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7/31/2019 Sprawling Brazilian Urbanisation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sprawling-brazilian-urbanisation 1/35
7/31/2019 Sprawling Brazilian Urbanisation
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;
Wjmnm? Wqk`immrj`u kaqfkg *Aqk`l)
Umq`fg? Dkll 15;;
W`wlm? Ruqksl`ic Aqk`l`ki }qaki`rkw`fi? @gmiw`dp`ic wjm bjkllmicmr kig ufwmiw`klr dfq
ulkii`ic `i B}q`w`ak
K}wjfq? Bjq`rw`ik Qkrn}rrmi
R}umqt`rfq? Nkq`k [}tkic L}ig Tmrwmqckkqg
I}namq fd ukcmr? 27 ukcmr
I}namq fd kuumig`zmr? 1 kuumig`zmr
Bftmq? T`ms fd B}q`w`ak, dqfn wjm Wfqqm Ukifqán`bk ‒ ;:wj
Rmuwmnamq 15;; *u`bw}qm wkhmi ap wjm k}wjfq)
Wjm bfiwmiw fd wjm kqw`blm `r dqmmlp ktk`lkalm, a}w bki filp am u}al`rjmg *s`wj uqfumq `ig`bkw`fi fd rf}qbm) s`wj wjm
umqn`rr`fi fd wjm k}wjfq
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7/31/2019 Sprawling Brazilian Urbanisation
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2
@i wjm rknm gq`dw wj}r, Aqk`l jkr s`wimrrmg, `i wjm lkrw gmbkgmr, k r}ggmi cqfswj kig
}qaki`rkw`fi fd `wr b`w`mr *@ACM, 155;) ]r`ic wjm mzumq`mibmr fd B}q`w`ak kig ki mzknulm fd
uqfombw sfqhmg fi g}q`ic np wqk`immrj`u kw Ok`nm Lmqimq Krrfb`kwmg Kqbj`wmbwr *OLKK), @
sf}lg l`hm wf mzkn`im wj`r wmigmibp fd }qaki ruqksl `i Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr, kig `gmiw`dp wjm
ufwmiw`klr dfq bfibmiwqkw`ic wjm ulkii`ic mddfqwr kqf}ig `wr bmiwqkl rukbmr Wjm kqw`blm k`nr
wf `gmiw`dp wjm ruqksl`ic wmigmib`mr `i B}q`w`ak kig mrwkal`rj jfs k qm.g`qmbwmg dfb}r fi wjm
b`wp bmiwqmr, jmqmap wjm qmjka`l`wkw`fi kig qmiftkw`fi fd wjm mz`rw`ic }qaki rukbmr s`wj`i
wjm b`wp kig `wr `idqkrwq}bw}qmr, s`ll bfiwq`a}wm wf k r}rwk`ikalm kig l`tmkalm }qaki
gmtmlfunmiw, `i qmrufirm wf wjm b}qqmiw bjkllmicmr fd }qaki ruqksl Wjm kqw`blm s`ll }rm wjm
wjmfq`mr kig uqkbw`bmr fd ‚]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm‐; nmw kig kuul`mg kw wjm wqk`immrj`u r`wm,
rfnmjfs am`ic `i wjm rknm gq`dw kr wjmfq`mr kig uqkbw`bmr uqmrmiw `i wjm b}qqmiw M}qfumki
kig Ifqwj Knmq`bki }qaki ulkii`ic *mc Oki Cmjl, Hmt`i Lpibj, Okim Okbfar) *A}rbh,
Qkrn}rrmi, $ Rhftrjflw, 15;;) Dqfn wjm nfgmqi`rw`b nkrwmqulkir, nkgm ap `nufqwmg
M}qfumki ulkiimqr, wf b}qqmiw qmdmqmibmr nkgm wf wjm b`w`mr kig }qaki uqkbw`bmr ftmqrmkr,
Aqk`l`ki ulkii`ic j`rwfqp jkr `i cmimqkl ammi rwqficlp `idl}mibmg ap wjm M}qfumki kig
Ifqwj Knmq`bki }qaki ulkii`ic wjmfq`mr kig wmigmib`mr *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550)
*Umqm`qk, 155:) Wjm b`w`mr wjmqm kqm bfir`gmqmg nfqm l`tmkalm kig r}rwk`ikalm, kig }qaki
uqfombwr r}bj kr qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr, qmb}umqkw`fi kig wqkirdfqnkw`fi fd
gmcqkgmg kqmkr kqm fd `iwmqmrw *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) *Bkumllf, 15;;) Amdfqm rwkqw`ic wj`r
`itmrw`ckw`fi, `w rmmnr }rmd}l wf uf`iw kw rfnm dkbwr fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkii`ic `i Aqk`l,
`i fqgmq wf r`w}kwm wjm kiklpr`r `i `wr j`rwfq`bkl kig gmnfcqkuj`bkl bfiwmzw
]qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkii`ic `i Aqk`l
Wjm sfqlg wklhr kaf}w wjm q`rm fd Aqk`l fi wjm clfakl`rmg nkqhmwr? s`wj `wr mnmqc`icmbfifnp, wjm bf}iwqp klrf }igmqcfmr k gmnfcqkuj`b kig }qaki affn Amwsmmi ;0=5 kig
