Special Senses: The Eye and the Ear

Medical TerminologyMedical TerminologyA LIVING LANGUAGEA LIVING LANGUAGE

CHAPTER

Fifth EditionFifth Edition

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Special Senses:The Eye and the Ear

13


Multimedia Directory

Slide 14Eye Anatomy AnimationSlide 60Optometrist VideoSlide 68Cataracts VideoSlide 73Macular Degeneration VideoSlide 77Conjunctivitis VideoSlide 90Snellen Chart VideoSlide 115Audiology VideoSlide 117Ear Anatomy AnimationSlide 135Inner Ear Anatomy AnimationSlide 153Otitis Media VideoSlide 159Tympanometry VideoSlide 162Audiometry Video


The Eye at a Glance

• Function of the Eye Contains sensory receptors for vision


The Eye at a Glance

• Structures of the Eye Sclera Choroid Retina Eyeball Conjunctiva Eye muscles Eyelids Lacrimal apparatus


The Eye Illustrated


Eye Combining Forms

• ambly/o – dull or dim• aque/o – water• blast/o – immature, embryonic• blephar/o – eyelid• chromat/o – color• conjunctiv/o – conjunctiva• corne/o – cornea• cycl/o – ciliary muscle


Eye Combining Forms

• dacry/o – tear; tear duct• dipl/o – double• emmetr/o – correct, proper• glauc/o – gray• ir/o – iris• irid/o – iris• kerat/o – cornea • lacrim/o – tears


Eye Combining Forms

• macul/o – macula lutea• mi/o – lessening• mydr/i – widening• nyctal/o – night• ocul/o – eye • ophthalm/o – eye• opt/o – eye, vision• optic/o – eye, vision


Eye Combining Forms

• papill/o – optic disk• phac/o – lens• phot/o – light• presby/o – old age• pupill/o – pupil• retin/o – retina• scler/o – sclera• stigmat/o – point


Eye Combining Forms

• uve/o – vascular• vitre/o – glassy


Eye Suffixes

• –ician specialist• –metrist one who measures• –opia vision condition• –opsia vision condition• –tropia turned condition


Anatomy and Physiology

• Ophthalmology (Ophth) is study of the eye

• Eyeball Organ of sight Transmits external image using sensory impulses via optic nerve to brain

Brain translates sensory impulses into image



• External structures important for vision In addition to eyeball Eye muscles Eyelids Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus


Eye Anatomy Animation

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The Eyeball

• Composed of three layers: Sclera Choroid Retina


Sclera

• Outermost layer • Tough protective layer

• Another term for sclera is white of eye

• Anterior portion is cornea


Figure 13.1The internal structures of the eye.


Cornea

• Anterior portion of sclera

• Clear, transparent

• Allows light to enter

• Bends, or refracts, light rays




Choroid

• Middle layer • Provides blood supply for eye

• Anterior portion: Iris Pupil Ciliary body




Iris and Pupil

• Iris Colored portion of eye

Smooth muscle that changes size of pupil

• Pupil Opening in center of iris

Allows light to enter into eyeball


Ciliary Body and Lens

• Lens Behind iris Not actually part of choroid layer

Attached to ciliary body


Ciliary Body and Lens

• Ciliary body Pulls on edge of lens

Changes shape of lens so it can focus light onto retina




Retina

• Contains sensory receptor cells that detect light rays

• Rods Active in dim light See gray tones

• Cones Active only in bright light

Color vision




Retina

• Macula lutea Area of retina where image forms

• Fovea centralis Depression in center of macula lutea

High number of cones

Point of clearest vision




Optic Disk

• Point where the optic nerve leaves eyeball

• Retinal blood vessels enter and leave through optic disk

• No rods or cones Results in blind spot in each eye’s field of vision


Figure 13.2Photograph of the retina of the eye. The optic disk appears yellow and the

retinal arteries radiate out from it.(Photo Researchers, Inc.)


Eye Fluids

• Aqueous humor Watery fluid Located between cornea and lens

• Vitreous humor Semi-solid gel Located between lens and retina


Muscles of the Eye

• Six muscles that connect eyeball to skull 4 rectus muscles pull straight 2 oblique muscles pull on an angle

• Contract in combination to change direction in which each eye is looking


Figure 13.3The external eye muscles.


