SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS OF THE URBAN CORES IN INDIA.pdf

8/14/2019 SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS OF THE URBAN CORES IN INDIA.pdf

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PAPERREF#8028

Proceedings:EighthInternationalSpaceSyntaxSymposium

EditedbyM.Greene,J.ReyesandA.Castro.SantiagodeChile:PUC,2012.

8028:1

SPATIALCONFIGURATIONSOFTHEURBANCORESIN

CENTRALINDIA

AUTHOR: PriyaCHOUDHARYVisvesvarayaNationalInstituteofTechnology,India

email:[email protected]

VinayakADANE

DepartementofArchitecture,VisvesvarayaNationalInstituteofTechnology,India

KEYWORDS: UrbanCores,OrganicPattern,TraditionalBuiltEnvironments,SpatialConfiguration,UserPreferences

THEME: UrbanStructureandSpatialDistribution

AbstractIndia,being inarapidphaseofurbanization;themajorityofthesmallandmediumsizecitiesaregrowing

since last decade. These cities usually have a traditional settlement as an urban core, developed in the

medievalperiodwithanorganicpatternandalmostfrozen intime,protecting its labyrinthinequalities,till

the19th

century. Forplanners, such built environments with an organic spatial organization are usually

chaoticduetoobviousgeometricirregularitywhichisconsideredasdisorder.Yet,thespatialconfiguration

seemsquite inharmonywith theusersof thatenvironment there.But thisharmony isgetting lost in the

emergingurbanenvironments inthedevelopingcities.This isbecauseofthe lackofunderstandingofuser

preferences,whileplanninganddesigningtheurbanbuiltenvironments. Thishasalotofphysicalandsocial

implicationsindevelopingcitiessuchasenvironmentalandsocioculturalconflicts. Thisdoesnotmeanthat

thesegrowing

cities

should

not

develop,

but

there

is

aneed

to

understand

the

user

preferences,

to

deal

appropriatelywithemergingurbanbuiltenvironments.

TheresearchisintendedwiththeneedofunderstandingbuiltenvironmentsinselectIndiancities incentral

India, in terms of their configuration to understand culture specific human preferences about space

proxemics.The researchhasbeenfosteredbyquestions: (1)How tounderstandandquantify the spatial

configurationsoforganicallyevolvedbuiltenvironmentsofurban cores in Indian cities? (2)Basedon the

configurationparameters,canoneunderstand thehumanaspects in termsofuserpreferencesabout the

spaceproxemics,intheIndiancontext.

Continuity and linkages with its kinesthetic is an important characteristic of traditional Indian built

environment.

Hence,

there

is

a

need

to

understand

built

environments

in

the

traditional

urban

cores

as

a

systemofspaceswithitstopologyandembeddedlogicaboutitshumanaspects.Spacesyntaxisselected

asamajortheoreticalpremisefortheresearchundertaken.

Indiaisavastcountrywithalotofdiversity.Hence,theurbancoresoffivedevelopingcitiesincentralIndia

with similar topographic, climatic conditions; are considered for the study. They are investigated by

representingthem intermsofasystemofspacesthroughaxialmapsandanalyzedusingDepthmap.Thus,


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SantiagodeChile:PUC,2012.

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Fig1:TraditionalcoreofNasik:Builtenvironmentanditsusers

thededucedsyntacticidentityinIndianbuiltenvironmentsisthenreviewedwithrespecttotheotherpartsof

theworld;referringthealreadyconductedresearchworks,throughsecondarysources.

Theanalysisofselectedexamplesshowssomesimilarityintermsofsyntacticidentity.Thesyntacticidentity

of the Indian traditional built environments shows some similaritywith the traditional Iranian cities but

otherwise it is quite different than the traditional built environments from other parts of world. The

placementof

important

religious,

administrative

or

commercial

urban

activity

nodes,

in

the

overall

spatial

configurationhashelpedtodeducetheculturespecifichumanpreferencesaboutspaceproxemics. Fromthis

research,aneffortismadetoexplicitlystatethespatialconfigurationasconcealedspatialrulesorprinciples

ofurbanismintheIndianbuiltenvironments,soastoevolveahumaneapproachtowardsthespatialdesign

ofemergingbuiltenvironmentsinurbanIndia.

1.BACKGROUND

India,beinginarapidphaseofurbanization;exceptveryfewurbanizedmetropolitancities,themajorityof

thesmallandmediumsizecitiesarenowgrowingsincethelastdecade.Thesecitiesusuallyhavetraditional

settlementasanurbancore,developedinthemedievalperiodwithanorganicpatternandalmostfrozenin

timetillthe19th

century;protectingitslabyrinthinequalities.Traditionally,notonlyinIndiabutinmostof

theworld,builtenvironmentsevolvedgraduallyand thevaluesabouthumanpreferencesgotembedded

intoit.Theseactedasaregulatororcontrollerofitsprogression.

Formodernplanners,thetraditionallyevolvedbuilt

environments with organic spatial organization are

usuallychaoticduetoobviousgeometricirregularity

which is considered as a disorder. (Karimi, 1997)

The traditionally evolved built environments may

havesomeproblemsintermsofphysicalparameters

suchasaccessibility,maintenancelevel,hygieneetc.;

buttheyseemtobeinharmonywiththeusers.(fig.

1)Thisharmonyisgettinglostintheemergingurban

environments of developing cities, though these

urban environments satisfy most of the physical

parameters. This is because of the lack of

understanding of user preferences, while planning

and

designing

the

urban

built

environments.

