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Section 1-5

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)

The Impact of the War With Mexico

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• The Mexican War opened vast new lands to __________ settlers.

• This increase in land once again led to increased debate over whether slavery should be allowed to _______ westward.

• As part of this debate, __________ also wanted new laws to help them capture escaped African Americans.

• At first, President __________ did not think slavery would be an issue in the newly acquired territory.

Section 1-6

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• He thought the dry climate there would not support the kind of farming that made slavery __________.

• In August 1846, Representative David Wilmot, a northern Democrat, proposed the __________ __________.

• This said that in any __________ the United States gained from Mexico, slavery would not exist.

• __________ were outraged by the Wilmot Proviso.

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)

The Impact of the War With Mexico(cont.)

Section 1-7


• It passed in the House of Representatives, but the __________ refused to vote on it.

• Senator __________ __________ of Michigan proposed a solution to the issue of slavery in the territories.

• He suggested the idea of __________ __________.

• This meant that the citizens of each new territory would __________ whether or not slavery was permitted.

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)


Section 1-8


• Popular sovereignty appealed to many members of __________.

• It removed the __________ issue from national politics.

• It also seemed __________. • __________, however, argued that it still

denied African Americans their right not to be enslaved.

• __________ liked popular sovereignty because they believed that mostly Northern settlers would move to the new territory, so the states would be free.

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)


Section 1-9


• The Whig Party chose __________as its presidential candidate.

• The Whig Party in the North was split.

• Northern Whigs who opposed slavery were known as __________ __________.

• This group also opposed Taylor because they thought he wanted to expand __________ westward.

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)


Section 1-10


• Northern Whigs who were linked to Northern cloth manufacturers and depended on Southern cotton for their factories were known as __________

• This group, along with the Southern Whigs, nominated __________.

• __________ Whigs quit the Whig party because they did not want Taylor nominated.

• They joined with antislavery Democrats from New York and the abolitionist Liberty Party to form the __________ Party.

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)


Section 1-11


• This party __________ the spread of slavery into the western territories.

• There were __________ candidates in the election of 1848.

• Democrat __________ __________ supported popular sovereignty.

• Free-Soil candidate, __________ __________ __________, backed the Wilmot Proviso and took a strong stand __________ slavery in the territories.

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)


Section 1-12


• Whig candidate __________ __________ avoided the issue of slavery.

• __________ won the election.

(pages 320–322)(pages 320–322)


Section 1-14


(pages 322–324)(pages 322–324)

The Search for Compromise• The discovery of gold in California brought

thousands of new settlers to the territory. • By the end of 1849, nearly 80,000

“__________ __________” had arrived in the territory in search of gold.

• California needed a __________ government to maintain order.

• Californians applied for __________ as a free state.

• This forced the nation to debate the issue of __________ once again.

Section 1-15


• If California became a free state, the slaveholding states would become a __________ in the Senate.

• Southerners feared that losing power in national politics would lead to limits on __________.

• Some Southern politicians talked about __________–taking their states out of the Union.

The Search for Compromise (cont.)

(pages 322–324)(pages 322–324)

Section 1-16


• Senator __________ __________ of Kentucky tried to find a compromise to the issue of slavery in the territories so that California could join the Union.

• He came up with __________ plans to solve the crisis and save the Union.

• The __________ __________ included concessions by both the North and the South.

• California was admitted to the Union as a __________ state.


(pages 322–324)(pages 322–324)

Section 1-17


• The rest of the Mexican Cession would have no __________ on slavery.

• The Texas/New Mexico border question was solved in favor of New Mexico, but the federal government took on __________ debts.

• The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, but not slavery.

• __________ could not interfere with the domestic slave trade.

• The federal government passed a new __________ slave law.


(pages 322–324)(pages 322–324)

Section 1-18


• The Compromise of 1850 caused a great debate.

• Two of the main debaters included Senator __________, who defended the South’s rights, and Senator Daniel __________ of Massachusetts, who responded to Calhoun with a plea for compromise to save the Union.

• Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois divided the large __________ into several smaller bills.


(pages 322–324)(pages 322–324)

Section 1-19


• This gave members of Congress from different sections the ability to vote for the parts they liked or vote against the parts they disliked.

• The Compromise of 1850 was __________, but it did not contain a permanent __________ to the slavery issue.


(pages 322–324)(pages 322–324)

Section 1-21

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there

__ 2. withdrawal from the Union

A. popular sovereignty

B. secession

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.


Section 2-5


(pages 326–327)(pages 326–327)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin


• __________ __________ ___, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, ran as a serial in an antislavery newspaper and then came out in book form in 1852.

• Stowe’s writings about an enslaved African American and his __________ changed Northern outlooks on African Americans and slavery.

• Southerners tried to have the __________ banned.

• They accused Stowe of writing __________ in her portrayal of slavery.

Section 2-6

• The book sold __________ of copies and had a great effect on public opinion.

• Many historians say it was one of the causes of the __________ __________ .

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (cont.)


(pages 326–327)(pages 326–327)

Section 2-8

(pages 327–328)(pages 327–328)

The Fugitive Slave Act


• The __________ __________ __________ hurt the Southern cause because it created hostility toward slavery among Northerners who had previously been indifferent toward it.

• Under this act, an African American ________of being a runaway was arrested and brought to a federal commissioner.

• A sworn statement saying the captive was an escaped slave, or testimony by a white witness, was all a court needed to send the person __________ .

Section 2-9

• African Americans accused of being fugitives had no rights to a trial and were not allowed to __________ in court.

• A person who refused to help capture a fugitive slave could be _________.

• Newspaper accounts of the seizure of African Americans and of the law’s injustices made Northerners increasingly __________.

The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)


(pages 327–328)(pages 327–328)

Section 2-10

• Frederick Douglass spoke out against the __________ __________ __________ .

• He emphasized the law’s requirement that __________ citizens help capture runaways.

• Antislavery activists encouraged civil __________ in disobeying the Fugitive Slave Law on moral grounds.

• Resistance to the act by Northerners became frequent, public, and sometimes __________ .



(pages 327–328)(pages 327–328)

Section 2-11

• Whites and free African Americans helped runaway slaves through the __________ __________ .

• Members called “__________ ” secretly transported runaways to freedom in the Northern states or Canada.

• They gave the __________ food and shelter along the way.



(pages 327–328)(pages 327–328)

Section 2-12

• A famous conductor was __________ __________ .

• She was a __________ slave who continually risked going into the slave states to help free enslaved persons.



(pages 327–328)(pages 327–328)

Section 2-14

(pages 328–329)(pages 328–329)

The Transcontinental Railroad


• Sectional disagreements moved with settlers into the new territories. Settlers remained Northerners or Southerners.

• The opening of Oregon and the admission of California to the Union convinced many Americans that a __________ __________ was needed to connect the West Coast to the rest of the country.

• A transcontinental railroad would make travel to the __________ __________ quicker and it would increase the growth of territories on its route.

Section 2-15

• Southerners wanted a southern route for the __________ , but the route would have to go through northern Mexico.

• James __________ was sent by the U.S. government to buy the land from Mexico.

• In 1853 Mexico agreed to accept $10 million for the territory known as the __________ __________ .

• This strip of land is today the southern part of __________ and New Mexico.


(pages 328–329)(pages 328–329)

The Transcontinental Railroad(cont.)

Section 2-16

• Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois wanted a northern route that began in Chicago for the __________ railroad.

• To create a northern route, Congress would need to organize the territory west of __________ and __________ .

• In 1853 Douglas prepared a bill to organize the territory to be called __________ .


(pages 328–329)(pages 328–329)


Section 2-17

• __________ Senators refused to pass the bill to organize Nebraska unless the Missouri Compromise was repealed and slavery allowed in the new territory.

(pages 328–329)(pages 328–329)


Section 2-19

(pages 329–331)(pages 329–331)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act


• __________ __________ wanted to open the northern Great Plains to settlement.

