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FOR SPACE STANDARDIZATION
EUROPEAN COOPERATION
ECSS
Space projectmanagement
Tailoring of space standards
ECSS SecretariatESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards DivisionNoordwijk, The Netherlands
ECSS-M-00-02A25 April 2000
ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A
2
Published by: ESA Publications DivisionESTEC, P.O. Box 299,2200 AG Noordwijk,The Netherlands
ISSN: 1028-396X
Price: � 10
Printed in The Netherlands
Copyright 2000 E by the European Space Agency for the members of ECSS
ECSS 25 April 2000
ECSS--M--00--02A
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Foreword
This Standard is one of the series of ECSS Standards intended to be applied to-gether for the management, engineering and product assurance in space projectsand applications. ECSS is a cooperative effort of the European Space Agency,national space agencies and European industry associations for the purpose of de-veloping and maintaining common standards.
Requirements in thisStandardare defined in termsofwhat shall be accomplished,rather than in terms of how to organize and perform the necessary work. This al-lows existing organizational structures andmethods to be applied where they areeffective, and for the structures and methods to evolve as necessary without re-writing the standards.
The formulation of this Standard takes into account the existing ISO 9000 familyof documents.
This Standard hasbeen preparedby theECSSTailoringWorkingGroup, reviewedby the ECSS Technical Panel and approved by the ECSS Steering Board.
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Introduction
The requirements defined in the series of ECSS Standards are generally appli-cable to all actors working on space projects, but are intended to be viewed fromthe perspective of a specific project context, and tailored to match the genuine re-quirements of the project. The project is determined, amongst other things, by itsenvironment, technology maturity, product class, cost and risk constraints, or-ganizational complexity, and the procurement approach adopted for a given ac-quisition. The tailoring process is carried out by the relevant customer at eachlevel in the hierarchy, in a systematic manner within the rules and constraintsof the customer organization, and with due consideration of the engineering,quality and management aspects of the project.
The conclusions of the tailoring exercise are incorporated into the project require-ments documents. The results of the tailoring decisions by the actor’s organiz-ation leads to an optimized project implementation process, whereby actors areonly constrained by requirements appropriate to their roles and responsibilitiesin any level within the project hierarchy.
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Contents
Foreword 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Scope 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 General 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Objective 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Applicability 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Normative references 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Terms and definitions 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Principles of tailoring 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 General 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Project characteristics 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Responsibility 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5 Tailoring process 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1 Overview 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Tailoring template 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Process steps 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex A (informative) Example tailoring template, programmatic
factors 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.1 Introduction to the example tailoring template 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 Example tailoring template, programmatic factors, using ESA as acustomer 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figures
Figure 1: Tailoring process flowchart 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1
Scope
1.1 GeneralThis Standard is part of a collection of ECSS Standards belonging to the manage-ment branch. It defines the process of tailoring, applicable to all standards in theM--, Q--, and E-- branches of ECSS as a guideline.
This Standard defines the objectives, principles, methods and processes of tailor-ing, which are necessary for the establishment of project requirement documents.
1.2 ObjectiveThe objective of thisStandard is to facilitate the application of a coherentapproachto the tailoring of ECSS Standards, and their subsequent implementation andtraceability for a specific project.
1.3 ApplicabilityThe requirement for tailoring is applicable to all customers at all levels in a spaceproject, in accordancewith the definitions of the customer-supplier network as de-fined in ECSS--M--00. This Standard lays down applicable principles, and ident-ifies a method for tailoring of ECSS Standards. It does not address contributionsfrom the supplier towards the finalization of the project requirement document,which is envisaged as part of the contractual negotiation process.
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2
Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through referencein this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of any of these publications do not apply.However, parties to agreements based on this ECSS Standard are encouraged toinvestigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normativedocuments indicated below. For undated references the latest edition of the publi-cation referred to applies.
ECSS--M--00 Space project management — Policy and principles
ECSS--M--00--03 Space project management — Risk management
ECSS--P--001 Glossary of terms
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3
Terms and definitions
The following term and definition is specific to this Standard in the sense that itis complementary or additional with respect to those contained in ECSS--P--001.
tailoringthe process by which individual requirements of specifications, standards, and re-lated documents are evaluated, and made applicable to a specific project by selec-tion, and in some exceptional cases, modification of existing or addition of new re-quirements
NOTE The evaluation determines the extent to which the require-ments are most suitable for the acquisition or developmentof constituents of a space project.
