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Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Physics (8PH01))LUVW�FHUWL¿FDWLRQ�����
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Physics (9PH01))LUVW�FHUWL¿FDWLRQ�����
Issue 5
6SHFL¿FDWLRQGCE Physics
Edexcel GCE in Physics — Foreword
(GH[FHO�LV�GHOLJKWHG�WKDW�WKLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�GHYHORSHG�LQ�FROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�the Salters Horners Advanced Physics project, a leader for many years in developing innovative approaches to teaching and learning in physics at A level.
Salters Horners Advanced Physics is developed and supported by the University of York 6FLHQFH�(GXFDWLRQ�*URXS��D�PDMRU�IRUFH�IRU�LQQRYDWLRQ�LQ�VFLHQFH�HGXFDWLRQ��)ROORZLQJ�D�WZR�\HDU�SLORW��WKH�FRXUVH�KDV�QRZ�EHHQ�UXQQLQJ�VXFFHVVIXOO\�VLQFH�WKH�\HDU������
Many key elements of this approach, such as studying the contemporary uses and FXWWLQJ�HGJH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�SK\VLFV��DUH�QRZ�SDUW�RI�WKH�How Science Works strand UHTXLUHG�LQ�DOO�$�OHYHO�6FLHQFH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQV��(GH[FHO�*&(�LQ�SK\VLFV�KDV�EHQH¿WHG�enormously from the expertise built up by the Salters Horners project in incorporating HIIHFWLYHO\�WKLV�LPSRUWDQW�QHZ�DVSHFW�RI�$�OHYHO�SK\VLFV�LQWR�WKH�QHZ�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�
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Edexcel University of York
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Introduction 1
About this specification
The Edexcel GCE in Physics is designed for use in schools and colleges. It is a part of a suite of GCE TXDOL¿FDWLRQV�RIIHUHG�E\�(GH[FHO�
Key features of the specification $Q�LQQRYDWLYH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ
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� D�FRQFHSW�OHG�DSSURDFK��7KLV�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�DQG�¿QLVKHV�ZLWK�DQ�H[SORUDWLRQ�RI�WKHLU�SUDFWLFDO�DSSOLFDWLRQV
� D�FRQWH[W�OHG�WRSLF�DSSURDFK��7KLV�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�PRYHV�RQ�WR�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�XQGHUO\LQJ�this application. This approach is based on the Salters Horners Advanced Physics Project.
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Why choose this specification?$�PRWLYDWLQJ�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ
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The Salters Horners Advanced Physics project team at the University of York organises courses for WHDFKHUV�DQG�WHFKQLFLDQV�ZKR�RSHUDWH�WKLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ��DQG�DOVR�SURYLGHV�DQ�DGYLFH�VHUYLFH�WR�KHOS�ZLWK�TXHVWLRQV�FRQFHUQLQJ�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�RI�WKH�FRXUVH�
Supporting you
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Specification updates7KLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�,VVXH���DQG�LV�YDOLG�IRU�H[DPLQDWLRQ�IURP�6XPPHU�������,I�WKHUH�DUH�DQ\�VLJQL¿FDQW�FKDQJHV�WR�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�(GH[FHO�ZLOO�ZULWH�WR�FHQWUHV�WR�OHW�WKHP�NQRZ��&KDQJHV�ZLOO�DOVR�EH�SRVWHG�RQ�RXU�ZHEVLWH�
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Contents © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics2
Contents
A Specification at a glance 4
B Specification overview 7
Summary of assessment requirements 7
Assessment objectives and weightings 8
Relationship of assessment objectives to units 9
Qualification summary 9
C Physics unit content 11
Course structure 12
Administration of internal assessment 12
Concept-led approach
Unit 1 Physics on the go 17
Unit 2 Physics at Work 23
Unit 3 Exploring Physics 33
Unit 4 Physics on the Move 41
Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse 49
Unit 6 Experimental Physics 57
Context-led approach based on the Salters Horners Advanced Physics project
Unit 1 Physics on the go 65
Unit 2 Physics at Work 73
Unit 3 Exploring Physics 83
Unit 4 Physics on the Move 91
Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse 101
Unit 6 Experimental Physics 109
Contents
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Contents 3
D Assessment and additional information 115
Assessment information 115
Additional information 119
E Resources, support and training 121
Resources to support the specification 121
Edexcel’s own published resources 121
Edexcel publications 122
Additional resources endorsed by Edexcel 122
Support from the University of York 123
Edexcel support services 124
Training 125
F Appendices 127
Appendix 1 Performance descriptions 129
Appendix 2 Wider curriculum 135
Appendix 3 Codes 137
Appendix 4 How Science Works 139
Appendix 5 Data 141
Appendix 6 Formulae 143
Appendix 7 Glossary 147
Appendix 8 Further resources and support 149
Appendix 9 General and mathematical requirements 151
4 Section A © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
A Specification at a glance
AS Unit 1: Physics on the go *Unit code 6PH01
� Externally assessed
� Availability: June
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Part of this topic may be taught using applications that relate to, for example, sports. The other part of this topic may be taught using, for example, a case study of the SURGXFWLRQ�RI�VZHHWV�DQG�ELVFXLWV��,W�PD\�DOVR�EH�WDXJKW�XVLQJ�WKH�SK\VLFV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�VSDUH�SDUW�VXUJHU\�IRU�MRLQW�UHSODFHPHQWV�DQG�OHQV�LPSODQWV�
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AS Unit 2: Physics at Work *Unit code 6PH02
� Externally assessed
� Availability: June
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Several different contexts may be used to teach parts of this unit including music, medical physics, technology in space, solar cells and an historical study of the nature of light.
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Specification at a glance A
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section A 5
AS Unit 3: Exploring Physics *Unit code 6PH03
� Internally or externally assessed
� Availability: June
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7KLV�XQLW�LQYROYHV�DQ�H[SHULPHQW�WKDW�LV�EDVHG�RQ�D�SK\VLFV�EDVHG�YLVLW�RU a case study of an application of physics.
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7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�DQ�H[SHULPHQW�WKDW�LV�IRXQGHG�RQ�HLWKHU�D�SK\VLFV�based visit RU�D�FDVH�VWXG\�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�SK\VLFV��6WXGHQWV�ZULWH�D�UHSRUW�WKDW�LV�either internally marked and externally moderated or externally marked by Edexcel.
A2 Unit 4: Physics on the Move *Unit code 6PH04
� Externally assessed
� Availability: June
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This unit involves the study of further mechanics (momentum and circular motion), HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV��DQG�SDUWLFOH�SK\VLFV��
Several different contexts may be used to teach parts of this unit including a modern rail transport system, communications and display techniques.
Particle physics is the subject of current research, involving the acceleration and GHWHFWLRQ�RI�KLJK�HQHUJ\�SDUWLFOHV��7KLV�DUHD�RI�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�PD\�EH�WDXJKW�E\�exploring a range of contemporary experiments.
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A Specification at a glance
6 Section A © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
A2 Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse *Unit code 6PH05
� Externally assessed
� Availability: June
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This unit involves the study of thermal energy, nuclear decay, oscillations, astrophysics and cosmology.
Several different contexts may be used to teach parts of this unit including space technology, medical physics and the construction of buildings in earthquake zones. 7KH�DVWURSK\VLFV�DQG�FRVPRORJ\�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�PD\�EH�WDXJKW�XVLQJ�WKH�physical interpretation of astronomical observations, the formation and evolution of stars, and the history and future of the universe.
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A2 Unit 6: Experimental Physics *Unit code 6PH06
� Internally or externally assessed
� Availability: June
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This unit involves planning an experiment, carrying out an experiment and analysing experimental results.
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6WXGHQWV�ZULWH�D�UHSRUW�WKDW�LV�HLWKHU�PDUNHG�E\�WKH�WHDFKHU�DQG�H[WHUQDOO\�PRGHUDWHG�or externally marked by Edexcel.
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7Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section B
B Specification overview
Summary of assessment requirements
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Unit 1: Physics on the go AS 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�examination paper of 1 hour 30 minutes duration. 7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�TXHVWLRQV��VKRUW�questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�of physics to situations that they have not seen before.
It is recommended that students have access to a VFLHQWL¿F�FDOFXODWRU�IRU�WKLV�SDSHU�
6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics IRUPXODH�WKDW�DUH�UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�question paper.
80 marks
8QLW����3K\VLFV�DW�:RUN AS 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�examination paper of 1 hour 30 minutes duration. 7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�TXHVWLRQV��VKRUW�questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�of physics to situations that they have not seen before.
It is recommended that students have access to a VFLHQWL¿F�FDOFXODWRU�IRU�WKLV�SDSHU�
6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics IRUPXODH�WKDW�DUH�UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�question paper.
80 marks
Unit 3: Exploring Physics AS This unit is assessed by means of an experiment that LV�IRXQGHG�RQ�HLWKHU�D�SK\VLFV�EDVHG�YLVLW�RU a case study of an application of physics. The experiment must be conducted under supervised conditions. 6WXGHQWV�ZULWH�D�UHSRUW�WKDW�LV�HLWKHU�PDUNHG�E\�the teacher and externally moderated or marked by Edexcel. The experiment can be done in a normal lesson.
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$� 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�examination paper of 1 hour 35 minutes duration. 7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�TXHVWLRQV��VKRUW�questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�of physics to situations that they have not seen before.
6WXGHQWV�PD\�XVH�D�VFLHQWL¿F�FDOFXODWRU�IRU�WKLV�SDSHU��
6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics IRUPXODH�WKDW�DUH�UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�question paper.
80 marks
B Specification overview
8 Section B © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
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Unit 5: Physics from Creation to Collapse
$� 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�examination paper of 1 hour 35 minutes duration. 7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�TXHVWLRQV��VKRUW�questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�of physics to situations that they have not seen before.
6WXGHQWV�PD\�XVH�D�VFLHQWL¿F�FDOFXODWRU�IRU�WKLV�SDSHU�
6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics IRUPXODH�WKDW�DUH�UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�question paper.
80 marks
Unit 6: Experimental Physics
$� Students must plan an experiment and then carry RXW�D�SODQ�RI�DQ�H[SHULPHQW�ZKLFK�PD\�EH�WKHLU�RZQ�plan, a plan provided by Edexcel or a plan devised by the centre. The production of a plan may be done at a different time from the implementation of the plan. This assessment must be conducted under supervised FRQGLWLRQV��6WXGHQWV�ZULWH�D�UHSRUW�WKDW�LV�HLWKHU�marked by the teacher and externally moderated or H[WHUQDOO\�PDUNHG�E\�(GH[FHO��7KH�DVVHVVPHQW�ZLOO�WDNH�XS�WR�WZR�KRXUV�
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Information for international centres
A 100 per cent examination option is available ONLY to LQWHUQDWLRQDO�FHQWUHV�ZLVKLQJ�WR�WDNH�*&(�3K\VLFV��7KLV�ZLOO�WDNH�WKH�IRUP�RI�DOWHUQDWLYH�ZULWWHQ�SDSHUV�IRU�8QLWV���DQG����
This option is QRW available for home centres.
International private centres, including all centres entering candidates via the British Council, are not permitted to enter candidates for internal assessment and therefore must take the DOWHUQDWLYH�ZULWWHQ�SDSHUV�
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Assessment objectives and weightings
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Specification overview B
9Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section B
Relationship of assessment objectives to units
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Qualification summary
Subject Criteria 7KH�*HQHUDO�&HUWL¿FDWH�RI�(GXFDWLRQ�LV�SDUW�RI�WKH�/HYHO���SURYLVLRQ��7KLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�$GYDQFHG�6XEVLGLDU\�*&(�DQG�$GYDQFHG�*&(�6XEMHFW�&ULWHULD�IRU�6FLHQFH�ZKLFK�DUH�SUHVFULEHG�E\�WKH�UHJXODWRU\�DXWKRULWLHV�DQG�DUH�PDQGDWRU\�IRU�DOO�DZDUGLQJ�ERGLHV��
The GCE in Physics has been designed to encourage students to:
a develop their interest in, and enthusiasm for, the subject, including developing an interest in further study and careers in the subject
E� DSSUHFLDWH�KRZ�VRFLHW\�PDNHV�GHFLVLRQV�DERXW�VFLHQWL¿F�LVVXHV�DQG�KRZ�WKH�VFLHQFHV�FRQWULEXWH�WR�WKH�VXFFHVV�RI�WKH�HFRQRP\�and society
c develop and demonstrate a deeper appreciation of the skills, NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�How Science Works
G� GHYHORS�HVVHQWLDO�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�WKH�VXEMHFW�DQG�KRZ�WKH\�UHODWH�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�
B Specification overview
10 Section B © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Aims The aims of the Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced GCE in Physics are to:
� SURYLGH�VHDPOHVV�SURJUHVVLRQ�IURP�WKH�.H\�6WDJH���SURJUDPPH�of study and enable students to sustain and develop an enjoyment of, and interest in, physics and its applications
� GHYHORS�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�OLQN�EHWZHHQ�WKHRU\�DQG�experiment and foster the development of skills in the design and execution of experiments
� GHYHORS�HVVHQWLDO�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�LQ�SK\VLFV�DQG��ZKHUH�DSSURSULDWH��WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQV�RI�SK\VLFV�ZLWK�DQ�DSSUHFLDWLRQ�RI�WKHLU�VLJQL¿FDQFH�DQG�WKH�VNLOOV�QHHGHG�IRU�WKH�XVH�RI�WKHVH�LQ�QHZ�DQG�FKDQJLQJ�VLWXDWLRQV
� demonstrate the importance of physics as a human endeavour that LQWHUDFWV�ZLWK�VRFLDO��SKLORVRSKLFDO��HFRQRPLF�DQG�LQGXVWULDO�PDWWHUV
� be a suitable preparation for higher educational courses in physics and related courses.
AS/A2 knowledge and understanding
7KLV�$GYDQFHG�6XEVLGLDU\�DQG�$GYDQFHG�*&(�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�UHTXLUHV�students to:
� UHFRJQLVH��UHFDOO�DQG�VKRZ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�VFLHQWL¿F�NQRZOHGJH
� select, organise and communicate relevant information in a variety of forms
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11Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
C Physics unit content
Concept-led approach
Unit 1 Physics on the go 17
Unit 2 Physics at Work 23
Unit 3 Exploring Physics 33
Unit 4 Physics on the Move 41
Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse 49
Unit 6 Experimental Physics 57
Context-led approach based on the Salters Horners Advanced Physics project
Unit 1 Physics on the go 65
Unit 2 Physics at Work 73
Unit 3 Exploring Physics 83
Unit 4 Physics on the Move 91
Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse 101
Unit 6 Experimental Physics 109
C Physics unit content
12 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Course structure
� Edexcel’s GCE in Physics comprises six units and contains an Advanced Subsidiary subset of three AS units.