Eyelids

• A pair cover each eyeball• Provide protection from foreign particles, injury, sun, and trauma

• Both upper and lower edges have eyelashes or cilia that protect eye from foreign particles

• Sebaceous glands located in eyelids secrete a lubricating oil onto surface of eyeball




Conjunctiva

• A mucous membrane • Forms continuous covering on underside of each eyelid and across anterior surface of each eyeball

• Protects eyeball




Lacrimal Apparatus

• Lacrimal gland Located under outer upper corner of each eyelid

Produces tears Tears wash and lubricate anterior surface of eyeball


Lacrimal Apparatus

• Lacrimal ducts Located in inner corner of eye socket

Collect tears Drain into nasolacrimal duct Ultimately drain into nasal cavity


Figure 13.5The structure of the lacrimal apparatus.


How We See

• Light rays pass through: Cornea Pupil Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor

• Then strike retina Stimulating rods and cones


Figure 13.6The path of light through the cornea, pupil, lens, and striking the retina.


How We See

• Upside-down image forms on retina

• Optic nerve transmits this image to brain

• Brain turns upside-down image into right-side up image


Figure 13.7The image formed on the retina is inverted. The brain rights the image as

part of the interpretation process.


Vision

• Vision requires four mechanisms: Coordination of external eye muscles so that both eyes move together

Correct amount of light admitted by pupil

Correct focus of light upon retina by lens

Optic nerve transmitting sensory images to brain


Additional Combining Forms

• aden/o – gland• angi/o – vessel• bi/o – life• cry/o – cold• cyst/o – sac• esthes/o – sensation, feeling• myc/o – fungus• ton/o – tone• xer/o – dry


Additional Suffixes

• -al pertaining to• -algia pain• -ar pertaining to• -ary pertaining to• -atic pertaining to• -ectomy surgical removal• -edema swelling• -graphy process of recording


Additional Suffixes

• -ia condition• -ic pertaining to• -ism state of• -itis inflammation• -logist one who studies• -logy study of• -malacia softening• -meter instrument to measure


Additional Suffixes

• -metry process of measuring• -oma tumor• -osis abnormal condition• -otomy cutting into• -ous pertaining to• -pathy disease• -pexy surgical fixation• -phobia fear


Additional Suffixes

• -plasty surgical repair• -plegia paralysis• -ptosis drooping• -rrhagia abnormal flow condition

• -scope instrument for viewing• -scopy process of visually

examining• -tic pertaining to


Additional Prefixes

• a- without• an- without• anti- against• de- without• eso- inward• exo- outward• extra- outside of• hemi- half


Additional Prefixes

• hyper- excessive• intra- within• micro- small• mono- one• myo- to shut


Anatomical Terms

aqueous pertaining to water

conjunctival pertaining to the conjuctiva

corneal pertaining to the cornea

extraocular pertaining to outside the eyeball

intraocular pertaining to inside the eyeball

iridal pertaining to the iris

lacrimal pertaining to tears

macular pertaining to the macula lutea

ocular pertaining to the eye


Anatomical Terms

ophthalmic pertaining to the eye

optic pertaining to the eye or vision

optical pertaining to the eye or vision

pupillary pertaining to the pupil

retinal pertaining to the retina

scleral pertaining to the sclera

uveal pertaining to choroid layer

vitreous pertaining to the vitreous humor


Building Anatomical Terms

• Ophthalmic

Pertaining to the eye• Lacrimal

Pertaining to tears

ophthalm/o+ -ic

lacrim/o+ -al



• Retinal

Pertaining to the retina• Intraocular

Pertaining to within the eye

retin/o+ -al

intra- + -ar+ ocul/o


Medical Specialties

ophthalmology

Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the eye and surrounding structures.

optometry

Medical profession specializing in examining the eyes, testing visual acuity, and prescribing corrective lenses.