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4
Principles of tailoring
4.1 GeneralThe general principles for the tailoring of ECSS Standards are as follows:
a. Applicable standards subject to tailoring, are identified by the customer.
b. The set of applicable requirements from the identified standards are estab-lished through an integrated approach, after balanced consideration of theproject phase, management, quality and technical aspects of the project, andthe analysis of cost-technical drivers and risks.
c. Tailoring is performed at each level of the project hierarchy by the relevantcustomer, to ensure that the requirements selected are only those necessaryfor the successful completion of the work under the relevant business agree-ment. Therefore, as amatter of principle, tailoring results in an appropriatelylightened set of requirements at the lower level of the customer-supplier net-work.
d. Tailoring at all levels is performed systematically in accordance with themethod described in this Standard.
e. Tailoring is performed for each phase of the project to ensure that due accountis taken of the necessary shift in management objectives and emphases.
f. Overall programme requirements are taken into account while tailoring isperformed during the life cycle of the project, in conjunction with specific pro-ject phases, and for the relevant agreements when the parameters change.
g. The identification of exceptional requirements to be mandatorily applied ateach level of the customer-supplier network, to ensure that higher-level cus-tomer requirements are reflected at the lower levels of the organization.
h. In special cases new requirements, which are not included in the standards,are introduced into the project requirements documents. This occurrenceshould be minimized, and the addition of new requirements should be justi-fied. The same principle applies to themodification or substitution of existingrequirements. While adding or substituting requirements, the coherence ofthe overall requirements is maintained.
i. The tailoringprocessaddresses theneed to reviewandharmonize the selectedrequirements, to ensure that a coherent set of requirements is developed, andalso to ensure elimination of not applicable requirements.
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4.2 Project characteristicsProject characteristics are the primary influence on the decisions taken during therequirements tailoring process. All tailoring decisions taken are driven by thecharacteristics identified for the project and the associated considerations.
The identification of project characteristics is the prerequisite to establish the pro-ject context, scope, scale, orientation and the key project elements important tosuccessful achievement of objectives.
Project characteristics are defined in bothprogrammatic and technical terms.Pro-grammatic characteristics, with a stronger subjective element, focus on strategicaspects of the project: risk policy, political, financial, economic, contractual.Mission, engineering, scientific and generally product-oriented factors determinethe objective technical characteristics.
Examples of such characteristics in the programmatic domain are included in theexample tailoring template (see annex A).
4.3 ResponsibilityTailoring is the responsibility of and performed by the relevant customer at eachlevel of the project hierarchy in accordance with the overall principles of the cus-tomer-supplier network. Tailoring results in the establishment of the project re-quirements documents that form the basis for tailoring at the next level.
A further aspect of the responsibility of the customer’s organization with respectto tailoring, is for the management discipline to ensure the integration and har-monization of requirements across all project disciplines.
At any level of the customer-supplier network an appropriate authoritywithin theactor’s organization verifies the consistency of local procedures andmethodologieswith the application of ECSS Standards, in order to avoid conflict between cus-tomer and ECSS Standard requirements.
See ECSS--M--00 for a definition of the structure and responsibilities within thecustomer-supplier network.
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5
Tailoring process
5.1 OverviewConsidering the principles in clause 4, the tailoringprocess has several stages thatshall be completed in order to develop a full set of tailoredM--, Q--, and E-- require-ments which reflect the specific circumstances of the project in question.
The steps of the tailoring process are:
a. Identify project characteristics.
b. Analyse project characteristics and identified risks.
c. Select applicable standards subject to tailoring from related standards.
d. Select applicable requirements from applicable standards.
e. Harmonize M--, Q--, and E-- project requirements.
f. Verify that the tailored (additional or modified) requirements are consistentwith the set of ECSSStandards and respect the policies and constraints of theorganization.
g. Provide tailored requirements to project requirements documents.
The flowchart in Figure 1 depicts the sequencing of the activities of the tailoringprocess, together with the respective inputs and outputs, relationships with otherprocesses. Although this process is not prescriptive, it provides a framework tocomplete the tailoring process with proper consideration of all factors.
Included in the tailoring process flowchart is the concept of the “tailoring tem-plate”. The tailoring template provides a concept to enable the tailoring process.A tailoring template example is defined addressing programmatic project char-acteristics (see annex A).
The tailoring process involves performing the tasks of tailoring according to thelogic suggested by the flowchart and the example tailoring template. The outputis the record of the tailoring decisions and serves as the list of harmonized, tailoredrequirements which shall be the final input to the project requirements docu-ments.