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� GLVWLQFW�PRGXOHV�RI�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�OHDUQLQJ�ZLWK�UHODWHG�XQLWV�RI�assessment taken at appropriate stages during the course; or
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Administration of internal assessment
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13Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Further information
For more information on annotation, authentication, mark submission and moderation procedures, please refer to the Edexcel Information Manual�GRFXPHQW��ZKLFK�LV�DYDLODEOH�RQ�WKH�(GH[FHO�ZHEVLWH��
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C Physics unit content
14 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Physics unit content C
15Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
CONCEPT-LED APPROACH
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16 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
17Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 1 Physics on the go AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
1.1 Introduction
Concept approach This unit covers mechanics and materials. The unit may be taught using either a concept approach or a context approach. The concept DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�physics and then explores their practical applications. This section RI�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�to use the concept approach.
Context approach This unit is presented in a different format on page 65 for teachers ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�D�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�of physics that apply to this application are studied. The context approach for this unit uses three contexts for teaching this unit: VSRUWV��WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�VZHHWV�DQG�ELVFXLWV�DQG�VSDUH�SDUW�VXUJHU\�
How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria includes How Science Works (see Appendix 4���7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�learning of this unit.
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present data, and make predictions.
7KH�ZRUG�µLQYHVWLJDWH¶�LQGLFDWHV�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�WKHLU�practical skills for How Science Works, numbers 1–6 as detailed in Appendix 4 (internal assessment may require these skills). Students should communicate the outcomes of their investigations XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�VFLHQWL¿F��WHFKQLFDO�DQG�PDWKHPDWLFDO�ODQJXDJH��conventions and symbols.
Applications of physics should be studied using a range of contemporary contexts that relate to this unit.
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Unit 1 Physics on the go
18 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
1.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
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The total number of marks available for this examination paper is ����,W�FRQWULEXWHV�����WR�$6�3K\VLFV�DQG�����WR�WKH�$GYDQFHG�GCE in Physics.
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Physics on the go Unit 1
19Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
1.3 Mechanics
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Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
1 use the equations for uniformly accelerated motion in one dimension:
v = u + at s = ut + ½at� v� = u�����as
�� GHPRQVWUDWH�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�KRZ�,&7�can be used to collect data for, and display, GLVSODFHPHQW�WLPH�DQG�YHORFLW\�WLPH�JUDSKV�for uniformly accelerated motion and FRPSDUH�WKLV�ZLWK�WUDGLWLRQDO�PHWKRGV�LQ�terms of reliability and validity of data
Determine speed and acceleration, for example use light gates
3 identify and use the physical quantities derived from the slopes and areas of GLVSODFHPHQW�WLPH�DQG�YHORFLW\�WLPH�JUDSKV��LQFOXGLQJ�FDVHV�RI�QRQ�XQLIRUP�DFFHOHUDWLRQ
�� LQYHVWLJDWH��XVLQJ�SULPDU\�GDWD��UHFRJQLVH�and make use of the independence of vertical and horizontal motion of a projectile moving freely under gravity
Strobe photography or video camera to analyse motion
�� GLVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�VFDODU�DQG�YHFWRU�quantities and give examples of each
�� UHVROYH�D�YHFWRU�LQWR�WZR�FRPSRQHQWV�DW�ULJKW�DQJOHV�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�E\�GUDZLQJ�DQG�by calculation
�� FRPELQH�WZR�FRSODQDU�YHFWRUV�DW�DQ\�DQJOH�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�E\�GUDZLQJ��DQG�DW�ULJKW�angles to each other by calculation
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20 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
�� GUDZ�DQG�LQWHUSUHW�IUHH�ERG\�IRUFH�GLDJUDPV�to represent forces on a particle or on an extended but rigid body, using the concept of centre of gravity of an extended body
Find the centre of gravity of an irregular rod
9 investigate, by collecting primary data, and use !F = ma�LQ�VLWXDWLRQV�ZKHUH�m is FRQVWDQW��1HZWRQ¶V�¿UVW�ODZ�RI�PRWLRQ� (a� ����DQG�VHFRQG�ODZ�RI�PRWLRQ�
Use an air track to investigate factors affecting acceleration
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Measure g using, for example, light gates.
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kinetic energy of a body
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= mg"h for the gravitational potential energy transferred near the Earth’s surface
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Use, for example, light gates to investigate the speed of a falling object
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16 understand some applications of mechanics, for example to safety or to sports
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Concept approach
Physics on the go Unit 1
21Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
1.4 Materials
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This topic may be taught using, for example, a case study of WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�VZHHWV�DQG�ELVFXLWV��,W�FRXOG�DOVR�EH�WDXJKW�XVLQJ�WKH�SK\VLFV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�VSDUH�SDUW�VXUJHU\�IRU�MRLQW�replacements and lens implants.
/HDUQLQJ�RXWFRPHV���±���VKRXOG�EH�VWXGLHG�XVLQJ�YDULHW\�RI�applications, for example, making and testing food, engineering materials, spare part surgery. This unit includes many opportunities to develop experimental skills and techniques.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
18 understand and use the terms density, ODPLQDU�ÀRZ, streamline ÀRZ, terminal velocity, turbulent ÀRZ, upthrust and viscous drag, for example, in transport design or in manufacturing
19 recall, and use primary or secondary data WR�VKRZ�WKDW�WKH�UDWH�RI�ÀRZ�RI�D�ÀXLG�LV�related to its viscosity
��� UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ�IRU�6WRNHV¶V�/DZ��F = 6# $rv and XSWKUXVW� �ZHLJKW�RI�ÀXLG�GLVSODFHG
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Obtain graphs for, example, FRSSHU�ZLUH��Q\ORQ�DQG�UXEEHU
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22 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
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��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�XVH�+RRNH¶V�ODZ��F = k"x, DQG�NQRZ�WKDW�LW�DSSOLHV�RQO\�WR�VRPH�materials
��� H[SODLQ�WKH�PHDQLQJ�DQG�XVH�RI��DQG�calculate tensile/compressive stress, tensile/compressive strain, strength, breaking stress, stiffness and Young Modulus. Obtain the Young modulus for a material
Investigations could include, for example, copper and rubber
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��� FDOFXODWH�WKH�HODVWLF�VWUDLQ�HQHUJ\�Eel in
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23Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 2 Physics at Work AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
2.1 Introduction
Concept approach 7KLV�XQLW�FRYHUV�ZDYHV��HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�OLJKW��7KH�unit may be taught using either a concept approach or a context DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQFHSW�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��theories and models of physics and then explores their practical DSSOLFDWLRQV��7KLV�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�WKH�FRQFHSW�DSSURDFK��
Context approach This unit is presented in a different format on page 73 for teachers ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�D�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�of physics that apply to this application are studied. The context approach for this unit uses three contexts for teaching: music, technology in space and archaeology.
How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria include How Science Works (see Appendix 4). 7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�OHDUQLQJ�RI�WKLV�XQLW��
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present data, DQG�PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�ZKLOH�VWXG\LQJ�WKLV�XQLW��
7KH�ZRUG�µLQYHVWLJDWH¶�LQGLFDWHV�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�WKHLU�practical skills for How Science Works, numbers 1–6 as detailed in Appendix 4 (internal assessment may require these skills). They should communicate the outcomes of their investigations XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�VFLHQWL¿F��WHFKQLFDO�DQG�PDWKHPDWLFDO�ODQJXDJH��conventions and symbols.
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Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
2.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
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Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
2.3 Waves
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7KLV�WRSLF�VKRXOG�EH�VWXGLHG�E\�H[SORULQJ�DSSOLFDWLRQV�RI�ZDYHV��for example, applications in medical physics or applications in music. This topic includes many opportunities to develop experimental skills and techniques.
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��� XQGHUVWDQG�DQG�XVH�WKH�WHUPV�amplitude, frequency, period, speed and wavelength
:DYH�PDFKLQH�RU�FRPSXWHU�VLPXODWLRQ�RI�ZDYH�SURSHUWLHV
��� LGHQWLI\�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�UHJLRQV�RI�WKH�electromagnetic spectrum and describe some of their applications
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Demonstration using a loudspeaker
'HPRQVWUDWLRQ�XVLQJ�ZDYHV�RQ�D�long spring
��� XVH�JUDSKV�WR�UHSUHVHQW�WUDQVYHUVH�DQG�ORQJLWXGLQDO�ZDYHV��LQFOXGLQJ�VWDQGLQJ�ZDYHV
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Melde’s experiment, sonometer
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Unit 2 Physics at Work
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
36 recognise and use the expression for refractive index
1μ
2 = sin i�sin r = v
1�v
2,
determine refractive index for a material in WKH�ODERUDWRU\��DQG�SUHGLFW�ZKHWKHU�WRWDO�LQWHUQDO�UHÀHFWLRQ�ZLOO�RFFXU�DW�DQ�LQWHUIDFH�using critical angle
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Measure the refractive index of solids and liquids
38 discuss situations that require the accurate determination of refractive index
��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�H[SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�plane polarised light
Models of structures to investigate stress concentrations
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Demonstration using a ripple tank
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Demonstration using a laser
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Concept approach
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Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� H[SORUH�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�D�SXOVH�HFKR�technique can provide details of the position DQG�RU�VSHHG�RI�DQ�REMHFW�DQG�GHVFULEH�applications that use this technique
��� H[SODLQ�TXDOLWDWLYHO\�KRZ�WKH�PRYHPHQW�of a source of sound or light relative to DQ�REVHUYHU�GHWHFWRU�JLYHV�ULVH�WR�D�VKLIW�in frequency (Doppler effect) and explore applications that use this effect
Demonstration using a ripple tank or computer simulation
��� H[SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�GHWDLO�LQ�D�VFDQ�PD\�EH�OLPLWHG�E\�WKH�ZDYHOHQJWK�RI�WKH�radiation or by the duration of pulses
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Unit 2 Physics at Work
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
2.4 DC Electricity
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This topic may be studied using applications that relate to, for example, technology in space.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� GHVFULEH�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW�DV�WKH�UDWH�RI�ÀRZ�of charged particles and use the expression I = "Q��"t
51 use the expression V = W�Q
��� UHFRJQLVH��LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�XVH�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLSV�EHWZHHQ�FXUUHQW��YROWDJH�DQG�resistance, for series and parallel circuits, DQG�NQRZ�WKDW�WKHVH�UHODWLRQVKLSV�DUH�D�consequence of the conservation of charge and energy
Measure current and voltage in series and parallel circuits
Use ohmmeter to measure total UHVLVWDQFH�RI�VHULHV�SDUDOOHO�circuits
53 investigate and use the expressions P = VI, W = VIt��5HFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�UHODWHG�expressions eg P = I2R and P = V2/R
0HDVXUH�WKH�HI¿FLHQF\�RI�DQ�HOHFWULF�motor (see also outcome 17)
��� XVH�WKH�IDFW�WKDW�UHVLVWDQFH�LV�GH¿QHG�E\� R = V�I�DQG�WKDW�2KP¶V�ODZ�LV�D�VSHFLDO�FDVH�ZKHQ�I & V
��� GHPRQVWUDWH�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�KRZ�,&7�PD\�EH�XVHG�WR�REWDLQ�FXUUHQW�SRWHQWLDO�GLIIHUHQFH�JUDSKV��LQFOXGLQJ�QRQ�RKPLF�PDWHULDOV�DQG�FRPSDUH�WKLV�ZLWK�WUDGLWLRQDO�techniques in terms of reliability and validity of data
��� LQWHUSUHW�FXUUHQW�SRWHQWLDO�GLIIHUHQFH�JUDSKV��LQFOXGLQJ�QRQ�RKPLF�PDWHULDOV
Investigate I-V�JUDSKV�IRU�¿ODPHQW�lamp, diode and thermistor
Concept approach
29
Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
57 investigate and use the relationship R = 'l�A Measure resisitivity of a metal and polythene
��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�DORQJ�D�XQLIRUP�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH�YDULHV�ZLWK�WKH�GLVWDQFH�DORQJ�LW�DQG�KRZ�this variation can be made use of in a potential divider
Use a digital voltmeter to LQYHVWLJDWH�µRXWSXW¶�RI�D�SRWHQWLDO�divider
��� GH¿QH�DQG�XVH�WKH�FRQFHSWV�RI�HPI�DQG�LQWHUQDO�UHVLVWDQFH�DQG�GLVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�emf and terminal potential difference
Measure the emf and internal resistance of a cell eg a solar cell
60 investigate and recall that the resistance RI�PHWDOOLF�FRQGXFWRUV�LQFUHDVHV�ZLWK�increasing temperature and that the resistance of negative temperature FRHI¿FLHQW�WKHUPLVWRUV�GHFUHDVHV�ZLWK�increasing temperature
Use of ohmmeter and temperature sensor
61 use I = nqvA to explain the large range of resistivities of different materials
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��� H[SODLQ��TXDOLWDWLYHO\��KRZ�FKDQJHV�RI�UHVLVWDQFH�ZLWK�WHPSHUDWXUH�PD\�EH�modelled in terms of lattice vibrations and number of conduction electrons
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Unit 2 Physics at Work
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
2.5 Nature of Light
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This topic may be studied either by using applications that relate to, for example, solar cells or by the historical study of the nature of light.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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Demonstration of discharge of a zinc plate by ultra violet light
65 understand and use the terms threshold IUHTXHQF\�DQG�ZRUN�IXQFWLRQ�DQG�UHFRJQLVH�and use the expression hf = ( + ½ mv2
max
��� XVH�WKH�QRQ�6,�XQLW��WKH�HOHFWURQYROW��H9��WR�express small energies
67 recognise and use the expression E = hf to calculate the highest frequency of radiation that could be emitted in a transition across D�NQRZQ�HQHUJ\�EDQG�JDS�RU�EHWZHHQ�NQRZQ�HQHUJ\�OHYHOV
68 explain atomic line spectra in terms of WUDQVLWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�GLVFUHWH�HQHUJ\�OHYHOV
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70 recognise and use the expression HI¿FLHQF\� �>XVHIXO�HQHUJ\��RU�SRZHU��RXWSXW@�>WRWDO�HQHUJ\��RU�SRZHU��LQSXW@
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Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� H[SODLQ�KRZ�ZDYH�DQG�SKRWRQ�PRGHOV�KDYH�contributed to the understanding of the nature of light
��� H[SORUH�KRZ�VFLHQFH�LV�XVHG�E\�VRFLHW\�WR�make decisions, for example, the viability of solar cells as a replacement for other energy sources, the uses of remote sensing
C Physics unit content
32 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
33Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 3 Exploring Physics AS compulsory unit Internally or externally assessed
3.1 Unit description
Introduction This unit requires that students undertake HLWKHU a case study involving an application of physics and a related practical, RU a SK\VLFV�EDVHG�YLVLW�DQG�D�UHODWHG�SUDFWLFDO��7KH�WHDFKHU��QRW�WKH�VWXGHQW��LGHQWL¿HV�WKH�YLVLW�RU�FDVH�VWXG\�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�doing. All candidates may do the same case study or the same YLVLW��KRZHYHU�LW�LV�YLWDO�WKDW�FDQGLGDWHV�GHPRQVWUDWH�WKDW�WKH�DVVHVVHG�ZRUN�WKDW�WKH\�SURGXFH�LV�HQWLUHO\�WKHLU�RZQ�ZRUN��
This unit may be completed at any time during the AS course but it ZRXOG�EH�PRUH�DSSURSULDWH�WR�DGPLQLVWHU�WKLV�DVVHVVPHQW�QHDU�WKH�end of the AS year.
