SPIE Proceedings [SPIE 25th international Congress on High-Speed photography and Photonics - Beaune, Finland (Sunday 29 September 2002)] 25th International Congress on High-Speed Photography

Optical Diagnostic of Shaped Charge Jets

M. Held

TDW I EADS 86523 Schrobenhausen; Germany

Tel. : 49-8252-996-345 Fax: 49-8252-996-126

e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Maximum penetration is the goal for good shaped charge designs. To achieve this from the jet, built by the liner

collapse process, the jet should have the maximum possible tip velocity for the used liner material and should be

extremely straight so that the residual jet portions can arrive at the crater bottom, to achieve a low so-called cut-off

velocity. For this purpose the use of the flash X-ray techniques is well known. Great deviations can be easily seen. But

the angle deviations should be resolved in minutes in the two axes. For this purpose the author developed the synchro

streak technique. The jet is observed in one or two or three different distances with one or two streak cameras, applying

the profile streak technique in orthogonal views, so that a two dimensional analysis can be made as a function of time

with very high space resolutions.

Besides the wanted very accurate measurements of the jet angle deviations, also their surface structure can be

observed by strong front illuminations with powerful argon flash bombs. Such synchro streak records have shown

smoothjet surfaces in the tip regions, but rougher surfaces in the middle and the rear sections of the jets.

The radial crater growing process as a function of time, caused by such extremely fast impactors, can be

described with analytical equations. By the optical observation of the radial growth process of the jet at different

penetration velocities this analytical theory was prooven and confirmed.

It is astonishing, that shaped charge research groups and developers are not really knowing and using the possible and

relatively easily available optical diagnostic techniques, to find out the limits of the shaped charge jet performances of

their designs with the manufacturing tolerances. This paper gives the optical diagnostic potentials and advanced

techniques.

Keywords: Shaped charge jet, streak records, profile streak records, front illuminated jets, intrinsinc light of jets,

cavity charges,synchro streak records, crater growing process

Invited Paper

25th International Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics,Claude Cavailler, Graham P. Haddleton, Manfred Hugenschmidt, Editors,

SPIE Vol. 4948 (2003) © 2003 SPIE · 0277-786X/03/$15.00

476

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1. SHAPE CHARGED PHENOMENA

By the detonation ofthe high explosive charge the conical liner is accelerated to the axis where the jet is formed

from the inner part of the liner with about 9 mni/ts tip velocity for copper liners down to the slug velocity of a few

hundred meters per second, which is formed from the liner outside (Fig. 1) 1,2 The velocity gradient is elongating the

shaped charge jet more than 2000%, before it breaks up into individual particles with roughly 100 rn/s velocity

differences . The length of the jet is a function of the cone base diameter and can be expressed by this diameter. The

summarized particle length resulting from the tip velocity of about 9 mm/ps down to 3 mm/ps is around 14 cone

diameters (CD). If such ajet hits armor plates, the material is pushed away under the very high stagnation pressure. The

penetration can be very well described by the hydrodynamic theory ',because the pressures are exceeding one to two

magnitudes ofthe target strength. That the full length of a shaped charge jet will penetrate in rolled homogeneous armor

(RHA) targets, the jet must be extremely straight with less than one minute angle deviation and the particles should not

tumble or transversely move so that they are not touching the crater walls in the target. If they are touching the walls

they are sputtered and will then cover the crater already built and it comes soon to closure effects and not to the wanted

deep penetration. Precision shaped chargejets are not using their 14 CD jet length up to now. The typical penetrations in

RHA are only about 8 CD. The simple reason for this is that the jets are not straight enough and that they are deviating

more than one millimeter in transverse directions in 1 m to 2 m distances.

The reasons of the small deviations are manifold. With partially high sophisticated diagnostic methods the main

reasons for such deviations have to be found.