If appropriate technology is available, the tailoring templates may be completedelectronically, serving both to support the addition and modification of require-ments and to provide a clear means of presenting the final list of tailored stan-dards.
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Analyse project charac-teristics and identified
risks
Identify project charac-teristics
Select applicable standardsfrom related standards
Select applicable requirementsfrom applicable standards
Harmonize M-, Q-, E- project requirements
Provide tailored requirements to projectrequirements documents
1
2 3
4
5
Relevant background data
Tailoring template
Project characteristicsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section A)
ECSS M-, Q- and E- Standards
Cost, risk and technical driversApplicable standards
See 5.2 Tailoring Template (Section C)
Selected/tailored M-, Q-, E- requirementsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section D)
Risk assessment
Tailoring considerationsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section B)
ECSS-M-00-03
Tailoring considerationsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section B)
Harmonized selected/tailored M-, Q-, E-See 5.2 Tailoring template (Section D) Proposed input to PRDs
Verify that tailored requirements are consistentwith the set of ECSS Standards and respect or-
ganizational policies/constraints6
7
Customer policies andconstraints
Figure 1: Tailoring process flowchart
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5.2 Tailoring templateThe following is an example of a tailoring template with a description of the col-umns in it.
(Section A) (Section B) (Section C) (Section D)
P a ati t h i al Tail i R lat d R lat dApplicability Comments
Programmatic or technicalcharacteristic
Tailoringconsiderations
Relatedstandards
Relatedreqmts
Y N M ACommentson
tincharacteristic considerations standards
nreqmts
n n n n exceptions
Programmatic ortechnical characteristic(Section A)
These are attributes of the project that defines its context and mostsignificant features, and together with the tailoring considerations,are the key drivers in the tailoring of standards and requirements.Characteristics are defined at both programmatic and technicaldomains together with the impact they have on other relevantcharacteristics and with those they are influenced by.
Tailoringconsiderations(Section B)
Tailoring considerations are factors to consider that have a bearingon selection of requirements in the light of the associated projectcharacteristic. They detail how the project characteristic shall betaken into account when selecting and applying standards andrequirements.Considerations are based on accrued experience, lessons learned fromprevious projects, and best practice, and are provided as examplesonly, to aid deliberation.
Related standard(Section C)
These are the standards which are related to the project characteristicand tailoring considerations, and are identified in the tailoringtemplate, for determining their applicability.
Related requirements(Section D)
These are the requirements identified in the applicable standardsthat have a bearing on the project characteristic and associatedconsideration, and are identified in the tailoring template, fordetermining their applicability.
n Indicates the selection of the characteristic or related standards andrequirements which are made applicable to the project.
Related requirementsapplicability
Y YesN No
(Section D)N NoM ModifiedM ModifiedA Additional requirementsA Additional requirements
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5.3 Process steps
5.3.1 Identify project characteristicsThe first step of the tailoring process shall identify the project objectives, scope,constraints and the environment in which the project is executed. This shall beperformed in a systematicmanner, by screening the project against the character-istics identified in the programmatic and technical characteristics tailoring tem-plates. The screening process shall be supported by:
D results from previous project phases;
D experience gained from similar projects in a comparable context;
D other background information available to the actor responsible for the tailor-ing.
The projectmanager and key project personnel shall be responsible for identifyingproject characteristics in the template.
This process of identifying project characteristics shall encompass that each pro-grammatic and technical characteristic is screened for applicability to the specificproject. Those relevant to the overall tailoring process not identified in the ap-propriate sections of the tailoring templates shall also be recorded. The output ofthis activity, the results and associated considerations, shall be documented in thetailoring template.
5.3.2 Analyse project characteristics and identified risksAfter identifying project characteristics, the project shall be analysed to identifysignificant cost and technical drivers, critical issues and specific constraints. Thepurpose of this activity is to identify and evaluate inherent and induced risks, to-gether with areas of the project that are candidates for simplification.
Resulting project risk factors shall be recorded, and following consideration of theproject life cycle and the various project disciplines, the causes and consequencesof the identified risks shall be determined. The output from this process shall bea documented suite of cost-technical drivers and risks, with roughly-estimatedrisk consequences.
The tailoring templates, and the identification and quantification of major driversand risk factors, together with mitigation strategies, provides the basis for theselection of requirements from ECSS Standards appropriate to the project objec-tives and context.
