Slide 1

Slide 2

SPERMATOGENESIS

Slide 3

SPERMATOGENESIS

Slide 4

SPERM

Slide 5

SPERMIOGENESIS

Slide 6

PARTS OF SPERM

Slide 7

AXIAL FILAMENT

Slide 8

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Slide 9

OOGENESIS

Slide 10

STAGES

Slide 11

OVULATION Secondary oocyte covered by follicular cells, Cumulus oophorecus. Follicular cells secrete actively Estrogen. Day 14 ovulation takes place. Graffian follicle enlarges,bulges on the surface of the ovary and burst open. By the time ovum is surrounded by Corona radiata cells. Ovum is released into the peritoneal cavity and is taken up by fimbriated end of Uterine tube. Sudden dip &raise of body temperature,mild pain in abdomen at the of ovulation.

Slide 12

CORPUS LUTEUM The empty graffian follice is converted into corpus luteum. C.L lasts for 10 -12 days,if Ovum is not fertilized. C.L lasts for 2-3 months,if ovum is fertilized and pregnancy continues. Cells of Graffian follicle secretes Estrogen. Cells of Corpus luteum secrete Progesterone.

Slide 13

Layers of Uterine Wall Outer wall : Perimertium Middle wall: Myometrium Inner wall: Endometrium Endometrium consists of lining epithelium which is columnar. Endometrial Dip Invagination. Glands are formed & projects into Myometrium,Perimetrium.

Slide 14

PARTS

Slide 15

Endometrial Layer Basal layer is thick and supporting the superficial layers. Endometrium shows 3-parts. Stratum Basale: Thin,Outer layer Stratum Spongiosum: Thick,Middle layer Stratum Compactum: Thin, Inner layer. S.basale permanently present throughout cycle. S.c & S.s are shed during Menstruation. B.S : Uterine artery-Spiral arteries.

Slide 16

Endometrial Layer

Slide 17

Early Development of Embryo Secondary oocyte is covered by Acellular,Amorphous Glycoprotein layer called ZONA PELLUCIDA. Zona pellucida is covered by Corona radiata cells.

Slide 18

PHASES OF FERTILIZATION Passage of Sperm through Corona Radiata. Penetration of Zona pellucida. Fusion of plasma membranes of the Oocyte and sperm. Completion of 2 nd meiotic division of oocyte &formation of female pronucleus. Formation of Male pronucleus Fusion of both Male & Female Pronuclei. Zygote has formed (2n)

Slide 19

Phases of Fertilization

Slide 20

Slide 21

Penetration

Slide 22

Penetration

Slide 23

Penetration

Slide 24

Cleavage of Zygote

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

2 celled stage

Slide 28

4-celled stage

Slide 29

2,4,8,16 celled stage

Slide 30

FORMATION OF BLASTOCYST 16 celled stage is called MORULA. Morula is converted to Blastocyst. As the Morula moves towards the uterine cavity,fluid enters the Morula through zona pellucida and partially seperates the cells into Outer cell mass and inner cell mass. As fluid as entered a cavity is formed. Cavity enlarges,Outer cell mass becomes flattened called as Trophoblast. Inner cell mass is called Embryoblast. This results in the formation of BLASTOCYST.

Slide 31

BLASTOCYST

Slide 32

BLASTOCYST Blastocyst enlarges &Zona pellucida disappears. Blastocyst is now Implanted in the wall of the uterus. Trophoblast forms future Placenta. Inner cell mass forms Embryo proper.

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

IMPLANTATION Implantation is completed by the end of 2 nd week-time between 6-10 days after Ovulation. Trophoblast differentiates into outer synctiotrophoblast and inner Cytotrphoblast cells. Synctiotrophoblast invades the Endometrial wall layer and the Blastocyst is Superficially Implanted by the end of SECOND WEEK. Synctiotrophoblast secretes Human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone. 9 th Day.