;0:5, ikw`fikl ufu}lkw`fi gf}almg kig Aqk`l rjfsr, r`ibm ;0=5, k gmcqmm fd }qaki`rkw`fi
ftmq 3=-, qmkbj`ic :;,12- `i 1555 Wjqmm dkbwfqr o}rw`dp wj`r affn? wjm ikw}qkl cqfswj fd
}qaki kqmkr g}m wf a`qwj `ibqmkrm, wjm kgg`w`fi fd uqmt`f}r q}qkl kqmkr `i wjm bf}iw`ic fd
}qaki`rmg lkig, kig wjm n`cqkw`fir wf b`w`mr *@ACM, 155;) Aq}cnkii *1550) uf`iwr kw wjm
gmnfcqkuj`b rj`dw g}m wf wjm }qaki n`cqkw`fir fd wjm rmbfig jkld fd wjm 15 wj bmiw}qp? `w
qk`rmr wjm gmnkig kig uqmrr}qm fi wjm }qaki `idqkrwq}bw}qm kig jf}r`ic *Aq}cnkii, 1550)
*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Mz`rw`ic rwq}bw}qmr kig cftmqikibm jktm wf mtfltm `i fqgmq wf d`w wjm
ims bjkllmicmr fd wjm b`wp *Aq}cnkii, 1550), sj`bj `r l`hmlp wf gmtmlfu ims }qaki dfqnr
kig nfqujflfc`mr Lkwmlp, “b`w`mr cqms lkqcmlp ampfig f}q bfiwqfl, `imdd`b`miwlp kig uqfalmnkw`bkllp „ *Aq}cnkii, 1550), kr rwkhmjflgmqr dk`lmg wf }igmqrwkig, ulki kig gmr`ci
`i qmrumbw s`wj wj`r }qaki cqfswj, wf gmtmlfu sjkw jm bkllr “ wjm akr`b uqkbw`bmr fd }qaki`rn
wf t`kalp bqmkwm k B`wp s`wj lmrr uftmqwp, lmrr `im{}kl`wp, kig lmrr mit`qfinmiwkl
gmcqkgkw`fi „ *Aq}cnkii, 1550)
;‚]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm‐ `r k bfna`ikw`fi fd }qaki ulkii`ic wjmfqp kig kib`miw Kr`ki b}q`ic nmwjfgr
*Bkrkcqkigm, 15;;) @i j`r affh ‚Kb}u}iw}qk ]qakik‐, Ok`nm Lmqimq gmrbq`amr nkip mzknulmr fd r}bjuqkbw`bmr, dfllfsmg ap wjm ufr`w`tm f}wbfnm, sj`bj wjmi ruqmkgr kig bfiwkn`ikwmr wjm im`cjaf}q mit`qfinmiwkig rukbm ]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm wkhmr fi tkq`f}r dfqnr? mc ujpr`bkl, kuul`mg `i rukbm s`wj kqbj`wmbw}qkl`iwmqtmiw`fir dfq `irwkibm, fq rfb`kl, s`wj rfb`f.b}lw}qkl `i`w`kw`tmr dfq `irwkibm *Lmqimq, 1552) Wjm kqw`blmbfir`gmqr }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm wf am `i l`im s`wj rfnm M}qfumki kig Kiclf.Rkzfi wjmfq`mr, kr `w kggqmrrmr wf
wjm rknm `rr}mr fd l`tmka`l`wp, rfb`kl kig mit`qfinmiwkl r}rwk`ika`l`wp, `gmiw`wp kig `nkcm fd rukbmr, ulkbm.nkh`ic, kig rf fi *A}rbh, Qkrn}rrmi, $ Rhftrjflw, 15;;)
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Gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk *1550) `iwqfg}bmr wjm j`rwfq`bkl akbhcqf}ig fd Aqk`l`ki }qaki
ulkii`ic s`wj wjm nfgmqi`rw`b ulkii`ic, dfllfsmg ap df}q wmigmib`mr Wjm d`qrw wmigmibp, wjm
n`l`wkqp kig wmbjifbqkw`b ulkii`ic, skr wjm fim uqfnfwmg }igmq wjm n`l`wkqp qmc`nm fd wjm
d`qrw jkld fd wjm 15wj bmiw}qp @nufqwmg Dqmibj nfgmqi`rw`b }qaki`rn rmqtmg dfq mzknulm wjm
wfwkl`wkq`ki g`rbf}qrm fd wjm Mrwkgf Iftf 1 s`wj “wjm `gmk fd uqfnfw`ic gmtmlfunmiw, rfb`kl
g`rb`ul`im, kig fqgmq wjqf}cj }qaki gmr`ci „ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, uu 1.2) Wjm
mdd`b`mibp, d}ibw`fikl`rn kig wmbjifbqkbp fd nfgmqi`rn d`wwmg wjm ufsmq rwq}bw}qm fd wjm
n`l`wkqp qmc`nm, fddmq`ic ki }qaki`rn fd rmcqmckwmg lkig }rm, qmnkqhkalm u}al`b sfqhr kig
b`wp `idqkrwq}bw}qm gmr`cimg dfq uq`tkwm tmj`blmr, kr `ll}rwqkwmg ap wjm nkrwmqulki fd
Kldqmg Kckbjm dfq Q`f gm Okim`qf uqfufrmg `i ;022 *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550) A}w wjm
rfb`kl g`nmir`fi fd }qaki ulkii`ic lkbhmg?