User

preferencesintermsofspaceproxemicsvarydueto

theculturaldifferences. Spaceproxemics isaterm

for the mans use of space as a specialized

elaboration of culture.(Hall, 1966) In India, in the

post independenceperiod; theurbanenvironments

are usually dealt on the basis of planning norms


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based on the British planning legacies. These norms have mostly ignored the culture specific user

preferences about space proxemics. The patterns of new spatial configuration, based on the urban

rationalityofthemodernplanningpractices,arebeinggrosslyappliedtotheexistingbuiltenvironmentsor

thedevelopingnewbuiltenvironments inIndia;withoutactuallyunderstanding itsappropriatenesstothe

Indiansituations.Thishasalotofphysicalandsocialimplicationssuchasenvironmentalandsociocultural

conflicts. One can observe the repercussions of the approach adopted to deal with the urban built

environments,inthemetrocitiesofIndiawhicharealreadydevelopedandarefacinginnumerablethreats.

Thisdoesnotmeanthatthesegrowingmediumsizecitiesshouldnotdevelop.However,thereisaneedto

understanduserpreferencesandtodealwiththeemergingurbanbuiltenvironmentsappropriately.

Thus,theresearchisintendedwiththeneedofunderstandingbuiltenvironmentsintraditionalurbancores

ofselectIndiancitiesincentralIndia,intermsoftheirspatialconfigurationsasaresultofuserpreferences.

Thismayhelptoevolveahumaneapproachtodealtheemergingbuiltenvironmentsindevelopingcitiesof

Indiawithobjectivity.Onlytraditionalurbancoresareconsideredforthestudyandnotthecompletecities,

astheobjective istounderstandtheembeddedhumanaspects intermsofuserpreferencesaboutspace

proxemics. If the complete cities are considered, the planned portions are also included and this would

obscuretheverypurposeofthestudy.

1.1NeedoftheStudy

Thephysicalcomponentof the urban environment is the built environment which in turn isverymuch

interrelated to the social environment as well. Built environments basically mean everything that is

humanely created, modified, arranged or maintained. Thus, collectively, the products and processes of

human creation are called the built environments. (McClure, Bartuska, & Bartuska, 2007) It is as old as

mankind.Yet,Builtenvironmentasaconcept; isarelativelyrecentandverymuchan inclusiveconcept.

Wehavebeenstudyingandanalyzingthebuiltenvironmentundertheheadssuchasarchitecture,urban

design,

urban

planning

etc.

Understanding

built

environment

as

an

all

inclusive

concept

makes

a

lot

of

difference as now the focus is on the interrelationships between its the components and the

interrelationshipsbetweenmanandenvironments.Hencebuiltenvironmentasaparadigm isrelevantfor

thestudyofuserpreferences.

Builtenvironmentsarebasicallyorganizationofspaceastheyconsistofspace(un built)andmatter(built)

(Fig.2).Thespacesarelinkedtoeachother,formingasystemofspaces.Thewaytheseindividualspaces

are formed and most importantly, linked together; is responsible for spatial configuration of the built

environment.Thesocioculturalaspectsintermsoftheuserpreferencesareresponsiblefortheevolutionof

spatial configuration in a built environment, over a period of time. Thus, the built environment and the

socialenvironmentaretwosidesofthesamecoinandthatisthesystemofspaces.Theyareverymuch

relatedandoneaffectstheother.Itsacyclicprocessandchangingqualityofthespatialconfigurations is

responsibleforthechangingsociallifeandviceversa.We,theplannersareresponsibleforshapingthebuilt

environmentandhencethereisaneedforunderstandinghumanaspectsintermsoftheuserpreferences,

foragivensocioculturalcontext.Insomesporadiceffortsbydesignersandplanners,thereisaneffortto

emulate and transplant some of the qualities of traditional built environments to the contemporary

emerging built environments with reference to obvious aspects such as irregular geometry, without

understandingtheinbuiltlogic,hasbeenmostlyunsuccessful.


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Fig.2:BuiltEnvironment:systemofspaces

IntheIndiancontext,onefindsthatthereisalack

of systematic studies to investigate the built

environments with respect to the spatial

configuration and the user preferences about

spaceproxemics.Whateverstudiesaredone,they

mostlyfocuson individualplaceswith itssize,

shape,qualityofenclosurethroughthedescriptive

analysis. Understanding a city through parts i.e.

places has its own limitations. Places dont make

citiesbutcitiesmakeplaces.(Hillier,2007)Hence,

aspatialconfigurationofbuiltenvironments,asa

continuous system of spaces, needs to be

understood. As mentioned earlier, the present

approachofdealingbuiltenvironmentsisbasedon

the normative planning practices based on the

British planning theories. There is a need to

develop

positive

theories

which

can

help

us

to

understand the user built environment

relationshipinIndiancontext.Thoughtheclassical

andmonumentalarchitecture iswellstudiedand

documented,thevernacularandtraditionalIndian

architecture, in terms of vast variety of settlements, isstill not researched upon fully.Whilehighlighting

about the rich variety of traditional/ vernacular built environments in India, Madhavi Desai(2007) has

sightedthequotefromDeForestsbookonIndianArchitecture;whichstates,Nocountryaffordsagreater

varietythanIndiawhereeachcityhasitsownpeculiaritiesindetailandplan.

BuiltenvironmentsofthegraduallyevolvedtraditionalIndiansettlementshavespatialconfigurationswhich

have encoded the intrinsic patterns of user preferences. Certainly, there is a need to decode that

informationbyanalyzingthespatialconfigurations,usingtheempiricalstudiesdoneearlier.

1.2TraditionalBuiltEnvironmentsinIndia:

Indias traditionalbuiltenvironmentsdonotconfine to thehistoricpreservedobjects frozen in timeand

space, but rather as cultural traditions which have transcended the time and space to remain alive and

appropriate even in the present. (Desai, 2007) India has a history full of intense, political and cultural

experiences. Therefore, it has multiple and pluralistic manifestations resulting in multi layered built

environments.Thus,theurbancoresofcitiesintermsoftraditionalsettlements;thoughhavedevelopedat

aparticularpointoftime,theywere lefttoevolve inaphysicalpatternassocietyevolved.Thus,tilldate,

these built environments have been very much living and thus evolving. The existing spatial

configurations in these built environments are a result of the process of natural selection of human

preferencesoveraperiodoftime.


