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Chapter Intro 2
Section 1: The Diversity of Americans
As American citizens, we make a commitment to the nation and to the values and principles that are part of United States democracy. In addition to the common values and civic unity, the United States benefits from its rich diversity.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 2: Who Are America’s Citizens?
Citizens possess certain rights. With citizenship, there are also certain responsibilities expected of all Americans. In the United States, there are two ways to become a citizen: by birth and by a process called naturalization.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 3: Government and the People
People form governments to establish order, provide security, and accomplish common goals. Democratic governments perform necessary functions so citizens can live together peacefully.
Section 1-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
As American citizens, we make a commitment to the nation and to the values and principles that are part of United States democracy.
Section 1
What is Civics?
Civics is the study of the rights and duties of citizens.
Section 1
What is Civics? (cont.)
• Civics is the study of the rights and duties of citizens.
• Changes in citizenship requirements
Section 1
What is Civics? (cont.)
• Rights and duties of citizens:
– Owe loyalty to the government
– Entitled to protection from the government
• Citizens as part of a country
Section 1
A Changing Society
American society has undergone many changes in the past, and these changes continue today.
Section 1
A Changing Society (cont.)
• The United States is a nation of immigrants.
• Immigration from Europe:
– Early immigration
– After American independence
– From southern and eastern Europe
U.S. Foreign-Born Population, 1850–2005
Section 1
A Changing Society (cont.)
• Changes in immigration patterns:
– Latin America
– Asia
• African immigrants brought by force
Section 1
A Changing Society (cont.)
• Ethnic diversity:
– Whites of European descent
– African Americans
– Asians and Pacific Islanders
– Native Americans
– Latinos
United States Immigration, 2004
Section 1
A Changing Society (cont.)
• Religious diversity:
– Christians
– Jews
– Muslims
– Buddhists
– Other religious groups
Section 1
A Changing Society (cont.)
• Population growth and change today:
– Birthrate
– Service Economy
– Increasing population in the South and West
Section 1
A Changing Society (cont.)
– Rising age of citizens
– Increasing levels of education
– Growing Latino population
Section 1
American Values and Institutions
Americans share key values, and these values are reflected in the important institutions of American life.
Section 1
American Values and Institutions (cont.)
• Values are broad ideas about what is good or desirable that are shared by people in a society.
Section 1
• Basic American values
American Values and Institutions (cont.)
• Values uniting Americans:
– The country’s founding documents
– The English language as a source of unity
– Belief in popular sovereignty
Section 1
• Role of major American institutions:
– The family
– Religious institutions
– Educational institutions
– Social institutions
– Governmental institutions
American Values and Institutions (cont.)
Section 2-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Citizens possess certain rights. With citizenship, Americans also have certain responsibilities.
Section 2
Path to Citizenship
In the United States, there are two ways to become a citizen: by birth and by a process called naturalization.
Section 2
Path to Citizenship (cont.)
• There are two ways to become an American citizen:
– Birth
– Naturalization
• Dual citizenship for Americans
Section 2
Path to Citizenship (cont.)
• The naturalization process for aliens:
– Declaration of Intention
– Living in the United States
– Interview and citizenship exam
– Oath of allegiance
• Native Americans as citizens
Section 2
Path to Citizenship (cont.)
• Denying and losing citizenship:
– Improperly obtained citizenship
– Expatriation
– Federal crimes involving extreme disloyalty
Section 2
Aliens in America
Even though the United States controls the admission of aliens to this country, each year millions of people enter America illegally.
Section 2
Aliens in America (cont.)
• There are restrictions on the number of immigrants who can enter the United States.
• Immigration Act of 1990
Section 2
Aliens in America (cont.)
• Aliens living in the United States illegally:
– Temporary visitors
– Crossing borders
– Foreigners with expired legal permits
– Many fear being deported
Section 2
Aliens in America (cont.)
• The United States Border Patrol:
• Different categories of legal aliens:
– Resident aliens
– Nonresident aliens
– Refugees
• Rights of aliens
Section 3-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
People form governments to establish order, provide security, and accomplish common goals.
Section 3
The Need for Government
The different levels of government provide many different services.
Section 3
The Need for Government (cont.)