“G}m wf k lkbh fd }igmqrwkig`ic fd wjm rfb`kl g`nmir`fi fd gmtmlfunmiw, wmbjif.
qkw`fikl ikw`fikl ulkii`ic g`g ifw kbbf}iw dfq wjm ukbm fd n`cqkw`fi wf lkqcm b`w`mr kig
wjm mzukir`fi fd u`qkwm r}ag`t`r`fir kig dktmlkr `i nkofq b`w`mr„ *gml Q`f $R`mna`mgk, 1550, u ;2)
Wjm rmbfig wmigmibp fd gmnfbqkw`b ulkii`ic qmkbwr fi wjm }qaki lkig rumb}lkw`fi, rukw`kl
dqkcnmiwkw`fi kig rfb`kl rmcqmckw`fi? dfb}r `r g`qmbwmg wfskqgr nmwjfgr kig uqfbmrrmr,
s`wj rfb`kl kwwmiw`fi fi bfnn}i`w`mr kig wjm mnmqcmibm fd kqbj`wmbw}qkl kig b}lw}qkl
uqmrmqtkw`fi Ifimwjmlmrr wjm `i`w`kw`tmr qmkbj f}w filp wf k n`ifq`wp fd wjm ufu}lkw`fi *gml
Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550) Wjm wj`qg wmigmibp `r bjkqkbwmq`rmg ap }qaki `iwmqtmiw`fir? wjm
bkrm fd B}q`w`ak `r k cffg mzknulm fd bfiw`i}f}r `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd tkq`f}r `iwmqtmiw`fir
*NbH`aami, ;00=) *Lmqimq, 1550) Kig d`ikllp wjm df}qwj kig b}qqmiw ulkii`ic wmigmibp
r}nnkq`rmr n}lw`ulm kuuqfkbjmr, `iwf fim cmimqkl f}wbfnm fd rmcqmckwmg rukbmr @igmmg,klwjf}cj ifw mzulk`img blmkqlp, `w `r mkrp wf umqbm`tm wjqf}cj nkip uqfombwr lmkg ap
kqbj`wmbwr kig ulkiimqr sfqh`ic dfq uq`tkwm `itmrwfqr, u}al`b ulkiimqr fq gmtmlfumqr?
bfiwqfllmg mit`qfinmiwr, bfiwqfllmg kbbmrr`a`l`wp, rmukqkw`fi fd u}al`b kig uq`tkwm qmklnr
kqm wjm bfirm{}mibmr umqbm`tkalm `i b}qqmiw Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550)
*Fo`nk $ Nkqkigflk Oq, 1550) Jmqms`wj Aqk`l`ki }qaki`rn `r uqmrmiwmg kr ul}qkl`rw`b kig
n}lw`dkbmwmg, `idl}mibmg ap uqfbmrrmr fd clfakl`rkw`fi kig gmnfbqkw`rkw`fi, kig rj`dw`ic
amwsmmi ulkii`ic ukqkg`cnr?
“ X․^ dqfn k {}mrw wf bqmkwm k uqfcqmrr`tm, gmtmlfumg ikw`fi kig wjm bfqqmrufig`ic
ukqkg`cn fd bfnn`wnmiw wf nfgmqi`rn, Aqk`l jkr nftmg wfskqg k {}mrw dfq gmnfbqkbp kig rfb`kl m{}`wp wjqf}cj b`wp a}`lg`ic„ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, u ;)
Ifs `itmrwnmiwr kqm nkgm `iwf gmcqkgmg kqmkr, r}bj kr dktmlkr kig uffq r}ag`t`r`fir kw
wjm nmwqfufl`wki dq`icmr, qm`wmqkw`ic wjm wmigmibp dfq nkrwmqulkii`ic kig qmrwq}bw}q`ic wjm
nmwqfufl`rmr Kbbfqg`ic wf gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk *1550), wjm b`w`mr dkbm wjm q`rh fd lfr`ic `wr
hmp qflm kr ujpr`bkl rukbm dfq k bfllmbw`t`wp, sjmi kbhifslmgc`ic wjm lfrr fd u}al`b ulkbmr
g}m wf wjm fi`ic kig rmcqmckw`fi fd b`w`mr *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550) Ifimwjmlmrr
1
Wjm Mrwkgf Iftf qmdmqr wf wjm g`bwkwfq`kl umq`fg amwsmmi ;023 kig ;07=, }igmq wjm uqmr`gmiw Cmwÿl`f Tkqckr*Aq`wkii`bk, 15;1)
7/31/2019 Sprawling Brazilian Urbanisation
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=
rmtmqkl k}wjfqr `gmiw`dp b`w`mr kr am`ic wjm rf}qbm fd fuufqw}i`w`mr wf bf}iwmqkbw imckw`tm
mddmbwr fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkii`ic *Nkqw`im, 155:)?
“Wjm rwqmmw, wjm r{}kqm, wjm r`gmsklh, wjm ukqh, kig wjm amkbj s`ll klskpr am
d}igknmiwkl ulkbmr dfq rfb`kl`kw`fi kig ul}qkl`wp, kig wj}r dfq Aqk`l`ki }qaki`rn„ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, u 27)
Wj`r f}wl`imr wj}r wjm mtfl}w`fi fd Aqk`l`ki }qaki`rn kig klqmkgp qmtmklr krumbwr fd }qaki
ruqksl, sj`bj wj`r kqw`blm mzulfqmr s`wj k gmukqw`ic uf`iw `i wjm ulkii`ic wmigmib`mr?
