Special Crime Investigation Reviewer

SpecialCrime InvestigationReviewerDefinition of Terms

Admission- Any statement of fact made by a party which is againsthis interest or unfavorable to the conclusion for which he contendsor inconsistent with the facts alleged by him.

AFIS- Automated FingerprintIdentification System(AFIS) is a biometricidentification (ID) methodology that uses digital imaging technologyto obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.

Amateur IntermittentOffender- These types of robbers view themselvesas lifetime robbers and commits infrequent robbery offenses, oftenrecklessly.

Armed Robbery- This involves the use of weapons such as firearm, aknife or other dangerous weapons.

AnimusLucrandi - means intent to gain, in Robbery.

Bienes Muebles- in Robbery, means personal property belonging to another.

Arrest- The legal taking of a person into a custody in order thathe may be bound to answer forthe commissionof an offense.

Arrest Warrant- An order in writing issued in the name of thePhilippines commanding or directing a peace officer to arrest theperson described therein and brings it before the court.

Thewarrant of arrestis to be served within a statutory period of 10 days.

Thewarrant of arrestvalidity continues unless: 1. Recalled by the issuing court 2. The respondent has been arrested 3. Respondent voluntarysubmittedhimself

Arson- An act of willfully and maliciously damaging or destroying abuilding or other property by fire or explosion.

Autopsy- known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, autopsiacadaverum, or obduction, is a highly specialized surgical procedurethat consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine thecause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury thatmay be present.

Accused- A person whos case was forwarded to the office of theprosecutor and filed in court.

Baseline- a method of locating object, particularly useful in inlarge, irregularly shaped outdoor areas.

Confession- An express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminalprosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charged,while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constitutingan acknowledgment of guilt.

CorpusDelicti- Latin for the body of the crime.

Crime- A generic term referring to many types of misconductforbidden by law.

Crime Scene- A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/eventhas been committed.

Criminal- A person who is convicted by final judgment.

Criminalist- The officer responsible for recording a crime scene andrecognizing and preserving physical evidence.

Criminal Investigation- The collection of facts in order to accomplishthe three-fold aims to identify the guilty party, to locate the guiltyparty and to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.

Criminal Investigator- A well-trained, disciplined and experiencedprofessional in the field of criminal investigation.

Criminal Law- One that defines crimes treats of their nature andprovides for their punishment.

Crime Scene- The geographical area where the crime was committed.

Crime Scene Sketch- A simple diagram that creates a mental picturesof the scene to those who are not present.

Rough Sketch- The first pencil-drawn outline of the scene and the location of objects and evidence within this outline.

DNA Profiling- (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or geneticfingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assistin the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles.

DNA Fingerprinting- is a test to identify and evaluate the geneticinformation, called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's cells.

Early Techniques ofCrime Investigation Archimedes(287212 BC) invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape.

Book of Xi Yuan Lu- The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solvecriminal cases.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele- he devised in 1773 a method for detecting arsenous oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses.

Henry Goddard- at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet comparison in 1835.

Alphonse Bertillon- was the first to apply the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, thereby creating anidentification systembased on physical measurements.

Sir William Herschel- was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects.

English Constable- early recorded professional criminal investigator.

Evidence- The means by which facts are proved.

Forcible Rape- Sexual intercourse carried out against a persons willby the use of physical violence.

Four Basic Techniques That Can Be Used To Measure A Crime Scene1. Rectangular/Coordinate System2. Baseline/Station Line3. Triangulation/Trilateration4. Azimuth/Polar Coordinates

Azimuth- uses polar coordinates. This method requires two people; one to hold each end of a tape measure. This type of measuring convention is best suited for large open areas where there might not be any fixed reference points. A known starting point must be established in your scene which might require pounding in a stake. That point is located by using a handheld GPS (global positioning system). A large protractor or some other type of board marked with a circle and degree increments is used. The zero location on the board is oriented toward magnetic north.

Triangulation- is a method that can be used when the scene is irregularly shaped. Two control points are used for this method.

Highgrading selling

Information- The general term referring to the knowledge acquiredby criminal investigator from various sources. Data gathered by aninvestigator from other persons including the victim himself andother sources.

Instrumentation-The applicationof instrument and method of physicalscience in the detection and investigation of crime.

Interview- The simple friendly questioning of people who have theinformation officially needed by investigators.

Interrogation- The vigorous or aggressive questioning of personsuspected of having committed an offense or a person who is reluctantor willing to make a full disclosure of information in his possessions,which is pertinent to the investigation of acriminal case.