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Fig.3:organicsettlement partplanofVaranasi

Secondly,as faras thespatialconfigurationof these

traditional Indian built environments is concerned,

continuity and linkages are important aspects. Being

organicpatterns,thespatialconfigurationhasmostly

a non linear organization through shifting axis of

movement.(fig.3)Ithelpsgraduallyunfoldthespaces

andintroduceanelementofsurprise.Therearepause

points and thresholds that help one reorient and

reaffirm bearings in space.( Pandya 2005) They are

presentinmostoftheIndianbuiltenvironmentsbutit

isnotenoughtounderstandthemasdescriptionsbut

these should be quantified by specific mechanism.

Hence if one wants to understand Indian built

environments,itisnecessarytounderstandthemasa

system of spaces with its intertwined relationships

betweenthepartsandawhole.

1.3ProblemIdentification:

Tounderstandtheorganicpatternof traditional Indianbuiltenvironments, it is importanttoquantify its

spatialconfiguration.Thewayspacesareconfiguredorarrangedorpatternedinasystemofspacescanbe

calledasaspatialconfiguration. Irregularity is theprimary featureoftheorganicpatternas itcannotbe

measuredingeometricpropertiessuchasrepetition,symmetry,parallelelements,andalignmentandsoon.

The Geometrical properties help us to find out order. Lack of such geometric properties in the organic

patternisresponsibleforlabellingitasadisorder.AStructureisabouttherelationshipbetweentheparts

andawholei.e.spatialconfiguration.Thus,thesetraditionalurbancoresthoughlackinanyobviousorder

butcertainlyhaveastructure.Hencetheseorganicallyevolvedpartsofcitiesthatareurbancores inthe

contemporarydevelopingIndiancities,ifanalysedintermsofspatialconfiguration,willhelptounderstand

itsspatialstructureasaresultoftheculturespecificuserpreferencesintheIndiancontext. Foranalysing

thesystemofspaceswithfocusonthespatialstructure,notonlythegeometryofspacesisimportantbut

moreimportantisthetopology.

1.4ResearchObjectivesandMethodology

TheresearchisintendedwiththeneedofunderstandingbuiltenvironmentsinselectIndiancitiesincentral

India, in terms of their configuration to understand culture specific human preferences about space

proxemics.The researchhasbeen fosteredbyquestions: (1)Howtounderstandandquantify thespatial

configurationsoforganicallyevolvedbuiltenvironmentsofurbancores in Indiancities? (2)Basedonthe

configurationparameters,canoneunderstandthehumanaspectsintermsofuserpreferencesaboutspace

proxemics,inIndiancontext?

Thustheprimaryresearchobjectivesare

1. To identify appropriate methodology to study and quantify the spatial configurations of organically

evolvedbuiltenvironmentsofurbancoresinIndiancities.


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2. Todeducethehumanaspectsintermsofuserpreferencesaboutspaceproxemics,inIndiancontext

2.EPISTEMOLOGICALBASIS:

The

synthesis

of

various

theories

to

create

a

framework

to

investigate

spatial

configuration;

can

become

the

required epistemological basis for such a research. Thus the study of number of identified important

theories isdone; to formulatebasis forpragmatic approach forcomprehending humanaspectsof Indian

traditionalbuiltenvironments.

TherelationshipofhumanaspectstobuiltenvironmenthasbeendiscussedbymanypioneerssuchasLewis

Mumford, Amos Rapoport and Christopher Alexander. Lewis Mumford(1961) was one of the pioneers

whose thinking about urban affairs was not limited up to physical structure but also focused on social

implicationsofitaswell.AmosRapoporthadhighlightedaneedtodevelopthescientificapproachtothe

studyofbuiltenvironment focusingonculturespecifichumanaspects.Hearguedthatthesetofrulesof

spatial organization are different for different groups.(Rapoport 1997). The sociocultural factors such as

userpreferences(whatyougiveimportanceto)keeponchangingwithtime,placeandpeopleandcanbe

understoodthroughthestudyofbuiltenvironments.

ChristopherAlexander,throughhistheories,alwaysfocusedonstructureandorderofbuiltenvironments.

Thushehasexplainedtheconceptoflife inanythingaroundus, includingbuiltenvironments.The idea

thatChristopherAlexander(2005)haspresented isthat;a livingprocessalwayshasenormousrespectfor

thestateandthemorphologyofwhatexistsandalways findsthenextstepforwardwhichpreservesthe

structureofwhatexistsandextendsitslatentstructure.Incaseofbuiltenvironmentsalso,ifwewantthem

tobe alive; theevolution has tobe inaccordancewithexistingstate.Therefore, todealemergingbuilt

environmentsindevelopingIndiancities,thereisaneedtodeducetheconfigurationofexistingtraditional

builtenvironmentsandthereasoningbehindthemintermsofhumanpreferences.

Tostudythebuiltenvironmentsintermsofhumanpreferencesresponsibleforitsstructure,itisnecessary

toquantifyitsspatialconfiguration.Forsuchastudyofspatialconfiguration,thespacesyntaxtheorybyBill

HillierandJulienneHanson(1984)hasbeenreferred.Spacesyntaxdescribesthetopologicalconnectionsof

unitspaces throughdepthanalysis, typically using thegraph theory. It is aboutunderstandingsystem of

spacesintermsofitsconfigurationproperties.Aspatialconfigurationisdefinedasarelationaffectedbythe

simultaneouscopresenceofatleastathirdelementandpossiblyallotherelementsinacomplex.Theaim

ofthenumericalsideofsyntacticanalysisistodeepenthedescriptionsbyexpressinginaconcisewayvery

complexrelationalpropertiesofspacesandofthesystemasawhole(Hillier2007).Thus,thespacesyntax

methodologywith itstechniquestoquantifyconfigurations;cancertainlyhelptodeduceuserpreferences

aboutmovement,andsubsequentlytheculturespecificnormsaboutspaceproxemicsrootedinit.Hence,it

isselectedasamajortheoreticalpremisefortheresearchundertaken.Itrestsonthreebasicconceptionsof

space.

a.Anisovist;thefieldofviewfromaparticularpoint.

b.Axialspace;astraightline

c.Convexspace:nolinebetweentwoofitspointsgoesoutsideitsperimeter.