rmcqmckwmg ulkii`ic, gmtmlfunmiw fd cqmkw `idqkrwq}bw}qmr, lkig }rm rumb}lkw`fi,
mnmqcmibm fd `idfqnkl r}ag`t`r`fir kig rmwwlmnmiwr Jkt`ic ifs k amwwmq hifslmgcm fd wjm
ulkii`ic bfiwmzw fd Aqk`l `i cmimqkl, `w `r imbmrrkqp wf u`i gfsi rfnm krumbwr fd wjm
ulkii`ic bfiwmzw kig uqfombwr `i B}q`w`ak Wjm b`wp `r ki `iwmqikw`fikl qmdmqmibm `i wmqnr fd
ulkii`ic, wjf}cj `w `r dkb`ic wjm rknm bjkllmicmr kr fwjmq bfiwmnufqkqp Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr
]qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkii`ic `i B}q`w`ak
Wjm rwkwm fd Ukqkië *Nku ;) mzumq`mibmg `wr gmnfcqkuj`b affn kig }qaki`rkw`fi kw wjm
rknm w`nm kr wjm qmrw fd wjm bf}iwqp, klwjf}cj wjm Rf}wjmqi qmc`fir, mrumb`kllp Q`f gm
Okim`qf kig Ukqkië hmuw wjm`q gmcqmm fd }qaki`rkw`fi sj`lm fwjmq rwkwmr‐ }qaki`rkw`fi skr
rlfs`ic gfsi @i 1555, `w rw`ll jkg wjm wj`qg a`ccmrw }qaki`rkw`fi qkwm fd :5,07- Wjm
nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi fd B}q`w`ak `r kr smll fim fd wjfrm hmmu`ic `wr }qaki cqfswj kw k qkwm fd
2- `i wjm lkrw pmkqr *@ACM, 155;) Jmqms`wj wjm }qaki cqfswj fd wjm ;035‐r `r rw`ll fuufr`ic
`wr mddmbwr fi wjm b`wp, mrumb`kllp `i wmqnr fd jf}r`ic gmd`b`w *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;)
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Nku ;? Lfbkl`rkw`fi fd wjm rwkwm Ukqkië, wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi kig b`wp fd B}q`w`ak ‒ 1554 *@UU]B, 1550, u ;2)
@i wmqnr fd ulkii`ic j`rwfqp, wjm d`qrw ulki wqp`ic wf rwq}bw}qm wjm b`wp kig `wr cqfswj `r
}r}kllp bfir`gmqmg wf am wjm nkrwmqulki gmr`cimg ap wjm Dqmibj mic`immq Kldqmg Kckbjm, `i
;072 @w k`nmg dfq bfibmiwq`b mzukir`fi fd wjm b`wp kig wjm bqmkw`fi fd k qkg`kl `idqkrwq}bw}qm
dfq wqkirufqwkw`fi, kr rjfsi fi wjm j`rwfq`bkl nku `i D`c}qm ;
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D`c}qm ;? Ulki Kckbjm, ;072 *@UU]B, 15;; *K))
R}bj bfibmiwq`b ulkii`ic skr gmtmlfumg dfq k ufu}lkw`fi fd ;=5 555 *@UU]B, 15;; *A))
Wjm ulki qmrufigmg wf wjm w`nm‐r bficmrw`fi uqfalmnr kig wjm b`wp‐r immg dfq rukw`kl
fqcki`rkw`fi? wjm qmr}lw skr wjm fqcki`rkw`fi fd a}`lw kqmkr kqf}ig bmiwqkl`rmg bfnnmqb`kl
d}ibw`fir, r}bj kr `i fwjmq Aqk`l`ki b`w`mr *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) A}w }qaki `nn`cqkw`fi kig
mbfifn`b cqfswj bkllmg rffi dfq kifwjmq rfl}w`fi? g`dd`b}lw kbbmrr kig bficmrw`fi fd wjm
bmiwqm ambknm wjmi bfirm{}mibmr wf wjm bfibmiwq`b rwq}bw}qm *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) *Qftki` $
Hmq`i, 15;;) Wjm nkrwmqulki fd ;044, wjm Ulkif g`qmbwfq 2 , uqfufrmg wj}r k l`imkq
gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm b`wp, klfic Ifqwj.Rf}wj kig Smrw.Mkrw kzmr ambfn`ic rwq}bw}qkl
bfqq`gfqr *qmg kzmr fi Nku 1), sjmqm k AQW7 rprwmn skr gmtmlfumg klfic s`wj qmc}lkw`fir
dfq lkig }rm, kig k rumb`kl qfkg imwsfqh akrmg fi k wq`ikqp qfkg rprwmn *D`c}qm 1) Wjm
bfibmiwq`b rwq}bw}qm skr hmuw kr k rprwmn fd l`ih`ic q`icr, sjmqm wjm @iwmqak`qqfr = q}i
*cqmmi b`qblmr fi Nku 1) *@UU]B, 15;; *A))
2Wjm d`qrw nkrwmqulki smqm mrwkal`rjmg `i ;044, qmt`rmg `i 1557 *@UU]B, 15;; *A))
7AQW rwkigr dfq A}r Qku`g Wqkirufqwkw`fi, kig jktm ammi `nulmnmiwmg `i B}q`w`ak d`qrw `i ;037, wjmi `i fwjmq
gmtmlfu`ic b`w`mr r}bj kr Afcfwk @w qmdmqr wf k a}r wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn s`wj j`cjmq bkukb`wp fd ukrrmicmqwqkirufqwkw`fi, fdwmi bfnukqmg wf k ‚nmwqf.a}r‐8 `wr cqmkwmq rummg `r uqft`gmg ap wjm rumb`kl `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd
uq`fq`wp lkimr, ukpnmiw amdfqm afkqg`ic, a`.kqw`b}lkwmg tmj`blmr, mwb *@UU]B, 15;; *A)) =Wjm @iwmqak`qqfr kqm wjm a}rmr q}ii`ic amwsmmi wjm im`cjaf}qjffgr, b`qbl`ic wjm b`wp bmiwqm
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Nku 1? Qfkg imwsfqh dqfn wjm Ulkif G`qmwfq ‒ ;004 *@UU]B, 15;; *K))
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D`c}qm 1? Wq`ikqp qfkg rprwmn `i B}q`w`ak *@UU]B, 15;; *A), u ;5)
Jmqms`wj B}q`w`ak tklfq`rmg kbbmrr wf wjm b`wp bmiwqm dfq wjfrm l`t`ic imzw wf wjm
wqkirufqwkw`fi kzmr kig dfq n`gglm kig sfqh`ic blkrrmr l`t`ic imzw wf wjm umq`ujmqklwmqn`iklr Wjmqms`wj `w kbbfnul`rjmg ki `iwmcqkwmg dfb}r fi wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl g`nmir`fi fd
wjm }qaki ulkii`ic, `i k umq`fg sj`bj rw`ll skr cmimqkllp `idl}mibmg ap wfwkl`wkq`ki kig
nfgmqi ulkii`ic Wj`r wqkirufqwkw`fi uqfombw `r wjm nfrw dknf}r fd wjfrm `nulmnmiwmg `i
B}q`w`ak, ambk}rm `w `iwmcqkwmg nkip }qaki`rkw`fi `rr}mr `i fim nfgml *gml Q`f $
R`mna`mgk, 1550)?