Medical Specialties

ophthalmologist

Medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of eye conditions and diseases.

optometrist Doctor of optometry

opticianperson trained in grinding and fitting corrective lenses


Optometrist Video

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Signs and Symptoms

blepharoptosis drooping eyelid

cycloplegia paralysis of ciliary body

diplopia double vision

emmetropia state of normal vision

iridoplegia paralysis of the iris


Signs and Symptoms

nyctalopiadifficulty seeing in dim light; also called night blindness

ophthalmalgia eye pain

ophthalmoplegiaparalysis of one or more of the extraocular eye muscles

ophthalmorrhagia

bleeding from the eye

papilledemaswelling of the optic disk; also called choked disk


Signs and Symptoms

photophobiastrong sensitivity to bright light

presbyopia visual loss due to old age

scleromalacia softening of the sclera

xerophthalmia dry eyes


Building Signs & Symptoms Terms

• Blepharoptosis

Drooping eyelid• Diplopia

Double vision

blephar/o+ -ptosis

dipl/o+ -opia



• Papilledema

Swelling of optic disc• Scleromalacia

Softening of the sclera

papill/o+ -edema

scler/o+ -malacia


Eyeball Pathology

achromatopsia

unable to perceive one or more colors; color blindness

amblyopialoss of vision not as a result of eye pathology; commonly called lazy eye

astigmatismblurred vision due to uneven cornea; light rays do not focus sharply on retina

cataractdamage to lens causing it to become cloudy

corneal abrasion

scraping injury to cornea


Figure 13.8Photograph of a person with a cataract in the right eye.


Cataracts Video

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Eyeball Pathology

glaucomachronic increase in intraocular pressure; results in atrophy of optic nerve

hyperopia

image comes into focus behind retina; can see clearly at a distance but not up close; also called far sightedness

iritis inflammation of the iris

keratitis inflammation of the cornes


Figure 13.9Hyperopia (farsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the image would come into focus behind the retina, making the image on the retina blurry.

The bottom image shows how a biconvex lens corrects this condition.


Eyeball Pathology

legally blindseverely impaired vision; having 20/200 acuity

macular degeneration

deterioration of macula lutea area of retina

monochromatismunable to perceive one specific color

myopia

image comes into focus in front of retina; can see clearly up close but not at a distance; also called nearsightedness


Figure 13.10Myopia (nearsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the image comes

into focus in front of the lens, making the image on the retina blurry. The bottom image shows how a biconcave lens corrects this condition.


Macular Degeneration Video

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Eyeball Pathology

oculomycosis fungus infection of the eye

retinal detachment

separation of retina from choroid layer; damages blood vessels and nerves causing blindness

retinitis pigmentosa

progressive disease in which retina becomes hard and pigmented, then atrophies

retinoblastoma

malignant eye tumor occurring in young children


Eyeball Pathology

retinopathygeneral term for disease affecting the retina

scleritis inflammation of the sclera

uveitis inflammation of the choroid layer


Conjunctiva Pathology

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually from bacterial infection; also called pink eye

pterygiumhypertrophied conjunctival tissue in inner corner of eye


Conjunctivitis Video

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Eyelid Pathology

blepharitis inflammation of the eyelid

hordeolumpurulent infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid; also called a stye (or sty)


Lacrimal Apparatus Pathology

dacryoadenitis

inflammation of the lacrimal gland

dacryocystitis

inflammation of the lacrimal sac


Eye Muscle Pathology

strabismuseye muscle weakness resulting in eyes looking in different directions at same time

esotropia (ST)

type of strabismus with inward turning of eye; also called cross-eyed

exotropia (XT)

type of strabismus with outward turning of eye; also called wall-eyed


Figure 13.4Examples of common forms of strabismus: (A) esotropia with the right eye turning inward and (B) exotropia with the right eye turning outward.


Brain-related Vision Pathology

hemianopialoss of vision in half of visual field; often result of a stroke

nystagmusjerky involuntary eye movements; indicator of brain injury


Building Pathology Terms

• Oculomycosis

Abnormal condition of eye fungus• Retinopathy

Disease of the retina

ocul/o + -osis+ myc/o

retin/o+ -pathy



• Dacryoadenitis

Inflammation of lacrimal gland• Esotropia

Condition of being turned inward

dacry/o + -itis+ aden/o

eso-+ -tropia


Eye Examination Tests

color vision tests

use of multicolored charts to determine ability to recognize colors

fluorescein angiography

injection of fluorescein dye into bloodstream to observe blood flow within eye

fluorescein staining

applying fluorescein eye drops to cornea to look for corneal abrasions

keratometerinstrument to measure curvature of cornea

keratometry measures curvature of cornea


Figure 13.11An example of color blindness test. A person with red-green color blindness

would not be able to distinguish the green 27 from the surrounding red circles.