Investigation- The collection of basic facts establishing that a crimehas been committed and that some other person is responsible thereof.

KastleMeyer Test- is a presumptive blood test, first described in1903, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detectthe possible presence of hemoglobin.

Miranda Doctrine- The principle on the rights of a suspect againstforced self-incrimination during police interrogation.

Modus Operandi- Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner ofcommitting the crime.

Murder-Suicide- An act in which an individual kills one or more otherpersons immediately before or at the same time as him or herself.

Phenomena- A circumstance, event or occurrence as it actuallyexists or existed.

Photography- The most reliable means of preserving the crime sceneor evidence.

Political terrorists- The use of force or the fear of force to achievea political end.

Power-Reassurance Rapist- The rapist who psychologically doubt hismasculinity and seeks to dispel this doubt by exercising power andcontrol over women.

Professional Robber- This characterized as having a long-termcommitment to crime as a source of livelihood, planning and organizingcrimes before committing them and pursuing money to support a particularlifestyle.

RA 7438- An act defining certain rights of person under custodialinvestigation.

RA 8353- The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.

RA 9514- The Fire Code of the Philippines.

Rectangular- a method of obtainingmeasurementto locate an objectby making ameasurementat right angles from each of two walls. Workswell for indoor measurements.

SpecialCrime Investigation- The investigation of cases that areunique and often require special training to fully understand theirbroad significance.

Spectrometry- modern detection method of alcohol and drugs.

Suspect- A person arrested for a crime.

Terrorism- The unlawful use of threat of violence against person orproperty to further political or social objectives.

Three Fold Aim of Criminal Investigation1. Identify the Perpetrator2. Locate the Perpetrator3. Provide Evidence

Triangulation- method of locating object where measurements are takenfrom two fixed points at the scene to the object you desire to locate.

A. SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES AND ETHICS (40hours)

DATESUBJECTREVIEWER

Introduction to CriminologyProf. Pacifico Talplacido

Philippine Criminal Justice SystemProf. Jeffrey Bajita

Juvenile Delinquency and Crime PreventionProf. Jeffrey Bajita

Human Behavior and Crisis ManagementProf. Pacifico Talplacido

Seminar on Contemporary Police ProblemsProf. Pacifico Talplacido

B. LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (48hours)

DATESUBJECTREVIEWER

Police Organization and Administration with Police PlanningProf. Anthony Mondejar

Police Personnel and Records ManagementProf. Anthony Mondejar

Patrol Operation and Police Communication SystemC/Insp. Felino Bragado

Industrial Security ManagementProf. Jeffrey Bajita

Police IntelligenceC/Insp. Felino Bragado

Comparative Police SystemProf. Pacifico Talplacido

C. CRIMINALISTICS (56 hours)

DATESUBJECTREVIEWER

Personal Identification (Dactyloscopy)Dr. Alfredo Kahanding

Forensic BallisticsMr. Ronan Masacupan

Forensic PhotographyMr. Nick Guanco

Questioned DocumentProf. Antonio Magbojos

PolygraphyP/Supt. Cenon Manalo

Forensic MedicineDr. Wilfredo Tierra

Forensic Chemistry and ToxicologyProf. Nicanor Cruz

D. CRIME PREVENTION DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION (40 hours)

DATESUBJECTREVIEWER

Fundamentals of Crime InvestigationC/Insp. Felino Bragado

Special Crime Investigation and Investigation of Organized CrimeProf. Anthony Mondejar

Fire Technology and Arson InvestigationEngr. Garry Lunas

Traffic Operations and Accident InvestigationP/Supt. Cenon Manalo

Drug Education and Vice ControlProf. Jeffrey Bajita

E. CORRECTION (16 hours)

DATESUBJECTREVIEWER

Correctional Philosophy and PracticesDr. Janet Padua

Probation and Parole (Non-Institutional Correction)Dr. Janet Padua

F. CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE (48 hours)

DATESUBJECTREVIEWER

Criminal Law (RPC, Book 1)Atty. Makamasa Gapit

Criminal Law (RPC, Book 2)Atty. Makamasa Gapit

Criminal ProcedureAtty. Makamasa Gapit

Criminal EvidenceAtty. Makamasa Gapit

Practice Court and Special LawAtty. Molina

Case Analysis in Criminal LawAtty. Molina

G. COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION

Criminal Jurisprudence and LEAReview Staff

Criminalistics and CDIReview Staff

Criminal Sociology and CorrectionsReview Staff

criminology board exam reviewer

Fundamentalsof CriminalInvestigationInvestigation- an inquiry, judicial or otherwise for the discovery and collection of facts concerning the matters involved. - it is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting vital information, facts, circumstances in order to establish the truth.