Thetypesofsyntacticanalysisincludevisualfieldanalyses,nodeanalysesandaxiallineanalyses.


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Fig 4:SelectcitiesinCentralIndia

Source:www.mapsofindia.com

Axiallineanalysisischosenasappropriatemethodforresearchunderconsideration,asitcapturesthebasic

featuresofasystemofspacesinabuiltenvironment.Thespace isrepresentedbystraightlines,socalled

axiallines.Inbrief,thespacetobeexamined ismodeledby 'fewestand longeststraight linescoveringall

convexspaces'.(HillierandHansson,1984)Theseaxesaretherepresentativelinesofsightorvisibility and

movementorpermeability.Therefore,theconfigurationsofselecttraditionalcoresofdevelopingIndian

cities; are inspected by representing the system of spaces through axial maps. There are number of

softwaresavailablefordoingsuchtypeofsyntacticanalysisandafterthestudyandexploringtheuseoffew

softwares;DepthmapbyULCisidentifiedandusedforthestudy.

3.SAMPLESANDPROCEDURES:

Indiaisavastcountrywithalotofgeographic,climatic,ethnicandreligiousdiversity. Henceurbancoresof

fivedevelopingcities incentral Indiawithsimilar topographic,climaticconditions;areconsidered for the

study.Thoughtherearesomechangeshappening intheseurbancores intermsofwideningoftheroads

etc,yettheconfigurationsarenotdisturbedlargely,tilldate.

3.1SelectionCriteriaforSamples:

Thecriteriaforselectionofsamplesforthecitiesare:

a.Size(population)

b.Climate

c.DevelopingCities

d. Similar urban structure (ring radial) with

traditionalbuiltenvironmentasacore.

e.

Cultural

differences

in

terms

of

predominantreligion(Hindu/Islamic)

The selected cities are Nagpur, Bhopal,

Varanasi, Lucknow and Nasik whose urban

cores are analyzed(fig 4).All are developing

cities with population ranging within 12

million, as per 2001 census. The climatic

conditions are also similar as tropical or

subtropical climate with wet and dry or

humid conditions. The elevation of these

cities

from

mean

sea

level

is

varying

between 300500m above mean sea level.

Thedensitiesarevarying inthesecitiesbut

only core areas which are organically

evolved are considered. These cores are

mostlythedensepartsofthecitiesandare

at the geographical centre of the present

cities. Secondly, these cores have


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residential,commercialandsometimesindustrialactivities,thusresultingintoamixedlandusepattern.

BhopalisanadministrativecapitalofastatecalledMadhyaPradesh.Inthecorearea,therearesmallscale

industries and large retail businesses. It has dominating percentage of Muslim population. Similarly,

Lucknow isalsoastatecapitalofUttarPradesh. It isknown foratypicalkindofhandembroidery,called

chikan kari and in the core area, people are mostly involved in this as household industry. It also has

dominant percentage of Muslim population. Apart from majority Hindu population, it has substantial

percentageofMuslims.TherearealsosmallgroupsofSikhs,Jains,ChristiansandBuddhists.

VaranasiistheholiestplaceintheworldasfarasHinduismisconcerned.Itisoneoftheoldestcontinuously

inhabitedcitiesintheworldandprobablytheoldestinIndia.Itisacityoftemplesandtraditionallyknown

forcraftofsilkweaving.NasikisalsoaHindupilgrimagecity,butnowbecomingacosmopolitantowndueto

industrialization.

Nagpur is at the centre of India and is having most of its population engaged in tertiary sector (non

agriculturaleconomicactivities).Itisacosmopolitancitywithmorethanonefourthofpopulationbelonging

toschedulecastsandscheduledtribes.

3.2ProcedureforAnalysis:

The configurations of traditional cores of select cities are investigated by representing them in terms of

system of spaces through axial maps. Configuration parameters such as connectivity, local and global

integration,andinterpretiveparameterssuchasintelligibilityandsynergyareconsidered.

Connectivityofanaxiallinemeasuresthenumberoflinesthatdirectlyintersectthatgivenaxialline.Thus

connectivityofaspacerepresentedasanaxialspace,denotesthenumberofimmediateneighborhoodsofa

space. Integrationofaspace isbydefinitionexpressedbyavaluethat indicatesthedegreetowhichthat

space

is

integrated

or

segregated

from

a

system

as

a

whole

(global

integration),

or

from

a

partial

system

consistingofspacesafewstepsaway(localintegration)

Thecorrelationbetweenconnectivityandglobalintegrationisanimportantindicatorofhowclearanurban

systemisforitsusers;andiscalledasIntelligibility.TherelationshipbetweenlocalintegrationR3andglobal

integrationRn, iscalledsynergy.It indicatestherelationshipbetweenpartsofthespatialsystemtowhole

system.Theseparameterscanquantifythespatialconfiguration.Thus,deducedsyntacticidentityinIndian

traditionalbuiltenvironmentsisthenreviewedwithrespecttospatialconfigurationsofbuiltenvironments

fromotherpartsoftheworld;referringthealreadyconductedresearchworks,throughsecondarysources.

Thishashelpedtohighlightthe factthatconfigurationsare resultingoutofsomeculturespecifichuman

preferences.

