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8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Theory and application of UV and visible
spectrophotometry
Spectroscopic technique
Spectrophotometry is the quantifiable study of
electromagnetic spectra that deals with visible light,
near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared.
A spectrophotometer is a photometer(a device for measuring light intensity) that
can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the
wavelength) of light
The most common application of spectrophotometers is the measurementof light absorption.
The use of spectrophotometers is not limited to studies in physics. They
are also commonly used in other scientific fields such as chemistry,
biochemistry, and molecular biology. They are widely used in many
industries including printing and forensic examination.
Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometerhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.ecvv.com/upload/Product/200910/China_UV_Spectrophotometer200910212257091.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ecvv.com/product/2267107.html&usg=__heE5aGe_E4LkdUa09XnJK-AZPrw=&h=392&w=500&sz=17&hl=en&start=20&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=-j0lbNVLb-Nk-M:&tbnh=102&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Duv%2Bspectrophotometer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aa.psu.edu/chemistry/images/UV_VIS.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aa.psu.edu/chemistry/PSA_Chem_Facilities.htm&usg=__ICPx8PJHT_8swRWmbjItbVUwess=&h=598&w=903&sz=80&hl=en&start=15&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=rBciLZOYBv4aXM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=147&prev=/images%3Fq%3Duv%2Bspectrophotometer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.globescientific.com/images/111117.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.globescientific.com/product-type-spectrophotometer-cuvettes-c-21_630_89.html&usg=__z8RIrgv0HjM0sGS1ikyl_CVS9G0=&h=476&w=476&sz=107&hl=en&start=50&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=0aG6cadp6KwlFM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Duv%2Bspectrophotometer%26start%3D40%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique for the determination of
the elemental composition of a sample ormolecule. It is also used for
elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other
chemical compounds.
The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generatecharged molecules and measurement of theirmass-to-charge ratios.
MS procedure
The components of the sample are ionized
The positive ions are then accelerated by an electric field
computation of the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the particles
Detection of the ions, were sorted according to m/z.
A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Mass spectrophotometery
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Nuclear magnetic resonance analyzes the magnetic properties of certain atomicnuclei to determine different electronic local environments ofhydrogen, carbon,
or other atoms in an organic compound or othercompound. This is used to help
determine the structure of the compound.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
NMR is a property that magnetic nuclei have in a magnetic field and applied
electromagnetic (EM) pulse or pulses, which cause the nuclei to absorb energy
from the EM pulse and radiate this energy back out. The energy radiated back
out is at a specific resonance frequency which depends on the strength of the
magnetic field and other factors.
It is widely used in chemical studies, notably in NMR spectroscopy such as proton NMR1H
NMR , carbon-13 NMR, deuterium NMR and phosphorus-31 NMR.
Biochemical information can also be obtained from living tissue (e.g. human braintumors)
with the technique known as in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Uses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRI-Philips.JPG8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Proton Magnetic Resonance
Electron spin resonance (ESR) orElectron paramagnetic resonance
(EPR) spectroscopy is a technique for studying chemical species that haveone or more unpaired electrons.
ESR are analogous/ parallel to those ofnuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR), but it is electron spins that are excited instead ofspins of
atomic nuclei
Electron spin resonance
Synonyms: proton MR spectroscopic imaging, 1H-nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopic imaging
An imaging method of detecting and measuring activity at the cellular
level. It provides chemical information and is used in conjunction with
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which gives spatial (3-dimensional)
information.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/imaging.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/cells.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/magnetic_resonance_imaging.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/3-dimensional.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/3-dimensional.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/magnetic_resonance_imaging.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/cells.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/imaging.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Originally it was the study of the interaction between radiation and matteras
a function ofwavelength ().
In fact, historically, spectroscopy referred to the use of visible lightdispersed according to its wavelength, e.g. by a prism.
Any measurement of a quantity as a function of either wavelength or
frequency.
Thus it also can refer to a response to an alternating field or varyingfrequency (). A further extension of the scope of the definition added
energy (E) as a variable, once the very close relationship E= h forphotons
was realized (h is the Planck constant).
Spectroscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Spectroscopy/spectrometry is often used in physical and
analytical chemistry for the identification of substances through thespectrum emitted from or absorbed by them.
