Spatial Database Systems

Spatial Database SystemsTyler ReainthongCSE 7330Fall 2009

TopicsDefinitionsStorage and IndexingSpatial RelationshipsSpatial QueriesStandardsSystemsApplications and the Future

What is a Spatial Database?Database that models space, objects in space, or a combination of both

Provide capabilities to store and manipulate spatial data as well as find various interactions between them

What is a Spatial Database? (cont)Uses spatial data types (SDTs) and spatial indexes

Uses spatial queries which are able to work with the spatial data types

Usually provides these capabilities as an extension to a standard RDBMS

What is Spatial Data?Each vendors implementation will consist of different spatial data types

Each type can be abstracted to basic geometric primitives which consist of:PointsLinesPolygons/Regions

What is Spatial Data? (cont)PointCan define locations of interestUsed when you do not care about the extent of the objectCan be used to define spaceLandMap boundariesGrids

6What is Spatial Data? (cont)LineCan be straight, arcing or a combination of bothCan be used to define movement and connections between spatial objects

7What is Spatial Data? (cont)Polygon/RegionBasic shapes (box, square, triangle, etc.)May have holes

8Spatial Data Types (SDTs)Spatial Data Types often referred to as geometries can either be defined as one or more spatial data primitive typesExample Oracle Spatial SDO_GTYPE:

Source: http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2003/11/10/oracle_spatial.html

9Spatial StorageCreating a normal table with an additional spatial column in Oracle Spatial

Source: http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2003/11/10/oracle_spatial.html

10Spatial IndexingR-TreesSimilar to B-trees but allow indexing for multidimensional dataCreates minimum bounding boxes that essentially partition the spatial data into hierarchical rectangular shaped boxesThese boxes provide rough approximations of the geometries which optimizes query performance

11Spatial Indexing (cont)Example R-Tree

Source: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.rtree.doc/rtree29.htm

12Spatial Indexing (cont)Quad-TreesRecursively divide space into four quadrants

Source: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.rtree.doc/rtree29.htm

13Spatial RelationshipsSpatial relationships can be categorized into three different typesTopological relationshipsContains, Inside, Covers, Adjacent, Touch, DisjointDirectional relationshipsAbove, Below, West of, East ofMetric relationshipsDistances between two geometriesEach vendor may or may not implement certain relationships as a function

14Spatial Relationships (cont)Oracle Spatial supports the following relationships

Source: http://docs.autodesk.com/TOPOBSCLNT/2010/ENU/Autodesk%20Topobase%202010%20User%20Documentation/images/ISD/Everest-ALL/English/pic_admin_oracle_spatial.png

15Spatial QueriesSQL can work with spatial data types

Spatial operators and functions can also be used with SQL

16Spatial Queries (cont)Spatial Query Examples in PostGISSource: http://postgis.refractions.net/docs/ch04.html#id2538511

17Spatial Queries (cont)Spatial Query Examples in PostGISSource: http://postgis.refractions.net/docs/ch04.html#id2538511

18Standards and SpecificationsStandards and specifications governed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)http://www.opengeospatial.orgDefines standard Geographic Information Systems (GIS) object types, functions associated with them, and metadata tablesSimple Feature Access Architecturehttp://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfa

m19Some Spatial DBMS SystemsOracle SpatialPostgreSQL with PostGIS extensionMySQLMicrosoft SQL Server 2008IBM DB2 with Spatial Extender

m20Applications and the FutureGIS/MappingCAD and GIS integrationLocation based servicesSpatial data is becoming ubiquitousEnvironmentalHealth sectorsAgriculturalGeologicalHazard managementMilitary and intelligence

m21Bibliographyhttp://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=615206&type=pdf&coll=Portal&dl=GUIDE&CFID=60495778&CFTOKEN=48744014http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.rtree.doc/rtree29.htmhttp://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2003/11/10/oracle_spatial.htmlhttp://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a96630/sdo_objrelschema.htmhttp://postgis.refractions.net/docs/ch04.htmlhttp://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oracle9i/pdf/OracleSpatial.pdfhttp://docs.autodesk.com/TOPOBSCLNT/2010/ENU/Autodesk%20Topobase%202010%20User%20Documentation/index.html?url=WS73099cc142f48755b0eae110a8ea4f1d98a3.htm,topicNumber=d0e17737http://edndoc.esri.com/arcsde/9.1/general_topics/understand_spatial_relations.htmhttp://www.oracle.com/technology/products/spatial/htdocs/spatial_stds_support.htmlhttp://www.oracle.com/technology/products/spatial/pdf/lvvw_narrowingthegap.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/technology/products/spatial/index.htmlhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/index.htm

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