• To gain Southern support for his bill, he said that any states organized in the new Nebraska territory would exercise __________ __________ to decide the issue of slavery.

• Southern leaders wanted the Missouri Compromise __________ , however.

Section 2-20

• In Douglas’s next version of the bill, he proposed to __________ the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the region.

• This __________ _________ Act divided the region into two territories–Kansas on the south and Nebraska on the north.

• Northerners were outraged by the bill that broke the Missouri Compromise promise to __________ the spread of slavery.

• The act was passed by __________ anyway in May 1854.


(pages 329–331)(pages 329–331)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)

Section 2-21

• In 1855 thousands of armed Missourians came to __________ and voted illegally to help elect a pro-slavery legislature.

• Angry antislavery settlers held their own convention in ______, Kansas, and wrote their own constitution, excluding slavery.

• In 1856 __________ became the scene of a territorial civil war between pro-slavery and antislavery settlers.

• It became known as “__________ __________ ” because of all the violence.


(pages 329–331)(pages 329–331)


Section 2-22

• In May 1856, abolitionist Senator _________ of Massachusetts delivered a speech accusing pro-slavery senators of forcing Kansas to become a slave state.

• He singled out Senator __________ __________ of South Carolina.

• In retaliation, Senator _________ cousin, Representative Preston __________ , accused Sumner of libeling Butler.

• Then Brooks caned Sumner, leaving him severely __________ .


(pages 329–331)(pages 329–331)


Section 2-23

• Some Southerners made __________ a hero.

• __________ became more determined to resist slavery.


(pages 329–331)(pages 329–331)


Section 2-26


__ 1. a railway system extending across the continent

__ 2. a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

A. Underground Railroad

B. transcontinental railroad




Section 3-5

(pages 332–334)(pages 332–334)

Birth of the Republican Party


• The __________ __________ Act destroyed the Whig Party.

• Every Northern __________ in Congress had voted against the act.

• Most __________ Whigs had voted for the act.

• Former Whigs, Free-Soil Party members, and some antislavery Democrats formed new __________ __________ with many names.

Section 3-6

• The most popular name was the __________ Party.

• This party was officially organized at a convention in Michigan in __________.

• Members did agree that slavery should be kept out of the territories.

• At the same time, anger against the Northern Democrats helped the American Party, better known as the __________ __________ , to make great gains.

Birth of the Republican Party (cont.)


(pages 332–334)(pages 332–334)

Section 3-7

• This party was __________ and __________ , and it opposed __________ into the United States.

• This party __________ over the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

• The Northern Know-Nothings joined the __________ Party.


Birth of the Republican Party (cont.)

(pages 332–334)(pages 332–334)

Section 3-9

(page 334)(page 334)

The Election of 1856


• The Republican candidate in the 1856 election was __________ __________ .

• He had helped __________ become a free state and was in favor of __________ becoming a free state.

• The Democratic candidate was __________ __________ .

• He had not taken a __________ on the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

• His record in Congress showed he would make __________ to the South to save the Union.

Section 3-10

• The northern delegates to the American Party convention __________ out when the party refused to call for the repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

• __________ __________ was the American Party candidate.

• The Democrats campaigned on the idea that only __________ could save the Union and that the election of ________ would cause the South to secede.

• __________ won the election of 1856.

The Election of 1856 (cont.)


(page 334)(page 334)

Section 3-12

(pages 334–336)(pages 334–336)

Sectional Divisions Grow


• __________ __________ was an enslaved man whose Missouri slaveholder had taken him to live in free territory before returning to Missouri.

• Abolitionists helped Scott __________ to end his slavery.

• Scott argued that the time he spent in free territory meant he was _________.

• The case Dred Scott v. Sandford went to the __________ __________ .

Section 3-13

• The Supreme Court ruled _________Dred Scott because, in the opinion of the court, the founders of the nation had not intended African Americans to be citizens.

• The court went on to say that the Missouri Compromise’s ban on slavery was __________ .

