PowerPoint Presentation

Tugas Poliklinik AnakKeterlambatan Berbicara

Oleh : Amalia SholihahI1A011002Pembimbing: dr. Gladys Gunawan, Sp. A (K)SMF/Bag Ilmu Kesehatan AnakFK Unlam-RSUD UlinBanjarmasinApril 2014

Definisi

Definition of Speech and LanguageSpeech is the verbal production of language, whereas language is the conceptual processing of communication. Language includes receptive language (understanding) and expressive language (the ability to convey information, feelings, thoughts, and ideas). Language is commonly thought of in its spoken form, but may also include a visual form, such as American Sign Language.

SitasiSpeech and Language Delay in Children. MAURA R. McLAUGHLIN, MD, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Am Fam Physician.2011May15;83(10):1183-1188.

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Kemampuan Bahasa

DefinisiKeterlambatan Berbicara dan Berbahasa pada Anak adalah ketidak-mampuan anak untuk memahami maupun mengekspresikan bahasa, pada usia perkembangan yang sesuai dibandingkan anak normal kebanyakan.Definition of Speech and LanguageSpeech is the verbal production of language, whereas language is the conceptual processing of communication. Language includes receptive language (understanding) and expressive language (the ability to convey information, feelings, thoughts, and ideas). Language is commonly thought of in its spoken form, but may also include a visual form, such as American Sign Language.

SitasiSpeech and Language Delay in Children. MAURA R. McLAUGHLIN, MD, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Am Fam Physician.2011May15;83(10):1183-1188.

4Prevalansi dan prognosisGangguan Berbahasa dan Berbicara pada anak yang berusia dua hingga tujuh tahun berkisar antara 2,4 19 %

Gangguan berat pada masa anak dapat berefek negatif pada prestasi belajar, walaupun dilakukan intervensi yang intensif

Pada beberapa penelitian ditemukan bahwa anak dengan gangguan berbicara dan berbahasa pada usia dua setengah sampai tujuh tahun mempunyai kesulitan dalam membaca pada usia sekolah dasarThe reported prevalence of language delay in children two to seven years of age ranges from 2.3 to 19 percent.

Severe speech and language disorders in young children can negatively affect later educational achievement, even after intensive intervention.

Several studies have shown that children with speech and language problems at two and a half to five years of age have increased difficulty reading in the elementary school years.

Children in whom speech and language impairments persist past five and a half years of age have an increased incidence of attention and social difficulties.

Children with specific speech and language impairments at seven and a half to 13 years of age have been shown to have impaired writing skills, with marked deficits in spelling and punctuation compared with children without speech and language impairments.

The likelihood of persistent difficulties for young children with speech and language problems appears to be directly related to the range of language functions that are impaired, with the best prognosis for children who have a developmental speech delay5

Prevalansi dan prognosisAnak dengan gangguan berbicara dan berbahasa spesifik yang menetap pada usia tujuh setengah hingga 13 tahun, akan memiliki kesulitan pada keterampilan menulis, dan kemampuan mengeja dibandingkan anak yang tanpa gangguanThe reported prevalence of language delay in children two to seven years of age ranges from 2.3 to 19 percent.

Severe speech and language disorders in young children can negatively affect later educational achievement, even after intensive intervention.

Several studies have shown that children with speech and language problems at two and a half to five years of age have increased difficulty reading in the elementary school years.

Children in whom speech and language impairments persist past five and a half years of age have an increased incidence of attention and social difficulties.

Children with specific speech and language impairments at seven and a half to 13 years of age have been shown to have impaired writing skills, with marked deficits in spelling and punctuation compared with children without speech and language impairments.

The likelihood of persistent difficulties for young children with speech and language problems appears to be directly related to the range of language functions that are impaired, with the best prognosis for children who have a developmental speech delay6

KlasifikasiKeterlambatan berbicara dan bahasa tipe primer, meliputi gangguanperkembangan berbicara,keterlambatan berbahasamengekspresikan bahasa, danmemahami bahasa.Types of primary speech and language delay include developmental speech and language delay, expressive language disorder, and receptive language disorder7

Klasifikasi2. Keterlambatan berbicara dan berbahasa tipe sekunder, karena adanya masalah lain :Gangguan pendengaranCacat intelektual/retardasi mentalGangguan autismGangguan organ bicaraSelektif mutismSecondary speech and language delays are attributable to another condition such as hearing loss, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, physical speech problems, or selective mutism8Penyebab

Tanda Bahaya (red flags)Skrining dan diagnosis

Tahap perkembangan normalkemampuan berbicara dan berbahasa pada anak-anakNOTE: Except where otherwise cited, milestones are adapted from Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents.*More than 90 percent of children pass this item.**50 to 90 percent of children pass this item.11Skrining dan diagnosis

Tahap perkembangan normalkemampuan berbicara dan berbahasa pada anak-anakNOTE: Except where otherwise cited, milestones are adapted from Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents.*More than 90 percent of children pass this item.**50 to 90 percent of children pass this item.

Skrining dan diagnosisSkrining dan pemeriksaan lain untuk mengetahui penyebab lain keterlambatan berbicara dan bahasa, meliputi :Pemeriksaan tumbuh kembangGangguan spektrum autismeSerebral palsyApraksia pada anakDisarthriaGangguan pendengaran Cacat intelektual/retardasi mental, danSelektif mutisme

PENATALAKSANAANSimpulanKeterlambatan Bicara dan Bahasa pada anak dapat dikategorikan sebagai kelainan primer atau sekunder.Perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan tumbuh-kembang anak secara rutin untuk mengetahui penyimpangan perkembangan anak sedini mungkinPerlu dilakukan skrining kelainan khas pada anak meliputi ADHD, Autism, Cerebral Palsy, gangguan pendengaran atau kelainan organik lain pada otak anak.Intervensi kelaian sedini mungkin memberikan hasil yang lebih baik untuk perkembangan anak.

TERIMA KASIH

Sheet1UsiaPemahamanEkspressi6 bulanmerespon suara*tertawa*menghadap suaramenyuarakan*9 bulanmengoceh, satu kata*mengucapkan "mama" atau "papa" **melambai 'dadah' **12 bulanmengikuti satu-langkah perintahmengoceh, satu kata *mengeluarkan berbagai suara *mengucapkan satu kata **melambai 'dadah' **15 bulanmengucapkan satu kata *mengucapkan tiga kata **melambai 'dadah' *18 bulanmenunjuk pada satu organ tubuhmengucapkan tiga kata *mengucapkan enam kata **2 tahunmenunjuk pada dua gambarmengkombinasikan hurufmenamakan satu gambar2,5 tahunmenunjukan enam organ tubuhmengetahui dua tindakanmenamakan satu gambarberbicara setengah dimengerti3 tahunmengenal dua kata sifatmenamakan empat gambarmengenal satu warnaberbicara sepenuhnya dimengerti4 tahunmengartikan lima katamenamakan warnaberbicara sepenuhnya dimengerti

Sheet1

UsiaPemahamanEkspressi2 tahunmenunjuk pada dua gambarmengkombinasikan katamengikuti dua-langkah perintahmenamakan satu gambar **2,5 tahunmenunjukan enam organ tubuhmengenal dua tindakanmenamakan dua gambar *berbicara setengah dimengerti **3 tahunmengenal dua kata sifat **menamakan empat gambar *mengenal satu warna **berbicara sepenuhnya dimengerti **4 tahunmengartikan lima kata **menamakan warna **berbicara sepenuhnya dimengerti *