Criminal Investigator- a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct theinvestigationof allcriminal casesas provided for and embodied under the revised penal code, criminals laws and special laws which are criminal in nature. - a welltrained, disciplinedand experiencedprofessional in the field of criminalinvestigation.

CustodialInvestigation- investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action.

NeighborhoodInvestigation- one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for ransom cases which is often overlooked. Theobjectiveis to identify and interview in person all individuals in the area where the victim was kidnapped or last known sighting area during the window of opportunity.(last time seen until the time discovered missing.

Crime scene- a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has beencommitted.

Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of the crime) - used to describe the physical or material evidence that a crime has beencommitted. ex. corpse of a murder victim.

Confession- is an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charge.

Admission- refers to statement of facts not directly constituting an acknowledgement of guilt.

Organized criminal group- a structured group of three or more persons existingfor a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crime or offenses.

Organized crime- a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a criminal or virtual criminal activity on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or power using gangland style to attain their purpose.

Physical evidence- evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capable of being exhibited, examined or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to fingerprints, body fluid, explosives, hazardous chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in the commission of the crime.

Victimology/victim profiling- a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and personality, assist in determining the nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim and the type of person who could havecommittedthe crime.Complete informationregarding the victims physical description, normal behavior patterns, the family dynamics and known friends and acquintances should be obtained as soon as possible.

Miranda vs. Arizona- Ernesto Miranda had confessed to rape and kidnapping, after two hour interrogation. Because the interrogators failed to inform Miranda of hisright to counseland remain silent, his conviction was overturned.

Waterboarding- refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or her head lowered, then the face is covered and water is poured over it causing the suspect to gag and experience the sensation of drowning.

Chinese water torture- interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping water on the forehead of the suspect. The goal is to drive the suspect to near insanity thereby obtaining a confession.

Serial Killer- is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off" periods in between.

Police Blotter- is an 18" x 12" logbook with hard bound cover that contains the daily register of all crimeincident reports, official summary of arrests and other significant events reported in a police station. A separate police blotter shall be maintained for offenses requiring confidentiality like violence against women and children and those cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to RA 9262 (anti violence against women and children act of 2004) and RA 9344 ( juvenile justice and welfare act of 2006).

Actus Reus- proof that a criminal act has occurred.

Sketch- a rough drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more finished picture.

Types of Sketches 1. Floor plan (Birds Eye View) 2. Elevation Drawing 3. Exploded View 4. Respective Drawings

Allan Pinkerton-a Scottish american detective who created the Pinkerton NationalDetective Agency, the firstdetective agencyin the US.Pinkerton foiled a plot to assassinate President Lincoln.

Rouges Gallery- is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and suspects kept for identification purposes.A compilation of descriptions, methods of operation having places and names of criminal and their associates.

Mugshot- is a photographic portrait taken after one is arrested.Criminalinvestigation- it is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three fold aims:

3 Fold Aims Of CriminalInvestigation

1. To identify the guilty party2. To locate the guilty party3. To provide evidence of his guilt

6 Cardinal points ofinvestigation

1. What specific offense wascommitted2. How the offense was committed3. Whocommittedit4. Where the offense wascommitted5. When it was committed6. Why it wascommitted

Tools of an investigator in gathering facts1.Information- data gathered by an investigator and otherperson including the victim himself and from: 1. public records 2. private records 3. modus operandi file 2.Interview- skillful questioning of witness andsuspects. 3.Instrumentation- scientific examination of real evidence, application of instruments andmethod of physical sciences in detecting crime. Phases of investigations 1.Phase 1- identify the suspect through: 1. confession 2. eyewitnesstestimony 3. circumstantial evidence 4.associate evidence 2.Phase 2- locate and apprehend suspect. 3.Phase 3- gather and provide evidence to establish the guilt of the accused.

Composition/Organization of aninvestigationteam:

1. Team leader2. Investigator/recorder3. Photographer4. Evidence Custodian5. Composite illustrator/Artist

Equipment of an Investigator

1. Police line2. Video camera3. Voice recorder4. Camera5. Measuring device6. Gloves7. Flashlight8. Fingerprint kit9. Evidence bag10. Evidence tag11. Evidence bottles/vials12. Investigators tickler

Investigators Tickler

1. Investigators checklist2. Anatomical diagram form3. Evidence Checklist4. Turn-over receipt

Standard Methods of Recording Investigative Data:

1. Photographs2. Sketching crime scenes3. Written notes (what you have seen/observed)4. Developing and lifting fingerprints found at thecrime scene.5. Gathering physical evidence6. Plaster cast7. Tape recording of sounds8. Video tape recording of objects9. Written statement of objects and witnesses.