ophthalmoscope

instrument to view inside the eye

ophthalmoscopy

examination of interior of eye

optometerinstrument to measure eye ability to focus images onto the retina

refractive error test

vision test for defect in ability of eye to focus image on retina; tests for hyperopia and myopia

slit lamp microscopy

examining posterior surface of cornea


Figure 13.12Examinationof the interior of the eye using anophthalmoscope.

(Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock)



Snellen chart used for testing distance vision

tonometry measures intraocular pressure

visual acuity (VA)

measures sharpness of vision


Snellen Chart Video

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Building Diagnostic Terms

• Angiography

Process of recording (blood) vessels

• Keratometer

Instrument to measure cornea

angi/o + -graphy

kerat/o + -meter



• Ophthalmoscopy

Process of visually examining eye• Tonometry

Process of measuring tone (pressure inside eyeball)

ophthalm/o + -scopy

ton/o + -metry


Surgical Treatments

blepharectomy surgical removal of eyelid

blepharoplasty surgical repair of eyelid

conjunctivoplastysurgical repair of conjunctiva

cryoextractionuse of extremely cold probe to lift cataract from lens

cryoretinopexy fixation of retina using cold

enucleation surgical removal of eyeball

iridectomy surgical removal of the iris


Surgical Treatments

iridosclerotomy cutting into iris and sclera

keratoplastysurgical repair of cornea with a cornea transplant

laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

correction of myopia using laser surgery to remove corneal tissue

laser photocoagulation

use of laser to destroy very small precise areas of retina


Figure 13.13LASIK surgery uses a laser to reshape the cornea.

(mehmetcan/Shutterstock)


Surgical Treatments

phacoemulsification

use of high-frequency sound waves to liquefy lens with a cataract which is then removed with a needle

photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)

use of laser to reshape cornea; treats myopia

prosthetic lens implant

using an artificial lens to replace lens removed during cataract surgery


Surgical Treatments

radial keratotomy (RK)

spoke-like incision around cornea to flatten it; treats myopia

retinopexy surgical fixation of retina

scleral bucklingplacing band around outside of sclera to stabilize detached retina

sclerotomy cutting into the sclera

strabotomyincision into eye muscles to correct strabismus


Building Therapeutic Terms

• Ketatoplasty

Surgical repair of cornea• Iridectomy

Surgical removal of iris

kerat/o+ -plasty

irid/o + -ectomy



• Retinopexy

Pertaining to the cerebrum and spine

• Sclerotomy

Cutting into the sclera

retin/o+ -pexy

scler/o + -otomy


Eye Pharmacology

anesthetic ophthalmic solution

eyedrops to deaden pain

Ocu-Caine, Pontocaine

antibiotic ophthalmic solution

eyedrops to treat bacterial infection

Del-Mycin, Ilotycin

ophthalmic decongestant

constricts arterioles of eye to reduce redness and itching

Visine, Murine


Eye Pharmacology

antiglaucoma medication

reduces intraocular pressure

Betimol, Timoptic

artificial tears

treats dry eyesAkwa Tears, Refresh Plus

miotic constricts pupilEserine Sulfate, Miostat

mydriatic dilates pupilAtropine-Care, Atropisol Ophtalmic


Eye Abbreviations

ARMD age-related macular degeneration

Astigm astigmatism

c. gl. correction with glasses

D diopters (lens strength)

DVA distance visual acuity

ECCE extracapsular cataract extraction

EENT eye, ear, nose, throat


Eye Abbreviations

EM emmetropia

EOM extraocular movement

ICCE intracapsular cataract extraction

IOP intraocular pressure

LASIK laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis

OD right eye

Ophth. ophthalmology


Eye Abbreviations

OS left eye

OU each eye/both eyes

PERRLApupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

PRK photorefractive keratectomy

REM rapid eye movement

s. gl. without correction or glasses

SMD senile macular degeneration


Eye Abbreviations

ST esotropia

VA visual acuity

VF visual field

XT exotropia


Combining Forms Match Up

1. ambly/o2. blephar/o3. chromat/o4. dipl/o5. lacrim/o

a. tearsb. colorc. eyelidd. doublee. dull


The Ear at a Glance

• Function of the Ear Contains sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium (balance)