Secondly, the important religious, administrative or commercial urban activity nodes evolve along

movementpatterns,dependingupontheculturespecificspaceproxemicsaboutpublicspaces.Hence,to

understandthehumanpreferencesintermsofnormsaboutculturespecificspaceproxemics,theplacement

of important religious, administrative or commercial urban activity nodes, in the overall spatial

configuration,areobserved.

ThereisaconcernaboutthevalidityofapplicationofspacesyntaxmethodologyinIndiancontextinterms

ofsubjectiveinterpretationofanalyticalconclusions.But,itcanonlyberesolvedbyconductingsuchastudy.


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2686

1232

43604502

5654

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 1 2 3 4 5

Num

berofaxes

AreainSq.Km.

NumberofAxes

Number

of

Axes

Fig5:Relationshipbetweennumberofaxesandarea

Second important concern about the use of syntactic analysis is whether the implications of topography

wouldbereflected intheaxialanalysisornot.Forthat,theresearchonAxial linesandcontour linesby

Valerio Cutini(2007) was referred. The researcher has investigated if altimetry variations affect on the

configuration indices of the built environment, when syntactic analysis is done; using space syntax

methodology.Itwasfoundthat,thetopographicfeaturesinfluencetheevolvedsystemofspacesandthus

getsreflectedindirectlyintheaxiallineanalysis(ValerioCutini2007).

4.FINDINGS:SYNTACTICANALYSIS

4.1NumberofAxes:Table1

Cities Areainsq.km NumberofAxes Corr.Coef Remarks

Bhopal 3.25 2686 1.00

SignificantpositivecorrelationforBhopal,NasikandNagpurNasik 2.5 1232

Nagpur 4.1 4360

Lucknow 2.6 4502 0.24

InsignificantpositivecorrelationforLucknow,BhopalVaranasi 2.85 5654

Averageno.ofaxis 3686.8

Numberofaxes inaspecifiedareacan

explain how fragmented the spatial

configuration is. More the number of

axes in a given area; more is the

fragmentation. Out of the studied

traditional cores of select Indian cities,

there is a significant positive

relationship between number of axes

and square kilometer area in case of

urban cores of Nagpur, Nasik and

Bhopal.(Table1,Fig.5)Butthenumber

of axes is much higher, irrespective of

area in case of Varanasi and Lucknow.

Thenumberofaxesishighestincaseof

Varanasi, making it the most

fragmentedcityfollowedbyLucknow.


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0

5

10

15

20

25

meanDepth integration

Rn

integration

R3

connectivity

Bhopal

Lucknow

Nagpur

Nashik

Varanasi

Fig6:ComparativeanalysisofSyntacticparameters

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

Bhopal Nasik Nagpur Lucknow Varanasi

Synergy

Inteligibility

Fig7:IntelligibilityandSynergy

4.2Comparativeanalysisofsyntacticparameters

The comparative analysis of syntactic

parameters of traditional cores of select

central Indian cities shows similar syntactic

propertieswithsomevariations. (Fig6)The

average mean depth varies from 11 to 16

except21.73forVaranasi.Theaverageglobal

integration (Rn) varies from 0.49 to 0.76,

exceptforNagpurwhichis0.90.

The average local integration is very much

consistent from 1.5 to 1.59,except1.68 for

Nasik.Theaverageconnectivity isalsoquite

consistent from 3.3 to 3.42, except 3.82 for

Nasik.

If

Intelligibility

and

synergy

are

considered,

the urban core of Nagpur is having better

synergy and intelligibility. It is followed by

NasikandBhopal.LucknowandVaranasiare

equally poor in terms of synergy and

intelligibility.(Fig.7)

Table2:NumericalSynthesis:ComparativeanalysesofurbancoresofselectIndiancities

Nameofthe

cities Meandepth IntegrationRn IntegrationR3 Connectivity Intelligibility Synerg

Min Average Max Min Average Max Min Average Max Min Average Max

Bhopal 1 14.82 27.73 0.21 0.64 5.09 0.21 1.53 5.09 0 3.5 22 0.065 0.25

Lucknow 1 16.89 31.38 0.21 0.61 1.08 0.21 1.53 4.19 0 3.3 48 0.029 0.17

Nagpur 1 11.62 20.2 0.21 0.9 1.83 0.21 1.59 3.97 0 3.27 33 0.17 0.51

Nasik 12.35 11.36 27.15 0.29 0.76 1.27 0.33 1.68 3.37 0 3.82 21 0.12 0.33

Varanasi 1 21.73 40.75 0.21 0.49 5.09 0.21 1.5 5.09 0 3.42 35 0.026 0.15

Average 15.284 0.68 1.566 3.46

Ahmadabad

(Raman2003) 0.8 1.74 2.97 0.115 0.193


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Thoughtheurbancoresofselect Indiancitiesshowsimilarsyntactic identity,therearepairsofBhopal&

Lucknow,Nagpur&Nasik;whichshowdistinctionsfromotherpair.Thesyntacticparametersaresimilarfor

BhopalandLucknow.Theintelligibilityisextremelypoorinboththecasesandsynergyvaluesarealsolow.

The twocitieshavesimilarsocialenvironment as thecoreareasaredominatedbyMuslimpopulation in

boththecities.Henceintable,thesetwocitiesarehighlightedwithsamecolour.(Table2)

NagpurandNasikhavesimilarsyntacticidentityastheybotharecosmopolitancitieswithmajorpercentage

ofpopulationbelongingtoHindureligion.

