowledgeof the universe.

The agencys pioneering research also hasproduced or contributed to such technologies assatellites, space-based telescopes and cell phones,and new products used every day in every nationthat have contributed to advances in health care,

transportation, public safety, consumer goods,environmental resources and informationtechnology.

E l f S T h l i


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Examples of Space Technology inour Everyday Lives

MRI Machine-In the mid-1960s, the Jet PropulsionLaboratory developed digital image processing toallow computer enhancement of moon pictures.

Today, digital image processing is used to createand enhance images of body organs in computedaxial tomography (CAT scans) and MRI.

FIRE RESISTANT MATERIAL use in spacecraft

materials and spacesuits now used in firefightersuits, homes, race cars and clothes.


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More Space Innovations

Temper foam used in prosthetics (artificial arms and legs). Enriched Baby food Scratch Resistant Lenses Portable coolers Trash compactorsAthletic shoes

Fogless ski goggles Self-adjusting sunglasses Invisible braces Portable x-ray device

Water Purification Cordless Tools Robotic hands To read more about Space Innovations click below: http://www.thespaceplace.com/nasa/spinoffs.html#chr
http://www.thespaceplace.com/nasa/spinoffs.htmlhttp://www.thespaceplace.com/nasa/spinoffs.html

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Space Exploration and Technology_1