5.3.3 Select applicable standards from related standardsIn parallel with the analysis of project characteristics, the ECSS M--, Q--, and E--Standards related to theproject characteristics shall be identified, for the selectionof those which are made applicable to the project.
The process to select applicable standards shall have as input, the known cus-tomer policies and constraints, the ECSS M--, Q--, and E-- Standards, and thetailoring considerations section of the tailoring templates, to guide the actors re-sponsible in the completion of the related standards section of the template.
The output from this process shall be standards selected from the list of relatedstandards recorded in the appropriate sections of the tailoring templates, follow-ing the detailed analysis of ECSSM--, Q--, andE-- Standards against the identifiedproject characteristics.
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5.3.4 Analyse selected standards for applicability ofindividual requirements
Following the analysis of project characteristics and the selection of applicableM--,Q--, and E-- Standards, the selected standards shall be assessed against the cost-technical drivers and quantified risks and mitigation strategies. The objectivehere is to determine the applicability of each selected requirement to the project.Moreover, modifications to individual requirements may be proposed, should achange be necessary to avoid or reduce the probability of the occurrence of anidentified risk.
This process shall have as input the cost-technical drivers, the risk items (theseare outputs from 5.2), the tailoring considerations and the selected standards asrecorded in the tailoring templates.
The first stage in this task shall be to analyse which requirements of the selectedstandards (M--, Q--, and E--) are applicable. In some exceptional cases, additionalrequirements should be defined.
The output from this process is a draft tailoring template identifying the selected-tailored ECSS M--, Q--, and E-- Standards proposed by the different disciplines,with proposed modifications and, exceptionally, new requirements appropriate tothe project characteristics and the documented cost-technical drivers and risks.These shall be documented in the final section of the tailoring templates.
5.3.5 Harmonize proposed project-specific requirements formanagement, product assurance and engineering
Following the selection of project-specific standards and requirements, togetherwith the proposed requirement modifications to cater for particular project cir-cumstances, the resulting tailoring templates prepared by the various disciplines(management, product assurance and engineering) should be reviewed by the pro-ject team to ensure consistency between the selected standards and requirements,to eliminate the risk of conflict or misinterpretation.
The output from this process shall be the harmonized tailoredM--, Q--, E-- require-ments, manifested in updates to the tailoring templates, that can be now verifiedfor acceptability as an input to the project requirements documents.
5.3.6 Verify that tailored requirements are consistent with theset of ECSS Standards and respect organizationalpolicies/constraints
In this step the appropriate authority in the actor’s organization verifies that thetailored set of requirements proposed by the project organization does not deviatefrom the principles laid down in the standards, and that the locally established po-licies and existing constraints have been taken into account. This step shall be per-formed to ensure adherence to the set of ECSS Standards and to scrutinize excep-tions.
5.3.7 Issue project requirements documentsAt the final stage in the tailoring process the tailored requirements shall be in-cluded in the project requirements documents.
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Annex A (informative)
Example tailoring template, programmatic factors
A.1 Introduction to the example tailoring templateExamples of tailoring for a variety of project characteristics are given in the tem-plate. These are provided to demonstrate the concept of systematic tailoring andare not exhaustive.
The tailoring considerations indicated in conjunction with the project characteris-tics are major “hints”; organizations performing tailoringmay havemore or otherconsiderations which are specific to their environment and experience. These“hints” can be expanded by the tailoring organizations as appropriate.
The characteristics and considerations should not be analysed in isolation, buttheir relationship to and impact on other characteristics and considerationsshould also be looked at.
The related standards and requirements for each characteristic which are shownas “pre-selected”, are intended to ease the tailoring exercise, so that not all ECSSStandards and requirements are screened but only thosewhich are relevant to thecharacteristics. The current examples include “M” references and should be ex-panded to include “Q” and “E”.
The presentation of all ECSS Standards and requirements and their mappingagainst project specific characteristics, together with their complex relationshipcan be accomplished by introducing a database approach.
ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A
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A.2
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ECSS 25 April 2000
ECSS--M--00--02A
25
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dl
ij
td
dt
tht
jve
ryhi
ghp
gw
hile
deve
lopi
ngne
wpr
ojec
tsan
dpr
oduc
tsth
atar
est
ate
ofth
ear
tin
term
sof
tech
nolo
gyan
dj
high
are
stat
eof
the
art
inte
rms
ofte
chno
logy
and
perf
orm
ance
tech
nolo
gica
lris
ksh
ould
bew
ell
jm
ediu
mpe
rfor
man
ce,
tech
nolo
gica
lris
ksh
ould
bew
ell
dete
rmin
edto
focu
sat
tent
ion
onth
ose
proj
ects
jlo
wde
term
ined
tofo
cus
atte
ntio
non
thos
epr
ojec
tsth
atar
em
ore
subj
ect
topo
ssib
lefa
ilure
and
that
are
mor
esu
bjec
tto
poss
ible
failu
rean
dto
addr
ess
the
need
edac
tions
tom
itiga
teth
et
ik
gco
nseq
uent
risks
.
