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8/11/2019 Správa IOM
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3
Table of Contents
7
11
Chapter 1
32
Chapter 2
73
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
132
133
137
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Chapter 5
Chapter 6
177 177
Table of Contents
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1
1.1 Introduction
2
*
1
2
Migrant Deaths: AnInternational OverviewChapter 1
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1.2 International policy context and geography
of deaths
3
3
;
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1.3 How many have died? Statistics on migrant
border-related fatalities
Figure 1.1: Migrant border-related deaths around the world,
January–September 2014a
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1.3.1 Challenges concerning comparability
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Where are deaths occurring?
Figure 1.2: Regions in which migrant deaths occurred, 2014
Mediterranean
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22
South-East Asia and Australia
Central and North America
7
7
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Table 1.1
Region Number of
deaths
Years Source
1.3.2 Who is most at risk?
Origin of migrants
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Figure 1.3: Deaths by migrants’ region of origin, 2014
si
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Figure 1.4: Deaths in the Mediterranean by migrants’ region of origin, 2014
30%
30%
29%
11%
0%
MENA
Sub-Saharan Africa
Not specied/Unknown
Horn of Africa
South Asia
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27
Sex of migrants and other basic data
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Figure 1.5
globally, 2014
3% 1%
96%
Male
Female
Not specied/Unknown
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1.4 Challenges of collecting data on migrant deaths
1.4.1 Invisibility
1.4.2 Remote topography and challenging environments
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1.4.3 Missing information
1.4.4 Involvement of criminal actors
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32
1.5 Who collects the data?
1.5.1 The media as a source of data
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1.6 Keeping count: Why we need better data
1.6.1 Greater accountability and action
1.6.2 More accurate determination of causes and effective response
13
13
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1.6.3 Respect for the dead and greater closure for families
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1.7 Way forward: Better monitoring, data collection
and analysis
1.7.1 Who should be counting?
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1.8 Outline and chapter overviews
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1 2
2.1 Introduction
3
*
1
2
3
Migrant Deaths in the
Americas (United Statesand Mexico)Chapter 2
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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2.2 Historical and geographical overview
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.1
south-western border
2.2.1 Demographics
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2.2.2 Routes and risks: United States–Mexico border
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.2.3 Routes and risks: Within Mexico
7
7
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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2.3 Estimated number of migrant fatalities
2.3.1 United States
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
US Border Patrol deaths South-western apprehensions
M i g r a n t d
e a t h s a c r o s s s o u t h - w e s t e r n b o r d e r
S o u t h - w e s t e r n a p p r e h e n s i o n s
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Figure 2.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
M i g r a n t D e a t h
s p e r 1 0 0 , 0
0 0 A p p r e h e n s i o n s
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.4
California
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
San Diego, CA
El Centro, CA
Yuma, AZ-CA
Tucson, AZ
El Paso, TX-NM
Big Bend, TX
Del Rio, TX
Laredo, TX
Rio Grande Valley, TX
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Figure 2.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 20072008 20092010 2011 2012 2013
N u m b e r o f d e a t h s
Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol (San Diego and El Centro Sectors)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Arizona
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Figure 2.6
Examiner in Tucson, Arizona
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
N u m b e r o f d e a t h s
Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol (Tucson Sector) Pima County OME
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Table 2.1
Country of origin Number
2
1
1
1
1
77
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
N u m b e r o f d e a t h s
Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
11
Comparisons across California, Arizona and Texas
11
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
N u m
b e r o
f d e a t h s
California Arizona Texas
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 R e m a i n s r e c o v e r e d p e r 1 0 0 , 0
0 0 U S B o r d e r P
a t r o l a p p r e h e n s i o n s
California Arizona Texas
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.4 Record keeping and limitations to existing counts
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
72
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73
2.5 Conclusion and recommendations
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
•
•
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Tracking Deaths in the
MediterraneanChapter 3
1 2
3.1 Introduction
*
1 2
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
3.2 Brief historical and geographical overview
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Figure 3.2
, ,
.
, , , ,
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Central Mediterranean sea route
Eastern Mediterranean sea route
Eastern Mediterranean land route
Western Balkan route
Other routes
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,
,
Figure 3.3
24%
11%
9%
8%6%
5%
5%
3%
3%
3%
23%Syrian Arab Republic
Eritrea
Afghanistan
Albania
Kosovo/UNSC 1244
Somalia
Pakistan
Nigeria
Algeria
Other
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
5
6
,
, , , ,
3.3 Risks associated with unauthorized travel
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
, ,
3.4 How many die? Existing data and its quality
8
9
10
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Figure 3.4
,
•
•
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
1 9 9 3
1 9 9 4
1 9 9 5
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 8
1 9 9 9
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
2 0 0 3
2 0 0 4
2 0 0 5
2 0 0 6
2 0 0 7
2 0 0 8
2 0 0 9
2 0 1 0
2 0 1 1
UNITED Fortress Europe
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
•
,
.