2 Kinds of Information 1. Regular sources - ex. citizen, company records 2. Cultivated sources - ex. paid informant

Interrogation or questioning witness or suspect who is reluctant to divulge or reveal information with the goal of extracting a confession or obtaining information while an Interview is simple questioning of a person who cooperate with the investigator.How the Suspect is Identified 1. Confession or Admission - is a declaration of an accused acknowledging his guilt. 2. Eyewitness testimony 3. Circumstantial evidence

How circumstantial Evidence Obtained 1. Motive 2. Opportunity 3. Associative Evidence

Types of Interview 1. Informal (on the scene interview) - conducted by police/investigator at thecrime sceneto get description of criminal if seen. 2. Formal - interview conducted by the investigator assigned to the case.

Types of Formal Interview 1. Normal - for willing or cooperative witness. 2. Group/Pretext Interview - for hostile witness or witness who refuse to cooperate. 3. Follow Up - additional interview in addition to vital points if necessary.

Qualifications of Interviewer 1. Salesman 2. Actor 3. Psychologist

Requisites of an Interview 1. Establish rapport 2. Forcefulness of personality 3. Breadth of interest

Setting of Interview 1. Background Interview- time and place of interview are not a consideration except for busy person. 2. RoutineCriminal Cases- interview should be carefully planned. Busy person can be interviewed at night, privacy is important. 3. ImportantCriminal Cases- should be conducted in places other than the subjects home/office to prevent him/her feeling confident. Investigator should get interviewees respect. 4. Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon possible while facts are fresh in the memory of interviewees.

Methods ofCrime SceneSearch 1. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The searchers (3 person is good) proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle. 2. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the strip search method. Therectangle is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side. 3. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is good) follow each other along the path of a spiral beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards the center. 4. Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant and then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants. 5. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to be approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. Procedure is repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers.strip search method

spiral search method

wheel search methoddouble strip search method

zone search method

Related Readings: Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation1.Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation Reviewer 12.Drug Education Definition of Terms

Fundamentals Of Criminal Investigation Reviewer 1 Questions and answer Reviewer Crime sceneinvestigation Jonathan In the world1. America's most famousprivate investigator andfounder ofCriminal Investigation. A. Alec Nayhem B. Allan Pinkerton C. Thomas Byrnes D. None of these

2. The first woman detective in the history ofcriminal investigation. A. Kathleen Jacob B. Candy Miles C. Kate Wayne D. Pines Hamilton

3. He was known to be the creator of the "bow street runners", a group of police officers attached to the Bow Street Court, and not in uniform, performing criminal investigative functions. A. Henry Fielding B. John Fielding C. JohnHoward D. Robert Peel

4. The founder and chief organizer of the LondonMetropolitanPolice, the Scotland Yard, which became famous police organization in the world. A. Henry Fielding B. John Fielding C. JohnHoward D. Robert Peel

5. As a rule, do not touch, alter or remove anything at the crimescene until the evidence has been processed through notes,sketches and photographs, with propermeasurements.This refers to A. the golden rule ininvestigation B. the number one SOP in investigation C. the act of note taking D. the act ofcrime scenepreservation

6. An Englishman who published ahandbookfor Examining Magistrates in Munich, Germany and advocated the use of scientific methods incriminal investigationprocess. A. Hans Gross B. Thomas Byrnes C. Alphonse Bertillon D. Francis Galton

7. The SC ruled the illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in state criminal prosecutions in the famous case of A. Miranda vs Arizona B. Otit vs Jeff C. Mapp vs Ohio D. Milkey vs Wett

8. The continues accountability of persons handling evidences, and havingresponsibilityof taking care andpreservingthe evidences from the time it was found until brought to court for presentation is called A. Chain of events B. Key events C. Chain of custody of evidence D. Chain of command

9. In England, he was a buckle maker then a brothel operator; a master criminal who became London's most effective criminal investigator. He was the most famous Thief-Catcher in 1720s. A. Alexander Macanochie B. Jonathan Wild C. Billy Cook D. JohnHoward

10. What isthe Latinterm for criminal intent? A. Mens Rea B. Magna Culpa C. Inflagrante Delicto D. Mala Vise

Answers:Fundamentals ofCriminal Investigation

1. B2. C3. A4. D5. A6. A7. C8. C9. B10.A