2. SHAPE CHARGE DIAGNOSTIC

To get straight jets, all processes in a shaped charge have to run in a very high rotation symmetrical way. The

initiation has to be axially symmetric which can be achieved with so called precision initiation couplers (PlC) 6, 7 (Fig.

2). Then the detonation wave has to continue with very high rotational symmetry, which can be measured with the multi

profile streak technique 8 The detonation wave, which runs around a wave shaper in a number of shaped charge designs

has to be controlled on this corner turning behavior and the ability to change the direction of the detonation wave . The

acceleration of the liner itself can be not easily observed by optical methods, but by flash X-ray. FXR techniques are also

typically used to see the jet formation and stretching behavior and particulation of shaped charge jets (Fig. 3).

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 4948 477


The analysis of jets, gained with FXR's, gives not the wanted accuracies of jet straightness, because the

penumbras do not give sharp contours and the level arms from the particle positions on the film to the crater bottom are

mostly large. Expressed in numerical values: to see 1 mm deviation on the crater bottom, the jet must have less deviation

from the axis than 0.2 mm at a level arm of five.

3. SHAPED CHARGE JET DIAGNOSTIC WITH SST

Flash X-ray pictures give the extension ofthe jet at different times t. Synchro streak records (SST) measure the

arriving and passing times ofthejets or jet particles at given distances as a function oftime (Fig. 4).

The writing velocity of the streak record should be in the range of 1 mni/ts and the recording time around one

millisecond. This can be achieved with a rotating mirror camera with long films like the Cordin Model 330 or like the

camera described in reference 10 To get a sharp shadowgraph of the jet contour a special argon bomb with long duration

has to be used as a background light source (Fig. 5).

The jet can also be recorded at two subsequent distances with one camera by the help of a mirror system DSST

(Fig. 6). The velocities of the particles, and their transverse drift velocities and rotation rates, can be determined

unambiguously from the time differences of the records for each of the particles at the two planes (Fig. 7) 12 I is also

suitable for examining the shape of the particles, the process of breakup or particulation, the mean or individual times of

particulation, and the place of particulation between two neighboring particles. The length of the particles on the film is

the passing time. Therefore fast particles ofthejet tip appear shorter, and slower particles from the jet end appear longer.

The length can be calculated by the multiplication of the passing time with the particle velocity. As examples are

presented copperjet ofdifferent cristal grain configurations by their manufacturing processes (Fig. 8).

With the orthogonal synchro streak technique (OSST) the jet deviation from the axis can be analyzed with very

high accuracy, because the jet is observed in two mutually perpendicular directions (Fig. 9) 13 A copper shape charge jet

of 150 mm diameter is recorded over a time of300 is in OSST (Fig. 10).

Two fiducial lines of 40 mm distance are used perpendicular to the jet direction. From this the particle deviations to the

axis can be very well defined in both perpendicular axes.

The combination of DSST with OSST in the double orthogonal synchro streak technique (DOSST) allows to

quantify a number of jet characteristics with very high accuracy. Two mirror periscopes are simply arranged in two

succeeding planes and these are depicted one above the other on the film (Fig. 11). Figure 12 shows a streak record of a

478 Proc. of SPIE Vol. 4948


1 15 mm shaped charge which was rotating at 13 rps counterclockwise to the flow turned liner. About 50 diagrams can

be drawn from such a record, for every observation plane and from the comparison ofthe results in the two planes (Fig.

1 3). A very interesting result is the so called Z diagram where the particles respectively jet deviations are shown from

behind in the firing direction which gives a very clear view ofthe jet shift in the observation planes (Fig. 14).