• __________liked the decision. __________ said the decision was not binding.

• The Dred Scott ruling intensified __________ differences.

Sectional Divisions Grow (cont.)


(pages 334–336)(pages 334–336)

Section 3-14

• In order to apply for statehood, Kansas needed a constitution.

• The pro-slavery legislature of ________ held an election for delegates to a constitutional convention.

• Antislavery Kansans __________ the election, saying it was rigged.

• The convention wrote the __________ __________ in which slavery was legalized.



(pages 334–336)(pages 334–336)

Section 3-15

• Each side held its own __________ , or popular vote, on the constitution.

• Antislavery forces voted __________ it; pro-slavery forces voted __________ it.

• President Buchanan asked Congress to admit __________ as a slave state.

• The Senate accepted the __________ constitution, but the House of Representatives did not.



(pages 334–336)(pages 334–336)

Section 3-16

• In 1858 the settlers in Kansas held another __________ and voted to reject the Lecompton constitution.

• __________ did not become a state until 1861.



(pages 334–336)(pages 334–336)

Section 3-19

(pages 336–337)(pages 336–337)

Lincoln and Douglas


• In 1858 Abraham Lincoln was chosen by the Illinois __________ to run for the Senate against the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas.

• Lincoln and Douglas held a series of __________ .

• Lincoln opposed the spread of ________to the western territories.

• Douglas favored ________sovereignty.

• In a debate in Freeport, Illinois, Douglas formulated the __________ _________.

Section 3-20

• In this statement, Douglas accepted the __________ __________ ruling.

• He also said that people could still keep __________ out of a territory by refusing to pass laws needed to regulate and enforce it.

• The __________ __________ pleased Illinois voters but angered Southern voters.

• Douglas was elected __________ .

Lincoln and Douglas (cont.)


(pages 336–337)(pages 336–337)

Section 3-21

• __________ used the debates to clarify the principles of the Republican Party.

• Lincoln also established a __________ reputation as a clear, insightful thinker and an eloquent debater.


Lincoln and Douglas (cont.)

(pages 336–337)(pages 336–337)

• He would then free and arm the enslaved people in the area and begin an __________ , or rebellion, against slaveholders.

• Brown and his followers seized the arsenal on October 16, 1859, but within __________ were captured by the U.S. Marines.

Section 3-23

(pages 337–338)(pages 337–338)

John Brown’s Raid


• __________ _____, a fervent abolitionist, planned to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (today West Virginia).

Section 3-24

• Brown was __________ , __________ , and sentenced to __________ .

• Many Northerners viewed Brown as a __________ for the slaves’ cause.

• Southerners viewed Brown’s raid as proof that Northerners were plotting the __________ of slaveholders.

John Brown’s Raid (cont.)


(pages 337–338)(pages 337–338)

Section 3-26


__ 1. the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

__ 2. an act of rebellion against the established government

A. referendum

B. insurrection




Section 4-5

(pages 340–342)(pages 340–342)

The Election of 1860


• John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry was a __________ _____for the South.

• Southerners feared an African American __________ and were angered that Northerners would arm them and encourage them to rebel.

• Republicans renounced John Brown’s raid, but many Southerners blamed the __________ since they opposed slavery.

Section 4-6

• In 1859 the __________ Party was torn apart by the debate over slavery in the western territories.

• Southern Democrats upheld the __________ __________ decision and supported slaveholders’ rights in the territories.

• They wanted a federal slave __________ for the territories.

• Northern Democrats supported __________ __________ .



(pages 340–342)(pages 340–342)

Section 4-7

• The __________ Party could not agree on a candidate for the 1860 election.

• __________ Democrats chose Stephen A. Douglas, who supported popular sovereignty.

• __________ Democrats chose John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky.

• He was the __________ at the time.

• He supported the Dred Scott decision and a federal slave code for the western territories.



(pages 340–342)(pages 340–342)

Section 4-8

• The Constitutional Union Party was formed by people who wanted to uphold the __________ and the Union.