The Ear at a Glance

• Structures of the Ear Auricle External ear Middle ear Inner ear


The Ear Illustrated


Ear Combining Forms

• acous/o – hearing• audi/o – hearing• audit/o – hearing• aur/o – ear• auricul/o – ear• cerumin/o – cerumen• cochle/o – cochlea• labyrinth/o – labyrinth (inner ear)


Ear Combining Forms

• myring/o – tympanic membrane(eardrum)

• ot/o – ear• salping/o – auditory tube, eustachian tube

• staped/o – stapes• tympan/o – eardrum


Ear Suffixes

• –cusis hearing• –otia ear condition



• Otology (Oto) is study of the ear• Audiology is study of hearing disorders

• Ear responsible for two senses: Hearing Equilibrium or sense of balance



• Sensory information carried to brain by vestibulocochlear nerve Cochlear nerve – hearing information

Vestibular nerve – balance information


Audiology Video

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The Ear

• Ear is subdivided into three regions: External ear Middle ear Inner ear


Ear Anatomy Animation

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External Ear

• Auricle or pinna Only portion visible

Captures sound waves

Directs them through external auditory meatus


External Ear

• Auditory canal Sound moves along canal

• Cerumen Produced by oil glands in auditory canal

Oily wax slowly flows out of ear canal removing dirt that has stuck to it


External Ear

• Tympanic membrane Commonly called eardrum

Sound waves strike membrane

Causes it to vibrate

Tympanic membrane separates external ear from middle ear


Figure 13.14The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear.


The Middle Ear

• Small cavity• Located in temporal bone of skull

• Contains three tiny bones called ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes




Ossicles

• Tympanic membrane vibrates incus

• Vibrations amplify as they move from one ossicle to next

• Stapes transmits vibration to oval window Start of inner ear


Figure 13.15 Closeup view of the ossicles within the middle ear.


Eustachian Tube

• Also called auditory tube • Connects nasopharynx with middle ear

• Opens with each swallow • Equalizes pressure between middle ear cavity and atmospheric pressure




The Inner Ear

• Labyrinth Cavity within temporal bone

Houses inner ear

• Contains sensory organs


Sensory Organs of Inner Ear

• Hearing Cochlea Organs of Corti

• Equilibrium Semicircular canals

Utricle Saccule




How We Hear

• Sound waves travel down external auditory canal, strike eardrum

• Eardrum vibrates


How We Hear

• Ossicles conduct vibrations across middle ear from eardrum to oval window

• Oval window movements initiate vibrations in fluid that fills cochlea


How We Hear

• Fluid vibrations strike hair cells, bending small hairs and stimulating nerve endings

• Nerve ending sends electrical impulse to brain on cochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve


Figure 13.16The path of sound waves through the outer, middle, and inner ear.


Inner Ear Anatomy Animation

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Hearing Loss

Conductive hearing loss

• Disease or malformation of outer or middle ear

• All sound is weaker and muffled since it is not conducted correctly to inner ear

Sensorineural hearing loss

• Damage or malformation of inner ear (cochlea) or the cochlear nerve

• Sounds are distorted because nerve impulse is incorrect


Additional Combining Forms

• bi/o – life• laryng/o – larynx• myc/o – fungus• neur/o – nerve• presby/o – old age• py/o – pus• rhin/o – nose


Additional Suffixes

• -al pertaining to• -algia pain• -ar pertaining to• -ectomy pertaining to• -emesis vomiting• -gram record• -ic pertaining to• -itis inflammation


Additional Suffixes

• -logy study of• -meter instrument to measure• -metry process of measuring• -oma mass, tumor• -ory pertaining to• -osis abnormal condition• -otomy cutting into• -plasty surgical repair