,
,
, , ,
11
11
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Figure 3.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1 9 8 8
1 9 8 9
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 1
1 9 9 2
1 9 9 3
1 9 9 4
1 9 9 5
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 8
1 9 9 9
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
2 0 0 3
2 0 0 4
2 0 0 5
2 0 0 6
2 0 0 7
2 0 0 8
2 0 0 9
2 0 1 0
2 0 1 1
2 0 1 2
2 0 1 3
2 0 1 4
UNITED Fortress Europe APDHA Carling (2007) Kiza (2008)
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
12
13
12 13
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3.5 Methods and sources for a more accurate
and comprehensive count
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
•
15
•
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,
•
16
.,
3.6 Conclusions and recommendations
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
17
17
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Bibliography
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
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Crossing the Mediterranean
country or to bring his family to Libya, Louay Khalid planned his crossing to
2013.18
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1 2
4.1 Introduction
3
*
1
2
3
From Sub-Saharan Africathrough North Africa:
Tracking Deathsalong the WayChapter 4
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
Figure 4.1: Migratory routes from Sub-Saharan Africa
4.2 Brief historical and geographical background:
The migration context
4.2.1 Similarities and differences between the two routes
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
112
4.2.2 Key drivers
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
4.2.3 West and Central Africa context
West Africa
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
•
Central Africa
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11
11
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
4.3.1 Smuggling: The protection-free underworld
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121
4.3.2 Special case of commoditization and victimization
of Eritreans
13
13
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4.3.3 Libya: No protection16
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17
4.3.4 Dying to migrate north
17
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Death in the desert crossing
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
Death in the sea crossing
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
22
22
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
132
4.4 Conclusions: Methodological challenges
and information gaps
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.
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137
Death in the desert
turned out to be much harsher than she had expected, and she saw many die 23
23
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1
Figure 5.1: Migratory routes in the Horn of Africa
5.1 Introduction
*
1
Deaths en Route fromthe Horn of Africa toYemen and along theEastern Corridor from
the Horn of Africa toSouth AfricaChapter 5
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.2 Brief historical and geographical background:
The migration context
5.2.1 The Ethiopian exodus
2
2
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
11
5.2.3 The Somali exodus
11
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
12
13
5.2.4 Somaliland
12
13
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.3.1 Death from physical hardship
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Death on the road
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Table 5.1: Migrants recorded as dead or missing at sea, from 2006 to May 2014
Year Number recorded as dead
or missing at sea
131
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Death from “natural causes” including illness, suicide and general
debilitation
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.3.2 Death as stranded migrants
21
21
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5.3.3 Death due to malicious neglect or abusive practices when
smuggled
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22
other criminals
22
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
27
27
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Death from en route banditry
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29
Death by organ removal
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33
33
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5.3.4 Death of labour migrants
5.4 Methodological challenges and information gaps
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and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.5 Conclusions and recommendations
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen
and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Bibliography
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Journey of hope
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177
1
6.1 Importance of counting migrant deaths
2
*
1
2
Counting andAccounting for Deaths
of Asylum-seekersen Route to AustraliaChapter 6
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6.2 Illegalized journeys to Australia by boat
3
3
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Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 1
1 9 9 2
1 9 9 3
1 9 9 4
1 9 9 5
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 8
1 9 9 9
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
2 0 0 3
2 0 0 4
2 0 0 5
2 0 0 6
2 0 0 7
2 0 0 8
2 0 0 9
2 0 1 0
2 0 1 1
2 0 1 2
2 0 1 3
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 4
2 0 0 4 – 2 0 0 5
2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 6
2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 7
2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 8
2 0 0 8 – 2 0 0 9
2 0 0 9 – 2 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 1
2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2
2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 3
Onshore visas
N u m b e r o f v i s a s g r a n t e d
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Figure 6.3: Migrant smuggling routes to Australia
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7
6.3 Data sources and information gaps
7
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6.4 What we know and do not know about deaths
en route to Australia
6.4.1 How many people die?
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Table 6.1: Known deaths related to Australian border controls, January
2000–July 2014
Circumstances Deaths
171 11
31 2
1
3
2
Total
Figure 6.4
January 2000–July 2014
3
361
1 1 0 0 012
0
110
152
231
356
212
10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
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6.4.2 Origins of those who died
Figure 6.5
January 2000–July 2014
864
300
120
67
45
37
4
3
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Not recorded
Afghan
Iraqi
Sri Lankan
Iranian
Pakistani
Burmese
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Figure 6.6
January 2000–July 2014
6.4.3 Cause of death
Not known,
84, 6%
South-East
Asia/Oceania,
216, 15%
164, 11%Middle East,
981, 68%
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6.4.4 Age and sex
17
Figure 6.7
sex, January 2000–May 2014
17
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Male Female Unknown
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6.5 A chronology of counting
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6.5.2 Recovering bodies and identifying the dead
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6.5.3 Conduct of coronial inquiries
21
22
23
21
22 23
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6.5.4 Inclusion of border-related deaths in national deathsin custody statistics
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6.6 Improving data and saving lives
6.6.1 Conclusions: Counting and accounting for deaths
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R e g i o n
N a m e o f
F r e q u e n c y
S o u r c e s
S t a r t
E n d
A n n e x
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R e g i o n
N a m e o f
F r e q u e n c y
S o u r c e s
S t a r t
E n d
Annex
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R e g i o n
N a m e o f
F r e q u e n c y
S o u r c e s
S t a r t
E n d
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R e g i o n
N a m e o f
F r e q u e n c y
S o u r c e s
S t a r t
E n d
Annex
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211 R e g i o n
N a m e o f
F r e q u e n c y
S o u r c e s
S t a r t
E n d
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212 R e g i o n
N a m e o f
F r e q u e n c y
S o u r c e s
S t a r t
E n d
3 1
Annex