VaranasiistheoldestHinduPilgrimagecentreandthesyntacticparametersarequitedifferentthanother

fourcores.Thisisbecauseofthesocialenvironmentandthetypicalgeographicalsettingaswell.Thelarger

than life importancetotheriverGangesformostofthereligiousritualshasalsoresulted intothetypical

spatialconfiguration.(Table2)

Table3: SyntacticparametersofurbancoresofcentralIndiancitiesandothertraditionalsettlements:

Comparativeanalysis

Nameofthecities

Numberof

Cases

Number

ofAxes

Average

IntegrationRn

Average

IntegrationR3

Average

Connectivit

y

Average

Intelligibility

Average

Synergy

Urbancoresofcentral

Indiancities 5 3687 0.68 1.566 3.46 0.082 0.282

Iraniantraditional

Cities(Karimi1997) 6 0.482 1.6 2.772 0.116 0.16

Englishtraditional

cities(Karimi1997) 6 1.44 2.02 3.45 0.264 0.427

USA(Raman2003) 12 5420 1.61 2.956 5.835 0.224 0.559

Brazil(Medeiros,

Holanda2007) 44 7881 0.77 3.88 0.15 0.36

Arab(Raman2003) 18 840 0.65 1.619 2.975 0.231 0.16

AsiaPacefic(Medeiros,

Holanda2007) 32 6332 0.87 3.5 0.15 0.44

Portugal(Medeiros,

Holanda2007) 10 1453 0.86 3 0.28 0.59


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8028:12

Fig10:IntegrationRnmapoftraditionalurbancoreofNagpur

NorthNottoscale

Index

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

AverageInteligibility

AverageSynergy

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

AverageIntegrationRn

AverageConnectivity

Fig8:Syntacticparameters:Comparativeanalysisforurbancoresof

Indiancitiesandotherpartsoftheworld

Fig9:Synergyandintelligibility:Comparativeanalysisforurbancoresof

Indiancitiesandotherpartsoftheworld

Comparativeanalysisofsyntacticparameterssuchasintegrationandconnectivity;oftraditionalcitiesfrom

other parts of the world and Indian traditional urban cores; shows configuration similarities with Iranian

traditionalcitiesandArabcities.(Table3,fig8)The intelligibilityofurbancoresofcentral Indiancities is

lowestcomparedtorestbuttheyarebettersynergisticcomparedtoIranianorArabcities.(Fig.9)Oneof

theobjectivesoftheresearchwasto identifyandquantifyspatialconfigurationoftraditional Indianbuilt

environment.Theabove mentioned findings bring out the fact that the traditionalcoresofselect Indian

citiespoint outaspecific syntactic identity, which is indicative of aculture specific spatial structure. The

Indiantraditionalbuiltenvironmentshaveadistinctstructureintermsofitsspatialconfiguration,whichis

quitedifferentfromtraditionalbuiltenvironmentsfromotherpartsoftheworld.

5.TRADITIONAL

INDIAN

BUILT

ENVIRONMENT:

DISCUSSIONS

The axial line models of traditional cores of select

Indian cities were analyzed in Depthmap. The

analyticalmapsforthesyntacticmeasuressuchasthe

local integration, global integration, connectivity;

were generated. The global integration maps for

traditional cores of Nagpur, Bhopal, Nasik, Lucknow

and Varanasi are shown in figures. Apart from the

numerical synthesis of syntactic parameters, which

indicates a syntactic identity for Indian traditional

built

environments;

there

are

fine

variations

within

the selected five. These variations point toward the

varyinghumanpreferencesforspaceproxemics,due

to cultural differences. The cultural differences are

mainly due to social norms rooted in the religion

followed by majority of the population in the select

fiveexamples.


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8028:13

NorthNottoscale

Index

Fig12:IntegrationRnmapoftraditionalurban

coreofNasik

Fig11:IntegrationRnmapoftraditionalurbancoreofBhopal

North

NottoscaleIndex

IncaseofNagpur(fig10),theoverallsystemofspaces

is such that it forms a sort of orthogonal grid at the

globallevelwithbetterconnectivityandintegrationas

itconnectsaswellassegregatesthelocalareawiththe

restoftheurbansystem.

The same orthogonal grid is not continued in the

residentialclusters.Thesubsystemsformedwithinthe

systemhavetrulyorganicpatternwithtreesystemof

spaces. The analysis through queries has highlighted

that;thesearetheareaswithhighermeandepthand

lower connectivity. This makes these areas less

intelligible and permeable, thus avoidingunnecessary

through traffic. Such slightly segregated spaces from

the global grid, yet having better integration at local

level are present inside residential clusters. The

internalorganicandtreepatternofsystemencourages

pedestrianmovement.Ithelpsinmakingbetteruseof

thesespacesbyresidentsforoutdooractivities,socialinteractions

andplaying.

IncaseofBhopal,thereisasystemofspaceswithorthogonalgrid

in the centre which was a walled city.( fig 11) But the same

orthogonalgridisnotcontinuedintheareasurroundingthewalled

city. The subsystems formed outside the walled area are truly

organic, making outside walled area unintelligible and

impermeable.

InNasik,thereisasystemofspaceswithdeformedorthogonalgrid

withhigh integrationandconnectivity,making itquite intelligible

forusers(fig12).It isonthebanksofriverGodavari,whichflows

throughthecity.Yet,thespatialconfigurationhaslittleorientation

towardstheliver.

In case of Varanasi, there is a system of spaces with deformed

radialgridorientedtowardstheholyriverGanges.(fig13)Theriver

playsanimportantroleinthesocioculturalandreligiousactivities

of the city. The spatial configuration is quite indicative of that. The local parts are quite segregated and

every part is finally oriented towards the river, Ganges, thus establishing continuous visual and physical

linkagestotheriver.

The overall system of spaces is highly segregated and unintelligible, making the city impermeable and

inaccessibletostrangersenteringthecityfromriverside.ThecitywasinvadednumberoftimesbyIslamic

rulersduring9th

and10th

century. Itmaybeoneofthereasons for immergenceofsuchanunintelligible

spatialconfiguration.


