Space Physiology and Engineering · Space Generation Advisory Council In Support of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, Vienna, Austria C) TITLE: Enhancing Human Performance

Ilaria CINELLI B.Eng. M.Eng. PhD Student Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Space Physiology and Engineering

Ilaria Cinelli B.Eng. M.Eng. PhD Student

mailto:[email protected]



Speaker

PhD student at the NUI of Galway, Ireland;

• University of Pisa (Italy);

• King’s College London (UK).

Lecture at the Youth Academy;

Secretary of the Aerospace Human Factors Association;

Mars analogue astronaut.




Space Physiology - Adaptation

Loss of Gravity (Microgravity)

What is affected by exposure to microgravity:

Body fluids;

Pulmonary function;

Bones;

Skeletal muscle;

Orthostatic Tolerance;

Neurovestibular system;

Radiation level

E. Nelson et al 2014

G. De la Torre et al 2014

Chronic




Muscle Deterioration - T. Wilson et al 2014 Mean Arterial Pressure (mm Hg) – D.E. Watenpaugh et al 1996 Postural adaptation – A.Winnard et al 2017





Microgravity – “normal” stimuli acting on the body

Disorientation, nausea and dizziness felt;


https://cnes.fr

https://born4space.files.wordpress.com






Head and sinuses swell;

Loss of hydrostatic pressure gradient;


E. Nelson et al 2014








Upper body congestion:


+ +

?








Upper body congestion:

• Bloated (pig) face;

• Thin (chicken) legs;

• Bigger heart;

• 0.5-1 litre fluid loss to upper body/leg.


+ +




Signs and symptoms associated with neurovestibular

disturbances (within the first 3 days of flight) are

called Space Motion Sickness (SMS).


https://cnes.fr







called Space Motion Sickness (SMS).

• Conflicting info between what the brain receives

from eyes, the vestibular organs in the ear and

other receptors;

• No gravitational pull to identify up vs down;

• Proprioceptive system is also affected (lack in

coordination).


https://cnes.fr







called Space Motion Sickness (SMS);

Extravehicular activity (EVA) is not scheduled during

the first three day of flight;

Fluid shift leads to higher blood pressure, intracranial

pressure and intraocular pressure;


https://cnes.fr





80% of the astronaut corps use vision corrections;

29% has problems in the near vision after shorts

flights; 60% after long-duration flights.

Crew need to wear glasses

• Space anticipation glasses

Visual-Impairment-Intracranial-Pressure (VIIP)

• Glaucoma


http://spaceflight101.com/

D. Fleischman et al 2013




Adaptation: pre-flight – microgravity – post mission;

Cardiovascular deconditioning;

Space Motion Sickness;

Bone demineralisation;

Muscle atrophy;

Orthostatic Intolerance;

Fluid shifts;

Radiations.

Space Physiology – Adaptation summary

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/735035_4




Space Physiology – Countermeasures





Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.

->Pharmaceutical interventions->In-flight reference point orientation->Avoid fast head spin during days 1-3









Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.

-> Resistance Equipment;->Training program for task requirements;->Hormone therapy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxImeOomkUk









Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxImeOomkUk









Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.










Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.

->Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP);









Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.










Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.

->Pre de-orbit fluid loading (raising the blood volume in flight)-1 litre of isotonic saline drink;->Anti-g suits to minimize the blood pooling;










Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.

->Walking at +1Gz;->Impulse stimulation;->Repetitive loading and exercise with LBNP;->Elasticated load suit (Penguin suit);

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Suit_up_for_Skinsuit









Muscle atrophy;


Fluid shifts;

Radiations.

->Walking at +1Gz;->Impulse stimulation;->Repetitive loading and exercise with LBNP;->Elasticated load suit (Penguin suit);

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Suit_up_for_Skinsuit





A.R. Hargens et al 2016

https://www.nasa.gov/analogs/envihab





A.R. Hargens et al 2016

https://www.nasa.gov/analogs/envihab





Virtual Reality

• FUSION Media and MIT’s Space Systems Laboratoryhttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-concepts-bring-precision-mars-to-virtual-reality

• Human performance (training and tasks);• Mars Mission http://www.marsplanet.org/martian-walk-hamburg-hafencity-deutsche-telekom-event/

www.scientificamerican.com

http://www.space.com/32417-vr-space-invaders-on-iss-its-1978-again-in-orbit-video.htmlhttp://www.space.com/32912-virtual-reality-humans-to-mars.html



https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-concepts-bring-precision-mars-to-virtual-reality

http://www.marsplanet.org/martian-walk-hamburg-hafencity-deutsche-telekom-event/

http://www.space.com/32417-vr-space-invaders-on-iss-its-1978-again-in-orbit-video.html

http://www.space.com/32417-vr-space-invaders-on-iss-its-1978-again-in-orbit-video.html

http://www.space.com/32912-virtual-reality-humans-to-mars.html

http://www.space.com/32912-virtual-reality-humans-to-mars.html


…what about Mars?

