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Specific Learning Disability
in WritingSpecialization Paper B-1
Unit 3.2
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According to National Joint Committee on LearningDisabilities Learning disabilities refers to a heterogeneous
group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties inthe acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading,writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities.
These disorders are intrinsic to the individual, presumedto be due to central nervous system dysfunction, and mayoccur across the life span. Problems in self-regulatorybehaviours, social perception, and social interaction mayexist with learning disabilities but do not by themselvesconstitute a learning disability.
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Specific learning disability is a generic termwhich refers to a group of learning disorders with
respective cognitive specific deficits.
A specific learning disability can affect howindividuals learn in a variety of ways including
how they take in, remember, understand orexpress information.
A specific learning disability may be defined asproblems people encounter in learning thataffect achievement and daily life skills.
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Specific Learning Disability in Writing
Dysgraphia- It is coined from Greek words dys meansdifficult and graphia means to write.
Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects written
expression.Extremely poor handwriting is sometimes called asdysgraphia.Students may be unable to transfer the input of visual
information into the output of fine motor movement.They also have difficulty in the act of composing.
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Thus Dysgraphia is a specific learning
disability that affects writing abilities. Itcan manifest itself as difficulties withpoor handwriting, spellings andtrouble putting thoughts on paper(composing).
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Characteristics of Dysgraphia:
1. Poor handwriting/writing illegibly
2. Confusion with directionality
3. Poor spelling skills
4. Difficulty with copying or completing work on a printed page
5. Difficulty taking notes from oral presentation
6. May have problems with grammar, syntax and organization
7. Demonstrates writing skills inconsistent with verbal abilities
8. Kinesthetic/Fine Motor
9. Organizational Difficulties
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Symptoms of Dysgraphia:
Inability to use silverware properly
Cannot correctly tie shoe laces
Unusual grip on writing instruments
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Written language can be divided into:
Handwriting
Spelling
Composition
Learning disabled students often have
difficulties in one or more of these areas.
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WrittenLanguage
Handwriting
Spelling
Composition
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Handwriting: The mechanical component of written expression is calledhandwriting. It is the particular way in which one forms letters with a pen
or pencil. If a reader cannot understand the handwriting of an individualregardless of how well the passage is composed its meaning is lost.
Causes of handwriting errors:1. Poor eye hand co ordination: failure to integrate the visual
image of the letter with the correct motor response.2. Poor finer motor co ordination: poor efficiency and control of
the intrinsic muscles of the hand.3. Disorders of visual perception: poor spatial orientation.
Difficulty in understanding concepts such as up, down, top,bottom which is important for correct letter formation.
4. Poor sense of directionality: gets confused with the strokesin forming letters.
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1.
Poor eye hand co ordination
failure to integrate the visual image of theletter with the correct motor response.
2.
Poor finer motor co ordination
poor efficiency and control of the intrinsicmuscles of the hand.
3.
Disorders of visual perception
poor spatial orientation. Difficulty inunderstanding concepts such as up, down
4.
Poor sense of directionality gets confused with the strokes informing letters.
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Symptoms/signs of handwriting error:
oDifficulty with letter formation or general illegibility
oSignificant variations in size of letters
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oProblems with keeping letters/words on line
oInconsistent spacing between letters and words
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oContinual crowding of words at the end of a line
o
Reversals of letters and numbers
oExtreme slowness of writing speed or writing much too quickly
oComplaints of hand pain/cramping
oIndiscriminate use of upper case letters
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oUse of an awkward or strange-looking pencil grasp
oNot holding paper in a stable position while writing
oUnusual/awkward body postures when trying to write
oDisregard for punctuations
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Spelling:
It is defined as the proper arrangement of letters intowords that are necessary for the purpose of writtencommunication. Spelling involves the ability to learn thecorrespondence between phonemes(sounds) and
graphemes(written letters).
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Poor phoneme andgrapheme association
Poor auditorymemory
Poor visual memoryPoor sequencing
ability
Difficulty inauditory
discrimination
Causes
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Signs/symptoms of spelling errors:
Spell a word too phonetically
Addition
Substitution
Reversals
Omission
Inversion
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Composition:
It is the visual representation of thoughts, feelings,and ideas using symbolsof the writers languagesystem for the purpose of communication. Writtencomposition requires many related abilities, including
facility in spoken language, the ability to read, skills inspellings, legible handwriting or skills with computer keyboarding, knowledge of the use of written usage andcognitive strategies to organize and plan the writing.
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Written Expression involes :
1. Mechanics and Stylists
2. Ideation
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