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Spatial & Temporal Planning Approach to Tourism Planning in Cities
ByAshani Thomas
ObjectivesTo identify what is Planning?Understanding spatial approach
to planningTemporal approach to planning Success areas of focus
(marketing, transportation and amenities etc) in Kingston.
What is Planning?
A basic management function involving
formulation of one or more detailed plans to
achieve optimum balance of needs or demands
with the available resources (Online Business
Dictionary). The planning process identifies the
goals or objectives to be achieved, formulates
strategies to achieve them, arranges or creates
the means required, and implements, directs, and
monitors all steps in their proper sequence
(Goeldner, 2000).
What is Spatial Approach to Planning
Is the use of the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales (Goeldner, 2000). This approach involve land use, urban regional, transport and environmental planning. Other vital areas include
economic community planning.
Spatial Approach to Planning cont…
Spatial planning takes place on local,
regional, national and inter-national
levels and often result in the creation
of a spatial plan. Regional/spatial
planning gives geographical expression
to the economic, social, cultural and
ecological policies of society.
Spatial Approach to Planning cont…
It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an
administrative technique and a policy developed
as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive
approach directed towards a balanced regional
development and the physical organization of
space according to an overall strategy
(Goeldner, 2000).
Spatial Approach to planning
Advantages Contributes to
the reduction of traffic congestion.
Clean and healthy environment as it relates to transportation
Promotes accessibility
Disadvantages Costly Time consuming
Temporal Approach to PlanningTemporal planning pertains to
time which may includes duration of a journey, a set of activities, or temporal order of activities. Each activity has a duration (Time Span), an activity type and a spatial assignment.
Temporal Approach to Planning
AdvantagesSaves timeEasier flow of people Reduces the likelihood
of minors getting injured in the case of a crowd
Give detailed timing from one location to the next (clock, kilometer, meters or clock-minutes or hours)
DisadvantagesInefficiency due to
natural causes Cites can become
overcrowded, suddenly contributing to the inadequacy of a plan to become insufficient (hence allotted time to get from one location to next become longer)
Cont’dTemporal planning may focus on
the following elements:Making sure activities do not
overlap with each other in time, The sum of durations of activities
together with temporal costs required to overcome distances between spatial assignments should not exceed a given temporal scope of a journey.
Factors to consider when planning for spatial temporal approach in cities
Environmental Concern
Transportation
Sanitation & Health
Maintaining safety in public areas
Environmental concernsNatural resources and environment; The built environment TransportationHospitality and Cultural resources. The basic elements of natural resources
and environment that should be protected include: Air and climate,lands forms, and terrainFlora and fauna, beaches, natural beauty
and water supply.
Cont’dThe built environment includes
both the basic infrastructure water supply systems, roads, communication networks -
and the superstructure - which includes facilities built specifically for tourism such as airports, parks, marinas, hotels and motels.
TransportationTransportation includes items
such as ships, airplanes, buses, taxis, etc.
Hospitality and cultural resources include the nature of the people and the culture of the area that make tourism successful.
The history, literature, friendliness, courtesy and welcoming spirit of the people as these must be incorporated in the planning process.
Cont’dRoads should be designed in such
a way that it can accommodate the heavy flow of traffic, facilitate pedestrians, bicyclists, transit users, and motor vehicle drivers.
Streets layout accommodate people of all ages and physical abilities
Map of Kingston
Effective spatial street policyStreets is a vital component in
Spatial approach to planning in cities which requires coordination of transportation planning processes. As accurate planning must aid in the improvement of efficiency in urban areas.
Sample images of effective spatial street policies
Sample images of effective spatial street policies cont’d
Effective spatial street policy cont’dFor example, checklists provide a
simple method to track implementation of Streets through various stages of the planning and design processes.
It also enable a destination to control the flow of people
Special Environmental Features Urban Planning must take into
consideration Adaptation to frequently and heavy extreme precipitation events
Reducing the degree of impervious surfaces in urban areas
Measures of decentralized rain water management
Protection of urban areas, housing and infrastructure from impacts through heavy rainfall events
RecommendationsDevelop accurate street design Accurate Signage and at the same
time promoting pedestrian friendly environments
Transparency-Temporal plan must gives a detailed outline of the flow of people.
Developed user friendly maps that of how people can get themselves in and around the city
Recommendation cont’dSafety and Security- street lights,
surveillances, stop sign, policing.Laws and policies- these must be
enacted to serve as a policing towards the environment, for example NEPA
Spatial PlanningSee videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=6nyBVKbgEQ4
ReferencesBusiness Dictionary. Planning Retrieved
from http://www.businessdictionary.com/defin
ition/planning.html#ixzz3HqRyGQtdGoeldner, C. R., J. R. B. Ritchie and R. W.
McIntosh. (2000). Tourism Components and Supply. In Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.: 362-393