Which such DOSST the followingjet data and characteristics can be analyzed and defined:

. Jet tip velocity v30

- Cumulated particle length l- Average particulation time tp

- Average particulation times t, from the different jet sections

- Discrete particulation times tp

- Discreteparticulation distances s

- Jet diameters or contours, much sharper compared to FXR

- Particulation type (ductile constriction, shear breaking, brittle fracture)

- Jet deviation from the axis in x and y, or R and angle

- "True" transverse velocities ofthe discrete jet particles v T,n

- Tumbling rates ofthejet particles- Partially the spinning rate ofjet particles along their axis

Most important are definitely the particle deviations from the axis and their transverse velocities and tumbling

rates. These characteristics are crucial to penetration probability ofthe jet in the various targets 14

With the help of a second rotating mirror camera the same jet can be observed in a third larger distance after the

normal DOSST. This gives a possibility to observe the jet before and behind targets (Fig. 15). The streak records do not

look too nice in the reproduction. But on the originals the strong change ofthe particle shape and their tumbling behavior

can be very well seen between the shorter and the larger observation distances (Figure 16 to Figure 20). This behavior is

described in details in reference 15 Such Tri-OSST give new insights ofjet characteristics. The observation in around 12

CD standoff shows thejetjust particulated where the particles are flying in line to their length. But at 25 CD standoff the

particles are strongly tumbling and bending or even zigzagged. This leads to impacts on the crater walls in the target.

Such jet particles are not only excluded from fttrther penetration contribution. Their sputtered material covers the

sidewalls ofthe already built crater and therefore they are reducing again the diameter ofthe hole. Then the next particles

find a smaller hole diameter, which leads to the closure effect in the target.

The necking and particulation is a ftmnction of the liner crystal structure, which depends on the raw material,

production process, heat treatment etc. The shown and described SST techniques allow to check directly the jet quality

not only by its deviation from the symmetry axis — one necessary requirement for good penetration — but also the

tumbling rate and bending behavior of the discrete jet particles.



4. FRONT ILLUMINATED JETS

By the use of bright argon flash bombs the jet front surface can directly be observed with the simple SST

records (Fig. 21) 16,17 Such colorfllm records show that the jet surface is strongly structured. The registration of a

flowturned copper liner, which was fired without any rotation, shows for example a smooth surface on the jet tip region

and a rough surface on the middle and residual jet portions. The light spots visible in these zones appear due to the

reflection centers of the rough surface ( Fig. 22). The jet, observed under the same test conditions with no foreign

illumination, does not show any light spots. Surprising is that the jet can be also seen as shadowgraph which comes either

from the illuminated paper on the back by the bright ablation light ofthe jet tip or by the fact that eroded copper vapor is

reacting with the oxygen ofthe air and gives a light tube around thejet (Fig. 23).

A jet, recorded in a little greater distance and in a larger magnification, gives less bright light reflection but it

shows the same phenomena that the tip portion has a smooth surface while the remaining jet portions demonstrate jet

particles with rough surfaces (Fig. 24). The observation of the jet surface under strong front illumination provides new

insights of the jet characteristics and demonstrates that jet formation and jet particulation is not as simple as typically

imagined.

This behavior is confirmed by a much more sophisticated and expensive jet observation technique, built and

made by LLNL 18 (Fig. 25). Their results ofthe VIPER shaped charge warheads show Figure 26.

5. iNTRINSIC LIGHT OF JET PARTICLES

One example should be given of the jet particles behavior at larger distances. At 3,45 m distance the jet own

light was observed with the streak camera 330 Cordin , and at the double distance of6,9 m with the streak HEO3 camera.

The magnification was roughly the same by the used telelenses of 600 mm at both cameras (Fig. 27). The jet tips look

strongly different at the two selected distances (Fig. 28). It seems that the ablation lights of the individual particles are

stronger in the larger distance, because the stagnation pressure is higher than in the shorter distance where the particles

are flying in a cavity of reduced ambient pressure (Fig. 29 and 30). At the moment no theory exists which calculates the

cavity expansions for penetrating jets in air and for their collapse processes, which would explain the visible shock waves

or the reaction lights of the eroded copper materials with air.