Dur
atio
nAs
the
dura
tion
ofa
proj
ect
incr
ease
s,th
esc
hedu
lem
anag
emen
tre
quire
men
tssh
ould
bet
ild
dil
Rti
fi
M-1
0Aj
5.3.
3j
jj
j
j<
1ye
arta
ilore
dac
cord
ingl
y.Re
porti
ngfre
quen
cies
shou
ldre
flect
the
over
all
dura
tion,
exte
ndin
gas
the
dura
tion
incr
ease
s
M-6
0Aj
7.4
7.8
j jj j
j jj j
j<
3ye
ars
the
dura
tion
incr
ease
s.Si
mila
rlyth
ele
vel
ofde
tail
shou
ldde
crea
sew
ithdu
ratio
n,w
ithem
phas
ison
trend
repo
rtsan
dj
<6
year
sdu
ratio
n,w
ithem
phas
ison
trend
repo
rtsan
dde
viat
ion
repo
rting
tohi
ghlig
htpr
oble
mar
eas.
Inca
seof
very
long
proj
ects
ace
ntra
lized
j<
10ye
ars
Inca
seof
very
long
proj
ects
ace
ntra
lized
sche
dule
data
base
acce
ssm
aybe
cons
ider
edra
ther
than
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ine
repo
rts.
Hie
rarc
hyco
mpl
exity
Asth
ede
pth
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proj
ect
orga
niza
tion
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ease
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ere
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ngth
roug
hth
ehi
erar
chy
beco
mes
M-1
0Aj
5.4.
25.
4.4
j jj j
j jj j
j1
leve
lth
ere
porti
ngth
roug
hth
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erar
chy
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mes
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eco
mpl
exan
dle
ngth
y.To
addr
ess
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lem
requ
irem
ents
for
notif
icat
ion
of
5.4.
4j
jj
j
j2
leve
lspr
oble
m,
requ
irem
ents
for
notif
icat
ion
ofpr
oble
ms
dire
ctly
todi
ffere
ntac
tors
shou
ldbe
cons
ider
ed
M-6
0Aj
7.8
jj
jj
j3
leve
lsco
nsid
ered
.Th
ene
edfo
rst
ruct
ure,
such
asa
resp
onsi
bilit
yst
ruct
ure
and
busi
ness
agre
emen
tst
ruct
ure
also
j4
leve
lsst
ruct
ure
and
busi
ness
agre
emen
tst
ruct
ure,
also
incr
ease
sw
ithth
eco
mpl
exity
ofth
eor
gani
zatio
n,ith
tb
ii
dt
idtif
dj
5le
vels
gw
ithcu
stom
ers
bein
gre
quire
dto
iden
tify
and
llt
it
fib
iliti
tli
j5
leve
lsal
loca
tein
terf
ace
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
tosu
pplie
rs.
ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A
26
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
ns
Appl
icab
ility
Rela
ted
reqm
tsRe
late
dst
an-
dard
sTa
ilorin
gco
nsid
erat
ions
Prog
ram
mat
icch
arac
teris
tic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsA
MN
YRe
late
dre
qmts
Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
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ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
n
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men
tson
exce
ptio
nsn
nn
n
Rela
ted
reqm
tsn
Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
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ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
Coun
tries
/act
ors
invo
lved
The
num
ber
ofac
tors
invo
lved
isre
late
dto
the
proj
ect
size
and
type
ofpr
oduc
tsto
bede
liver
ed,
indu
cing
diffe
rent
dept
hsof
proj
ect
orga
niza
tion,
but
can
also
incr
ease
depe
ndin
gon
the
type
ofco
oper
atio
n.
M-1
0Aj
5.4.
25.
4.4
j jj j
j jj j
j1
-5
ofco
oper
atio
n.As
the
num
ber
ofac
tors
incr
ease
s,so
does
the
need
for
clea
ran
dpr
ecis
ere
spon
sibi
lity/
auth
ority
boun
darie
sfo
rin
terf
aces
and
for
stru
ctur
essu
chas
resp
onsi
bilit
yst
ruct
ure
M-2
0Aj
4.2.