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8028:14

NorthNottoscale

Index

Fig13:IntegrationRnmapofurbancoreofVaranasi

NorthNottoscale

Index

Fig14:IntegrationRnmapofurbancoreofLucknow

For Lucknow, the overall system of

spaces isradiatingfromthepolitical

and religious core evolved on the

banksofriverGomati.(Fig11)Unlike

Varanasi, the local subsystems are

not oriented towards the river. The

global system is formed by the 23

radiatingroadswhicheasilyconnect

thecorewithrestofthesystem.But

thesameradialgridisnotcontinued

in the residential clusters which are

organic. Public areas are distinctly

separatedfromresidentialareas.

Thus, the spatial configurations of

the selected five examples show

variations.

The

variations

highlight

that

there

were differences in terms of user preferences

about space proxemics. It is obvious that the

norms about how the public and residential

domains are integrated or segregated; are

differentfordifferentcities.

To investigate further about the human

preferences in terms of norms about culture

specific space proxemics, the placement of

important religious, administrative or

commercial urban activity nodes, in the overall

spatial configuration, are observed. The local

integrationsyntacticmapsaresuperimposedon

the maps of urban cores where the important

urban activity nodes are marked. As a

representative example, one such map of

traditional core of Nagpur is shown. (Fig 15) It

hashighlightedthattheactivitynodehavinglocal

bazaar, religious activities and administrative activities; is not located on highly integrated streets. It is

located on second order streets, in terms of their integration values. This makes these activities slightly

segregatedfromtheglobalsystem.SimilarobservationswerefoundinthecaseofNasik,whereimportant

activity

nodes

such

as

temples

are

placed

on

streets

with

second

rankings

in

terms

of

integration

values.

In

thecaseofBhopalandLucknow,themainurbanelementsandactivitynodesaremostlythemosqueand

thebazaarstreet.Theseareplacedonstreetswithhighintegrationlevel,whichmeansonglobalnetwork.In

thecaseofthesecitieswithdominatingMuslimpopulation,the importantactivitynodewhich isapublic

domain;issegregatedfromlocalnetwork. ForVaranasi,astheriveristhemostimportantfocusofurban

lifesinceages.Hence,heretheobservationisverypeculiar.Theimportanturbanelementssuchaspalaces,

temples, cultural activity centers and bazaars; all are along the river, and segregated them from global

network.Thiswasbecauseofthefactthatthemainaccessibilitythenwasthroughriver.Except,forBhopal


15/19



8028:15

andLucknow;whichhasdominatingMuslimpopulation;Nasik,NagpurandVaranasihaveurbanelements

onlocalnetworks.

The analysis helps to understand the fact that; important religious, administrative or commercial urban

activitynodesevolvealongmovementpatterns,dependingupontheculturespecificspaceproxemicsabout

publicspaces.

6.CONCLUDINGREMARKS

Indianbuiltenvironmentswerecontinuouslyevolving.Thecontinuityofthisevolutionbasedontheculture

specifichumanpreferences,seemstobe lost in theemergingbuiltenvironments indevelopingcities.To

deal these emerging built environments in contemporary times, its important to understand the spatial

configurations of the traditionally evolved built environments. The research has tried to establish the

problems

associated

in

studying

organically

evolved

built

environments

of

urban

cores

in

central

Indian

cities. Insuchanapproach,thesyntacticanalysishelps inunderstandingthespatialconfigurationandthe

embeddedreasoningofuserpreferences.Thesyntacticanalysisofselectedexamplesshowssomesimilarity

in terms of syntactic identity. The syntactic identity of Indian traditional built environments shows some

similaritywithtraditionalIraniancitiesbutotherwiseitisquitedifferentthantraditionalbuiltenvironments

fromotherpartsofworld.Theplacementofimportantreligious,administrativeorcommercialurbanactivity

nodes, intheoverallspatialconfigurationhelpedtodeducetheculturespecifichumanpreferencesabout

space proxemics. From this research, an effort is made to make explicit the spatial configuration as

GangabaiGhatArea

Park

OldBagdganj

OldBagdganj

OldBagdganj

Gangabai Ghat Road

GujarNagar

Gangabai Ghat Sq.

NagRiver

PlayGround

Gangabai Ghat Road

Sh.Umashnkar Naryanji HighSchool

Chinteshwar

Chinteshwar

Chinteshwar

Rampeth

Rampeth

Dr.Rammnohar LohiyaHigh School

TelephoneExchange

QuetaColonyRoad

Central Avenue

Kapse Sq.

Kabrasthan

NMCSchool

PetrolPump

QuetaColony

Jalaram Mandir Road

Gangabai Ghat Road

Sarswati Temple

HanumanMandir

Bank OfBaroda

HotelAamir

NMC DivisionalOffice

AgrasenMaharajSq.

Central Hotel

CentralAvenueRoad

BhaldarpuraMain Road

Bhaldar Pura

Sir BezonjeeMehata Road

Bhaldar Pura

AgrasenMaharajSq.

Central Hotel

CentralAvenueRoad

BhaldarpuraMain Road

Bhaldar Pura

Sir BezonjeeMehata Road

Bhaldar Pura

RPSamarth Stadium ( ChitnisPark)

TilakRoad

TilakRoad

NewEnglishSchool

MahalHindi PrimarySchool

Mahal

WalkarRoad BadkasSq.

D D Nagar SchoolBinjhaniMahilaCollege

PataleshwarMandir

Kalyaneshwar Mandir

NMC TownHall

NMC Office Area

NarsingSq.

NarsingCinema

Shivaji Sq.

KotwaliPolice Station

Panchal Galli

Mahal Sq.

Mahal

Mahal

BhosaleWada

DasaraRoad

DasaraRoad

New Sukrawari

NewSukrawari

Chandi Pura

New Sukrawari

Matrusevasang

NavugSchool

Mahal

Mahal

Mahal

Mahal

ChitnisParksq.

KedibagRoad

Mahal

Mahatma Gandhisq.