• Government is the ruling authority for a community, or society.
• Functions of government:
– Keep order
– Provide security
Functions of Government
Section 3
The Need for Government (cont.)
– Provide services
– Guide the community
• Formulate public policy
• Plan and budget
Functions of Government
Section 3
The Need for Government (cont.)
• Levels of government:
– National
– State and local
Section 3
Types of Government
The people are the ultimate rulers of democratic countries, while in totalitarian states, a single person or small group holds all the power.
Section 3
Types of Government (cont.)
• Democratic government
– Direct democracy
– Representative democracy or republic
– Constitutional monarchy
• Types of democracy:
Section 3
Types of Government (cont.)
• Principles of democracy:
– Rule of law
– Limited government
– Consent of the governed
Principles of American Democracy
Section 3
Types of Government (cont.)
– Individual rights
– Representative government
– Majority rule
Principles of American Democracy
Section 3
Types of Government (cont.)
• Authoritarian government
– Absolute monarchy
– Dictatorship
– Totalitarianism
Comparing Democratic and Authoritarian Systems
VS 1
The American People
• Because of its heritage, the United States is often called “a nation of immigrants.”
• Until the mid-1900s, most immigrants came from Europe.
• Latin America now accounts for the largest share of immigrants to the United States.
• The United States is a diverse nation, reflecting the values of many groups.
VS 2
American Values and Institutions
• Values are ideas about what is good or desirable that are shared by people in a society.
• Our basic values include freedom, equality, opportunity, justice, and tolerance.
• Every society has institutions that help it transmit its values.
• Important American institutions are the family, religious, educational, social, and governmental institutions.
VS 3
Citizenship
• According to the U.S. Constitution, people can become American citizens by birth and through naturalization.
• Millions of illegal aliens live in the United States. Legal aliens have entered the country lawfully.
VS 4
Government
• People need governments to make and enforce laws and to help us meet our needs. The purposes of government include the following:
• Providing order and security
• Providing public services
• Guiding the community
VS 4
Government
• Although all governments carry out the same basic functions, there are differences in the ways governments can be organized.
• The main types of government are democratic government and authoritarian government.
• In a democracy, the supreme political authority rests with the people.
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TIME Trans
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Vocab1
civics
the study of the rights and duties of citizens
Vocab2
citizenship
rights and duties of members of a state
Vocab3
citizens
community members who owe loyalty to the government and are entitled to protection from it
Vocab4
service economy
where the majority of people earn their living by providing a service rather than manufacturing a product
Vocab5
value
the general principles of beliefs people use to make judgments and decisions
Vocab6
popular sovereignty
the notion that power lies with the people
Vocab7
institution
sets of ideas that people have about relationships, obligations, roles and functions of society
Vocab8
diverse
differing from one another
Vocab9
ethnic
relating to races or groups of people who share common traits and customs
Vocab10
principle
a rule of conduct or belief
Vocab11
naturalization
a legal process to obtain citizenship
Vocab12
alien
a noncitizen
Vocab13
immigrant
a person who moves permanently to a new country
Vocab14
deport
to send an alien or immigrant back to his or her own country
Vocab15
deny
refusal to grant, agree, or believe
Vocab16
obtain
to gain or acquire
Vocab17
priority
something that is given more attention or importance
Vocab18
government
the ruling authority for a community
Vocab19
public policy
the course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem
Vocab20
budget
a plan for making and spending money
Vocab21
democracy
a government in which citizens hold the power to rule
Vocab22
direct democracy
a form of democracy in which the people vote firsthand
Vocab23
representative democracy
a government in which citizens choose a smaller group to govern on their behalf
Vocab24
republic
a representative democracy where citizens choose their lawmakers
Vocab25
monarchy
a government with a hereditary, single leader
Vocab26
majority rule
political principle providing that a majority of the members of a community has the power to make laws binding upon all the people
Vocab27
authoritarian
a government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute power
Vocab28
totalitarian
a system in which government control extends to almost all aspects of people’s lives
Vocab29
community
a group of people who share the same interests and concerns
Vocab30
enforce
to carry out by force or ensure compliance
Vocab31
constrain
to force, limit, or hold back
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