6. JETS OF CAVITY CHARGES

In so-called cavity charges super fast jets with tip velocities in the range of 25 km/s are found. Such fast jets are

strongly eroding by the perforation of the air. The ablated jet material forms a tube around the jet which is optically not

transparent. With tests, where the jet is produced and stretching in a vacuum, this problem is drastically reduced or does

not exist. To get enough space resolution the profile streak technique (PST) was used, obtaining the diameter of the

stretching jet as a function of passing time or with respect to its velocity gradient. With this special diagnostic technique

the radii ofthis superfast jets were measured the first time 19 The aluminum jets are so thin and tiny that they have given

not enough contrast in flash X-ray pictures.

A 25 mm thick aluminum plate (AICuMg1) with a cavity of2O mm diameter and 20 mm depth with a radius of 1

mm from the cylindrical hole to the bottom layer was used (Fig. 3 1). The cavity was shock loaded by the detonation of a

squeeze cast TNT/HMX charge of 1 5/85weight percentage with I 50 mm diameter and 120 mm length. The charge was

axially initiated.

The aluminum plate with the cavity was installed in a plexiglass tube of 200 mm outside diameter, 5 mm wall

thickness and 1000 mm length (Fig. 32). One side was closed with the aluminum plate with the cavity and the other side

with a 25 mm thick aluminum plate. This tube was evacuated to about 10 Ton. The jet formation from the cavity was

observed with 2 cameras, one simultaneous streak and framing camera Cordin Model 330 and the streak camera HEO310

designed and built by the author. The formation ofjet was observed as shadowgraphs with a background illumination

by argon bombs.

To get the velocity of the formed jet with relatively high accuracy the so-called "velocity streak technique" was

used (Fig. 33 left), where the streak slit ofthe Cordin camera Model 330 was set parallel to the velocity vector ofthe jet.

Frames from the stretching jet were gained. The frames are not able to measure the diameters of the jets because the field

ofview is not small enough. For this purpose the so-called "profile streak technique" was used (Fig. 33 right), where the

slit is perpendicular to the velocity vector ofthe jet and therefore the passing jet as a function of time can be recorded in

a relatively small field ofview. This corresponds to the syncbro streak technique already described.

The frames ofthe jet formation, gained with 106 frames/sec with the camera Cordin Model 330 are presented in

Fig. 34. The fiducial marks had 100 mm distance. The very thin jet is practically not visible behind the "streak line" (dark

black line in the middle of the frames). The portion which is used for the streak record is missing in the frames. But the

wide extension of the "mushroom" event can be seen very well. The simultaneously gained streak record in velocity

mode is given in Figure 35 in the upper part. The analysis gives a jet tip velocity of 25 km/sec and for the so-called

mushroom event about 7,7 km/sec.



Streak records of passing jets are shown in profile streak technique in Fig. 36 at distances between the surface

of the cavity charge and the observation plane of 100 mm (2 different tests) and 250 mm. The analysis procedure is

already described in detail 20 The diameters ofthe jet can be very well defined as function of passing time or jet velocity

(Figure 37 and 38). The volume, resp. mass can be calculated ifthe density ofthe observed jet is known. With an oblique

detonation wave it will be possible to deviate and separate the jet tip from the residual jet portion. The cavity charge

would then be an ideal tool for space debris tests in a mass range of 10 mg to 30 mg up to velocities of2S km/secwhere

"no" other tools or methods are available. Adding the expected masses and velocities of the jet tip of cavity charges in

the "Isbell" — diagram21

(Fig. 39), the range of projectile masses, resp. diameters can be remarkably increased compared

to plasma drag possibilities of projectiles, launched by light gas guns or also to the eccentrically initiated shaped charges22