Transfer in technology

• Better understanding of human physiology for long duration flight (> 1 year);

• Enhance the countermeasures;

• Counteract human factors;

• Research and Innovation in medical care and engineering (i.e. 3D printing);

Mars analogue mission

• Studying human behaviour in confined environment;

• Human interaction under physical and mental stress;

• Optimization of available resources.

https://3dprint.com/161112/3d-print-medical-tools-in-space/

http://mars-mission.wixsite.com/mdrscrew172



http://www.madeinspace.us/

http://www.madeinspace.us/


My point of view

Virtual Reality;

Computational modelling https://open.nasa.gov/blog/digital-astronaut-project/

• Body Adaptation for long term mission;

• Countermeasures and risks.

Non-invasive medicine for diagnostic and treatment;

Electro-magnetic field.




https://open.nasa.gov/blog/digital-astronaut-project/

http://www.dsls.usra.edu/education/seminarSlides/041912/Mulugeta.pdf

http://www.dsls.usra.edu/education/seminarSlides/041912/Mulugeta.pdf


My Mars analogue missions

MDRS Crew 158 – Crew Engineer: http://desert.marssociety.org/home/crew-158

• Human factors and behaviour;

MDRS Crew 172 – Commander: http://mdrs.marssociety.org/crew-172/

• Leadership;

• Innovation;

• Management;

PMAS – part of Mission Support team: http://spacegeneration.org/projects/space-exploration/poland-mars-

analogue-simulation-2017/127-poland-mars-analogue-simulation-2017/1803-meet-ilaria-tecsup-for-the-pmas-2017.html




http://desert.marssociety.org/home/crew-158

http://mdrs.marssociety.org/crew-172/

http://spacegeneration.org/projects/space-exploration/poland-mars-analogue-simulation-2017/127-poland-mars-analogue-simulation-2017/1803-meet-ilaria-tecsup-for-the-pmas-2017.html


A) TITLE: Photic Sleep Enhancement During a Mars Analog Exploratory Mission Simulation

AUTHORS: Ilaria Cinelli (1), Philippe Souvestre (2), Richard Hanbury (3)

AFFILIATIONS: (1)Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway; (2) NeuroKinetics

Health Services, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada; (3) Sana Health, Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA

B) TITLE: Test Case for Mission Support

AUTHORS: Ilaria Cinelli (1,) Sebastian Hettrich (2)

AFFILIATIONS: (1) Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, NUI of Galway, Ireland; (2) Co-Lead Space Exploration Project Group

Space Generation Advisory Council In Support of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, Vienna, Austria

C) TITLE: Enhancing Human Performance with Virtual Reality Training On Mars Analogue Mission

AUTHORS: Ilaria Cinelli (1), Nicholas McCay (2)

AFFILIATIONS: (1) Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, NUI of Galway, Ireland; (2) Experience 360, Mars City Foundation,

SpaceportLA

D) TITLE: Training Like a Martian!

AUTHORS: Ilaria Cinelli (1), Patrick Gray (2)

AFFILIATIONS: (1) Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, NUI of Galway, Ireland; (2) University of North Carolina, WayPaver

Foundation
















SpaceportLA




Foundation
















SpaceportLA




Foundation
















SpaceportLA




Foundation
















SpaceportLA




Foundation





… what can we do for Mars?

Read web-articles and academic articles;

Follow key people;

Interaction with the community;

Write down a few ideas;

Get a prototype done and look for sponsor;

(…).

Have a dream and follow it!





1. Buckey, J. C., and J. L. Homick. The Neurolab Spacelab Mission: Neuroscience Research in Space: Results From the STS-

90,Neurolab Spacelab Mission. Houston,Texas: NASA, 2005, 1314 pp.

2. Souvestre, P. A., A. P. Blaber, and C. K. Landrock. Space motion sickness: The sensorymotor controls and cardiovascular

correlation. Acta Astronaut. 63:745–757, 2008.

3. Wong, J. Y., and A. C. Pfahnl. 3D Printing of Surgical Instruments for Long-Duration Space Missions. Aviat. Space. Environ. Med.

85:758–763, 2014.

4. Nelson, G. A. Neurological Effects of Space Radiation. Gravitational Sp. Biol. 22:33–38, 2009.

5. Demertzi, A., A. van Ombergen, E. Tomilovskaya, B. Jeurissen, E. Pechenkova, C. Di Perri, L. Litvinova, E. Amico, A. Rumshiskaya,

I. Rukavishnikov, J. Sijbers, V. Sinitsyn, I. B. Kozlovskaya, S. Sunaert, P. M. Parizel, P. H. van de Heyning, S. S. L. Laureys, and F.

L. Wuyts. Cortical reorganization in an astronaut’s brain after long-duration spaceflight. Brain Struct. Funct. 7–10,

2015.doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1054-3

6. Feltz, D. L., L. Ploutz-Snyder, B. Winn, N. L. Kerr, J. M. Pivarnik, A. Ede, C. Hill, S. Samendinger, and W. Jeffery. Simulated Partners

and Collaborative Exercise (SPACE) to boost motivation for astronauts: study protocol. BMC Psychol. 4:54, 2016.

7. Taibbi, G., R. L. Cromwell, K. G. Kapoor, B. F. Godley, and G. Vizzeri. The Effect of Microgravity on Ocular Structures and Visual

Function: A Review. Surv. Ophthalmol. 58:155–163, 2013.

References



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Space Physiology and Engineering · Space Generation Advisory Council In Support of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, Vienna, Austria C) TITLE: Enhancing Human Performance