Case study (GH[FHO�ZLOO�SURYLGH�FDVH�VWXGLHV�IRU�¿YH�GLIIHUHQW�WRSLFV��&HQWUHV�may either use one of the case studies provided by Edexcel or GHYLVH�WKHLU�RZQ�FDVH�VWXG\�WR�PDWFK�ORFDO�QHHGV�DQG�WKH�LQWHUHVWV�RI�WKHLU�FDQGLGDWHV��&HQWUH�GHYLVHG�FDVH�VWXGLHV�ZLOO�QRW�UHTXLUH�DSSURYDO�IURP�(GH[FHO��KRZHYHU��LW�LV�WKH�UHVSRQVLELOLW\�RI�WKH�FHQWUH�WR�HQVXUH�WKDW�FHQWUH�GHYLVHG�FDVH�VWXGLHV�PDWFK�WKH�DVVHVVPHQW�criteria for this unit and that students have the opportunity to gain all the marks in the mark scheme. Candidates may all do the same case study or they may do different case studies. If all candidates GR�WKH�VDPH�FDVH�VWXG\�WKHQ�WKH\�PXVW�HQVXUH�WKDW�ZRUN�VXEPLWWHG�IRU�DVVHVVPHQW�LV�WKHLU�RZQ��7KHUH�VKRXOG�EH�D�FRQQHFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FDVH�VWXG\�DQG�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�WKDW�LV�XQGHUWDNHQ�IRU�WKLV�unit. For example a case study might be based on an application of 4XDQWXP�7XQQHOOLQJ�&RPSRVLWH��7KLV�ZRXOG�RIIHU�WKH�RSSRUWXQLW\�IRU�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�UHODWLQJ�FRPSUHVVLYH�IRUFH�WR�UHVLVWDQFH�LQ�WKLV�W\SH�RI�PDWHULDO��,GHDOO\�WKH�FDVH�VWXG\�VKRXOG�GHDO�ZLWK�FRQFHSWV�FRYHUHG�ZLWKLQ�WKH�$6�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�EXW�WKLV�LV�QRW�D�UHTXLUHPHQW�IRU�the assessment of this unit.
Visit 7KH�YLVLW�LV�LQWHQGHG�WR�EULQJ�FDQGLGDWHV�LQWR�GLUHFW�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�D�UHDO�OLIH�H[DPSOH�RI�SK\VLFV�LQ�XVH��7KHUH�VKRXOG�EH�D�FRQQHFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�YLVLW�DQG�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�WKDW�LV�XQGHUWDNHQ�IRU�WKLV�unit. For example candidates might visit a church or concert hall. $�UHODWHG�SUDFWLFDO�FRXOG�EH�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�the length of an organ pipe (using a glass tube to represent the organ pipe) and the frequency of its sound at resonance. The WHDFKHU�RU�WKH�KRVW�PD\�SURYLGH�EULH¿QJ�PDWHULDOV�IRU�WKH�YLVLW�
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Unit 3 Exploring Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Practical The practical that relates to the case study or visit should give candidates the opportunity to be assessed in four skill areas:
� summarising details of a visit or case study
� planning a practical
� implementation and recording of measurements
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The planning, implementation and analysis aspects of the SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�PXVW�EH�FDUULHG�RXW�LQGLYLGXDOO\�DQG�XQGHU�supervision.
7KH�SUDFWLFDO�VKRXOG�OHDG�WR�D�JUDSK�UHODWLQJ�WZR�PHDVXUHG�variables. Ideally the candidate should then attempt to derive WKH�HTXDWLRQ�UHODWLQJ�WKH�WZR�YDULDEOHV�RU�D�UHOHYDQW�TXDQWLW\�to the topic, for example the value of resisitivity for a particular material.
Use of ICT &DQGLGDWHV�FDQ�ZRUG�SURFHVV�WKHLU�VXPPDU\�RI�WKH�YLVLW�RU�FDVH�VWXG\��DOWKRXJK�WKH\�ZLOO�QRW�JDLQ�DQ\�H[WUD�PDUNV�IRU�GRLQJ�VR��7KH�UHSRUW�RI�WKH�H[SHULPHQW�PXVW�EH�KDQG�ZULWWHQ�DQG�JUDSKV�PXVW�EH�KDQG�GUDZQ��,&7�PD\�EH�XVHG�IRU�FROOHFWLQJ�GDWD��HJ�the use of data loggers is permitted. ICT must not be used for processing results. If a candidate uses a spreadsheet package to SURGXFH�D�JUDSK�WKHQ�LW�ZLOO�EH�DVVXPHG�WKDW�WKH�FDQGLGDWH�KDV�used its facilities for automatically selecting an appropriate scale, GUDZLQJ�WKH�EHVW�OLQH�WKURXJK�WKH�SRLQWV��HWF��DQG�KHQFH�WKH�FDQGLGDWH�ZLOO�ORVH�WKH�UHOHYDQW�PDUNV�
Draft work &DQGLGDWHV�VKRXOG�GR�D�YDULHW\�RI�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�GXULQJ�WKH�course so that they develop the necessary skills to succeed in this unit. They should QRW��WKHUHIRUH��VXEPLW�GUDIW�ZRUN�IRU�FKHFNLQJ�DQG�UH�PDUNLQJ��+RZHYHU��WHDFKHUV�VKRXOG�FKHFN�candidates’ plans for health and safety issues.
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How Science Works
7KLV�XQLW�ZLOO�FRYHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�DVSHFWV�RI�how science works as listed in Appendix 4: How science works�������������������DQG���
Concept approach
35
Exploring Physics Unit 3
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
3.2 Assessment information
Summary of visit or case study
Students should produce a brief summary of the case study RU�SK\VLFV�EDVHG�YLVLW�DV�KRPHZRUN��,W�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZRUG�SURFHVV�WKLV�SDUW�RI�WKH�DVVHVVPHQW��7KH�VXPPDU\�VKRXOG�EH�EHWZHHQ����±����ZRUGV�
Plan Students may be given the title of the experiment that they are to plan and carry out in advance. The plan should be produced XQGHU�VXSHUYLVHG�FRQGLWLRQV�LQ�FODVV�LQ�WKH�VWXGHQWV¶�RZQ�KDQGZULWLQJ��6WXGHQWV�VKRXOG�QRW�WDNH�DQ\�GRFXPHQWV�LQWR�WKH�FODVVURRP�DV�WKH\�VKRXOG�KDYH�JDLQHG�VXI¿FLHQW�H[SHULHQFH�RI�SODQQLQJ�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�GXULQJ�QRUPDO�SUDFWLFDO�OHVVRQV��7HDFKHUV�should collect in the plan at the end of the session to check IRU�KHDOWK�DQG�VDIHW\�LVVXHV��7KH�SODQ�ZLOO�QHHG�WR�EH�UHWXUQHG�to students so that they can carry out their plan. At this stage teachers could either:
i) photocopy the plan, mark the original plan if it is to EH�LQWHUQDOO\�DVVHVVHG�DQG�SURYLGH�VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�WKH�photocopy in the laboratory so that they can carry out their plan
ii) collect in the plan, not mark it and return it to students in the laboratory under supervised conditions so that they can carry out their plan.
Practical 7KH�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�VKRXOG�EH�FDUULHG�RXW�XQGHU�VXSHUYLVHG�conditions in a separate session from the planning session. Unmarked plans should be returned to students so that they can carry out the experiment that they have planned. Students VKRXOG�ZRUN�LQGLYLGXDOO\��,I�QHFHVVDU\��WHDFKHUV�PD\�DOORZ�students to analyse results under supervision in their next OHVVRQ��,Q�WKLV�VLWXDWLRQ��WHDFKHUV�PXVW�FROOHFW�LQ�WKH�ZULWWHQ�ZRUN�SURGXFHG�E\�WKHLU�VWXGHQWV��7HDFKHUV�VKRXOG�QRW�PDUN�WKH�SODQ�RU�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN��,Q�WKH�QH[W�OHVVRQ��WKH�GRFXPHQWV�should be returned to students under supervised conditions for analysis. Students should not have access to any other sources RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�ZKLOH�WKH\�DUH�FRPSOHWLQJ�WKH�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKHLU�results
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Unit 3 Exploring Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Assessing work 7KH�DVVHVVPHQW�FULWHULD�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�QH[W�VHFWLRQ��(DFK�criterion scores a maximum of 1 mark. The criteria are not hierarchical. The assessment of the summary of the visit or WKH�FDVH�VWXG\��WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKH�SODQQLQJ��WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�RI�measurements and the analysis is based on documents produced by the students.
For centres marking the written report
The marks for the report should be submitted to Edexcel by the ¿QDO�GDWH�SXEOLVKHG�LQ�WKH�Information manual.
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For centres not marking the written report
7KH�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�VKRXOG�EH�VXEPLWWHG�WR�(GH[FHO�E\�WKH�¿QDO�date published in the Information manual.
Guidance to students
7HDFKHUV�PD\�SURYLGH�JXLGDQFH�WR�VWXGHQWV�ZLWKRXW�SHQDOW\��Guidance is feedback that a teacher might reasonably be H[SHFWHG�WR�JLYH�WR�D�VWXGHQW�ZKR�DVNV�TXHVWLRQV�DERXW�WKH�ZRUN�that they are carrying out. In effect, the teacher is being used as a resource.
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Important 6WXGHQWV�VKRXOG�VXEPLW�WKHLU�ZRUN�IRU�DVVHVVPHQW�RQFH only. ,QWHUQDOO\�DVVHVVHG�ZRUN�VKRXOG�QRW be given back to students to be improved.
Concept approach
37
Exploring Physics Unit 3
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
3.3 Assessment criteria
A: Summary of case study or physics-based visit
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S1 Carries out a visit OR uses library, consulting a PLQLPXP�RI�WKUHH different sources RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ��HJ�ERRNV�ZHEVLWHV�MRXUQDOV�PDJD]LQHV�FDVH�VWXG\�SURYLGHG�E\�(GH[FHO�manufacturers’ data sheets)
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6� Makes correct statement on relevant physics principles 1
S5 Uses relevant specialist terminology correctly 1
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S7 %ULHÀ\�GLVFXVVHV�FRQWH[W��HJ�VRFLDO�HQYLURQPHQWDO�KLVWRULFDO� 1
S8 &RPPHQWV�RQ�LPSOLFDWLRQ�RI�SK\VLFV��HJ�EHQH¿WV�ULVNV� 1
S9 ([SODLQV�KRZ�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�UHODWHV�WR�WKH�YLVLW�RU�FDVH�VWXG\ 1
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Unit 3 Exploring Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
B: Planning
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P1 Lists all material required 1
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1
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P6 'HPRQVWUDWHV�NQRZOHGJH�RI�FRUUHFW�PHDVXULQJ�WHFKQLTXHV 1
P7 6WDWHV�ZKLFK�LV�WKH�LQGHSHQGHQW�DQG�ZKLFK�LV�WKH�GHSHQGHQW�YDULDEOH 1
P8 ,GHQWL¿HV�DQG�VWDWHV�KRZ�WR�FRQWURO�DOO�RWKHU�UHOHYDQW�YDULDEOHV�WR�PDNH�LW�D�IDLU�WHVW 1
P9 &RPPHQWV�RQ�ZKHWKHU�UHSHDW�UHDGLQJV�DUH�DSSURSULDWH�LQ�WKLV�FDVH 1
P10 Comments on safety 1
P11 'LVFXVVHV�KRZ�WKH�GDWD�FROOHFWHG�ZLOO�EH�XVHG 1
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C: Implementation and Measurements
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Exploring Physics Unit 3
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
D: Analysis
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E: Report
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C Physics unit content
40 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
41Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 4 Physics on the Move A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
4.1 Introduction
Concept approach 7KLV�XQLW�FRYHUV�IXUWKHU�PHFKDQLFV��HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV�and particle physics. The unit may be taught using either a concept approach or a context approach. The concept approach EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�and then explores their practical applications. This section of the VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�the concept approach.
Context approach This unit is presented in a different format on page 91 for teachers ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�D�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�models of physics that apply to this application are studied. The FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�IRU�WKLV�XQLW�XVHV�WZR�FRQWH[WV�IRU�WHDFKLQJ��transport and communications. Particle physics may be studied YLD�WKH�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�DQG�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�KLJK�HQHUJ\�SDUWLFOHV�DQG�WKH�interpretation of experiments.
How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria include How Science Works (see Appendix 4). 7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�OHDUQLQJ�RI�WKLV�XQLW��
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present data, DQG�PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�ZKLOH�VWXG\LQJ�WKLV�XQLW��
7KH�ZRUG�µLQYHVWLJDWH¶�LQGLFDWHV�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�WKHLU�practical skills for How Science Works, numbers 1–6 as detailed in Appendix 4 (internal assessment may require these skills). They should communicate the outcomes of their investigations XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�VFLHQWL¿F��WHFKQLFDO�DQG�PDWKHPDWLFDO�ODQJXDJH��conventions and symbols.
Applications of physics should be studied using a range of contemporary contexts that relate to this unit.
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
4.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU�RI���KRXU����PLQXWHV�GXUDWLRQ��7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�questions, short questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�SK\VLFV�to situations that they have not encountered before.
The total number of marks available for this examination paper is ����,W�FRQWULEXWHV�����WR�WKH�$GYDQFHG�*&(�LQ�3K\VLFV�
Calculator ,W�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�D�VFLHQWL¿F�calculator for this paper.
Formulae sheet 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics formulae that are UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�TXHVWLRQ�SDSHU�
Concept approach
43
Physics on the Move Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
4.3 Further Mechanics
This topic covers momentum and circular motion.
This topic may be studied using applications that relate to, for example, a modern rail transport system.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
73 use the expression p = mv
��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�DSSO\�WKH�SULQFLSOH�RI�conservation of linear momentum to problems in one dimension
Use of, for example, light gates and air track to investigate momentum.