Additional Suffixes

• -rrhagia abnormal flow• -rrhea discharge• -rrhexis rupture• -sclerosis hardening• -scope instrument to visually examine

• -scopy process of visually examining

• -tic pertaining to


Additional Prefixes

• an- without• anti- against• bi- two• macro- large• micro- small• mono- one


Word Building with tympan/o

acoustic pertaining to hearing

auditory pertaining to hearing

aural pertaining to the ear

auricular

pertaining to the ear

binaural pertaining to both ears

cochlear pertaining to the cochlea

monaural pertaining to one ear

otic pertaining to the ear

tympanic pertaining to the tympanic membrane



• Cochlear

Pertaining to the cochela• Auditory

Pertaining to hearing

cochle/o+ -ar

audit/o+ -ory



• Monoaural

Pertaining to one ear• Tympanic

Pertaining to the tympanic membrane

mono- + -al+ aur/o

tympan/o + -ic


Medical Specialties

audiology

Medical specialty involved with measuring hearing function and identifying hearing loss. Specialist is an audiologist.

otorhinolaryngology(ENT)

Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also referred to as ENT. Physician is an otorhinolaryngologist.


Signs and Symptoms

macrotia having abnormally large ears

microtia having abnormally small ears

otalgia ear pain

otopyorrhea discharge of pus from the ear

otorrhagia bleeding from the ear


Signs and Symptoms

presbycusis normal loss of hearing with age

residual hearing

amount of hearing remaining after damage has occurred

tinnitus ringing in ears

tympanorrhexis

rupture of tympanic membrane

vertigo dizziness



• Otalgia

Ear pain• Otopyorrhea

Discharge of pus from the ear

ot/o+ -algia

ot/o + -rrhea+ py/o



• Presbycusis

Old age hearing• Tympanorrhexis

Ruptured tympanic membrane

presby/o+ -cusis

tympan/o + -rrhexis


Hearing Loss Pathology

anacusistotal absence of hearing; total deafness

deafnessinability to hear or having some degree of hearing impairment


External Ear Pathology

ceruminomaexcessive accumulation of earwax forming hard wax plug

otitis externa (OE)

external ear infection; often by fungus; also called otomycosis or swimmer’s ear

otomycosis fungal infection of auditory canal


Middle Ear Pathology

myringitis inflammation of tympanic membrane

otitis media (OM)

infection of middle ear; most commonly seen in children; watery fluid (serous otitis media) or pus (purulent otitis media) accumulates in middle ear cavity

otosclerosis

loss of mobility of stapes bone; leads to hearing loss as it cannot vibrate

salpingitis inflammation of auditory canal

tympanitis inflammation of tympanic membrane


Otitis Media Video

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Inner Ear Pathology

acoustic neuroma

benign tumor of cochlear nerve; symptoms include tinnitus, headache, dizziness, and hearing loss

labyrinthitis

inner ear infection; causes hearing and equilibrium symptoms

Ménière’s disease

progressive hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus; causes not well understood



• Ceruminoma

Mass of cerumen (ear wax)• Otomycosis

Abnormal condition of ear fungus

cerumin/o + -oma

ot/o + -osis+ myc/o



• Otosclerosis

Hardening of the ear (ossicles)• Neuroma

Nerve tumor

ot/o+ -sclerosis

neur/o + -oma


Audiology Tests

audiogram hardcopy record of hearing

audiometer instrument to measure hearing

audiometrytest of hearing ability in regards to both intensity and pitch person is able to hear

decibel (dB) measures loudness of sound

hertz (Hz) measures pitch of sound

Rinne & Weber tuning fork tests

use of a tuning fork placed either next to ear or against skull to assess both nerve and bone conduction of sound


Figure 13.17Audiometry exam being administered to a young child who is wearing the ear

phones through which sounds are given.(Capifrutta/Shutterstock)


Tympanometry Video

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Otology Tests

otoscopeinstrument to visually examine inside ear canal

otoscopyexamination of ear canal and eardrum

tympanogramgraphic record results of tympanometry

tympanometerinstrument to measure movement of tympanic membrane

tympanometrymeasurement of movement of tympanic membrane to asses pressure inside middle ear


Figure 13.18An otoscope, used to visually examine the external auditory ear canal and

tympanic membrane.


