Spatial Patterns of Deprivation

David McPhee

Communities ASD

Contents

• Background to SIMD

• The 5 Strategic Objectives• Wealthier and Fairer• Smarter• Healthier• Safer and Stronger• Greener

• The real life context

Background to SIMD

• The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) indentifies the small area concentrations of multiple deprivation across all of Scotland

• The index allows effective targeting of policies and funding where the aim is to wholly or partly take account of area concentrations of multiple deprivation

• The index was first published in 2004 and then updated in 2006. The index will be updated later this year

Key facts from overall SIMD 2006

• Local authority areas with the largest local share of the 15% most deprived areas in SIMD 2006 are– Glasgow City (48 per cent)– Inverclyde (38 per cent)– Dundee City (30 per cent)– West Dunbartonshire (28 per cent)– Clackmannanshire (23 per cent)– North Lanarkshire (20 per cent)

• Eilean Siar, Moray, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands do not have any data zones in the SIMD 2006 15% most deprived areas

• Note that this does not mean that there is no deprivation in these areas, just that that there aren’t small area concentrations of multiple deprivation

15% most deprived data zones: changebetween SIMD 2004 and SIMD 2006

• Of the 976 data zones in the 15% most deprived in SIMD 2004:– 856 (88%) remained in the 15% most deprived areas in the SIMD 2006– 120 new data zones moved in and 120 moved out of the 15% most

deprived areas

• Of the 120 data zones moving in to the 15% most deprived areas in the SIMD 2006:– Over 80 are ranked in the 15% most deprived for three or more SIMD

2006 domains and 89 (74%) were in the 15% to 20% in the SIMD 2004

• Of the 120 data zones moving out of the 15% most deprived in SIMD 2004:– The proportion of working age population employment deprived

decreased in 113 (94%) of the 120 data zones – 94 (78%) moved to 15 - 20% and 112 (93%) moved to 15 - 25%

Wealthier and Fairer

By making Scotland wealthier and fairer, we will generate more opportunities to work; make Scotland a more attractive place to live, work and invest; and ensure that the benefits of increased national prosperity are shared fairly across Scotland.

Poverty has reduced since the early 00’s but is considerably higher in deprived areas

Percentage of individuals in RELATIVE low income households AFTER housing costs

35 34

17 16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2005/06 2006/07

15% most deprived datazones Rest of Scotland

Scotland now has one of the lowest rates of child poverty in the UK but significant area inequality still

exists within Scotland

Children in BEFORE housing costs RELATIVE poverty by 15% most deprived SIMD datazones: 2006/07

17

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

Not "deprived" SIMD 15% most deprived DZs

Per

cent

age

Children in MATERIAL DEPRIVATION AND LOW INCOME COMBINED by 15% most deprived SIMD datazones: 2006/07

11

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

Not "deprived" SIMD 15% most deprived DZs

Per

cent

age

No major gap in low earnings between deprive and non deprived areas but this hides other issues….

% of Employees Earning less than 60% of UK Median Hourly Wage

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

2006 2007 2008

Year

Percentage

Top 15% Deprived Datazones

Remaining 85% of Datazones

Less people in work and therefore less people actually earning

Employment Rates

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

Em

plo

ym

en

t R

ate

15% Most Deprived Areas Rest of Scotland Gap

Considerably more people on benefitsWorkless Client Group By Deprivation

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

Q2 2004 Q3 2007 Q4 2004 Q1 2005 Q2 2005 Q3 2005 Q4 2005 Q1 2006 Q2 2006 Q3 2006

Quarter

Per

cen

tag

e o

f W

A P

op

ula

tio

n

15% Most Deprived Other 85% Gap

And getting worse due to the recession Chart 2: Gap Between 15% Most Deprived and rest of Scotland

3.6%

3.8%

4.0%

4.2%

4.4%

4.6%

4.8%

Sep-0

5

Nov-0

5

Jan-

06

Mar

-06

May

-06

Jul-0

6

Sep-0

6

Nov-0

6

Jan-

07

Mar

-07

May

-07

Jul-0

7

Sep-0

7

Nov-0

7

Jan-

08

Mar

-08

May

-08

Jul-0

8

Sep-0

8

Nov-0

8

Jan-

09

Per

cen

tag

e p

oin

ts G

ap B

etw

een

15%

MD

an

d r

est

of

Sco

tlan

d

Gap in Claimant Count Rate Between 15% most deprived and rest of Scotland

Smarter

By making Scotland smarter, we will lay the foundations for the future wellbeing and achievement of our children and young people, increase skill levels across the population and better channel the outputs of our universities and colleges into sustainable wealth creation.

