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Section 1: The Sociological Perspective
Section 2:The Origins of Sociology
Section 3: Theoretical Perspectives
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Preview · Section 1The Sociological Perspective (pages 6–13)
Sociology studies human social behavior. It assumes a group, rather than an individual, perspective. Sociologists look for the patterns in social relationships. Individuals can benefit by using their sociological imaginations to look at events in their personal lives.
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Preview · Section 2The Origins of Sociology (pages 14–22)
Sociology is a young science. It started with the writings of European scholars like Auguste Comte, Harriet Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Jane Addams and W.E.B. Du Bois helped to focus America’s attention on social issues. After World War II, America took the lead in developing the field.
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Preview · Section 3Theoretical Perspectives (pages 23–31)
Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives. Functionalism views society as an integrated whole. Conflict theory looks at class, race, and gender struggles. Symbolic interactionism examines how group members use shared symbols as they interact.
Section 1-Preview
Sociology studies human social behavior. It assumes a group, rather than an individual, perspective. Sociologists look for the patterns in social relationships. Individuals can benefit by using their sociological imaginations to look at events in their personal lives.
Section 1-Key Terms
• perspective
• sociology
• sociological perspective
• social structure
• sociological imagination
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
A B C D
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How much influence do groups have on your life?
A. Much influence
B. Some influence
C. Little influence
D. No influence
Section 1
The Nature of Sociology
• Perspective is a particular point of view.
• Sociology is the study of social structure.
• The sociological perspective always focuses on the group as opposed to the individual.
The Social Sciences
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How important is it to examine human behavior on a group level?
A. Very important
B. Somewhat important
C. Not very important
D. Not important at all
Section 1
The Importance of Patterns
• Social structure is the patterned interaction of people in social relationships.
• Sociologists focus on a pattern of behavior shared by members of a group or society, not the behavior of an individual.
• All groups encourage conformity.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which size group do you think is the most likely to encourage conformity?
A. Large
B. Medium
C. Small
D. All have equal influence
Section 1
Acquiring the Sociological Imagination
• Sociological imagination is the ability of individuals to see the relationship between events in their personal lives and events in their society.
• Sociological imagination allows us to question accepted ideas, or the conventional social wisdom.
Health Insurance
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Why is it important to understand the sociological perspective?
A. To better understand the individual.
B. To know which group is the best.
C. To better understand the forces that effect our lives.
D. To learn how to be social.
Section 2-Preview
Sociology is a young science. It started with the writings of European scholars like Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Jane Addams and W.E.B. Du Bois helped to focus America’s attention on social issues. After World War II, America took the lead in developing the field of sociology.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2-Key Terms
• positivism
• social statics
• social dynamics
• bourgeoisie
• capitalist
• proletariat
• class conflict
• mechanical solidarity
• organic solidarity
• verstehen
• rationalization
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section-Polling Question
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How would you rate changes in our society over the past few years?
A. Positive
B. Neutral
C. Negative
D. No real changes
Section 2
European Origins
• Sudden changes during the late 19th century in Europe caused intellectuals to begin the study of sociology.
Auguste Comte
• Auguste Comte used positivism, scientific observation so that one can be positive of results, to study society.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Comte distinguished between:
– social statics
– social dynamics
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Harriet Martineau emphasized sociology as a science and was a pioneering feminist theorist.
Harriet MartineauTime Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Herbert Spencer compared social stability to the parts of the body.
Herbert Spencer
• Spencer introduced Social Darwinism—the idea that evolutionary social changes lead to progress provided people did not interfere.
• He opposed social reform.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Karl Marx wanted social scientists to change the world instead of merely studying it.
• He thought that the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat would eventually have a conflict and a classless, or communistic, society would emerge.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Marx felt that the key to the unfolding of history was class conflict.
Karl Marx
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Emile Durkheim believed that:
– In preindustrial times societies were based on mechanical solidarity.
– In industrial times societies are based organic solidarity.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Emile Durkheim
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Durkheim introduced the use of statistical techniques for testing social theories.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
• Max Weber claimed that humans act on the basis of their own understanding of a situation.
Max Weber
• Weber believed that the best understanding of the personal intentions of people in groups can be gained through the method of verstehen.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
European Origins (cont.)
Max Weber
• Weber identified rationalization as a key influence in the change of society.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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How did Karl Marx believe a communistic society would arise?
A. Through the method of verstehen
B. By rationalization
C. Class conflict would ensue
D. Through the rise of social Darwinism
Section 2
Sociology in America
• The study of sociology began in Europe, but the greatest development has taken place in the United States.
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
Sociology in America (cont.)
• Jane Addams was the best known of the early women social reformers in the United States.
• Addams focused on the women’s suffrage and peace movements, as well as the effects of industrialism on the lower class.
Jane AddamsTime Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
Sociology in America (cont.)
• Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Jane AddamsTime Line of Early Sociologists
Section 2
Sociology in America (cont.)
• W.E.B. Du Bois experienced and studied racial discrimination and segregation.