Central AvenueRoad

New ItwariRoad

New ItwariRoad

Kumbharpura

KumbharpuraChitarOli

Itwari

Sudampura

Temple

Central AvenueRoad

ChitarOli

Chitar Oli

ItwariPrimarySchool

BabaMaulaQlishere Dargah

Hindustan Vidyala

HanumanMandir

Rahat.S.Hospital

SubhashChandraBoseVidyalaya

Adamsha Sq.

OldMangalwari Village

CentralAvenueRoadTelephoneExchangeSq.

GangabaiGhatRoad

GangabaiGhat Road

BabaNanak Sindi Hindi High School

SweeperColoy

Juni Mangalwari

Nala

NageshwarPrimarySchool

Shri Ram Bhawan

Juni Mangalwari

SweeperColoy

Nala

CHINTESHWARMANDIR]

Mahal

DarodkarSq.

Hatti BastiAyachitmandir Road

Ayachitmandir Road

Nawabpura

Ayachitmandir BusStopDhivarpura

Juni Mangalwari

NMC Park

Natraj Cinema

ZendaSq.

Ayachitmandir

Nawabpura

Nawabpura

SanghaBuilding

Nala

Nala

Manohar KamdiCollege

NagRiver

RatanColony

Citanvispura

KillaRoa d

KillaRoad

KillaRoad

MSEBOffice

VidyaBhawanHighSchool

Citanvispura

Citanvispura

ShiwajiNagar

ShiwajiNagar

NandajiNagar

NagRiver

NagRiver

Nala

Citanvispura

Shiwaji Nagar

KillaRoad

KillaRoad

TulshibagRoad

TulshibagRoad

SangBuildingSq.

CP&Berar HighSchool

Mahal

Chitnvispura

MunshiGali

Mahal Market

ChitnispuraGirls PrimarySchool

NagRiver

NagRiver

KelibagRoad

KotwalGalli

RajvilasCinema

TulsibagTulsibag

RestrictedArea

BhosaleRajghat

Karnolbag

RanaPratapRoad

ModelMillsArea

DasaraRoad

Nag River

NagRiver

DasaraRoad

Navi Shukarawari

Gondipura

Bhutiyadarwaja

PlayGround

BajrangSq.

FawaraSq.

Gandhisagar Sq.

Gandhi PrimarySchool

Gadikhana

Joripura

TilakRoad

RajendraSchool

Sukrawari

Gandhi Gate

Great NagRoad

Great NagRoad

Samrat AshokSq.

Lokanci ShalaSq.

Medical Road

LokanciShalaSchoolRavi Technicl Institute

Navbharat School

AshaBhawan

Siraspeth

Siraspeth

Siraspeth

UmredRoad

JamdarHighSchool

RavindraD Ed.College

GreatNagRoad

C P &Berar EducationSocietyPlayGround

C P &Berar EducationSocietyPlayGround

JuniShukrawariRoad

Labhan Tanda

Sweepar Colony

Junishukrawari

Junishukrawari

Junishukrawari

JunishukrawariJunishukrawari

Mahavir Nagar

Madipura

GreatNagRoad

GreatNag Road

Jamdar HighSchool

GaneshNagarkanyaShala

SantSitaramdasSchool NagpurHomeopathy

Medical College

ShriShivajiHighschool

Jain Mandir

Nag Nala

NagNala

NagNala

NagNala

Sant JagnadeSq.Great NagRoad

GayatriShaktipithMandir

KeshavNagarSchool

Vivekanand TeachersTrainingSchool

GaneshNagar

PlayGround

NandanvanZopadpatti

Nandanvan Zopadpatti

NewNandanwanColony

GreatnagRoad

New Nandanwan

N M C School

OpenArea

Great NagRoad

GaneshNagar

NandanvanMainRoad

NandanvanMainRoad

OldNandanvan Nagar

PlayGround

NIT GardenShardaMahila Mahavidyalaya

GaneshNagar

KDKCollegeRoad

SDHospital

NandanvanCanal Road

OldNandanvanNagar

OldNandanvan Nagar

SahakariBankShikshak

Activitynode

Fig.15:TraditionalurbancoreofNagpurwithurbanelementssuperimposedonlocalintegrationmap.


16/19



8028:16

concealed spatial rules or principalsofurbanism in Indian builtenvironments,so as to evolve a humane

approach towardsspatialdesignofemergingbuiltenvironments inurban India.Moredetailedanalysis is

requiredtoexactlyassesstheuserpreferences,butthisstudy isrepresentativeof itspossibility.Also,the

studycanbefurtheredfornumberofcities.

Theapproachtodealwithemergingbuiltenvironmentsbasedonnotionofrationalityandintelligibilityhas

grosslyignoredtheculturespecificuserpreferences.ThestudyhighlightsthatinIndiancontext,intelligibility

isnotthecriterionforbetterharmonyamongstusersandbuiltenvironment.Itisnotnecessarytoemulate

thepastbuttocontributepositivelytotheevolutionofcontemporaryIndianbuiltenvironments;onecan

use the configuration understanding and reasons behind it. Thus, this approach which is based on

understandinguserpreferencestostudy/conserve/redevelopexistingbuiltenvironmentsordesigntotally

newbuiltenvironments incaseofdevelopingcitiesofIndia;canhelptomaintainthemashumaneasthe

traditionalbuiltenvironmentswere.

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WEBSITES:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_in_History

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_design

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/morphogenesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_cognition

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MAPS,PHOTOGRAPHSANDFIGURES:

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developmentauthoritiesofrespectivecities.

The map of India showing million plus cities is retrieved from


19/19



www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm

Thedemographicaspects,topography,climateandsocio culturaleconomicaspectsof theselect

citiesarereferredfromtherespectivedevelopmentplans.

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Documents

SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS OF THE URBAN CORES IN INDIA.pdf