“B}q`w`ak w`mg b`wp cqfswj, fi`ic, kig j`cjmq gmir`w`mr wf ki `iwmcqkwmg u}al`b
wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn kig rwq}bw}qkl kzmr„ *gml Q`f $ R`mna`mgk, 1550, u 1;)
D}qwjmqnfqm, wjm kzmr smqm gmr`cimg `i k clfakl umqrumbw`tm, `iwmcqkw`ic kr smll }qaki
dmkw}qmr r}bj kr wjm ukqhr, wjm `ig}rwq`kl b`wp kig bfnn}i`wp bmiwqmr *Bkqgfrf, 15;;)
D`ikllp }qaki `iwmqtmiw`fir fbb}qqmg amwsmmi ;035 kig ;005, `i qmlkw`fi wf wjm wmqn fd
Ok`nm Lmqimq kw wjm B`wp Uqmdmbw}qm4, kig wf wjm bqmkw`fi fd @UU]B3 `i ;047 Uqfombwr r}bj
kr wjm bqmkw`fi fd umgmrwq`ki kqmkr `i wjm b`wp bmiwqm *`m Q}k ZT gm Iftmnaqf kig Lkqcf
4Wjm B`wp Uqmdmbw}qm `r wjm Aqk`l`ki m{}`tklmiw fd wjm N}i`b`ukl`wp `i M}qfum kig qmdmqr wf wjm
ufl`w`bkl kig kgn`i`rwqkw`tm ufsmq `i wjm b`wp3
@UU]B *@irw`w}wf gm Umr{}`rk m Ulkimoknmiwf ]qakif gm B}q`w`ak ) `r wjm u}al`b fqcki fd }qakiqmrmkqbj kig ulkii`ic `i B}q`w`ak, `irw`ckwmg ap k wmkn fd uqfdmrr`fiklr *mc kqbj`wmbwr, }qakiulkiimqr, rfb`flfc`rwr, kiwjqfuflfc`rwr, mbfifn`rwr) `i ;047 @w bfnuqmjmigr wjqmm rmbw`fir?
cmfgkwk, }qaki`rn kig kqbj`wmbw}qm @wr qflm `r wf nkikcm, gmtmlfu kig mzmb}wm wjm ulkii`ic `iB}q`w`ak, k}wfifnf}rlp dqfn ufl`w`bkl nkwwmqr *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;)
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gk Fqgmn ), wjm gqk`ikcm kig dlffg`ic bfiwqfl wjqf}cj wjm bqmkw`fi fd ukqhr kqf}ig wjm b`wp
q`tmqr, wjm `ibqmkrm fd cqmmi rukbm umq bku`wk wjqf}cj wjm tklfq`rkw`fir fd ulkiwmg u}al`b
r{}kqmr kig rwqmmwr, wjm skrwm nkikcmnmiw kig tkq`f}r rfb`f.b}lw}qkl }qaki uqfombwr
dfb}r`ic fi }qaki kig b}lw}qkl jmq`wkcm kig `gmiw`wp, bfnulmwm wjm `iwmcqkwmg kuuqfkbj wf
wjm ulkii`ic kig nkikcmnmiw fd B}q`w`ak *Bkqgfrf, 15;;) *Lmqimq, 15;; *K)) L`wmqkw}qm fi
wjm b`wp `gmiw`d`mr wjm cmimqkl rwqkwmcp dfq B}q`w`ak kr sfqh`ic, s`wj`i k clfakl umqrumbw`tm,
fi wjm mz`rw`ic ufwmiw`klr kig hmmu`ic bjmku kig lfs.wmbj rfl}w`fir *NbH`aami, ;00=) Wjm
clfakl umqrumbw`tm `r ifwkalm kr smll `i wjm `iwmcqkw`fi fd nkip }qaki rwkhmjflgmqr? wjm
gmtmlfunmiw wmkn fd Ok`nm Lmqimq kbwmg `i bfllkafqkw`fi s`wj `irw`w}w`fikl fqckir r}bj kr
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qmu}wkw`fi fd wjm uqfombwr `i B}q`w`ak kbw`tkwm wjm b}q`fr`wp kaf}w sjkw wjmfq`mr kig nmwjfgr
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kig j`r wmkn wf wjfrm uqfombwr, kig `idl}mibmg ap np sfqh kw OLKK, wjm kqw`blm s`ll lffh
blfrmq kw wjm ulkii`ic kuuqfkbj kuul`mg jmqm Wjm }qaki uqkbw`bm farmqtmg `i B}q`w`ak `i
wjm ukrw `r jmqm kqc}mg wf jktm ufwmiw`klr kig dfb}rmr, sj`bj wjm d}w}qm ulkii`ic fd wjm b`wp
immgr wf qmbfci`rm ‒ kck`i Kdwmq kll, wjfrm uqfombwr wffh ulkbm kw k w`nm sjmqm wjm
}qaki`rkw`fi fd B}q`w`ak skr wjqmm w`nmr j`cjmq wjki wjm sfqlgs`gm }qaki`rkw`fi qkwm kig
wjm b`wp cqfswj a`ccmq wjki kipsjmqm `i Aqk`l *Aq}cnkii, 1550) Amdfqm uqfbmmg`ic, wjm
dfllfs`ic rmbw`fi s`ll gmrbq`am wjm nmwjfgflfc`bkl rwmur fd wjm kiklpr`r
G@RB]RR@IC NMWJFGR KIG RF]QBMR
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bf}iwqp, kig c`tmi wjm bfnulmz`wp fd `wr }qaki cftmqikibm *A}qgmww $ Ifskh, 155:) Wjm
kqw`blm wkhmr wj}r k gmukqw`ic uf`iw `i wjm Aqk`l`ki bfiwmzw fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkii`ic,qmt`ms`ic l`wmqkw}qm fi wjm cmimqkl Aqk`l`ki }qaki ulkii`ic wmigmib`mr kig `rr}mr, amdfqm
w}qi`ic `wr dfb}r wf B}q`w`ak Wjm kiklpr`r s`ll `itmrw`ckwm wsf f}wlffhr?