75 investigate and relate net force to rate of FKDQJH�RI�PRPHQWXP�LQ�VLWXDWLRQV�ZKHUH�PDVV�LV�FRQVWDQW��1HZWRQ¶V�VHFRQG�ODZ�RI�motion)
Use of, for example, light gates and air track to investigate change in momentum.
76 derive and use the expression Ek = p2/2m for
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77 analyse and interpret data to calculate the PRPHQWXP�RI��QRQ�UHODWLYLVWLF��SDUWLFOHV�and apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum to problems in one and WZR�GLPHQVLRQV
78 explain and apply the principle of conservation of energy, and determine ZKHWKHU�D�FROOLVLRQ�LV�HODVWLF�RU�LQHODVWLF
79 express angular displacement in radians and LQ�GHJUHHV��DQG�FRQYHUW�EHWZHHQ�WKRVH�XQLWV
80 explain the concept of angular velocity, and recognise and use the relationships v = )r and T = 2#/)
81 explain that a resultant force (centripetal force) is required to produce and maintain circular motion
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ�IRU�FHQWULSHWDO�IRUFH� F = ma = mv2/r and hence derive and use the expressions for centripetal acceleration a = v2/r and a = r)2.
Investigate the effect of m, v and r of orbit on centripetal force
Concept approach
45
Physics on the Move Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
4.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields
7KLV�WRSLF�FRYHUV�&RXORPE¶V�ODZ��FDSDFLWRUV��PDJQHWLF�ÀX[�GHQVLW\�DQG�WKH�ODZV�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ��7KLV�WRSLF�may be studied using applications that relate to, for example, communications and display techniques.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� H[SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�and recognise and use the expression HOHFWULF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�E = F/Q
��� GUDZ�DQG�LQWHUSUHW�GLDJUDPV�XVLQJ�OLQHV�RI�force to describe radial and uniform electric ¿HOGV�TXDOLWDWLYHO\
Demonstration of electric lines of IRUFH�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWURGHV
85 use the expression F = kQ1Q
2/r2��ZKHUH�
N� ����*+0 and derive and use the expression E = kQ/r2�IRU�WKH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�due to a point charge
Use electronic balance to measure WKH�IRUFH�EHWZHHQ�WZR�FKDUJHV
86 investigate and recall that applying a SRWHQWLDO�GLIIHUHQFH�WR�WZR�SDUDOOHO�SODWHV�SURGXFHV�D�XQLIRUP�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�LQ�WKH�FHQWUDO�UHJLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKHP��DQG�UHFRJQLVH�and use the expression E = V�d
87 investigate and use the expression C = Q�V Use a Coulometer to measure charge stored
88 recognise and use the expression W = ½ QV for the energy stored by a capacitor, derive the expression from the area under a graph of potential difference against charge stored, and derive and use related expressions, for example, W = ½ CV �
Investigate energy stored by GLVFKDUJLQJ�WKURXJK�VHULHV�SDUDOOHO�combination of light bulbs
��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�UHFDOO�WKDW�WKH�JURZWK�DQG�decay curves for resistor–capacitor circuits DUH�H[SRQHQWLDO��DQG�NQRZ�WKH�VLJQL¿FDQFH�of the time constant RC
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
90 recognise and use the expression Q = Q0 e
,t�RC and derive and use related expressions, for exponential discharge in 5&�FLUFXLWV��IRU�H[DPSOH��I = Io e,t�RC
8VH�RI�GDWD�ORJJHU�WR�REWDLQ�,�W�graph
��� H[SORUH�DQG�XVH�WKH�WHUPV�PDJQHWLF�ÀX[�density B��ÀX[�-�DQG�ÀX[�OLQNDJH�N-
��� LQYHVWLJDWH��UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�expression F = BIl sin . and apply Fleming’s left hand rule to currents
Electronic balance to measure effect of I and l on force
93 recognise and use the expression F = Bqv sin . and apply Fleming’s left hand rule to charges
'HÀHFW�HOHFWURQ�EHDPV�ZLWK�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG
��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�H[SODLQ�TXDOLWDWLYHO\�WKH�factors affecting the emf induced in a coil ZKHQ�WKHUH�LV�UHODWLYH�PRWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FRLO�DQG�D�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�DQG�ZKHQ�there is a change of current in a primary FRLO�OLQNHG�ZLWK�LW
8VH�D�GDWD�ORJJHU�WR�SORW�9�DJDLQVW�t as a magnet falls through a coil RI�ZLUH
95 investigate, recognise and use the expression + = ,d(N-��Gt�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�LW�LV�D�FRQVHTXHQFH�RI�)DUDGD\¶V�DQG�/HQ]¶V�ODZV
Concept approach
47
Physics on the Move Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
4.5 Particle physics
This topic covers atomic structure, particle accelerators, and the VWDQGDUG�TXDUN�OHSWRQ�PRGHO��HQDEOLQJ�VWXGHQWV�WR�GHVFULEH�WKH�behaviour of matter on a subatomic scale.
This topic is the subject of current research, involving the DFFHOHUDWLRQ�DQG�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�KLJK�HQHUJ\�SDUWLFOHV��,W�PD\�EH�taught by exploring a range of experiments:
� alpha scattering and the nuclear model of the atom
� accelerating particles to high energies
� GHWHFWLQJ�DQG�LQWHUSUHWLQJ�LQWHUDFWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�SDUWLFOHV�
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
96 use the terms nucleon number (mass number) and proton number (atomic number)
��� GHVFULEH�KRZ�ODUJH�DQJOH�DOSKD�SDUWLFOH�scattering gives evidence for a nuclear atom
98 recall that electrons are released in the process of thermionic emission and explain KRZ�WKH\�FDQ�EH�DFFHOHUDWHG�E\�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV
99 explain the role of electric and magnetic ¿HOGV�LQ�SDUWLFOH�DFFHOHUDWRUV��OLQDF�DQG�cyclotron) and detectors (general principles RI�LRQLVDWLRQ�DQG�GHÀHFWLRQ�RQO\�
100 recognise and use the expression r = p�BQ IRU�D�FKDUJHG�SDUWLFOH�LQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG
101 recall and use the fact that charge, energy DQG�PRPHQWXP�DUH�DOZD\V�FRQVHUYHG�LQ�LQWHUDFWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�SDUWLFOHV�DQG�KHQFH�interpret records of particle tracks
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
����H[SODLQ�ZK\�KLJK�HQHUJLHV�DUH�UHTXLUHG�WR�break particles into their constituents and WR�VHH�¿QH�VWUXFWXUH
103 recognise and use the expression "E = c�"m in situations involving the creation and annihilation of matter and antimatter particles
����XVH�WKH�QRQ�6,�XQLWV�0H9�DQG�*H9��HQHUJ\��DQG�0H9�F���*H9�F� (mass) and DWRPLF�PDVV�XQLW�X��DQG�FRQYHUW�EHWZHHQ�these and SI units
����EH�DZDUH�RI�UHODWLYLVWLF�HIIHFWV�DQG�WKDW�these need to be taken into account at speeds near that of light (use of relativistic equations not required)
����UHFDOO�WKDW�LQ�WKH�VWDQGDUG�TXDUN�OHSWRQ�model each particle has a corresponding antiparticle, that baryons (eg neutrons and protons) are made from three quarks, and mesons (eg pions) from a quark and an antiquark, and that the symmetry of the model predicted the top and bottom quark
����ZULWH�DQG�LQWHUSUHW�HTXDWLRQV�XVLQJ�standard nuclear notation and standard particle symbols (eg #+, e,)
����XVH�GH�%URJOLH¶V�ZDYH�HTXDWLRQ�% = h�p
Concept approach
49Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
5.1 Introduction
Concept approach
This unit covers thermal energy, nuclear decay, oscillations, and astrophysics and cosmology. The unit may be taught using either a concept approach or a context approach. The concept DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�of physics and then explores their practical applications. This VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�WKH�FRQFHSW�DSSURDFK��
Context approach This unit is presented in a different format on page 101 for WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�D�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��theories and models of physics that apply to this application are VWXGLHG��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�IRU�WKLV�XQLW�XVHV�WZR�FRQWH[WV�for teaching this unit: Building design and cosmology.
How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria includes How Science Works (see Appendix 4���7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�learning of this unit.
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present GDWD��DQG�PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�ZKLOH�VWXG\LQJ�WKLV�XQLW��
7KH�ZRUG�µLQYHVWLJDWH¶�LQGLFDWHV�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�their practical skills for How Science Works, numbers 1–6 as detailed in Appendix 4 (internal assessment may require these skills). They should communicate the outcomes of WKHLU�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�VFLHQWL¿F��WHFKQLFDO�DQG�mathematical language, conventions and symbols.
Applications of physics should be studied using a range of contemporary contexts that relate to this unit.
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Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
5.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU�RI���KRXU����PLQXWHV�GXUDWLRQ��7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�questions, short questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�SK\VLFV�to situations that they have not encountered before.
The total number of marks available for this examination paper is ����,W�FRQWULEXWHV�����WR�WKH�$GYDQFHG�*&(�LQ�3K\VLFV�
Calculator ,W�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�D�VFLHQWL¿F�calculator for this paper.
Formulae sheet 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics formulae that are UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�TXHVWLRQ�SDSHU�
Concept approach
51
Physics from Creation to Collapse Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
5.3 Thermal energy
7KLV�WRSLF�FRYHUV�VSHFL¿F�KHDW�FDSDFLW\��LQWHUQDO�HQHUJ\�DQG�WKH�ideal gas equation.
This topic may be taught using applications that relate to, for example, space technology.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
109 investigate, recognise and use the H[SUHVVLRQ�¨E = mc¨.
0HDVXUH�VSHFL¿F�KHDW�FDSDFLW\�of a solid and a liquid using, for example, temperature sensor and data logger
110 explain the concept of internal energy as the random distribution of potential and kinetic energy amongst molecules
111 explain the concept of absolute zero DQG�KRZ�WKH�DYHUDJH�NLQHWLF�HQHUJ\�of molecules is related to the absolute temperature
����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ� ½ m<c�!� �����kT
113 use the expression pV = NkT as the equation of state for an ideal gas
Use temperature and pressure sensors to investigate relationship EHWZHHQ�p and T
Experimental investigation of UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�p and V
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Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
5.4 Nuclear decay
This topic covers radioactive decay.
This topic may be taught using applications that relate to, for example, medical physics.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
����VKRZ�DQ�DZDUHQHVV�RI�WKH�H[LVWHQFH�DQG�origin of background radiation, past and present
Measure background count rate
115 investigate and recognise nuclear radiations (alpha, beta and gamma) from WKHLU�SHQHWUDWLQJ�SRZHU�DQG�LRQLVLQJ�DELOLW\
Investigate the absorption of radiation by paper, aluminium and lead (radiation penetration VLPXODWLRQ�VRIWZDUH�LV�D�YLDEOH�alternative)
116 describe the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay
117 determine the half lives of radioactive isotopes graphically and recognise and use the expressions for radioactive decay: dN�GW� �,%N, % �OQ���t½ and N = N
0 e,%t
Measure the activity of a radioactive source
Simulation of radioactive decay using, for example, dice
118 discuss the applications of radioactive materials, including ethical and environmental issues
Concept approach
53
Physics from Creation to Collapse Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
5.5 Oscillations
This topic covers simple harmonic motion and damping.
This topic may be taught using applications that relate to, for example, the construction of buildings in earthquake zones.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
119 recall that the condition for simple harmonic motion is F = ,kx, and hence LGHQWLI\�VLWXDWLRQV�LQ�ZKLFK�VLPSOH�KDUPRQLF�PRWLRQ�ZLOO�RFFXU
����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQV� a = ,)�x, a = ,A)��cos )t, v = A) sin )t, x = Acos )t and T� ���f� ��#�) as applied to a simple harmonic oscillator
����REWDLQ�D�GLVSODFHPHQW�±�WLPH�JUDSK�IRU�DQ�oscillating object and recognise that the gradient at a point gives the velocity at that point
Use a motion sensor to generate graphs of SHM
����UHFDOO�WKDW�WKH�WRWDO�HQHUJ\�RI�DQ�XQGDPSHG�simple harmonic system remains constant and recognise and use expressions for total energy of an oscillator
����GLVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�IUHH��GDPSHG�DQG�forced oscillations
����LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�UHFDOO�KRZ�WKH�DPSOLWXGH�of a forced oscillation changes at and around the natural frequency of a system DQG�GHVFULEH��TXDOLWDWLYHO\��KRZ�GDPSLQJ�affects resonance
Use, for example, vibration generator to investigate forced oscillations
����H[SODLQ�KRZ�GDPSLQJ�DQG�WKH�SODVWLF�deformation of ductile materials reduce the amplitude of oscillation
Use, for example, vibration generator to investigate damped oscillations
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Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
5.6 Astrophysics and cosmology
This topic covers the physical interpretation of astronomical observations, the formation and evolution of stars, and the history and future of the universe.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
����XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ�F = Gm1m��r�
����GHULYH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ�g� ��Gm�r� IRU�WKH�JUDYLWDWLRQDO�¿HOG�GXH�WR�D�SRLQW�PDVV
����UHFDOO�VLPLODULWLHV�DQG�GLIIHUHQFHV�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWULF�DQG�JUDYLWDWLRQDO�¿HOGV
����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ�UHODWLQJ�ÀX[��OXPLQRVLW\�DQG�GLVWDQFH�F = L��#d�
application to standard candles
����H[SODLQ�KRZ�GLVWDQFHV�FDQ�EH�GHWHUPLQHG�using trigonometric parallax and by PHDVXUHPHQWV�RQ�UDGLDWLRQ�ÀX[�UHFHLYHG�IURP�REMHFWV�RI�NQRZQ�OXPLQRVLW\�(standard candles)
����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�D�VLPSOH�+HUW]VSUXQJ�5XVVHOO�GLDJUDP�WR�UHODWH�OXPLQRVLW\�DQG�temperature. Use this diagram to explain the life cycle of stars
����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ� L = /T � x surface area, (for a sphere L� ��#r �/T ����6WHIDQ�%ROW]PDQQ�ODZ��IRU�black body radiators
133 recognise and use the expression: %
maxT� �������[���,3�P�.��:LHQ¶V�ODZ��IRU�
black body radiators
Concept approach
55
Physics from Creation to Collapse Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQV� ]� �¨%/%�§�¨f�f�§�v�c for a source of electromagnetic radiation moving relative to an observer and v = H
od for objects at
cosmological distances
����EH�DZDUH�RI�WKH�FRQWURYHUV\�RYHU�WKH�age and ultimate fate of the universe DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�YDOXH�RI�WKH�+XEEOH�Constant and the possible existence of dark matter
136 explain the concept of nuclear binding energy, and recognise and use the H[SUHVVLRQ�¨E = c�¨m and use the non SI atomic mass unit (u) in calculations of QXFOHDU�PDVV��LQFOXGLQJ�PDVV�GH¿FLW��DQG�energy
137 describe the processes of nuclear fusion DQG�¿VVLRQ
138 explain the mechanism of nuclear fusion and the need for high densities of matter and high temperatures to bring it about and maintain it
C Physics unit content
56 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
57Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 6 Experimental Physics A2 compulsory unit Internally or externally assessed
6.1 Unit description
Introduction This unit requires that students plan an experiment, carry out an H[SHULPHQW��UHFRUG�PHDVXUHPHQWV��DQDO\VH�WKHLU�RZQ�UHVXOWV�DQG�GUDZ�FRQFOXVLRQV��
This unit may be completed at any time during the second year RI�WKH�FRXUVH�EXW�LW�ZRXOG�EH�PRUH�DSSURSULDWH�WR�DGPLQLVWHU�WKLV�DVVHVVPHQW�QHDU�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH�$��\HDU��7KLV�DVVHVVPHQW�VKRXOG�WDNH�QR�PRUH�WKDQ���KRXUV�WR�FRPSOHWH��
$OO�FDQGLGDWHV�ZLWKLQ�RQH�FODVV�PD\�SURGXFH�D�SODQ�IRU�WKH�VDPH�H[SHULPHQW�DV�HDFK�RWKHU�DQG�GR�WKH�VDPH�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN��KRZHYHU�LW�LV�YLWDO�WKDW�FDQGLGDWHV�GHPRQVWUDWH�WKDW�WKH�DVVHVVHG�ZRUN�WKDW�WKH\�SURGXFH�LV�HQWLUHO\�WKHLU�RZQ�ZRUN��
If more than one class of students take this assessment at different times, then the groups must submit different plans for assessment to prevent plagiarism.