Used in astronomy and remote sensing. Most large telescopes have
spectrometers, which are used either to measure the chemical
composition and physical properties of astronomical objects or tomeasure their velocities
USE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Electromagnetic spectroscopy involves interactions of matter with
electromagnetic radiation, such as light.
Nature of excitation measured
Normally, the quantity that is measured is an intensity, either of energy
absorbed or produced.
Dielectric spectroscopy involves the frequency of an external electrical field
involves the frequency of an external mechanical stress, e.g. a torsion applied to
a piece of material.
Acoustic spectroscopy involves the frequency of sound.
Auger spectroscopy involves inducing the Auger effect with an electron beam. In
this case the measurement typically involves the kinetic energy of the electron as
variable.
Electron spectroscopy involves interactions with electron beams.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectroscopy8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Measurement process
Absorption spectroscopy uses the range of the electromagnetic spectra in which
a substance absorbs.such as infrared, ultraviolet-visible and microwave spectroscopy.
Scattering spectroscopy measures the amount of light that a substance scatters
at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles
Emission spectroscopy uses the range of electromagnetic spectra in which a
substance radiates (emits).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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AbsorptionAbsorption spectroscopy
Absorption spectroscopy is a technique in which the power of a beam of light measured before
and after interaction with a sample is compared.Specific absorption techniques tend to be referred to by the wavelength of radiation measured
such as ultraviolet, infrared or microwave absorption spectroscopy.
Absorption occurs when the energy of the photons matches the energy difference between two
states of the material.
Common types
Fluorescence spectroscopyFluorescence spectroscopy uses higher energy photons to excite a sample, which will then
emit lower energy photons. This technique has become popular for its biochemical and
medical applications, and can be used forconfocalmicroscopy,
fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and fluorescence lifetime imaging.
Fluorescence
When X-rays of sufficient frequency (energy) interact with a substance, inner shell electrons
in the atom are excited to outer empty orbitals, or they may be removed completely, ionizing
the atom. The inner shell "hole" will then be filled by electrons from outer orbitals.
X-ray crystallography is a scattering process
X-rays
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_lifetime_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_lifetime_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Flame
Liquid solution samples are aspirated into a burner or nebulizer/burner combination, desolvated,
atomized, and sometimes excited to a higher energy electronic state
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - This method uses flame excitation; atoms are excited fromthe heat of the flame to emit light. This method commonly uses a total consumption burner with
a round burning outlet. A higher temperature flame than atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA) is
typically used to produce excitation of analyte atoms.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (often called AA) - This method commonly uses a pre-burner
nebulizer (or nebulizing chamber) to create a sample mist and a slot-shaped burner which gives alonger pathlength flame. The temperature of the flame is low enough that the flame itself does not
excite sample atoms from their ground state. The nebulizer and flame are used to desolvate and
atomize the sample, but the excitation of the analyte atoms is done by the use of lamps shining
through the flame at various wavelengths for each type of analyte
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy - This method commonly uses a burner with a round
burning outlet. The flame is used to solvate and atomize the sample, but a lamp shines light at aspecific wavelength into the flame to excite the analyte atoms in the flame. The atoms of certain
elements can then fluoresce emitting light in a different direction. The intensity of this fluorescing
light is used for quantifying the amount of analyte element in the sample.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Plasma Emission Spectroscopy In some ways similar to flame atomic emission
spectroscopy, it has largely replaced it.
Plasma Emission Spectroscopy
Microwave-induced plasma (MIP)
Direct-current plasma (DCP)
A direct-current plasma (DCP) is created by an electrical discharge between two
electrodes. A plasma support gas is necessary, and Ar is common.
Samples can be deposited on one of the electrodes, or if conducting can make
up one electrode.
Glow discharge-optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES)
Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) also called Laser-induced
plasma spectrometry (LIPS)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICP-AEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Induced_Breakdown_Spectroscopy_(LIBS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Induced_Breakdown_Spectroscopy_(LIBS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICP-AEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_discharge8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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Hydrodynamics methods
The study of fluids in motion
Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH)
is a computational method used for simulating fluid flows. It has been used in many
fields of research, including astrophysics, ballistics, vulcanology, and oceanography.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=18/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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X-ray diffraction finds the geometry or shape of a molecule using X-rays.
X-ray diffraction techniques are based on the elastic scattering of X-raysfrom structures that have long range order.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
Powder diffraction (XRD)
Thin film diffraction
High resolution X-ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction
Types
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique
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