10j
jj
j
j5
-10
and
for
stru
ctur
essu
chas
resp
onsi
bilit
yst
ruct
ure
and
busi
ness
agre
emen
tst
ruct
ure.
Inad
ditio
n,co
nsid
erat
ion
shou
ldbe
give
nto
prov
ide
for
impr
ovin
gco
mm
unic
atio
nsbe
twee
nth
jt
th
llti
tij
10-
20th
epr
ojec
tac
tors
,su
chas
collo
catio
nro
utin
ete
leco
nfer
enci
ng,
mai
nten
ance
ofpr
ojec
tdi
rect
orie
san
dan
auto
mat
edac
tion
item
syst
em.
Impo
sed
cont
ract
ing
appr
oach
jCo
stre
imbu
rsem
ent
The
obje
ctiv
eis
toen
sure
aco
llect
ive
set
ofd
tt
id
ti
ibili
tf
tht
dM
-10A
j4.
6.1
jj
jj
jda
tato
give
adeq
uate
visi
bilit
yof
the
cost
and
man
pow
erex
pend
iture
agai
nst
proj
ect
prog
ress
M-6
0Aj
5.6
jj
jj
man
pow
erex
pend
iture
agai
nst
proj
ect
prog
ress
.5.
11j
jj
j
jFi
xed
pric
eco
ntra
cts
The
obje
ctiv
eis
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sure
aco
llect
ive
set
ofd
tt
id
ti
ibili
tft
ht
it
M-1
0Aj
4.6.
1j
jj
jp
jda
tato
give
adeq
uate
visi
bilit
yof
the
cost
agai
nst
proj
ect
prog
ress
M-6
0Aj
5.6
jj
jj
proj
ect
prog
ress
.5.
11j
jj
j
5.20
jj
jj
jFi
rmfix
edpr
ice
cont
ract
sTh
eob
ject
ive
isto
ensu
rea
colle
ctiv
ese
tof
dt
ti
dt
iib
ilit
fth
ti
tM
-10A
j4.
6.1
jj
jj
pj
data
togi
vead
equa
tevi
sibi
lity
ofth
eco
stag
ains
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ojec
tm
ilest
ones
achi
evem
ent
M-6
0Aj
5.11
jj
jj
proj
ect
mile
ston
esac
hiev
emen
t.5.
20j
jj
j
ECSS 25 April 2000
ECSS--M--00--02A
27
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
ns
Appl
icab
ility
Rela
ted
reqm
tsRe
late
dst
an-
dard
sTa
ilorin
gco
nsid
erat
ions
Prog
ram
mat
icch
arac
teris
tic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsA
MN
YRe
late
dre
qmts
Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
Tailo
ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsn
nn
n
Rela
ted
reqm
tsn
Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
Tailo
ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
Indu
stria
lpol
icy
cons
train
tsj
No
cons
train
tN
ore
porti
ngj
Euro
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coun
tries
Whe
reth
ecu
stom
eris
oblig
ated
toen
sure
geog
raph
ical
dist
ribut
ion
repo
rting
byth
eM
-60A
j5.
85
9j j
j jj j
j jge
ogra
phic
aldi
strib
utio
n,re
porti
ngby
the
supp
liers
shou
ldbe
done
.5.
9j
jj
j
jEE
Cco
untri
esW
here
the
cust
omer
isob
ligat
edto
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rege
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phic
aldi
strib
utio
nre
porti
ngby
the
M-6
0Aj
5.8
59
j jj j
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geog
raph
ical
dist
ribut
ion,
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rting
byth
esu
pplie
rssh
ould
bedo
ne.
5.9
jj
jj
jES
Am
embe
rst
ates
Whe
reth
ecu
stom
eris
oblig
ated
toen
sure
geog
raph
ical
dist
ribut
ion
repo
rting
byth
eM
-60A
j5.
85
9j j
j jj j
j jge
ogra
phic
aldi
strib
utio
n,re
porti
ngby
the
supp
liers
shou
ldbe
done
.5.
9j
jj
j
jES
Am
embe
rst
ates
and
USA
Whe
reth
ecu
stom
eris
oblig
ated
toen
sure
geog
raph
ical
dist
ribut
ion
repo
rting
byth
eM
-60A
j5.