&DQGLGDWHV¶�ZRUN�PD\�EH�EDVHG�RQ�EULH¿QJ�PDWHULDO�SURYLGHG�E\�(GH[FHO�RU�EULH¿QJ�PDWHULDO�WKDW�LV�GHYLVHG�E\�WKH�FHQWUH��7KH�EULHI�for this assessment is to be set by the teacher, not the student; KRZHYHU��EULHIV�VKRXOG�UHÀHFW�WKH�LQWHUHVWV�RI�VWXGHQWV�ZKHUH�possible.
Planning component
The planning component of this assessment may be done at a different time to the other components. Plans produced by the VWXGHQWV�PD\�EH�EDVHG�RQ�HLWKHU�D�EULH¿QJ�SURYLGHG�E\�WKH�FHQWUH�RU�D�EULH¿QJ�SURYLGHG�E\�(GH[FHO�
Experiment and analysis of results
The experiment and analysis of results may be based on the SODQ�SURGXFHG�E\�HDFK�LQGLYLGXDO�VWXGHQW�LQ�WKH�¿UVW�SDUW�RI�WKLV�assessment or it may be based on a plan that is provided by Edexcel or a plan that is devised by the centre. If the centre SURGXFHV�WKH�SODQ�RQ�ZKLFK�WKH�H[SHULPHQW�LV�EDVHG��LW�LV�YLWDO�that the plan provides the opportunity for students to achieve the full range of marks that are available. Centre devised plans VKRXOG�FRQWDLQ�VRPH�ÀDZV�VR�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�DUH�DEOH�WR�PRGLI\�WKH�H[SHULPHQW�ZKLOH�WKH\�DUH�GRLQJ�LW�DQG�VXJJHVW�LPSURYHPHQWV��&HQWUH�GHYLVHG�SODQV�VKRXOG�HQVXUH�WKDW�D�QRQ�OLQHDU�UHODWLRQVKLS�H[LVWV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�YDULDEOHV�WKDW�DUH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�
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Unit 6 Experimental Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Use of ICT &DQGLGDWHV�PD\�XVH�D�ZRUG�SURFHVVRU�WR�SURGXFH�WKHLU�UHSRUW��DOWKRXJK�WKH\�ZLOO�QRW�JDLQ�DQ\�H[WUD�PDUNV�IRU�GRLQJ�VR�
In order to ensure that candidates demonstrate their understanding of the principles and techniques involved in analysing data, the use of ICT, eg spreadsheets, may not be used for analysing data for this unit.
Draft work &DQGLGDWHV�VKRXOG�GR�D�YDULHW\�RI�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�GXULQJ�WKH�course so that they develop the necessary skills to succeed LQ�WKLV�XQLW��7KH\�VKRXOG�QRW��WKHUHIRUH��VXEPLW�GUDIW�ZRUN�IRU�FKHFNLQJ��+RZHYHU��WHDFKHUV�VKRXOG�FKHFN�FDQGLGDWHV¶�SODQV�IRU�health and safety issues before they implement the plan.
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How science works
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6.2 Assessment information
Introduction &DQGLGDWHV�PXVW�SURGXFH�D�ZULWWHQ�SODQ�IRU�DQ�H[SHULPHQW��7KH\�must also produce a laboratory report for an experiment that they have carried out. The experiment that they carry out may be based on the plan that they have produced; alternatively, the experiment that they carry out may be based on a plan that is HLWKHU�FHQWUH�GHYLVHG�RU�(GH[FHO�GHYLVHG�
Concept approach
59
Experimental Physics Unit 6
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Plan Students should not be given advanced details of the plan WKDW�WKH\�ZLOO�FDUU\�RXW��WKH\�ZLOO�EH�H[SHFWHG�WR�GUDZ�RQ�WKHLU�H[SHULHQFH�RI�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�WKDW�WKH\�KDYH�FRPSOHWHG�GXULQJ�WKH�course for this assessment. Students should not take into the classroom any materials for this assessment.
If more than one group of students take this assessment at different times, then the groups must submit different plans for assessment to prevent plagiarism.
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If teachers are going to mark the plan they should not provide VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�IHHGEDFN�RQ�WKHLU�SODQ�XQWLO�WKH\�KDYH�FDUULHG�out their experiment and analysed their results. At this stage teachers could either:
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ii) collect in the plan, not mark it and return it to students in the laboratory under supervised conditions so that they can carry out their plan
iii) mark the plan and ask students to do an experiment based on a different plan.
If teachers are not going to mark the plan, they should collect the plan and check its feasibility. At this stage the teacher could either:
i) return it to students in the laboratory under supervised conditions so they can carry out their plan
ii) ask students to do an experiment based on a different plan.
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Unit 6 Experimental Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Practical work 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�QRW�QHHG�WR�WDNH�DQ\�GRFXPHQWV�LQWR�WKH�ODERUDWRU\�for the practical aspect of this assessment although they may EULQJ�D�VFLHQWL¿F�FDOFXODWRU��7HDFKHUV�VKRXOG�LVVXH�VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�the (unmarked) plan of the practical that they are to carry out.
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Assessing work 7KH�DVVHVVPHQW�FULWHULD�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�QH[W�VHFWLRQ��(DFK�criterion scores a maximum of 1 mark. The criteria are not hierarchical. The assessment of planning, recording and analysis LV�EDVHG�RQ�ZULWWHQ�HYLGHQFH�LQ�WKH�IRUP�RI�D�UHSRUW�
For centres marking the written report
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For centres not marking the written report
7KH�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�VKRXOG�EH�VXEPLWWHG�WR�(GH[FHO�E\�WKH�¿QDO�date published in the Information manual.
Supervision 6WXGHQWV�PXVW�ZRUN�RQ�WKHLU�RZQ�IRU�HDFK�SDUW�RI�WKLV�DVVHVVPHQW�
All aspects of this assessment must be done under supervised conditions.
Assistance for students
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Concept approach
61
Experimental Physics Unit 6
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
6.3 Assessment criteria
A: Planning
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Unit 6 Experimental Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
B: Implementation and measurements
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Physics unit content C
63Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
CONTEXT-LED APPROACH BASED ON THE SALTERS
HORNERS ADVANCED PHYSICS PROJECT
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64 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
65Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 1 Physics on the go AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
7.1 Introduction
Context approach This unit covers mechanics and materials. The unit may be taught using either a concept approach or a context approach. This section RI�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�WKH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�WKDW�apply to this application are studied. The context approach for this XQLW�XVHV�WKUHH�GLIIHUHQW�FRQWH[WV��VSRUWV��WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�VZHHWV�and biscuits and spare part surgery.
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How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria includes How Science Works (see Appendix 4���7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�learning of this unit.
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present data, DQG�PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�ZKLOH�VWXG\LQJ�WKLV�XQLW��
7KH�ZRUG�µLQYHVWLJDWH¶�LQGLFDWHV�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�WKHLU�practical skills for How Science Works, numbers 1–6 as detailed in Appendix 4 (internal assessment may require these skills). Students should communicate the outcomes of their investigations XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�VFLHQWL¿F��WHFKQLFDO�DQG�PDWKHPDWLFDO�ODQJXDJH��conventions and symbols.
Applications of physics should be studied using a range of contemporary contexts that relate to this unit.
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66 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
7.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU�RI���KRXU����PLQXWHV�GXUDWLRQ��7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�questions, short questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�SK\VLFV�to situations that they have not encountered before.
The total number of marks available for this examination paper is ����,W�FRQWULEXWHV�����WR�$6�3K\VLFV�DQG�����WR�WKH�$GYDQFHG�GCE in Physics.
Calculator ,W�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�D�VFLHQWL¿F�calculator for this paper.
Formulae sheet 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics formulae that are UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�TXHVWLRQ�SDSHU�
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Physics on the go Unit 1
67Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
7.3 Higher, faster, stronger (HFS)
In this topic, students use video clips, ICT and laboratory practical activities to study the physics behind a variety of sports:
� speed and acceleration in sprinting and jogging
� ZRUN�DQG�SRZHU�LQ�ZHLJKWOLIWLQJ
� forces and equilibrium in rock climbing
� forces and projectiles in tennis
� force and energy in bungee jumping.
There are opportunities for students to collect and analyse data XVLQJ�D�YDULHW\�RI�PHWKRGV��DQG�WR�FRPPXQLFDWH�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�and understanding using appropriate terminology.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
1 use the equations for uniformly accelerated motion in one dimension:
v = u + at s = ut + ½at� v� = u�����as
�� GHPRQVWUDWH�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�KRZ�,&7�can be used to collect data for, and display, GLVSODFHPHQW�WLPH�DQG�YHORFLW\�WLPH�JUDSKV�for uniformly accelerated motion and FRPSDUH�WKLV�ZLWK�WUDGLWLRQDO�PHWKRGV�LQ�terms of reliability and validity of data
Determine speed and acceleration, for example, use light gates
3 identify and use the physical quantities derived from the slopes and areas of GLVSODFHPHQW�WLPH�DQG�YHORFLW\�WLPH�JUDSKV��LQFOXGLQJ�FDVHV�RI�QRQ�XQLIRUP�DFFHOHUDWLRQ
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Strobe photography or video camera to analyse motion
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68 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
�� UHVROYH�D�YHFWRU�LQWR�WZR�FRPSRQHQWV�DW�ULJKW�DQJOHV�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�E\�GUDZLQJ�DQG�by calculation
�� FRPELQH�WZR�FRSODQDU�YHFWRUV�DW�DQ\�DQJOH�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�E\�GUDZLQJ��DQG�DW�ULJKW�angles to each other by calculation
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Find the centre of gravity of an irregular rod
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Use an air track to investigate factors affecting acceleration
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Use, for example, light gates to investigate the speed of a falling object
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Physics on the go Unit 1
69Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ�IRU�ZRUN�"W = F"s LQFOXGLQJ�FDOFXODWLRQV�ZKHQ�WKH�IRUFH�LV�QRW�along the line of motion
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16 understand some applications of mechanics, for example, to safety or to sports
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70 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
7.4 Good enough to eat (EAT)
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� mechanical testing of products.
There are opportunities for students to develop practical skills and techniques and thus to carry out experimental and investigative activities.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
18 understand and use the terms density, ODPLQDU�ÀRZ, streamline ÀRZ, terminal velocity, turbulent ÀRZ, upthrust and viscous drag, for example, in transport design or in manufacturing
19 recall, and use primary or secondary data WR�VKRZ�WKDW�WKH�UDWH�RI�ÀRZ�RI�D�ÀXLG�LV�related to its viscosity
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Context approach
Physics on the go Unit 1
71Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
7.5 Spare part surgery (SUR)
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� mechanical properties of bone and replacement materials
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Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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72 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
73Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 2 Physics at Work AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
8.1 Introduction
Context approach 7KLV�XQLW�FRYHUV�ZDYHV��HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�OLJKW��7KH�unit may be taught using either a concept approach or a context DSSURDFK��7KLV�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�WKH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�models of physics that apply to this application are studied. The context approach for this unit uses three different contexts: music, technology in space and archaeology.
Concept approach 7KLV�XQLW�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�GLIIHUHQW�IRUPDW�RQ�SDJH����IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�D�FRQFHSW�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQFHSW�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�DQG�WKHQ�explores their practical applications. The concept approach is split into WKUHH�WRSLFV��ZDYHV��HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�OLJKW�
How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria includes How Science Works (see Appendix 4���7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�learning of this unit.
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present data, DQG�PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�ZKLOH�VWXG\LQJ�WKLV�XQLW��
7KH�ZRUG�µLQYHVWLJDWH¶�LQGLFDWHV�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�WKHLU�practical skills for How Science Works, numbers 1–6 as detailed in Appendix 4 (internal assessment may require these skills). They should communicate the outcomes of their investigations XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�VFLHQWL¿F��WHFKQLFDO�DQG�PDWKHPDWLFDO�ODQJXDJH��conventions and symbols.
Applications of physics should be studied using a range of contemporary contexts that relate to this unit.
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8.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
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The total number of marks available for this examination paper is ����,W�FRQWULEXWHV�����WR�$6�3K\VLFV�DQG�����WR�WKH�$GYDQFHG�GCE in Physics.
Calculator ,W�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�D�VFLHQWL¿F�calculator for this paper.
Formulae sheet 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics formulae that are UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�TXHVWLRQ�SDSHU�
Unit 2 Physics at Work
Context approach
75
Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
8.3 The Sound of Music (MUS)
A study of music and recorded sound, focusing on the production of sound by musical instruments and the operation of a CD player:
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� reading a CD by laser.
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There are opportunities for students to develop ICT skills and other skills relating to practical investigation and to communication.