; R}bj kr fwjmq Aqk`l`ki nmwqfufl`rmr, B}q`w`ak, kr k nfgml fd r}rwk`ikalm ulkii`ic
kig `iwmcqkwmg rfb`f.rukw`kl gmtmlfunmiw, `r r}aombw wf }ibfiwqfllmg cqfswj kig
rmcqmckw`fi, jmqmap mzumq`mib`ic wjm bjkllmicm fd ruqksl`ic }qaki`rkw`fi kig `r
r}ddmq`ic dqfn wjm lkbh fd bfiw`i}f}r dfb}r fi `wr mz`rw`ic `idqkrwq}bw}qmr *r}bj kr
uqkbw`rmg `i wjm ;045.;005‐r)
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kbw`tkw`ic `wr bmiwqkl u}al`b ulkbmr kig `wr }qaki l`dm, kig c`t`ic wjm hmp dfq nkikc`icbfiw`i}f}rlp `wr }qaki`rkw`fi kig cqfswj
D`qrwlp wjm `itmrw`ckw`fi s`ll wj}r `gmiw`dp kig gmd`im wjm ruqksl`ic wmigmibp farmqtmg `i
B}q`w`ak, jmlumg ap qmt`msmg wjmfq`mr fi }qaki ruqksl Wjmi `w s`ll g`rb}rr wjm rmbfig uf`iw
akrmg fi wjmfq`mr fd ‚]qaki kb}u}ibw}qm‐ kig l`tmka`l`wp fd u}al`b ulkbmr, j`cjl`cjw`ic
uqkbw`bmr wjkw jktm rjfsi qmnkqhkalm qmr}lwr `i wjm ukrw Wjm kqw`blm k`nr wf qmtmkl wjm
ufwmiw`klr s`wj`i wjm b`wp bmiwqm, `i fuufr`w`fi wf g`rumqrmg kig }ibfiwqfllmg }qaki`rkw`fi
:]QAR *]qaki`kãâf gm B}q`w`ak ) `r wjm uq`tkwm.u}al`b fqcki fd wqkirufqwkw`fi ulkii`ic `i B}q`w`ak
Bfibqmwmlp `w wkhmr bkqm fd rwqkwmc`b }qaki `iwmqtmiw`fir kig nkikcmnmiw fd wqkirufqw rmqt`bmr fdwjm b`wp *]QAR, 15;;)
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kig rfb`kl qmkl`w`mr kqm `iwmqws`img `i wjm b`wp ulkii`ic, `idl}mib`ic `w rwqficlp *Umqm`qk,
155:) *A}qgmww $ Ifskh, 155:)? umqrumbw`tmr kaf}w sjmqm wf r}rwk`i wj`r dfb}r fi b`wp
bmiwqm qmtklfq`rkw`fi s`ll wj}r bfibl}gm wjm `itmrw`ckw`fi
Wjqf}cjf}w wjm kiklpr`r, l`wmqkw}qm sj`bj jkr gmu`bwmg wjm mtfl}w`fi fd wjm b`wp‐r ulkii`ic `r
bfidqfiwmg s`wj `idfqnkw`fi fi wjm bfiwmnufqkqp ulkii`ic? gkwk kig qmufqwr dqfn @ACM0,
@UU]B kig U]BUQ;5 kqm bqfrrmg s`wj wjm fu`i`fir fd u}al`b ulkiimqr *@UU]B), uq`tkwm
ulkiimqr *OLKK), kig wqkirufqwkw`fi bfir}lwkiwr *@OL;;), kig cmimqkl l`wmqkw}qm kaf}w
B}q`w`ak Ki mzknulm fd uqfombw dqfn wjm wqk`immrj`u r`wm s`ll am }rmg wf l`ih wjm qmkl`wp fd
B}q`w`ak s`wj ulkii`ic `i fwjmq ulkbmr fd Aqk`l, wf uf`iw kw wjm g`ddmqmibmr kig r`n`lkq`w`mr
D}qwjmqnfqm, kr wj`r kqw`blm blfrmr k wjqmm nfiwj wqk`immrj`u kw OLKK, r`wm t`r`wr kig
nmmw`icr *mc Dktmlk t`r`w s`wj ki }qaki ulkiimq kig rfb`kl krr`rwkiw dqfn BFJKA ;1),
mzumq`mibmr kig bfitmqrkw`fir s`wj bfllmkc}mr jktm ammi tkl}kalm dfq wjm }igmqrwkig`ic
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fd `idfqnkw`fi bfn`ic dqfn wjm `iwmqt`msmmr Nk}qf Nkcikafrbf, }qaki ulkiimq kw @UU]B,
skr `iwmqt`msmg `i fqgmq wf }igmqrwkig amwwmq wjm b}qqmiw r`w}kw`fi fd B}q`w`ak kig wjm
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wjm mz`rwmiw ufl`w`bkl kcmigk kig rwkibm? klwjf}cj jm qmdmqqmg mzul`b`wlp wf j`r fsi fu`i`fir