Audiometry Video

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Balance Tests

falling testassesses equilibrium; balancing on one foot with eyes open and then closed



• Audiogram

Record of hearing• Audiometer

Instrument to measure hearing• Audiometry

Process of measuring hearing

audi/o + -gram

audi/o + -meter

audi/o + -metry


Audiology Procedures

American Sign Language

nonverbal method of communicating using hands and fingers to represent words and concepts

hearing aidmechanical device used to amplify sound


Figure 13.19Two women having a conversationusing American Sign Language.

(Vladimir Mucibabic/ Shutterstock)


Surgical Treatments

cochlear implant

mechanical device surgically placed behind outer ear; converts sound into magnetic impulses to stimulate auditory nerve; treats sensorineural hearing loss

labyrinthectomy

surgical removal of labyrinth

labyrinthotomy cutting into the labyrinth

myringectomysurgical removal or tympanic membrane

myringoplastysurgical repair of tympanic membrane


Figure 13.20Photograph of a child with a cochlear implant. This device sends electrical

impulses directly to the brain.


Surgical Treatments

myringotomyincision into eardrum to drain fluid accumulated in middle ear cavity

otoplasty surgical repair of extgernal ear

pressure equalizing tube (PE tube)

surgical placement of tube in eardrum to allow for continuous drainage of fluid from middle ear cavity

salpingotomy cutting into the auditory tube

stapedectomy replacement of damaged stapes


Surgical Treatments

tympanectomysurgical removal of tympanic membrane

tympanoplastysurgical repair of tympanic membrane

tympanotomycutting into the tympanic membrane



• Myringectomy

Surgical removal of tympanic membrane• Myringoplasty

Surgical repair of tympanic membrane• Myringotomy

Cutting into the tympanic membrane

myring/o + -ectomy

myring/o+ -plasty

myring/o + -otomy


Ear Pharmacology

antibiotic otic solution

eardrops to treat otitis externa

Neomycin, Otocort

antiemeticstreats nausea associated with vertigo

Antivert, Compazine

anti-inflammatory otic solution

reduces inflammation and itching of otitis externa

Allergan Ear Drops

wax emulsifiers

softens ear wax Debrox Drops


Ear Abbreviations

AD right ear

AS left ear

ASL American Sign Language

AU both ears

BC bone conduction

dB decibel

EENT eye, ear, nose, throat

ENT ear, nose, throat


Ear Abbreviations

HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose, throat

Hz hertz

OM otitis media

Oto otology

PE tube

pressure equalizing tube

PORPpartial ossicular replacement prosthesis

SOM serous otitis media

TORP total ossicular replacement prosthesis


Combining Forms Match Up

1. acous/o2. aur/o3. cochle/o4. myring/o5. salping/o

a. hearingb. cochleac. eard. eardrume. auditory tube


Classroom Response System


Pop Question 1

Which is NOT a layer of the eyeball?

A.Choroid B.Sclera C.LensD.Retina


Answer 1

Which is NOT a layer of the eyeball?

A.Choroid B.Sclera C.LensD.Retina


Pop Question 2

The sensory receptor cells, rods and cones, are found in the ________ layer of the eyeball.

A.Retina B.Sclera C.Optic diskD.Cornea


Answer 2

The sensory receptor cells, rods and cones, are found in the ________ layer of the eyeball.

A.Retina B.Sclera C.Optic diskD.Cornea


Pop Question 3

The _________ is a thin mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of each eyeball.

A.Lens B.Conjunctiva C.Cornea D.Iris


Answer 3

The _________ is a thin mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of each eyeball.

A.Lens B.Conjunctiva C.Cornea D.Iris


Pop Question 4

The ___________ separates the external ear from the middle ear.

A.Round window B.Stapes C.Auditory meatus D.Tympanic membrane


Answer 4

The ___________ separates the external ear from the middle ear.

A.Round window B.Stapes C.Auditory meatus D.Tympanic membrane


Pop Question 5

Which is NOT an ossicle?A.Stapes B.Saccule C.Incus D.Malleus


Answer 5

Which is NOT an ossicle?A.Stapes B.Saccule C.Incus D.Malleus


Pop Question 6

The organs of Corti are located in the ______________.