7. CRATER FORMATION

The axial penetration of shaped jets can be very well measured by shortening the target with embedded contact

foils 23 These results can be compared with the available theories ', mostly drawn as time/penetration plots. For the

radial crater growth only individual pictures exist with the help of FXR equipments, which are not really allowing to

analyze the mechanisms. To get more detail on the radial crater growth process as a function of different jet velocities a

special optical technique was developed by the author. Figure 40 shows the test setup with a shaped charge of 8,3 mm/ps

jet tip velocity. To reduce the jet velocites a barrier of mild steel was installed between the shaped charge and the water

filled box or aquarium. The watertank and therefore the crater formation was front illuminated by two large argon

bombs. The events were recorded by the continuously writing simultaneous streak and framing camera Cordin model 330

9. In Figure 41 is given a selection of frames as a comparison of the crater formation under different jet conditions -

continuous, necked and particulated — together with different jet impact velocities at times zero =jet arrives on the streak

slit, 22,5 ps and 45 ps later. As earlier already shown the surface of the jet is structured. Therefore also the craters are

structured. From a necked jet also the crater has a necked profile. As soon as the jet is particulated the crater looks very

structured. The afterfiow effect ofthe crater can be also very well seen in the frames (Fig. 42).

The existing radial crater expansion theory 24,25 can be very well confirmed with these experiments. The

experimentally found more or less constant crater radius as a function of time for the different jet velocities can be

explained by the product of jet velocity and jet radius, which was nearly always constant in these tests (Fig. 43). The

proffle streak technique was here again an excellent tool to measure the radial crater growth as a function of time with

great precision.



8. CONCLUSION

In the diagnostic of the different shaped charge phenomena the profile streak technique is generally used. The

advantage is that by the selection of the field of view a relatively magnified picture of the event can be recorded with a

great time resolution. This was the case for scientific programs, as the radial crater growth of shaped charge jets

penetrating water, also for the millimeter wide aluminum jets with the extremely fast velocities of 25km/s and the

particle behavior at large standoffs from the charge base with their erosion and/or shock wave lights, which was

visualised in colorftil streak records. Also the surface structure of continuously stretching and particulated shaped charge

jets with the rough configurations could be shown.

Definitely the streak records of jets before and behind targets, analyzed with the orthogonal synchro streak

technique in three distances, give quantitatively all the defaults and deviations of the jets, like the transverse velocities of

the particles and their tumbling rates in the wanted high resolution, to find out the reasons for such defects.

Simultaneously gained streak records and frames help to get confidence in the analysis ofthe streak records and

to understand these much better26

9. REFERENCES

1 . M Held, "Phenomenological Description ofthe Function of Shaped Charges", Journal ofExplosive and Propellants —

ROC—Taiwan,7, 1-8, 1991

2. Walters and J.A. Zukas, "Fundamentals of Shaped Charges", John Wiley & Sons, 1989 and CMC-Press, P.O. Box

1 13 14, Baltimore, 1998

3 . M. Held, "Particulation of Shaped Charge Jets", 1 1 .International Symposium on Ballistics, Brussels, Belgium, Vol.

II, WM 1/1-1/10. 1989

4. Held, "Hydrodynamic Theory of Shaped Charge Jet Penetration", Journal of Explosives and Propellants, R.O.C.

Taiwan, 1., 9-24. 1991

5. M. Held, "Method of Observing Process in the Interior of Explosive", 10th International Congress on High Speed

Photography, Nice, France, 286 —291, 1972

6. M. Held, "Superposition of Shock Waves and Reaction Waves for the Initiation of High Explosive Charge", 8th

International Symposium on Detonation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 330-336, 1985

7. M. Held, "Testing the Precision Initiation Couplers", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 19, 187-197, 1994

8. M. Held and Nikowitsch, P., "Multiprofile-Streak-Technique", 15th International Congress of High Speed

Photography, San Diego, USA, Vol. 348, 939-947, 1982



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Documents

SPIE Proceedings [SPIE 25th international Congress on High-Speed photography and Photonics - Beaune, Finland (Sunday 29 September 2002)] 25th International Congress on High-Speed Photography