}igmq wjm `iwmqt`ms, j`r t`ms fi ulkii`ic `i B}q`w`ak `r cmimqkllp ufr`w`tm Wjm uq`tkwm
ulkii`ic wmkn fd Ok`nm Lmqimq, `iwmqt`msmg ap wjm qmrmkqbj cqf}u dqfn U]BUQ `i 15;;,
kig wjm wsf wqkirufqwkw`fi bfir}lwkiwr dqfn @OL *rmm Kuumig`z A ;2), rjfsr r`n`lkqlp wjm`q
lfpklwp wf wjm }qaki ufl`w`br lmkg akbh `i wjm pmkqr ;045.;005;7, kig wf wjm }qaki uqkbw`bm fd
wjm fdd`bm Ifimwjmlmrr wjm `iwmqt`msr rw`ll aq`ic ki `ir`cjw `i wjm ulkii`ic fd B}q`w`ak kig
qmtmkl wjm gqmknr fd wjm `iwmqt`msmg ulkiimqr kaf}w d}w}qm }qaki `iwmqtmiw`fir kig
`itmrwnmiwr
WJMFQMW@BKL QMT@MS
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rkdmwp kig ufll}w`fi) kqm krrfb`kwmg s`wj g`rumqr`ic }qaki`rkw`fi? `i j`r kqw`blm kaf}w wjm
0@ACM *@irw`w}wf Aqkr`lm`qf gm Cmfcqkd`k m Mrwkwîrw`bk ) `r wjm `irw`w}w`fi dfq rwkw`rw`bkl kig cmfcqkuj`bkl gkwk
kaf}w Aqk`l;5 U]BUQ *Ufiw`dîb`k ]i`tmqr`gkgm Bkwòl`bk gf Ukqkië ) `r wjm rwkwm bkwjfl`b }i`tmqr`wp, lfbkwmg `i B}q`w`ak,bfnuqmjmig`ic k dkb}lwp fd kqbj`wmbw}qm kig }qaki ulkii`ic kig k uqfcqkn fd ufrw.cqkg}kw`fi `i }qakinkikcmnmiw;;
@OL *@irw`w}wf Ok`nm Lmqimq ) `r wjm bfir}lwkibp fdd`bm sfqh`ic `i ukqkllml s`wj OLKK, mrumb`kllp kbw`ic `inkwwmqr fd wqkirufqwkw`fi kig nfa`l`wp;1
BFJKA *Bfnukij`k gm Jka`wkãâf Ufu}lkq gm B}q`w`ak ) `r wjm u}al`b.uq`tkwm fqcki, bqmkwmg `i ;047,qmrufir`alm dfq wjm mzmb}w`fi fd wjm rfb`kl jf}r`ic ufl`w`b `i B}q`w`ak @wr qflm ruqmkgr dqfn wjm nkikcmnmiw fdwjm n}i`b`ukl jf}r`ic d}ig *kr d`ikib`kl kcmiw) wf wjm qmkl`rkw`fir fd ulkir kig uqfombwr *kr mzmb}w`fi kcmiw)l`ihmg wf jf}r`ic uqfcqknr, r}bj kr wjm }qaki`rkw`fi fd dktmlkr , wjm qmlfbkw`fi fd mzufrmg dkn`l`mr kig wjmqmc}lkq`rkw`fi fd `qqmc}lkq lkig fbb}ukw`fir *BFJKA, 15;; *K));2
Wj`r `iwmqt`ms skr d`qrwlp bkqq`mg f}w wf dmmg np fsi mzumq`mibm kig }igmqrwkig`ic fd wqkirufqwkw`fiulkii`ic kig j`rwfqp `i B}q`w`ak Wjm `iwmqmrw dfq wjm kqw`blm fbb}qqmg klfic wjm `iwmqt`ms kig o}rw`d`mr `wr }rmkr rf}qbm `i wj`r `itmrw`ckw`fi;7
Wj`r umq`fg qmdmq wf wjm umq`fg sjmqm Ok`nm Lmqimq kig j`r wmkn jkg k g`rw`ibw u}al`b kig ufl`w`bkl ufsmq fi
wjm }qaki `iwmqtmiw`fir }igmqwkhmi `i B}q`w`ak @w qmdmqr wf wjm bqmkw`fi fd @UU]B kig wjm nkigkwm fd Ok`nmLmqimq kr Uqmdmbw fd B}q`w`ak kig Rwkwm Cftmqifq fd Ukqkië
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g`nmir`fir fd }qaki ruqksl, Fo`nk *1553) }igmql`imr wjkw jmktp gmnfcqkuj`b cqfswj s`ll
lmkg wf }qaki mzukir`fi, wkh`ic g`ddmqmiw dfqnr s`wj tkqp`ic rfb`kl kig mit`qfinmiwkl
`nukbwr *Fo`nk, 1553) Wjm gmd`i`w`fi `r g`dd`b}lw kr kip g`rumqrmg }qaki`rkw`fi gfmr ifw
imbmrrkq`lp jktm wf am bfir`gmqmg kr ruqksl *Nkqw`im, 155:)? sjkw `r ruqksl wjmi6