Students discuss environmental issues related to noise.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� XQGHUVWDQG�DQG�XVH�WKH�WHUPV�amplitude, frequency, period, speed and wavelength
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Demonstration using a loudspeaker
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Unit 2 Physics at Work
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� H[SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�D�standing (stationary) wave��LQYHVWLJDWH�KRZ�VXFK�D�ZDYH�LV�IRUPHG��DQG�LGHQWLI\�QRGHV�DQG�antinodes
Melde’s experiment, sonometer
36 recognise and use the expression for refractive index
1μ
2 = sin i�sin r = v
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2,
determine refractive index for a material in WKH�ODERUDWRU\��DQG�SUHGLFW�ZKHWKHU�WRWDO�LQWHUQDO�UHÀHFWLRQ�ZLOO�RFFXU�DW�DQ�LQWHUIDFH�using critical angle
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Measure the refractive index of both solids and liquids
38 discuss situations that require the accurate determination of refractive index
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Models of structures to investigate stress concentrations
��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�WR�PHDVXUH�the rotation of the plane of polarisation
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Demonstration using a laser
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68 explain atomic line spectra in terms of WUDQVLWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�GLVFUHWH�HQHUJ\�OHYHOV
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Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
8.4 Technology in Space (SPC)
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� illuminating solar cells
� operation of solar cells
� combining sources of emf
� radar imaging.
Mathematical models are developed to describe ohmic behaviour DQG�WKH�YDULDWLRQ�RI�UHVLVWDQFH�ZLWK�WHPSHUDWXUH���6LPSOH�FRQFHSWXDO�PRGHOV�DUH�XVHG�IRU�WKH�ÀRZ�RI�FKDUJH�LQ�D�FLUFXLW��IRU�the operation of a photocell, and for the variation of resistance ZLWK�WHPSHUDWXUH�
:DYHV�DQG�SKRWRQV�DUH�XVHG�WR�PRGHO�WKH�EHKDYLRXU�RI�OLJKW��Through a historical exploration of the photoelectic effect, students OHDUQ�VRPHWKLQJ�RI�WKH�SURYLVLRQDO�QDWXUH�RI�VFLHQWL¿F�NQRZOHGJH��
There are opportunities to develop ICT skills using the internet, VSUHDGVKHHWV�DQG�VRIWZDUH�IRU�GDWD�DQDO\VLV�DQG�GLVSOD\��
Through discussing the funding and execution of space missions, students have an opportunity to consider ethical and environmental issues and some of the decisions made by society regarding the use of technology.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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67 recognise and use the expression E = hf to calculate the highest frequency of radiation that could be emitted in a transition across D�NQRZQ�HQHUJ\�EDQG�JDS�RU�EHWZHHQ�NQRZQ�HQHUJ\�OHYHOV
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Unit 2 Physics at Work
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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Demonstration of discharge of a zinc plate by ultra violet light
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max
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51 use the expression V = W�Q
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Measure current and voltage in series and parallel circuits
Use ohmmeter to measure total UHVLVWDQFH�RI�VHULHV�SDUDOOHO�circuits
53 investigate and use the expressions P = VI, W = VIt��5HFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�UHODWHG�expressions, for example, P = I�R and P = V��R
0HDVXUH�WKH�HI¿FLHQF\�RI�DQ�HOHFWULF�motor (see also outcome 17)
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Context approach
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Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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Investigate I-V�JUDSKV�IRU�¿ODPHQW�lamp, diode & thermistor
70 recognise and use the expression HI¿FLHQF\� �>XVHIXO�HQHUJ\��RU�SRZHU��RXWSXW@�>WRWDO�HQHUJ\��RU�SRZHU��LQSXW@
��� GH¿QH�DQG�XVH�WKH�FRQFHSWV�RI�HPI�DQG�LQWHUQDO�UHVLVWDQFH�DQG�GLVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�emf and terminal potential difference
Measure the emf and internal resistance of a cell, for example, a solar cell
60 investigate and recall that the resistance RI�PHWDOOLF�FRQGXFWRUV�LQFUHDVHV�ZLWK�increasing temperature and that the resistance of negative temperature FRHI¿FLHQW�WKHUPLVWRUV�GHFUHDVHV�ZLWK�increasing temperature
Use of ohmmeter and temperature sensor
61 use I = nqvA to explain the large range of resistivities of different materials
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Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� H[SODLQ�TXDOLWDWLYHO\�KRZ�WKH�PRYHPHQW�of a source of sound or light relative to DQ�REVHUYHU�GHWHFWRU�JLYHV�ULVH�WR�D�VKLIW�in frequency (Doppler effect) and explore applications that use this effect
Demonstration using a ripple tank or computer simulation
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Context approach
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Physics at Work Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
8.5 Digging up the Past (DIG)
The excavation of an archaeological site, from geophysical surveying to artefact analysis and dating:
� resistivity surveying
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There are opportunities for students to consider ethical issues concerning the digging of archaeological sites and removal of DUWHIDFWV�IRU�VFLHQWL¿F�VWXG\���
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
57 investigate and use the relationship R = 'l�A Measure resisitivity of a metal and polythene
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Demonstration using a ripple tank
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Unit 2 Physics at Work
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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83Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 3 Exploring Physics AS compulsory unit Internally or externally assessed
9.1 Unit description
Introduction This unit requires that students undertake HLWKHU a case study involving an application of physics and a related practical, RU a SK\VLFV�EDVHG�YLVLW�DQG�D�UHODWHG�SUDFWLFDO��7KH�WHDFKHU��QRW�WKH�VWXGHQW��LGHQWL¿HV�WKH�YLVLW�RU�FDVH�VWXG\�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�doing. All candidates may do the same case study or the same YLVLW��KRZHYHU�LW�LV�YLWDO�WKDW�FDQGLGDWHV�GHPRQVWUDWH�WKDW�WKH�DVVHVVHG�ZRUN�WKDW�WKH\�SURGXFH�LV�HQWLUHO\�WKHLU�RZQ�ZRUN��
This unit may be completed at any time during the AS course but it ZRXOG�EH�PRUH�DSSURSULDWH�WR�DGPLQLVWHU�WKLV�DVVHVVPHQW�QHDU�WKH�end of the AS year.
Case study (GH[FHO�ZLOO�SURYLGH�FDVH�VWXGLHV�IRU�¿YH�GLIIHUHQW�WRSLFV��&HQWUHV�may either use one of the case studies provided by Edexcel or GHYLVH�WKHLU�RZQ�FDVH�VWXG\�WR�PDWFK�ORFDO�QHHGV�DQG�WKH�LQWHUHVWV�RI�WKHLU�FDQGLGDWHV��&HQWUH�GHYLVHG�FDVH�VWXGLHV�ZLOO�QRW�UHTXLUH�DSSURYDO�IURP�(GH[FHO��KRZHYHU��LW�LV�WKH�UHVSRQVLELOLW\�RI�WKH�FHQWUH�WR�HQVXUH�WKDW�FHQWUH�GHYLVHG�FDVH�VWXGLHV�PDWFK�WKH�DVVHVVPHQW�criteria for this unit and that students have the opportunity to gain all the marks in the mark scheme. Candidates may all do the same case study or they may do different case studies. If all candidates GR�WKH�VDPH�FDVH�VWXG\�WKHQ�WKH\�PXVW�HQVXUH�WKDW�ZRUN�VXEPLWWHG�IRU�DVVHVVPHQW�LV�WKHLU�RZQ��7KHUH�VKRXOG�EH�D�FRQQHFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FDVH�VWXG\�DQG�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�WKDW�LV�XQGHUWDNHQ�IRU�WKLV�unit. For example a case study might be based on an application of 4XDQWXP�7XQQHOOLQJ�&RPSRVLWH��7KLV�ZRXOG�RIIHU�WKH�RSSRUWXQLW\�IRU�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�UHODWLQJ�FRPSUHVVLYH�IRUFH�WR�UHVLVWDQFH�LQ�WKLV�W\SH�RI�PDWHULDO��,GHDOO\�WKH�FDVH�VWXG\�VKRXOG�GHDO�ZLWK�FRQFHSWV�FRYHUHG�ZLWKLQ�WKH�$6�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�EXW�WKLV�LV�QRW�D�UHTXLUHPHQW�IRU�the assessment of this unit.
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Unit 3 Exploring Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Practical The practical that relates to the case study or visit should give candidates the opportunity to be assessed in four skill areas:
� summarising details of a visit or case study
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How Science Works
7KLV�XQLW�ZLOO�FRYHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�DVSHFWV�RI�how science works as listed in Appendix 4: How science works�������������������DQG���
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Exploring Physics Unit 3
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
9.2 Assessment information
Summary of visit or case study
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Unit 3 Exploring Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Assessing work 7KH�DVVHVVPHQW�FULWHULD�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�QH[W�VHFWLRQ��(DFK�criterion scores a maximum of 1 mark. The criteria are not hierarchical. The assessment of the summary of the visit or WKH�FDVH�VWXG\��WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKH�SODQQLQJ��WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�RI�measurements and the analysis is based on documents produced by the students.
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Guidance to students
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Exploring Physics Unit 3
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
9.3 Assessment criteria
A: Summary of case study or physics-based visit
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Unit 3 Exploring Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
B: Planning
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P1 Lists all material required 1
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Exploring Physics Unit 3
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
D: Analysis
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C Physics unit content
90 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
91Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 4 Physics on the Move A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
10.1 Introduction
Context approach 7KLV�XQLW�FRYHUV�IXUWKHU�PHFKDQLFV��HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV��and particle physics. The unit may be taught using either a concept DSSURDFK�RU�D�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KLV�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�WKH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�WKDW�DSSO\�WR�WKLV�application are studied. The context approach for this unit uses WZR�GLIIHUHQW�FRQWH[WV��WUDQVSRUW�DQG�FRPPXQLFDWLRQV��3DUWLFOH�SK\VLFV�LV�VWXGLHG�YLD�WKH�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�DQG�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�KLJK�HQHUJ\�particles and the interpretation of experiments.
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How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria include How Science Works (see Appendix 4���7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�learning of this unit.
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present data, DQG�PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�ZKLOH�VWXG\LQJ�WKLV�XQLW��
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Applications of physics should be studied using a range of contemporary contexts that relate to this unit.
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
10.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
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The total number of marks available for this examination paper is ����,W�FRQWULEXWHV�����WR�WKH�$GYDQFHG�*&(�LQ�3K\VLFV�
Calculator ,W�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�D�VFLHQWL¿F�calculator for this paper.
Formulae sheet 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics formulae that are UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�TXHVWLRQ�SDSHU�
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Physics on the Move Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
10.3 Transport on Track (TRA)
$�VWXG\�RI�D�PRGHUQ�UDLO�WUDQVSRUW�V\VWHP�ZLWK�DQ�HPSKDVLV�RQ�safety and control:
� track circuits and signalling
� sensing speed
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Students use mathematical models to describe the behaviour of moving vehicles and to model electromagnetic induction and capacitor discharge.
There are opportunities to develop information and communication technology skills.
There are opportunities for students to discuss ethical, environmental and other issues relating to decisions about transport taken by government, by transport companies and by individuals.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
73 use the expression p = mv
��� LQYHVWLJDWH�DQG�DSSO\�WKH�SULQFLSOH�RI�conservation of linear momentum to problems in one dimension
Use of, for example, light gates and air track to investigate momentum
75 investigate and relate net force to rate of FKDQJH�RI�PRPHQWXP�LQ�VLWXDWLRQV�ZKHUH�PDVV�LV�FRQVWDQW��1HZWRQ¶V�VHFRQG�ODZ�RI�motion)
Use of, for example, light gates and air track to investigate change in momentum
78 explain and apply the principle of conservation of energy, and determine ZKHWKHU�D�FROOLVLRQ�LV�HODVWLF�RU�LQHODVWLF
87 investigate and use the expression C = Q�V
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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,t�RC and derive and use related expressions, for exponential discharge in 5&�FLUFXLWV��IRU�H[DPSOH��I = I
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Electronic balance to measure effect of I and l on force
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95 investigate, recognise and use the expression + = d(N-��Gt DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�LW�LV�D�FRQVHTXHQFH�RI�)DUDGD\¶V�DQG�/HQ]¶V�ODZV
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Physics on the Move Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
10.4 The Medium is the Message (MDM)
Students learn about the physics involved in some modern communication and display techniques:
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� CCD imaging
� cathode ray tube
� liquid crystal and LED displays.
Exponential functions are used to model attenuation losses.
There are opportunities to develop information and communication technology skills using computer simulations.
In studying various types of display technology, students FRQVLGHU�WKHLU�UHODWLYH�SRZHU�GHPDQGV�DQG�GLVFXVV�WKH�FKRLFHV�made by organisations and by individuals.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
��� GUDZ�DQG�LQWHUSUHW�GLDJUDPV�XVLQJ�OLQHV�RI�force to describe radial and uniform electric ¿HOGV�TXDOLWDWLYHO\
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Demonstration of electric lines of IRUFH�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWURGHV
86 investigate and recall that applying a SRWHQWLDO�GLIIHUHQFH�WR�WZR�SDUDOOHO�SODWHV�SURGXFHV�D�XQLIRUP�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�LQ�WKH�FHQWUDO�UHJLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKHP��DQG�UHFRJQLVH�and use the expression E = V�d
87 investigate and use the expression C = Q�V Use a Coulometer to measure charge stored
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
88 recognise and use the expression W = ½ QV for the energy stored by a capacitor, derive the expression from the area under a graph of potential difference against charge stored, and derive and use related expressions, for example, W = ½ CV�
Investigate energy stored by GLVFKDUJLQJ�WKURXJK�VHULHV�SDUDOOHO�combination of light bulbs
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93 recognise and use the expression F = Bqv sin . and apply Fleming’s left hand rule to charges
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98 recall that electrons are released in the process of thermionic emission and explain KRZ�WKH\�FDQ�EH�DFFHOHUDWHG�E\�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV�
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Physics on the Move Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
10.5 Probing the Heart of Matter (PRO)
Probing the Heart of Matter (PRO)
An area of fundamental physics that is the subject of current UHVHDUFK��LQYROYLQJ�WKH�DFFHOHUDWLRQ�DQG�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�KLJK�HQHUJ\�particles and the interpretation of experiments:
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There are opportunities to develop ICT skills using the internet and computer simulations.
