Upload
chelsi
View
32
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
SPECIES INTERACTIONS. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY. ECOLOGY OF DOMESTICATION. Effect of species 2 on species 1. +. -. 0. +. 0. Effect of species 1 on species 2. -. EXPLOITATION (one species derives a benefit at a cost to another). MUTUALISM - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
SPECIES INTERACTIONS
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY OF DOMESTICATION
Mutualism Commensalism Predation, etc.
Commensalism Neutralism Amensalism
PredationParasitismHerbivory
Amensalism Competition
Eff
ect
of
spec
ies
1 o
n s
pec
ies
2
+
0
-
+ 0 -Effect of species 2 on species 1
Interspecific interactions
EXPLOITATION (one species derives a benefit at a cost to another)
MUTUALISM (benefiting both species)
COMPETITION (cost to both species)
Many interactions involve COEVOLUTION
Interspecific interactions
Predation – morphological counterstrategies
Exploitative -- Predation
Predation – physiological counterstrategies
Predation – behavioral counterstrategies
Interspecific interactions -- ExploitativeMammal-plant interactions
Herbivory – evolution of grazing
Plant chemical defenses
Mechanical defense of seeds
Mammal-plant interactions
Forced dispersal
Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative
Parasitism & Disease -- host parasite coevolution
Xenopsylla Rattus Yersinia
Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative
Borrelia
Ixodes
Peromyscus Odocoileus
Lyssavirus Desmodus
Mephitis
Parasite – host cospeciation
Geomydoecus
Geomys
Interspecific interactions
Mutualistic coevolution
Ruminant endosymbionts
Initially parasities
Often evolve from relationships that were initially exploitative
Interspecific interactions
Mutualism
Mammal – plant mutualism
pollination dispersalgermination
Mammal-mammal mutualism
Interspecific interactions
Shared predator vigilance
Multi-species herds(ungulates)
Mixed colonies(hyraxes)
Shared roosts(fruit bats)
Badger – coyote hunting “partnerships”
mutualism or exploitation?
Interspecific interactions
Domestication
Food Transport
Hunting & Guarding Fiber
Disease control??
Canis simensisAfrica (Ethiopia)
Canis aureusAsia, north Africa
Canis latransNorth America
Canis lupusNorthern
Hemisphere
Canis rufusNorth America
Wild canids
Canis “familiaris”
Dog – 15,000 ybp ASIA
Family Canidae
Tundra BritishColumbian
Mexican Eastern
European Iberian Indian Tibetan
mt DNA
Wolf variability (Canis lupus)
Evidence of repeated backcrossing
with wild wolves
Family Canidae
Dog breeds
(relationships inferred from nuclear genes)
Basal clade – Central Asia
Africa
NorthernHolarctic
MiddleEast
Family Canidae
Family Felidae
Felis sylvestris
Domestic cat – ca. 10,000 ybp
North Africa, Middle East (probably multiple origins)
Felis “catus”
Domestic horse --- ca. 6,000 ypb ASIA
Domestic ass ca. 6,000 ybp NORTH AFRICA
Equus asinus
Family Equidae
Equus caballus przewalskiPaleolithic horse
Genetics
2N = 62chromosomes
2N = 52chromosomes
2N = 56chromosomes
2N = 64chromosomes
Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) 2N = 46
Mountain zebra (Equus zebra) 2N = 34
Plains zebra (Equus burchelli) 2N = 44
Family Equidae
Mule (mare + male ass)
Hinny (stallion + female ass)
“Zorse”
E. caballus x E. burchelli
“Zeedonk”
E. asinus x E. burchelli
Hybridization
Equus caballusX
Equus asinus
Domestic horse/ass hybrids
Family Equidae
All equid hybrids are sterile due to problems of chromosome pairing during meiosis
Domesticated cattle (Bos) -- 8000 – 9000 ybp
Multiple origins (Asia, Europe, North Africa)Probable “hybrid” origin
extinct Auroch (Bos primagenius) Wild cattle (Bos taurus)
Gaur (Bos gaurus) Yak (Bos grunniens)
Family Bovidae
Domestic sheep 6000 ybp Middle East
Mouflon (Ovis musimon)
Bezoar (Capra aegagrus)
Domestic goat 10,000 ybp Middle East
Family Bovidae
Reindeer 5000 ybp Northern Mongolia
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
Domestic pig 10,000 ybp Multiple sites(SE Asia, India, Europe, Middle East)
Wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Family Suidae
Family Cervidae
Dromedary ca. 5000 ybp Arabia
Camelus dromedarius
Bactrian Camel ca. 5000 ybp Iran
Camelus bactrianus
Family Camelidae
Llama 6000 ybp South America
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)
Alpaca 3000+ ybp South America
Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)
Family Camelidae
The only large mammal domesticates from theWestern Hemisphere
Captive (ungulates)
Purposefully captured and raised by humans
Ecology of Domestication
Commensal (dog, cat)
Not originally raised by humans but attracted to human modified habitats
Six requirements for successful captive domestication (from: Jared Diamond 2002. Nature 418:700-707)
1) Generalist diet
2) Favorable life history (fecundity and growth rate)
3) Docile disposition
4) Captive breeding
5) Social grouping in herds
6) Low panic response
Also – genetic “predisposition” for artificial selection(natural variability, hybridization)
Types of domesticates
Geography of Domestication
Predominance of Eurasia
Earliest agricultural economies
Large selection of appropriate mammals
Why?