• Their candidate was former Tennessee senator __________ __________ .

• The Republican candidate was __________ __________ .

• The __________ campaigned against slavery in the western territories, against John Brown’s raid, and for the right of the Southern states to preserve slavery within their borders.



(pages 340–342)(pages 340–342)

Section 4-9

• The __________ also wanted higher tariffs, a new homestead law for western settlers, and a transcontinental railroad.

• __________ won the election.

• The South saw his election as a victory for the __________ .

• __________ __________ was the first state to secede.

• By February 1861, _____ more states in the Lower South voted to secede.



(pages 340–342)(pages 340–342)

Section 4-11

(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

Compromise Fails


• Seceding Southern states seized __________ property in their states.

• Only a few places remained in the Union’s hands, including __________ in Charleston Harbor.

• __________ Compromise, by Senator John J. Crittenden of __________ , suggested several amendments to the __________ .

• The amendments would guarantee __________ where it already existed.

Section 4-12

• It would reinstate the __________ Compromise line, extending it to __________ .

• Slavery would be ______ north of the line and ______ south of the line.

• The compromise did _______ pass. • A __________ conference was held in

Washington, D.C., but members failed to agree on a plan to save the Union.

• No __________ states attended the conference.

Compromise Fails (cont.)


(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

Section 4-13

• Seceding states met, and on __________, 1861, declared themselves to be the Confederate States of America, or the __________ .

• The Confederate Constitution was similar to the U.S. Constitution except it stated that each state was __________ and it guaranteed the existence of __________ in the Confederacy.

• It also banned protective __________ and _______the term of the presidency.



(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

Section 4-14

• __________ __________ of Mississippi was chosen president of the Confederacy.


(pages 342–343)(pages 342–343)

Section 4-16

(pages 343–345)(pages 343–345)

The Civil War Begins


• In his __________ speech, Lincoln told seceding states that he would not interfere with slavery where it __________, but he said, “the Union of these States is perpetual.”

• He also said that the Union would hold on to the __________ property in the seceding states.

• Lincoln announced plans to resupply __________ __________ in Charleston Harbor.

Section 4-17

• President Jefferson Davis of the Confederacy ordered an __________ on the fort.

• After hours of fighting, the Union commander __________ .

• This was the ________ of the Civil War.

• President Lincoln asked for __________ volunteers to serve in the Union army.

• The Upper South seceded, beginning with __________ .

The Civil War Begins (cont.)


(pages 343–345)(pages 343–345)

Section 4-18

• The capital of the Confederacy immediately was changed to __________, Virginia.

• North Carolina, __________ , and Arkansas also seceded.

• Lincoln did not want the border states to secede, especially __________ .

• Since Virginia had seceded, he did not want Washington, D.C., to be __________ by Confederate territory.

• Martial law was imposed in _________ to prevent Maryland’s secession.



(pages 343–345)(pages 343–345)

Section 4-19

• Under martial law, the military takes control of an area and suspends certain __________ .

• Kentucky was important to the Union because it controlled the __________ __________ south bank.

• Kentucky remained __________ until Confederate forces invaded it.

• Then Kentucky’s legislature voted to __________ in the Union.

• Missouri voted to ___ with the Union, but it needed the support of federal forces.



(pages 343–345)(pages 343–345)

Section 4-21




__ 1. the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency

__ 2. nation declared to have been formed by the southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-1861

A. Confederacy

B. martial law




Chapter Assessment 1



Reviewing Key TermsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 1. a railway system extending across the continent

__ 2. withdrawal from the Union

__ 3. nation declared to have been formed by the southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-1861

__ 4. government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there


B. secession

C. Underground Railroad

D. transcontinental railroad

E. referendum

F. insurrection

G. Confederacy

H. martial law

Chapter Assessment 2



Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 5. the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

__ 6. the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency

__ 7. a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

__ 8. an act of rebellion against the established government


B. secession

C. Underground Railroad

D. transcontinental railroad

E. referendum

F. insurrection

G. Confederacy

H. martial law

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