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Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
76 derive and use the expression Ek = p2/2m
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77 analyse and interpret data to calculate the PRPHQWXP�RI��QRQ�UHODWLYLVWLF��SDUWLFOHV�and apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum to problems in one and WZR�GLPHQVLRQV
79 express angular displacement in radians and LQ�GHJUHHV��DQG�FRQYHUW�EHWZHHQ�WKRVH�XQLWV
80 explain the concept of angular velocity, and recognise and use the relationships v = )r and T = 2#/)
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Unit 4 Physics on the Move
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
81 explain that a resultant force (centripetal force) is required to produce and maintain circular motion
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Investigate the effect of m, v and r of orbit on centripetal force
85 use the expression F = kQ1Q
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Use electronic balance to measure WKH�IRUFH�EHWZHHQ�WZR�FKDUJHV
99 explain the role of electric and magnetic ¿HOGV�LQ�SDUWLFOH�DFFHOHUDWRUV��OLQDF�DQG�cyclotron) and detectors (general principles RI�LRQLVDWLRQ�DQG�GHÀHFWLRQ�RQO\�
100 recognise and use the expression r = p�BQ IRU�D�FKDUJHG�SDUWLFOH�LQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG
101 recall and use the fact that charge, energy DQG�PRPHQWXP�DUH�DOZD\V�FRQVHUYHG�LQ�LQWHUDFWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�SDUWLFOHV�DQG�KHQFH�interpret records of particle tracks
����H[SODLQ�ZK\�KLJK�HQHUJLHV�DUH�UHTXLUHG�WR�break particles into their constituents and WR�VHH�¿QH�VWUXFWXUH
103 recognise and use the expression "E = c�"m in situations involving the creation and annihilation of matter and antimatter particles
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Physics on the Move Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
����EH�DZDUH�RI�UHODWLYLVWLF�HIIHFWV�DQG�WKDW�these need to be taken into account at speeds near that of light (use of relativistic equations not required)
96 use the terms nucleon number (mass number) and proton number (atomic number)
��� GHVFULEH�KRZ�ODUJH�DQJOH�DOSKD�SDUWLFOH�scattering gives evidence for a nuclear atom
����ZULWH�DQG�LQWHUSUHW�HTXDWLRQV�XVLQJ�standard nuclear notation and standard particle symbols (eg #+, e,)
����UHFDOO�WKDW�LQ�WKH�VWDQGDUG�TXDUN�OHSWRQ�model each particle has a corresponding antiparticle, that baryons (eg neutrons and protons) are made from three quarks, and mesons (eg pions) from a quark and an antiquark, and that the symmetry of the model predicted the top and bottom quark
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C Physics unit content
100 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
101Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
11.1 Introduction
Context approach This unit covers thermal energy, nuclear decay, oscillations, and astrophysics and cosmology. The unit may be taught using either a concept approach or a context approach. This section of the VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�IRUPDW�IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�WKH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK��7KH�FRQWH[W�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�SK\VLFV��DQG�WKHQ�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�WKDW�apply to this application are studied. The context approach for this XQLW�XVHV�WZR�GLIIHUHQW�FRQWH[WV��EXLOGLQJ�GHVLJQ�DQG�FRVPRORJ\�
Concept approach 7KLV�XQLW�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�D�GLIIHUHQW�IRUPDW�RQ�SDJH����IRU�WHDFKHUV�ZKR�ZLVK�WR�XVH�D�FRQFHSW�DSSURDFK���7KH�FRQFHSW�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�SK\VLFV�DQG�WKHQ�explores their practical applications. The concept approach is split into four topics: thermal energy, nuclear decay, oscillations, and astrophysics and cosmology.
How Science Works
The GCE Science Criteria includes How Science Works (see Appendix 4���7KLV�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�learning of this unit.
,W�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�JLYHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�XVH�spreadsheets and computer models to analyse and present data, DQG�PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�ZKLOH�VWXG\LQJ�WKLV�XQLW��
7KH�ZRUG�µLQYHVWLJDWH¶�LQGLFDWHV�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�WKHLU�practical skills for How Science Works, numbers 1–6 as detailed in Appendix 4 (internal assessment may require these skills). They should communicate the outcomes of their investigations XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�VFLHQWL¿F��WHFKQLFDO�DQG�PDWKHPDWLFDO�ODQJXDJH��conventions and symbols.
Applications of physics should be studied using a range of contemporary contexts that relate to this unit.
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Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
11.2 Assessment information
Examination paper
7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU�RI���KRXU����PLQXWHV�GXUDWLRQ��7KH�SDSHU�ZLOO�FRQVLVW�RI�REMHFWLYH�questions, short questions and long questions. Students may be UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�SK\VLFV�to situations that they have not encountered before.
The total number of marks available for this examination paper is ����,W�FRQWULEXWHV�����WR�WKH�$GYDQFHG�*&(�LQ�3K\VLFV�
Calculator ,W�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�D�VFLHQWL¿F�calculator for this paper.
Formulae sheet 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXODH�VKHHW�VKRZQ�LQ�Appendix 6: Formulae. Any other physics formulae that are UHTXLUHG�ZLOO�EH�VWDWHG�LQ�WKH�TXHVWLRQ�SDSHU�
Context approach
103
Physics from Creation to Collapse Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
11.3 Reach for the Stars (STA)
The focus is on the physical interpretation of astronomical observations, the formation and evolution of stars, and the history and future of the universe:
� distances of stars
� masses of stars
� energy sources in stars
� star formation
� star death and the creation of chemical elements
� the history and future of the universe.
This topic uses the molecular kinetic theory model of matter DQG�LQFOXGHV�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�µ%LJ�%DQJ¶�PRGHO�RI�WKH�XQLYHUVH���,W�also involves mathematical modelling of gravitational force and radioactive decay.
There are opportunities to develop ICT skills using the internet, GDWD�ORJJLQJ�DQG�VLPXODWLRQV��
7KHUH�DUH�VHYHUDO�FDVH�VWXGLHV�WKDW�VKRZ�KRZ�VFLHQWL¿F�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�KDYH�FKDQJHG�RYHU�WLPH��SURYLGLQJ�VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�FRQVLGHU�WKH�SURYLVLRQDO�QDWXUH�RI�VFLHQWL¿F�LGHDV�
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
109 investigate, recognise and use the H[SUHVVLRQ�¨E = mc¨.
0HDVXUH�VSHFL¿F�KHDW�FDSDFLW\�of a solid and a liquid using, for example, temperature sensor and data logger
110 explain the concept of internal energy as the random distribution of potential and kinetic energy amongst molecules
111 explain the concept of absolute zero and KRZ�WKH�DYHUDJH�NLQHWLF�HQHUJ\�RI�PROHFXOHV�is related to the absolute temperature
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Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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Use temperature and pressure sensors to investigate relationship EHWZHHQ�p and T
Experimental investigation of UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�S�DQG�9
����VKRZ�DQ�DZDUHQHVV�RI�WKH�H[LVWHQFH�DQG�origin of background radiation, past and present
Measure background count rate
115 investigate and recognise nuclear radiations (alpha, beta and gamma) from WKHLU�SHQHWUDWLQJ�SRZHU�DQG�LRQLVLQJ�DELOLW\
Investigate the absorption of radiation by paper, aluminium and lead (radiation penetration VLPXODWLRQ�VRIWZDUH�LV�D�YLDEOH�alternative)
116 describe the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay
117 determine the half lives of radioactive isotopes graphically and recognise and use the expressions for radioactive decay: dN�Gt = ,%N, % �OQ���t½ and N = N
0 e,%t
Measure the activity of a radioactive source
Simulation of radioactive decay using, for example, dice
136 explain the concept of nuclear binding energy, and recognise and use the H[SUHVVLRQ�¨E = c�¨m and use the non SI atomic mass unit (u) in calculations of QXFOHDU�PDVV��LQFOXGLQJ�PDVV�GH¿FLW��DQG�energy
137 describe the processes of nuclear fusion DQG�¿VVLRQ
Context approach
105
Physics from Creation to Collapse Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
138 explain the mechanism of nuclear fusion and the need for high densities of matter and high temperatures to bring it about and maintain it
118 discuss the applications of radioactive materials, including ethical and environmental issues
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application to standard candles
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����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�D�VLPSOH�+HUW]VSUXQJ�5XVVHOO�GLDJUDP�WR�UHODWH�OXPLQRVLW\�DQG�temperature use this diagram to explain the life cycle of stars
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133 recognise and use the expression: %
maxT� �������é���,3�P�.��:LHQ¶V�ODZ��IRU�
black body radiators
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Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
����UHFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQV� ]� �¨%/%�§�¨f�f�§�v�c for a source of electromagnetic radiation moving relative to an observer and v = H
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cosmological distances
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Context approach
107
Physics from Creation to Collapse Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
11.4 Build or Bust? (BLD)
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� earthquake detection
� vibration and resonance in structures
� damping vibration using ductile materials.
The behaviour of oscillators is modelled using the mathematics of simple harmonic motion, and physical models are used to explore the behaviour of structures.
There are opportunities to develop ICT skills using data logging and spreadsheets.
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
119 recall that the condition for simple harmonic motion is F� ��kx, and hence LGHQWLI\�VLWXDWLRQV�LQ�ZKLFK�VLPSOH�KDUPRQLF�PRWLRQ�ZLOO�RFFXU
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����REWDLQ�D�GLVSODFHPHQW�±�WLPH�JUDSK�IRU�DQ�oscillating object and recognise that the gradient at a point gives the velocity at that point
Use a motion sensor to generate graphs of SHM
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����GLVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�IUHH��GDPSHG�DQG�forced oscillations
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Unit 5 Physics from Creation to Collapse
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Students will be assessed on their ability to: Suggested experiments
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Use, for example, a vibration generator to investigate forced oscillations
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Use, for example, a vibration generator to investigate damped oscillations
109Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 6 Experimental Physics A2 compulsory unit Internally or externally assessed
12.1 Unit description
Introduction This unit requires that students plan an experiment, carry out an H[SHULPHQW��UHFRUG�PHDVXUHPHQWV��DQDO\VH�WKHLU�RZQ�UHVXOWV�DQG�GUDZ�FRQFOXVLRQV��
This unit may be completed at any time during the second year RI�WKH�FRXUVH�EXW�LW�ZRXOG�EH�PRUH�DSSURSULDWH�WR�DGPLQLVWHU�WKLV�DVVHVVPHQW�QHDU�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH�$��\HDU��7KLV�DVVHVVPHQW�VKRXOG�WDNH�QR�PRUH�WKDQ���KRXUV�WR�FRPSOHWH��
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If more than one class of students take this assessment at different times, then the groups must submit different plans for assessment to prevent plagiarism.
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Planning component
The planning component of this assessment may be done at a different time to the other components. Plans produced by the VWXGHQWV�PD\�EH�EDVHG�RQ�HLWKHU�D�EULH¿QJ�SURYLGHG�E\�WKH�FHQWUH�RU�D�EULH¿QJ�SURYLGHG�E\�(GH[FHO�
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The experiment and analysis of results may be based on the SODQ�SURGXFHG�E\�HDFK�LQGLYLGXDO�VWXGHQW�LQ�WKH�¿UVW�SDUW�RI�WKLV�assessment or it may be based on a plan that is provided by Edexcel or a plan that is devised by the centre. If the centre SURGXFHV�WKH�SODQ�RQ�ZKLFK�WKH�H[SHULPHQW�LV�EDVHG��LW�LV�YLWDO�that the plan provides the opportunity for students to achieve the full range of marks that are available. Centre devised plans VKRXOG�FRQWDLQ�VRPH�ÀDZV�VR�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�DUH�DEOH�WR�PRGLI\�WKH�H[SHULPHQW�ZKLOH�WKH\�DUH�GRLQJ�LW�DQG�VXJJHVW�LPSURYHPHQWV��&HQWUH�GHYLVHG�SODQV�VKRXOG�HQVXUH�WKDW�D�QRQ�OLQHDU�UHODWLRQVKLS�H[LVWV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�YDULDEOHV�WKDW�DUH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�
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Unit 6 Experimental Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Use of ICT &DQGLGDWHV�PD\�XVH�D�ZRUG�SURFHVVRU�WR�SURGXFH�WKHLU�UHSRUW��DOWKRXJK�WKH\�ZLOO�QRW�JDLQ�DQ\�H[WUD�PDUNV�IRU�GRLQJ�VR�
In order to ensure that candidates demonstrate their understanding of the principles and techniques involved in analysing data, the use of ICT, eg spreadsheets, may not be used for analysing data for this unit.
Draft work &DQGLGDWHV�VKRXOG�GR�D�YDULHW\�RI�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�GXULQJ�WKH�course so that they develop the necessary skills to succeed LQ�WKLV�XQLW��7KH\�VKRXOG�QRW��WKHUHIRUH��VXEPLW�GUDIW�ZRUN�IRU�FKHFNLQJ��+RZHYHU��WHDFKHUV�VKRXOG�FKHFN�FDQGLGDWHV¶�SODQV�IRU�health and safety issues before they implement the plan.
1HLWKHU�WKH�SODQ�QRU�DQ\�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�VXEPLWWHG�IRU�WKLV�XQLW�should be returned to candidates for them to improve it.
How Science Works
7KLV�XQLW�ZLOO�FRYHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�DVSHFWV�RI�KRZ�VFLHQFH�ZRUNV�DV�listed in Appendix 4: How science works�������������������DQG���
12.2 Assessment information
Introduction &DQGLGDWHV�PXVW�SURGXFH�D�ZULWWHQ�SODQ�IRU�DQ�H[SHULPHQW��7KH\�must also produce a laboratory report for an experiment that they have carried out. The experiment that they carry out may be based on the plan that they have produced; alternatively, the experiment that they carry out may be based on a plan that is HLWKHU�FHQWUH�GHYLVHG�RU�(GH[FHO�GHYLVHG�
Plan Students should not be given advanced details of the plan WKDW�WKH\�ZLOO�FDUU\�RXW��WKH\�ZLOO�EH�H[SHFWHG�WR�GUDZ�RQ�WKHLU�H[SHULHQFH�RI�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�WKDW�WKH\�KDYH�FRPSOHWHG�GXULQJ�WKH�course for this assessment. Students should not take into the classroom any materials for this assessment.
If more than one group of students take this assessment at different times, then the groups must submit different plans for assessment to prevent plagiarism.
Context approach
111
Experimental Physics Unit 6
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
&HQWUH�GHYLVHG�SODQV�DQG�H[SHULPHQWV�ZLOO�QRW�UHTXLUHG�(GH[FHO¶V�DSSURYDO��KRZHYHU��FHQWUH�GHYLVHG�DVVHVVPHQWV�PXVW�HQVXUH�WKDW�students have the opportunity to gain all the marks in the mark scheme.
If teachers are going to mark the plan they should not provide VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�IHHGEDFN�RQ�WKHLU�SODQ�XQWLO�WKH\�KDYH�FDUULHG�RXW�their experiment. At this stage teachers could either:
i) photocopy the plan, mark the original plan and provide VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�WKH�SKRWRFRS\�LQ�WKH�ODERUDWRU\�VR�WKDW�WKH\�can carry out their plan
ii) collect in the plan, not mark it and return it to students in the laboratory under supervised conditions so that they can carry out their plan
iii) mark the plan and ask students to do an experiment based on a different plan.
If teachers are not going to mark the plan they should collect the plan and check its feasibility. At this stage the teacher could either:
i) retun it to students in the laboratory under supervised conditions so that they can carry out their plan
ii) ask students to do an experiment based on a different plan.