Absence and exclusion are considerably more common in more deprived areas

most deprived least deprived

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

SIMD grouping

Per

cen

tag

e ab

sen

ce

Primary

Secondary

Absence, authorised and unauthorised

most deprived least deprived

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

SIMD grouping

Per

cen

tag

e ab

sen

ce

Primary

Secondary

Temporary exclusion

Pupils in deprived areas leave with a lower level of qualifications

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

Ave

rag

e S

4 T

arif

f S

core

s 15% Most DeprivedAreas

Other 85%

Scotland

Proportion of working age adults with SCQF level 4 qualifications or below

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

2004 2005 2006 2007

%

Scotland

15% Most DeprivedAreas

Rest of Scotland

And have worse outcomes when they leave

16 to 19 year olds Not in Employment, Education or Training

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2006 2007

16 t

o 1

9 ye

ar o

lds

No

t in

E

mp

loym

ent,

Ed

uca

tio

n o

r T

rain

ing 15% most deprived

Rest of Scotland

ScotlandPercentage of School Leavers not Entering a Positive Destination on Leaving School by

Deprivation Quintile

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

1 2 3 4 5

Per

cen

tag

e

Most Deprived Least Deprived

More likely to attend FE than HEFE and HE Enrolments

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Successful Applicants to Higher Education Enrolments to Further Education

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

En

rolm

en

ts

15% Most Deprived Other 85%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Graduates from HE

Graduates Aged 25plus from HE

Healthier

By making Scotland healthier through tackling health inequalities and supporting healthier lifestyles and choices, supplemented by early interventions and anticipatory, responsive services, we will increase the productivity of Scotland's workforce, reduce absenteeism, improve public sector efficiency and increase participation in the labour market by reducing the number of people on incapacity benefit

Less Healthy Start in LifePercentage of Breast Fed Babies

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008p

Percentage

Yea

r

Least Deprived Quintile Most Deprived Quintile

Low Birthweight Babies (Rate per 1,000 births)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

2000-2002 2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007

Year

Rat

e p

er 1

,000

bir

ths

15% Most Deprived Other 85%

And more likely to die earlierLife Expectancy at Birth

60

65

70

75

80

85

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Deprivation Decile

Lif

e E

xpec

tan

cy

Male Female

Most Deprived Least Deprived

Considerably more people in deprived areas live in social housing

Housing Tenure

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

50.0%

Owned outright Buying with help ofa loan/mortgage

Rent - LA Rent - HA Rent - PrivateLandlord

Other

Tenure

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

To

tal

Other 85% 15% Most Deprived

Safer and Stronger

By making our communities safer and stronger we increase the attractiveness of Scotland as a place to live and work, attract high quality businesses and talented migrants, reduce out-migration and secure the productive engagement of an even higher proportion of the population

Considerably more crime in deprived areas

Rate of SIMD crime, by vigintile

And the rating of neighbourhoods is considerably worse

Rating of neighbourhood as a fairly or very poor place to live by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 15% most deprived

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Per

cen

t

15% most deprived Rest of Scotland ScotlandSource: Scottish Household Survey

Greener

By making Scotland greener we will protect and enhance the natural and built environment that is so highly valued by those living, working and visiting Scotland and which underpins many of our important businesses and sectors

Deprived areas are more likely to be close to derelict land

Most Deprived Least Deprived

The Real Life Context

• Previous summary statistics have shown that deprived areas are continuing to perform below the rest of Scotland

• However deprived areas are spread across the country and it is hard to imagine the impact

• What does this actually look like in real life?

Living in the Same Area?

Raploch, Stirling Stirling Council

Raploch vs. Stirling

  Raploch Stirling Gap

% in the workless client group 26.0% 11.0% 15.0%

% Income Deprived 24.4% 10.0% 14.4%

% Employment deprived 22.3% 10.0% 12.3%

% School leavers entering non positive destinations 30.1% 14.7% 15.4%

Secondary School Attendance Rates 86.6% 90.4% -3.9%

Hospital Admissions for Drugs Misuse 200.1 87.22 112.88

Hospital Admissions for Alcohol Misuse 1486.3 575.5 910.8

There have been some improvements in Raploch in recent years

• Employment and income deprivation reduced between 2002 and 2005

• Number of Jobs in the area increased between 2004 and 2006

• Percentage of people on benefits reduced between 2004 and 2006

But what does the future hold with the economic downturn?

Claimant Count as a Percentage of the Total Population

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

Month

Perc

en

tag

e (

Gap

)

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

4.5%

Perc

en

tag

e (

cla

imain

t co

un

t)

Gap Stirling Raploch

What does this all tell us?

• There is still considerable spatial variation across areas of Scotland – Although there have been some improvements

• The impact of policy interventions is complex• Workshops today will draw out some of the main

issues, specifically:– The need for a detailed understanding of how areas

are changing and why– The need to understand what works and why in order

to deliver sustainable regeneration

Questions?