Slide 36

IMPLANTATION

Slide 37

FORMATION OF GERM LAYERS Bilaminar Germ Disc Ectoderm Endoderm Amniotic cavity Primary yolk sac

Slide 38

Prochordal plate 14 th day Embryo has a flat Bilaminar Germ disc. At one end of embryonic disc near its margin a round area becomes thicker than the rest of the disc.The rounded area is called Prochordal plate. In this region flattened endodermal cells becomes Columnar and are firmly adherent to ectoderm. With the formation of prochordal plate the cranial & caudal ends of embryonic disc is identified.

Slide 39

Prochordal Plate

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

DURING 3 RD WEEK Appearance of Primitive Streak. Differentiation of Three germ layers. Notochord Neural plate Neural tube Formation of Intra-embryonic mesoderm.

Slide 43

PRIMITIVE STREAK Beginning of 3 rd week & dissapears by end of 4 th week. Longitudinal ridge or elevation that appears at caudal end of embryo. Primitive streak visible on the upper surface towards the amniotic cavity of Embryonic disc. Ectodermal cells proliferates and move towards the midline and the cells elevates to form an elevation called as PRIMITIVE STREAK. Intially it is at Caudal end.. Now it elongates Cranially. At the cranial end Primitive streak proliferate to form PRIMITIVE NODE or KNOT or Hensens node.

Slide 44

PRIMITIVE STREAK Primitive streak invaginate deep between ectoderm and endoderm.These cells extends now and forms Intraembryonic Mesoderm. Anterior to Prochordal plate the Mesoderm of two sides is continous with each other to form SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM. Now embryonic disc enlarges and becomes pear shaped. Cranial end is Broad & Caudal end is narrow. At caudal end IEM passes beyond embryonic disc and becomes Connective stalk. (EXTRA EMBRYONIC MESODERM) Primitive streak after giving rise to MESODERM gradually disappears.

Slide 45

PRIMITIVE STREAK

Slide 46

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Remants of Primitive streak persists and gives rise to Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Common in New borns. Prevalence : 1:35,000 Affected : 80 % female babies. Surgically excised.

Slide 47

Slide 48

Third week

Slide 49

Slide 50

Embryo is straight. Has 12 somites. Neural tube formed. Day :24 First & Second arch develops. (Mandibular,Hyoid). Maxillary prominence starts upper jaw formation. Now embryo is slightly folded due to Head & Tail folds. Day :26 3 pairs of pharyngeal arches are visible. Day : 26 Rostral Neuropore closes. Forebrain starts developing.

Slide 51

Day :26.27 - Upper limb buds, Otic pits.Lens placodes appears. Day :28 - 4 th pair of Pharyngeal arch develops. Day:28 - Lower limb bud appears. End of 4 th week : Caudal neuropore closes,CVS develops.

Slide 52

Rapid Head development due to development of Brain.Rapid development of 2 nd,3 rd,4 th pharyngeal arches. Mesonephric kidney starts developing

Slide 53

Embryo show reflex response to touch. Upper limb shows regional differentation-Elbow and Hand plates,Primordia of digits develop called as Digital rays. Spontaneous movements of Trunk &limbs. Development of Lower limb occurs 4 or 5 days later than Upper limb. External Acoustic meatus develops.(External Ear). Retinal pigment in eye formed.(eye formation). Head is now much Larger,Bending in cervical region. Trunk & Neck begin to straighten.formation of Intestines.

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

DEVELOPMENT OF LIMBS

Slide 57

Limb undergoes considerable changes during 7 th week. Notches appears between Digital rays,Handplates clearly indicating future digits. By the end of 7 th week Ossification of the bones of the Upper limb appears.

Slide 58

7 th Week

Slide 59

Slide 60

Digits of the Hand are Webbed. Notches are clearly visible between the Digital rays of Feet. Digits are lengthened & seperated completely. Profuse Limb movement occurs. Ossification begins in Femur. Head size is large comparably. Scalp vascular plexus appears around the Head. Neck region is established. Eye lids are formed. Eye lids are closing.

Slide 61

8 th week

Slide 62

Slide 63

Auricles assume their final shape. Sex differences appear. External genitalia are clearly distinct so,accurate sexual identification is not permitted.

Slide 64

8 th week

Slide 65

Slide 66

Head size more increased and increases rapidly upto 12 th week. Early in 9 th week Legs are long,Thighs are relatively short. 9 th week face is Broad,Eyes are widely placed,Eyelids are fused,Low set Ears. 9 th week Liver is the site for Erythropoiesis. End of 9 th week External genitalia develops both male & females appears similar.

Slide 67

End of 10 th week intestinal coils appears. End of 11 th week intestinal coils placed in abdomen proper. End of 12 th week Upper limb has almost reached final development. End of 12 th week Primary Ossification centers appear in the skeleton (skull & Long bones). End of 12 th week Activity of Rbc is decreased and in spleen it starts. Between 9 th -12 th week Urine formation begins and discharged into Amniotic fluid.

Slide 68

9 th week

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

10 th week

Slide 74

11 th week

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

12 th week

Slide 78

Slide 79

By 14 th week : Slow eye movements occurs. By 14 th week : Scalp hair patterning is determined. By 16 th week : Head is relatively small when compared to 12 th week. By 16 th week : Lower limbs have extended & Limb movements appears. By 16 th week : Ossification of Fetal skeleton & Bones are clearly visible. By 16 th week : Ovaries are differentiated. By 16 th week : Eye faces anteriorly (before its antero- laterally). By 16 th week : External ears are placed in its position. Between 12 th -16 th weeks : sexes can be determined.

Slide 80

13-16 th weeks

Slide 81

Genital organs

Slide 82

Fetal movements quickened commonly felt by the mother. Skin is now covered greasy,cheeselike vernix caseosa.(consists of mixture of dead epidermal cells and fatty subustance.) Vernix caesosa protects delicate fetal skin from abrasions,hardening,chapping results from exposure to amniotic fluid. Brown fat is formed &prevents from heat production.(Neck,sternum,perirenal areas). 18 th week : Uterus has formed. 20 th week : Testes has formed. 20 th week : Eye brow hair & Head hair clearly visible.

Slide 83

17-20 weeks

Slide 84

Slide 85

Fetus is proportionately better & weighted. Skin is wrinkled & colour is pink to red. 21 st week : Rapid eye movements visible. 24 th week : Type II pneumocytes appear in the lung. (secretory epithelial cells) 24 th week : Finger nails are developed. Babies born between 22-25 weeks survived in intensive care.Some cases babies die due to because Respiratory system has not developed or immature.

Slide 86

21-25 th weeks

Slide 87

Slide 88

Slide 89

Lungs & Pulmonary vasculature has developed. Central nervous system starts matured. Rythemic breathing movements &Control over body temperature occurs. 26 th week : Eye lids opens 26 th week : Head hair fully develops. 26 th week : Toe nails are visible. 26 th week : Quantity of white fat increases. 26 th week : Fetal spleen has been important site for Erythropoiesis.

Slide 90

Slide 91

Slide 92

Slide 93

Slide 94

Slide 95

Slide 96

Slide 97

30 th week : Papillary light reflex of the eye can be elicited. Skin is smooth, Upper limb & Lower limbs are chubby in appearance.

Slide 98

Fetuses born at 35 th week have firm grasp & exhibit spontaneous orientation to light. 36 th week circumference of head and abdomen are equal in size. Full term fetus has 360mm CRL.3400 gms in weight. Male foetuses are larger in weight than female. Thorax is promonent. Testes are usually in the scrotum.

Slide 99

38 TH WEEK

Slide 100

PARTURING

Slide 101

JUST DELIVERED

Slide 102

DELIVERED

Slide 103

ANATOMY IS NEW !!

Slide 104

Slide 105

Slide 106

Slide 107