A.Utricle B.Semicircular canalsC.Saccule D.Cochlea


Answer 6

The organs of Corti are located in the ______________.

A.Utricle B.Semicircular canalsC.Saccule D.Cochlea


Pop Question 7

Which term means inflammation of the eyelid?

A.Keratitis B.Conjunctivitis C.Blepharitis D.Uveitis


Answer 7

Which term means inflammation of the eyelid?

A.Keratitis B.Conjunctivitis C.Blepharitis D.Uveitis


Pop Question 8

Which term means surgical removal of the eardrum?

A.Labyrinthectomy B.Myringectomy C.Stapedectomy D.Ceruminectomy


Answer 8

Which term means surgical removal of the eardrum?

A.Labyrinthectomy B.Myringectomy C.Stapedectomy D.Ceruminectomy


Pop Question 9

Which term means normal vision?A.Emmetropia B.Myopia C.Nyctalopia D.Presbyopia


Answer 9

Which term means normal vision?A.Emmetropia B.Myopia C.Nyctalopia D.Presbyopia


Pop Question 10

Which term means ringing in the ears?

A.Vertigo B.Presbycusis C.Monaural D.Tinnitus


Answer 10

Which term means ringing in the ears?

A.Vertigo B.Presbycusis C.Monaural D.Tinnitus


Pop Question 11

Which condition is commonly called lazy eye?

A.Achromatopsia B.Amblyopia C.Glaucoma D.Strabismus


Answer 11

Which condition is commonly called lazy eye?

A.Achromatopsia B.Amblyopia C.Glaucoma D.Strabismus


Pop Question 12

Which condition is caused by an increase in intraocular pressure?

A.Cataract B.Hordeolum C.Glaucoma D.Exotropia


Answer 12

Which condition is caused by an increase in intraocular pressure?

A.Cataract B.Hordeolum C.Glaucoma D.Exotropia


Pop Question 13

Which condition is also known as near sightedness?

A.Esotropia B.Hyperopia C.Hemianopia D.Myopia


Answer 13

Which condition is also known as near sightedness?

A.Esotropia B.Hyperopia C.Hemianopia D.Myopia


Pop Question 14

Which of the following is the term for an inner ear infection?

A.Otitis externa B.Otosclerosis C.Labyrinthitis D.Acoustic neuroma


Answer 14

Which of the following is the term for an inner ear infection?

A.Otitis externa B.Otosclerosis C.Labyrinthitis D.Acoustic neuroma


Pop Question 15

Fluorescein ________ uses eyedrops to identify corneal abrasions.

A.Angiography B.Tonometry C.Staining D.Keratometry


Answer 15

Fluorescein ________ uses eyedrops to identify corneal abrasions.

A.Angiography B.TonometryC.Staining D.Keratometry


Pop Question 16

Which of the following diagnostic tests detects pressure in the middle ear?

A.Tympanometry B.Otoscopy C.Audiometry D.Falling test


Answer 16

Which of the following diagnostic tests detects pressure in the middle ear?

A.Tympanometry B.Otoscopy C.Audiometry D.Falling test


Pop Question 17

Which surgical procedure is used to correct myopia?

A.Cryoextraction B.LASIKC.Phacoemulsification D.Strabotomy


Answer 17

Which surgical procedure is used to correct myopia?

A.Cryoextraction B.LASIKC.Phacoemulsification D.Strabotomy


Pop Question 18

________ implants convert sound into magnetic impulses to stimulate the auditory nerve.

A.Polyethylene B.Myringotomy C.Cochlear D.Stapes


Answer 18

________ implants convert sound into magnetic impulses to stimulate the auditory nerve.

A.Polyethylene B.Myringotomy C.Cochlear D.Stapes


Pop Question 19

A mydriatic solution causes the pupil to dilate.

A.TrueB.False


Answer 19

A mydriatic solution causes the pupil to dilate.

A.TrueB.False


Pop Question 20

Which abbreviation stands for an ear infection?

A.OMB.ADC.ENTD.ASL


Answer 20

Which abbreviation stands for an ear infection?

A.OMB.ADC.ENTD.ASL

Documents

Special Senses: The Eye and the Ear