85
9j j
j jj j
j jge
ogra
phic
aldi
strib
utio
n,re
porti
ngby
the
supp
liers
shou
ldbe
done
.5.
9j
jj
j
ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A
28
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
ns
Appl
icab
ility
Rela
ted
reqm
tsRe
late
dst
an-
dard
sTa
ilorin
gco
nsid
erat
ions
Prog
ram
mat
icch
arac
teris
tic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsA
MN
YRe
late
dre
qmts
Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
Tailo
ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsn
nn
n
Rela
ted
reqm
tsn
Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
Tailo
ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
Fund
ing
jPu
blic
Repo
rting
requ
irem
ents
shou
lden
sure
acce
ssto
data
suffi
cien
tto
mee
tth
eob
ligat
ions
ofth
eM
-60A
j5.
85.
9j j
j jj j
j jg
cust
omer
and
the
publ
ic,
and
for
cont
rol
ofge
ogra
phic
aldi
strib
utio
n,as
appl
icab
le.
jj
jj
jPr
ivat
eCo
nsid
erat
ion
shou
ldbe
give
nto
spec
ific
cons
umer
requ
irem
ents
,in
aco
-ord
inat
edfa
shio
nw
ithth
eEC
SSSt
anda
rds,
inpa
rticu
lar
any
impo
sed
cont
ract
ing
appr
oach
es.
jCo
-fun
ded
Repo
rting
requ
irem
ents
shou
lden
sure
data
suffi
cien
tto
mee
tth
eob
ligat
ions
ofth
ecu
stom
erM
-60A
j5.
85.
9j j
j jj j
j jg
for
repo
rting
toth
eco
nsum
er,
and
for
cont
rol
ofge
ogra
phic
aldi
strib
utio
nas
appl
icab
le.
jLi
mite
dLi
mite
dfu
nds
orav
aila
bilit
yne
cess
itate
sca
refu
lin
tegr
ated
cost
and
sche
dule
plan
ning
toen
sure
M-6
0Aj
5.6
512
j jj j
j jj j
inte
grat
edco
stan
dsc
hedu
lepl
anni
ng,
toen
sure
expe
nditu
res
are
kept
with
inth
eco
stba
selin
e.I
lt
tif
di
tt
thd
5.12
5.13
514
j j j
j j j
j j j
j j jIm
plem
enta
tion
ofde
sign
-to-c
ost
met
hods
shou
ldbe
done
for
limite
dfu
nds.
5.14
5.24
j jj j
j jj j
shou
ldbe
done
for
limite
dfu
nds.
Stric
tcon
trolo
fcha
nges
and
pote
ntia
lcos
tite
ms,
toge
ther
with
regu
lar
estim
ates
atco
mpl
etio
n
5.24
5.25
j jj j
j jj j
toge
ther
with
regu
lar
estim
ates
atco
mpl
etio
nsh
ould
beex
ecut
ed.
The
dire
ctim
pact
ofth
eli
itti
thj
tl
dh
dl
limita
tion
onth
epr
ojec
tva
lue
and
sche
dule
,an
din
dire
ctl y
onits
com
plex
ity,
mak
eco
mpl
ete
and
indi
rect
lyon
itsco
mpl
exity
,m
ake
com
plet
ean
dun
ambi
guou
sde
finiti
onof
the
proj
ect
boun
darie
sby
the
cons
umer
and
first
leve
lM
-20A
j5.
25
3j j
j jj j
j jbo
unda
ries
byth
eco
nsum
eran
dfir
stle
vel
cust
omer
indi
spen
sabl
e.5.
3j
jj
j
ECSS 25 April 2000
ECSS--M--00--02A
29
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
ns
Appl
icab
ility
Rela
ted
reqm
tsRe
late
dst
an-
dard
sTa
ilorin
gco
nsid
erat
ions
Prog
ram
mat
icch
arac
teris
tic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsA
MN
YRe
late
dre
qmts
Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
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ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsn
nn
n
Rela
ted
reqm
tsn
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ted
stan
-da
rds
Tailo
ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
ogra
mm
atic
char
acte
ristic
Sche
dulin
gj
Fixe
dPr
ojec
tsw
itha
fixed
targ
et,
such
assa
telli
tere
ndez
vous
ing
with
aco
met
requ
irest
rict
M-6
0Aj
7.2
jj
jj
rend
ezvo
usin
gw
itha
com
etre
quire
stric
tsc
hedu
leco
ntro
l.Re
quire
men
tssh
ould
stre
ss7.