• Du Bois analyzed the sophisticated social structure of African American communities within the United States and throughout the world.
W.E.B. Du BoisTime Line of Early Sociologists
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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How were Jane Addams and W.E.B. Du Bois similar?
A. They were both from Europe.
B. Both focused on people who endured discrimination.
C. They left the United States. looking for a better life
D. Both graduated from the University of Chicago.
Section 3-Preview
Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives. Functionalism views society as an integrated whole. Conflict theory looks at class, race, and gender struggles. Symbolic interactionism examines how group members use shared symbols as they interact.
Section 3-Key Terms
• theoretical perspective
• functionalism
• manifest functions
• latent functions
• dysfunction
• conflict perspective
• power
• symbol
• symbolic interaction
• dramaturgy
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3-Polling Question
A B C
0% 0%0%
As you have grown older, has your perspective of school changed?
A. Very much
B. A little
C. Not at all
Section 3
The Role of Theoretical Perspectives
• Theoretical perspective, when applied to sociology, means a set of assumptions about the workings of a society accepted as true by the supporters of the theory.
Section 3
The Role of Theoretical Perspectives
(cont.)• Three theoretical perspectives overarch in
the field of sociology:
– functionalism
– conflict theory
– symbolic interaction
Perception and Perspective
A World Turned Upside Down
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
A B C
0% 0%0%
Is it important to have different perspectives?
A. Yes
B. No
C. It depends on the situation
Section 3
• Functionalism states that all parts of a society contribute, or function, as an integrated whole.
Functionalism
• A change in one part of a society leads to change in another part.
Section 3
Functionalism (cont.)
• According to Robert Merton (1969) there are two kinds of functions:
– manifest functions
– latent functions
Section 3
Functionalism (cont.)
• Elements of society that make a negative contribution lead to dysfunction.
• According to functionalism, there is a consensus on values that leads to the high degree of cooperation found in any society.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which function is unintended and unrecognized?
A. Manifest function
B. Dysfunction
C. Latent function
D. Malfunction
Section 3
Conflict Perspective
• The conflict perspective emphasizes that groups and societies compete as they attempt to preserve and promote their own special values and interests.
• Conflict theory is based on a contest for power.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which of the following do you feel is the most associated with power?
A. Wealth
B. Prestige
C. Ideas
D. Physical ability
Section 3
Symbolic Interactionism
• Symbolic interactionism, according to Herbert Blumer, is defined as the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols.
Section 3
Symbolic Interactionism (cont.)
• The basic assumptions of symbolic interactionism include:
– We learn the meaning of a symbol from the way we see others reacting to it.
– We base our behavior (interactions) on those symbols.
– We then use the meanings of symbols to imagine how others will respond to our behavior.
Section 3
• To better understand human interaction, Erving Goffman introduced dramaturgy which describes human interaction as a theatrical performance.
Symbolic Interactionism (cont.)
Assumptions of the Major Theoretical Perspectives
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which term means the depiction of human interaction as a theatrical performance?
A. Impression
B. Conflict
C. Dramaturgy
D. Symbol
Social Sciences 1
The Social Sciences
Social Sciences 2
The Social Sciences
Time Line 1
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Time Line 2
Time Line of Early Sociologists
Snapshot
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004–2005.
Focus on TP
World View
A World Turned Upside Down
Figure 1.1
Perception and Perspective
Transparency Menu
Comparing Theoretical Perspectives
Mixed-Up Calendar
Sociology Chapter Transparencies
Transparency 1
Transparency 2
Vocab 1
perspective
a particular point of view
Vocab 2
sociology
the scientific study of social structure (patterned social behavior)
Vocab 3
sociological perspective
a view that looks at the behavior of groups, not individuals
Vocab 4
social structure
the patterned interaction of people in social relationships
Vocab 5
sociological imagination
the ability to see the link between society and self
Vocab 6
positivism
the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation
Vocab 7
social statics
the study of social stability and order
Vocab 8
social dynamics
the study of social change
Vocab 9
bourgeoisie
class owning the means for producing wealth
Vocab 10
capitalist
person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth
Vocab 11
proletariat
working class; those who labor for the bourgeoisie
Vocab 12
class conflict
the ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (working) classes
Vocab 13
mechanical solidarity
social dependency based on a widespread consensus of values and beliefs, enforced conformity, and dependence on tradition and family
Vocab 14
organic solidarity
social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization in roles
Vocab 15
verstehen
understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others
Vocab 16
rationalization
the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning
Vocab 17
theoretical perspective
a set of assumptions accepted as true
Vocab 18
functionalism
approach that emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society
Vocab 19
manifest functions
intended and recognized consequences of an aspect of society
Vocab 20
latent functions
unintended and unrecognized consequences of an aspect of society
Vocab 21
dysfunction
negative consequence of an aspect of society
Vocab 22
conflict perspective
approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society
Vocab 23
power
the ability to control the behavior of others
Vocab 24
symbol
anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it
Vocab 25
symbolic interactionism
approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols
Vocab 26
dramaturgy
approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances
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