Practical work 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�QRW�QHHG�WR�WDNH�DQ\�GRFXPHQWV�LQWR�WKH�ODERUDWRU\�for the practical aspect of this assessment although they may EULQJ�D�VFLHQWL¿F�FDOFXODWRU��7HDFKHUV�VKRXOG�LVVXH�VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�the (unmarked) plan of the practical that they are to carry out.
,I�QHFHVVDU\��WHDFKHUV�PD\�DOORZ�VWXGHQWV�WR�DQDO\VH�UHVXOWV�under supervision in the next lesson. In this situation, teachers PXVW�FROOHFW�LQ�WKH�ZRUN�SURGXFHG�E\�WKHLU�VWXGHQWV��7HDFKHUV�VKRXOG�QRW�PDUN�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN��,Q�WKH�IROORZLQJ�OHVVRQ��WKH�documents should be returned to students under supervised conditions. Students should not have access to any other sources of LQIRUPDWLRQ�ZKLOH�WKH\�DUH�FRPSOHWLQJ�WKH�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKHLU�UHVXOWV�
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Unit 6 Experimental Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Assessing work 7KH�DVVHVVPHQW�FULWHULD�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�QH[W�VHFWLRQ��(DFK�criterion scores a maximum of 1 mark. The criteria are not hierarchical. The assessment of planning, recording and analysis LV�EDVHG�RQ�ZULWWHQ�HYLGHQFH�LQ�WKH�IRUP�RI�D�UHSRUW��
For centres marking the written report
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The marks given for the report should be submitted to Edexcel E\�WKH�¿QDO�GDWH�SXEOLVKHG�LQ�WKH�Information manual.
For centres not marking the written report
7KH�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�VKRXOG�EH�VXEPLWWHG�WR�(GH[FHO�E\�WKH�¿QDO�date published in the Information manual.
Supervision 6WXGHQWV�PXVW�ZRUN�RQ�WKHLU�RZQ�IRU�HDFK�SDUW�RI�WKLV�assessment.
All aspects of this assessment must be done under supervised conditions.
Assistance for students
6WXGHQWV�PD\�UHTXLUH�DVVLVWDQFH�ZKHUHE\�WKH�WHDFKHU�QHHGV�WR�WHOO�WKH�VWXGHQW�ZKDW�WKH\�KDYH�WR�GR��$VVLVWDQFH�LQ�WKLV�UHVSHFW�carries a penalty. The teacher should record details of any DVVLVWDQFH�SURYLGHG�RQ�WKH�VWXGHQW¶V�ZRUN�
Important reminder
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Context approach
113
Experimental Physics Unit 6
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
12.3 Assessment criteria
A: Planning
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P10 &RPPHQWV�RQ�ZKHWKHU�UHSHDW�UHDGLQJV�DUH�DSSURSULDWH�IRU�WKLV�H[SHULPHQW 1
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Unit 6 Experimental Physics
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
B: Implementation and measurements
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M3 Uses correct units throughout 1
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M5 Obtains an appropriate number of measurements 1
M6 Obtains measurements over an appropriate range 1
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Assessment information
Assessment requirements
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D Assessment and additional information
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Unit results The minimum uniform marks required for each grade for each unit:
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Unit grade A B C D E
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Unit 6
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Additional information
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Prior learning and progression
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127Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
F Appendices
Appendix 1 Performance descriptions 129
Appendix 2 Wider curriculum 135
Appendix 3 Codes 137
Appendix 4 How Science Works 139
Appendix 5 Data 141
Appendix 6 Formulae 143
Appendix 7 Glossary 147
Appendix 8 Further resources and support 149
Appendix 9 General and mathematical requirements 151
F Appendices
128 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
129Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 1 Performance descriptions
Introduction
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134 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
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Appendix 2 Wider curriculum
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F Appendices
136 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
137Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 3 Codes
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F Appendices
138 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
139Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 4 How Science Works
How Science Works�UHTXLUHV�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�H[SORUH�KRZ�VFLHQWL¿F�NQRZOHGJH�LV�GHYHORSHG��YDOLGDWHG�DQG�FRPPXQLFDWHG�E\�WKH�VFLHQWL¿F�FRPPXQLW\��,W�DOVR�UHTXLUHV�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�FRQVLGHU�WKH�ULVNV��EHQH¿WV��HWKLFDO�DQG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�LPSOLFDWLRQV�RI�VFLHQFH�DQG�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�DSSUHFLDWH�ZD\V�LQ�ZKLFK�VRFLHW\�XVHV�VFLHQFH�WR�inform decision making.
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7KH�¿UVW�FROXPQ�LQ�WKH�WDEOH�EHORZ�OLVWV�WKH�FULWHULD�IRU�How Science Works. The second column provides some guidance on How Science Works may be applied to the GCE Physics programme of study.
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1 Use theories, models and ideas WR�GHYHORS�DQG�PRGLI\�VFLHQWL¿F�explanations.
D� ([SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�VFLHQWL¿F�WKHRULHV�involves collecting and interpreting data and using creative thinking.
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5 Analyse and interpret data to provide evidence, recognising correlations and causal relationships.
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6 Evaluate methodology, evidence and GDWD��DQG�UHVROYH�FRQÀLFWLQJ�HYLGHQFH�
a Evaluate the validity of conclusions derived from primary and secondary data in terms of the methods, techniques and processes used to collect and analyse the data.
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Appendix 4 How Science Works
140 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
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10 Consider ethical issues in the treatment of humans, other organisms and the environment.
a Identify ethical issues arising from the application of science as it impacts on humans and the environment.
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E� 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WKH�SURFHVV�RI�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�WKURXJK�MRXUQDOV�DQG�FRQIHUHQFHV��DQG�SHHU�UHYLHZ�FRQWULEXWH�WR�YDOLGDWLRQ�RI�QHZ�VFLHQWL¿F�WKHRULHV�E\�WKH�VFLHQWL¿F�community.
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141Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 5 Data
7KH�YDOXH�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�FRQVWDQWV�ZLOO�EH�SURYLGHG�LQ�HDFK�examination paper.
Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s,� (close to Earth’s surface)
Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 0 10,�� J K,1
&RXORPE¶V�ODZ�FRQVWDQW k = ���#+o
= 8.99 x 109�1�P��C��
Electron charge e = ,1.60 0 10,19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 0 10,31 kg
Electronvolt ��H9� ������0 10,19 J
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 0 10,11�1�P� kg,�
*UDYLWDWLRQDO�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK g� ������1�NJ,1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space +o = 8.85 0 10,�� F m,1
Planck constant h = 6.63 0 10,�� J s
Proton mass mp = 1.67 0 10,�� kg
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 0 108 m s,1
6WHIDQ�%ROW]PDQQ�FRQVWDQW / = 5.67 x 10,8�:�P,� K,�
8QL¿HG�DWRPLF�PDVV�XQLW u = 1.66 x 10,�� kg
F Appendices
142 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
143Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 6 Formulae
6WXGHQWV�QHHG�QRW�PHPRULVH�IRUPXODH�IRU�WKLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�
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Unit 1
Mechanics
Kinematic equations of motion v = u + at s = ut + ½at� v� = u�����as
Forces !F = ma g = F/m W = mg
Work and energy "W = F"s Ek = ½ mv�
"Egrav
= mg"h
Materials
Stokes’ law F = 6#$rv
Hooke’s law F = k"x
Density ' = m�V
Pressure p = F�A
Young’s modulus E = /�+�ZKHUH Stress / = F/A
Strain + =" x/x
Elastic strain energy Eel = ½ F"x
Appendix 6 Formulae
144 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed v = f %
Refractive index 1μ
2 = sin i�sin r = v
1�v
2
Electricity
Potential difference V = W�Q
Resistance R = V�I
Electrical power, energy and efficiency
P = VI P = I2R P = V2/R. W = VIt ��HI¿FLHQF\� �>XVHIXO�HQHUJ\��RU�SRZHU��RXWSXW�WRWDO�HQHUJ\��RU�SRZHU��LQSXW@�é�����
Resistivity R = 'l�A
Current I = "Q�"t
I = nqvA
Quantum physics
Photon model E = hf
Einstein’s photoelectric equation
hf = ( + ½ mv2max
Formulae Appendix 6
145Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Unit 4
Mechanics
Momentum p = mv
Kinetic energy of a non-relativistic particle
Ek = p2/2m
Motion in a circle v = ) r T� ��#�) F = ma = mv2/r a = v2/r a = r)2
Fields
Coulomb’s law F = kQ1Q
2/r2�ZKHUH�k� ����#+0
Electric field E = F/Q E = kQ/r2
E = V�d
Capacitance C = Q�V
Energy stored in capacitor W = ½ QV
Capacitor discharge Q = Q0 e,W�RC
In a magnetic field F = BIl sin .
F = Bqv sin .
r = p�BQ
Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws + = ,d(N-��Gt
Particle physics
Mass-energy "E = c�"m
de Broglie wavelength % = h�p
Appendix 6 Formulae
146 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Unit 5
Energy and matter
Heating "E = mc".
Molecular kinetic theory ½ m<c�> = 3�� kT
Ideal gas equation pV = NkT
Nuclear physics
Radioactive decay dN�Gt = ,%N
% �OQ���t½
N = N0 e,%t
Mechanics
Simple harmonic motion a = ,)�x a = ,A)��cos )t v = ,A) sin )t x = Acos )t T� ���f� ��#�)
Gravitational force F = Gm1m��r�
Observing the universe
Radiant energy flux F = L��#d�
Stefan-Boltzmann law L = /T�A
L� ��#r�/T�
Wien’s law %max
T� �������[���,3 m K
Redshift of electromagnetic radiation
]� �¨%/%�§�¨f�f�§�v�c
Cosmological expansion v = Hod
147Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 7 Glossary
7KLV�DSSHQGL[�JLYHV�H[SODQDWLRQV�RI�KRZ�NH\ZRUGV�WKDW�DUH�XVHG�LQ�Section C: Physics unit content can be related to examination questions.
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Identify Students may be required to select appropriate formulae, terms or concepts, for example to solve a problem or to explain a given situation. Students may be required to solve the problem or explain the situation.
Students may be given equations that include formula that they should be able to recognise, for example an equation for the conservation of energy that contains formulae for different forms of energy.
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Use 6WXGHQWV�PD\�EH�UHTXLUHG�WR�DSSO\�WKHLU�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�SK\VLFV��LQFOXGLQJ�formulae, to a given situation.
F Appendices
148 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
149Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 8 Further resources and support
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Books
Akrill T and Millar C — Practice in Physics��+RGGHU�0XUUD\�������� ,6%1���������������
Breithaupt J — New Understanding Physics for Advanced Level �1HOVRQ�7KRUQHV�/WG��������,6%1���������������
/RZH�7�DQG�5RXQFH�-�²�Calculations for A-level Physics��1HOVRQ�7KRUQHV�/WG��������,6%1���������������
Salters Horners Advanced A2 Level Physics Student Book University RI�<RUN�6FLHQFH�(GXFDWLRQ�*URXS�²��+HLQHPDQQ�������� ,6%1��������������
Salters Horners Advanced Physics Student Book AS Level University RI�<RUN�6FLHQFH�(GXFDWLRQ�*URXS�²��+HLQHPDQQ�������� ,6%1��������������
Useful websites
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Appendix 8 Further resources and support
150 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
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151Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 9 General and mathematical requirements
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Appendix 9 General and mathematical requirements
152 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
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'HWHUPLQH�WKH�JUDGLHQW�DQG�LQWHUFHSW�RI�D�OLQHDU�JUDSK�E\�GUDZLQJ�and calculation.
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Allocate appropriate physical units to quantities deduced from gradient and intercept.
8QGHUVWDQG�WKH�SRVVLEOH�SK\VLFDO�VLJQL¿FDQFH�RI�WKH�DUHD�EHWZHHQ�D�curve and the horizontal axis and be able to calculate it (in the case RI�D�VWUDLJKW�OLQH�JUDSK��RU�PHDVXUH�LW�E\�FRXQWLQJ�VTXDUHV�
HJ�:RUN�GRQH� �DUHD�XQGHU�D�IRUFH�GLVSODFHPHQW�JUDSK�
3ORW�GDWD�RQ�D�ORJ�OLQHDU�JUDSK�DQG�KHQFH�GHWHUPLQH�ZKHWKHU�WKH\�FKDQJH�H[SRQHQWLDOO\�DQG��LI�WKH\�GR��GHWHUPLQH�WKH�H[SRQHQW�
3ORW�GDWD�RQ�D�ORJ�ORJ�JUDSK�DQG�KHQFH�GHFLGH�ZKHWKHU�GDWD�REH\�D�SRZHU�ODZ�DQG��LI�WKH\�GR��GHWHUPLQH�WKH�H[SRQHQW�
General and mathematical requirements Appendix 9
153Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Arithmetic and computation
5HFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�H[SUHVVLRQV�LQ�GHFLPDO�DQG�VWDQGDUG�IRUP��VFLHQWL¿F��QRWDWLRQ�
Use ratios, fractions and percentages.
5HFRJQLVH�DQG�XVH�6,�SUH¿[HV�IRU���,��, 10,9, 10,6, 10,3, 103, 106 and 109.
Use a calculator for:
• addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
• ¿QGLQJ�DULWKPHWLF�PHDQV
• manipulating degrees DQG�UDGLDQV
• ¿QGLQJ�DQG�XVLQJ�DULWKPHWLF�PHDQV�DQG�UHFLSURFDOV��DQG�VTXDUHV��sin ., cos ., tan ., xn and ex, and their inverses (square roots, sin,1 ., cos,1 ., tan,1 ., log10 x and ln x)
• ¿QGLQJ�DQG�XVLQJ�xn����x�DQG�¥x.
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Use the terms accuracy, precision and sensitivity appropriately
Estimate the uncertainty (random error) in a single measurement and express it as an absolute value and as a percentage.
Estimate the uncertainty (random error) in a quantity derived by processing a set of experimental data, and express it as an absolute value and as a percentage.
154 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Physics
Appendix 9 General and mathematical requirements
Algebra Change the subject of an equation by manipulation of the terms, including positive, negative, integer and fractional indices, and square roots.
Solve algebraic equations including those involving inverse and inverse square relationships.
Substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities.
Formulate and use simple equations as mathematical models of physical situations, and identify inadequacies of such models.
([SUHVV�TXDQWLWLHV�ZLWK�D�YHU\�ODUJH�UDQJH��HJ�UHVLVWLYLWLHV�RI�PDWHULDOV��XVLQJ�ORJ10�RI�WKRVH�TXDQWLWLHV
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Understand and use the symbols =, <, >, << , >> , 2, 3, ~, !x and "x.
Geometry and trigonometry
Calculate the areas of triangles, the circumferences and areas of circles, and the surface areas and volumes of rectangular blocks, cylinders and spheres.
Use Pythagoras’ theorem, similarity of triangles and the angle sum of a triangle.
Use sines, cosines and tangents in physical problems.
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