3j
jj
jsc
hedu
leco
ntro
l.Re
quire
men
tssh
ould
stre
sspr
oact
ive
sche
dule
man
agem
ent
and
ensu
read
equa
tere
porti
ngfo
rvi
sibi
lity
parti
cula
rly7.
4j
jj
jad
equa
tere
porti
ngfo
rvi
sibi
lity,
parti
cula
rlyfo
cusi
ngon
notif
icat
ion
ofpr
oble
ms
ina
timel
y7.
6j
jj
jg
py
man
ner,
the
care
ful
use
ofre
sour
ces,
float
and
ensu
ring
that
criti
cal
elem
ents
are
mon
itore
d7.
8j
jj
jen
surin
gth
atcr
itica
lel
emen
tsar
em
onito
red
cont
inuo
usly
.7.
9j
jj
j
jTi
edto
othe
rpr
ojec
tsPr
ojec
tsw
ithsc
hedu
les
inte
grat
edw
ithot
her
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ects
requ
ireca
refu
lid
entif
icat
ion
ofin
terf
aces
and
esta
blis
hmen
tof
mile
ston
esto
mon
itor
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ress
.Th
isis
impo
rtant
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toen
sure
targ
ets
7.3
7.8
7.9
j j j
j j j
j j j
j j j
This
isim
porta
nt,
not
only
toen
sure
targ
ets
are
met
,bu
tal
soto
allo
wre
laxa
tion
ofth
esc
hedu
lew
here
dela
ysar
ere
cord
edon
rela
ted
proj
ects
.Re
porti
ngof
the
sche
dule
rela
ted
toth
em
ilest
ones
shou
ldbe
cons
ider
ed.
ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A
30
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
ns
Appl
icab
ility
Rela
ted
reqm
tsRe
late
dst
an-
dard
sTa
ilorin
gco
nsid
erat
ions
Prog
ram
mat
icch
arac
teris
tic
n
Com
men
tson
exce
ptio
nsA
MN
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late
dre
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Rela
ted
stan
-da
rds
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ring
cons
ider
atio
nsPr
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atic
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acte
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n
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men
tson
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ptio
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nn
n
Rela
ted
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tsn
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ted
stan
-da
rds
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ring
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ider
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ogra
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atic
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Proj
ectP
hase
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ted
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men
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nj
Phas
eO
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Proj
ect
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ewPr
ojec
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ehe
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ston
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the
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lusi
onof
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orst
age
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eM
-30A
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16.
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j jj j
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tre
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ECSS 25 April 2000
ECSS--M--00--02A
31
n
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ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A
32
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ECSS 25 April 2000
ECSS--M--00--02A
33
ECSS Document Improvement Proposal1. Document I.D.ECSS--M--00--02A
2. Document date25 April 2000
3. Document titleTailoring of space standards
4. Recommended improvement (identify clauses, subclauses and include modified text orgraphic, attach pages as necessary)
5. Reason for recommendation
6. Originator of recommendation
Name: Organization:
Address: Phone:Fax:e-mail:
7. Date of submission:
8. Send to ECSS Secretariat
Name:W. KriedteESA--TOS/QR
Address:ESTEC, P.O. Box 2992200 AG NoordwijkThe Netherlands
Phone: +31--71--565--3952Fax: +31--71--565--6839e-mail: [email protected]
Note: The originator of the submission should complete items 4, 5, 6 and 7.This form is available as a Word and Wordperfect--Template on internet under
http://www.estec.esa.nl/ecss/improve/
ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A
34
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prEN CST02004Date: 2000-02
i
Contents
Foreword iii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction iv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Scope 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 General 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2 Objective 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3 Applicability 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Normative references 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Terms and definitions 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Principles of tailoring 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 General 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 Project characteristics 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Responsibility 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Tailoring process 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 Overview 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 Tailoring template 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3 Process steps 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Identify project characteristics 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.2 Analyse project characteristics and identified risks 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.3 Select applicable standards from related standards 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.4 Analyse selected standards for applicability of individual requirements 7. . . . . . . . .5.3.5 Harmonize management, product assurance and engineering proposed
project-specific requirements 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.6 Verify that tailored requirements are consistent with the set of European Space
Standards and respect organizational policies/constraints 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.7 Issue project requirements document 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex A (informative) Example tailoring template, programmatic factors 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.1 Introduction to the example tailoring template 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.2 Example tailoring template, programmatic factors, using ESA as a customer 10. . . . . . .
Figures
Figure 1 — Tailoring process flowchart 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .