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Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008 ACIS CCDs Framestore-transfer High-resistivity float-zone silicon Depletion depth: m 24 m pixels 40 sec/pix image-to- framestore transfer rate Four output nodes 10 5 pix/s 3.2 sec nominal frame time
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SPIE Astronomical Instrumentation June 26, 2008
Physics of reverse annealing in high-resistivity ACIS Chandra CCDs
Catherine E. Grant (MIT)
Bev LaMarr, Gregory Prigozhin, Steve Kissel, Stephen Brown, Mark Bautz
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Talk Outline
• (Brief) Description of ACIS CCDs• Flight experience with irradiation/annealing• First ground experiment in 2002• Experimental setup in 2005• Data analysis results
– Sources of systematic errors
• Summary & future plans
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
ACIS CCDs
• Framestore-transfer• High-resistivity float-zone
silicon• Depletion depth: 50-75 m• 24 m pixels• 40 sec/pix image-to-
framestore transfer rate• Four output nodes 105 pix/s• 3.2 sec nominal frame time
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
1999 flight experience with irradiation and annealing
• Displacement damage in imaging array• Charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) ~ 1-2 x 10-4 at 6 keV• No damage in framestore and serial-transfer arrays• No damage to back-illuminated CCDs• Believed to be due to soft protons (~200 keV) scattered by
mirror during radiation belt passages• After focal plane was warmed from –100°C to +30°C for 8
hours, CTI increased by 34%
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Laboratory experiment 2002
• Designed to duplicate flight experience• Low-temperature irradiation
– CCD at –100°C; 120 keV protons
• 8-hour +30°C annealing cycle• CTI increased by 150%
– Much larger than flight increase (34%)
• Possible causes: variations between CCDs, different irradiating particle spectrum, ?
• See Bautz, et al. 2005, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci, 52(2), 519
CXC
ACIS Page 6
Proposed “Model” for CTI Increase from AnnealingOne possible model
Reverse annealing of carbon impurities causes CTI increase during bakeout.
Expect chip-to-chip variations in carbon concentration to cause variations in CTI increase.
Measurements of carbon concentration show much smaller variation than required by differences between 2002 laboratory & flight results.
Schematic of silicon lattice changes during irradiation & bakeSi-Si- C -Si-Si| | | | |Si-Si-Si- P -Si| | | | |Si-Si-Si-Si-Si
-Si-Si-Si-Si| C | | |Si-Si-Si- P -Si| | | | |Si-Si-Si-Si-Si
-Si-Si-Si-Si| | | | |Si-Si-Si-CP-Si| | | | |Si-Si-Si-Si-Si
Pre-irradiation:• P impurites intentionally
implanted• C impurities benign• CTI perfect
Post-irradiation, pre-bake:• Si displaced (some CTI increase)• C impurites displaced to benign
locations; don’t affect CTI• C can’t migrate at low temp.• CTI somewhat greater
Post-irradiation, post-bake:• C migrates during bake &
bonds to P (or C) causing additional traps
• CTI increases due to bake
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Laboratory experiment 2005• Designed to better explore parameter space and understand
why flight and ground experience differed• Six front-illuminated CCDs
– 5 from ACIS backup focal plane– 1 from 2002 experiment (only 2 quadrants were used)
• Four proton energies• Three types of annealing cycle
– 8-hour +30C (like flight and 2002)– Long duration +30C anneal (over 100 hrs)– Multi-T isochronal (1-hr at 0°C, +10°C, +20°C, +30°C)
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Experiment Details: Irradiation
• 2 MeV van de Graaff accelerator at GSFC radiation lab
• Proton energies of 100, 120, 180 and 400 keV• Dosimetry via surface barrier detector between
accelerator and CCDs• Dose chosen to cause (pre-anneal) CTI ~ 10-4
• CCDs irradiated cold (–100°C) and powered off
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Experimental Details: Camera• Camera holds two CCDs
side by side• Framestore shielded• Slit-shaped baffle
confined beam (3.5mm x 12 mm)
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Experimental Details: Beamline
CCD chamber
Accelerator
55Fe source
Gate valve
Dosimeter
Flexible bellows
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Irradiation Pattern
• Pivoting CCD chamber• Beam confined by slit• Beam fits within one
readout quadrant• CCD aligned by
directly imaging low-flux proton beam
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Experimental Procedure
• Cool CCD to –100°C; measure CTI• Irradiate CCD quadrant (x 4)
– Select energy; align proton beam with low-flux CCD images
– Irradiate quadrant (CCD power off) periodically monitoring flux w/ beam monitor
• Measure CTI• Perform annealing cycle (one of three types)• Cool CCD to –100°C; measure CTI
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
CTI Measurements
• Fractional CTI increase due to annealing:– R = CTIannealing/CTIirradiation
• Two (known) sources of systematic error:– Temperature variations– Post-irradiation CTI relaxation
• Correct where possible; increase error budget to compensate
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Anomalous Annealing Results
• Averaged over all CCD quadrants• Weak dependence on proton energy• Result similar to flight, 2002 experiment is highly discrepant
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Long Duration Annealing
• Anneal at +30°C for increasingly longer intervals• Maximum CTI increase after 8 hours
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Multi-T Isochronal Annealing
• Test sensitivity of annealing CTI increase to temperature• 1-hour each at 0°C, +10°C, +20°C, +30°C• CTI only increases after Tanneal reaches +30°C• A puzzle! - CTI initially decreases
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Why was 2002 different from 2005?
• Cannot be due to:– Proton energies (dependence is too weak)– CCD variations
• one CCD was irradiated/annealed in both ground experiments - no significant difference from other five CCDs in 2005
• Temperature differences? Possibly– Camera setups, temperature sensor position different– CTI measurements indicate CCD was ~5°C warmer in
2002 than 2005– If CTI temperature dependence is different pre- and
post-annealing, R is also dependent on temperature
Catherine Grant (MIT) June 26, 2008
Summary & Future Plans
• Six CCDs irradiated cold by soft protons• Room temperature annealing increases CTI• Fractional increase due to annealing ~ 0.2• Time constant for annealing CTI increase less than 8 hours• CTI increase requires Tanneal ≥ +30°C
• Plan to study charge in trailing pixels – May help explain isochronal annealing CTI decrease– May better validate physical model