Gmd`i`ic kig `gmiw`dp`ic }qaki ruqksl
Gmd`i`w`fir fd ‚}qaki ruqksl‐ g`ddmq gmumig`ic fi wjm dfb}r wjm k}wjfq jkg `i n`ig Rf dkq,
kiklprmr `i Aqk`l kig Lkw`i Knmq`bk jktm nfrwlp hmuw wjm dfb}r fi rfb`kl, mbfifn`b kig
ufl`w`bkl krumbwr fd wjm ujmifnmifi *Fo`nk, 1553) Fwjmq qmrmkqbjmr jktm dfb}rrmg fi wjm
ufl`b`mr fd }qaki cqfswj kig cmfcqkuj`bkl mbfifn`br, `itmrw`ckw`ic wjm qmlkw`fir amwsmmi
wjm mbfifn`mr fd wjm bmiwqkl b`wp bfqm kig wjm nmwqfufl`wki b`wp dq`icm *Rkrrmi, 155:)
‚Ruqksl‐ `r wjmi klrf g`dd`b}lw wf {}kiw`dp kr `w uqmrmiwr n}lw`ulm bjkqkbwmq`rw`br, kig kr mkbj
b`wp n`cjw uqmrmiw wjmn wf tkq`f}r gmcqmmr *Ofjirfi, 155;) Wj`r wjmfqp qmt`ms fi }qaki
ruqksl f}wl`imr rfnm mlmnmiwr wjkw s`ll kllfs }r wf `gmiw`dp wjm mz`rwmibm fd }qaki ruqksl `i
B}q`w`ak `i wjm dfllfs`ic rmbw`fir
@i qmufqwr dqfn ]qaki Kcm Rf}wj Knmq`bk Bfidmqmibm `i Râf Uk}lf, `rr}mr fd rkdmwp,
rmb}q`wp, nfa`l`wp kig rfb`kl m{}`wp kqm uf`iwmg kr nk`i bjkllmicmr fd Rf}wj Knmq`bki
b`w`mr Wjfrm `rr}mr kqm nmiw`fimg kr bfirm{}mibmr fd }ibfiwqfllmg kig ifi.g`qmbwmg
}qaki cqfswj, g}m wf lkbh fd ulkii`ic, ufl`bp kig r}rwk`ikalm }qaki nkikcmnmiw *Qfgm $
A}qgmww, 1550) *A}qgmww $ Ifskh, 155:) Omqfmi Hl`ih gmrbq`amr? “X․^ `i uqkbw`bm, wjm a}lh
fd Aqk`l`ki nmwqfufl`wki lkig nkqhmwr `r c}`gmg ap k ukwbjsfqh fd nkrwmqulkir wjkw jktm
ammi mlkafqkwmg fi wjm akr`r fd g`ddmqmiw bq`wmq`k kig nmwjfgflfc`mr, s`wjf}w `ibfqufqkw`ic
k nfqm rwqkwmc`b t`ms fi wjm r}rwk`ikalm gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm nmwqfufl`wki kqmkr „ *A}qgmww $
Ifskh, 155:, u :) Qmdmqq`ic wf Fo`nk *1553), wjm wmqn ‚}qaki ruqksl‐ kuumkqmg `i wjm
]RK kig kuul`mr wf wjm “}ibfiwqfllmg mzukir`fi fd }qaki kcclfnmqkw`fir `i wjm n`g fd wjm
;045‐r, mrumb`kllp wjm g`rumqr`fi fd wjm r}a}qaki ukwwmqi fd }qaki`rkw`fi „/ *Fo`nk, 1553, u
13:) Um`rmq *;0:0) gmd`imr ‚ruqksl‐ kr `imdd`b`miw kig g`rbfiw`i}f}r }qaki mzukir`fi,
bjkqkbwmq`rmg ap k lfs.gmir`wp lkig fbb}ukw`fi *Um`rmq, ;0:0) Nkqw`im *155:) rumkhr kr
smll fd wjm wpu`bkl lfs.gmir`wp fd ruqksl`ic rmwwlmnmiwr, l`ih`ic `w wf fim knfic nkip rukbm
bfir}n`ic ukwwmqir *Nkqw`im, 155:) Fwwmirnkii *;033) bjkqkbwmq`rmr }qaki ruqksl kr k
ims rbkwwmqmg kig `rflkwmg qmr`gmiw`kl gmtmlfunmiw, rmukqkwmg dqfn wjm nmwqfufl`wki bfqm
ap tkbkiw lkig @w `r bfir`gmqmg kr k imckw`tm bfirm{}mibm fd }qaki`rkw`fi, s`wj imckw`tm
`nukbwr dfq wjm }qaki kig q}qkl mit`qfinmiw, r}bj kr `ibqmkrmg wqktmll`ic, mimqcp }rm kig
ufll}w`fi Fwwmirnkii *;033) gfmr ifw qmbfci`m kip gmd`img ujpr`bkl dfqn dfq }qaki
ruqksl, fwjmq wjki k g`ddmqmibm `i gmir`wp kw wjm b`wp dq`icm Jm j`cjl`cjwr wjm dqkcnmiwkw`fi
fd kbw`t`w`mr kig `ibqmkrmg g`rwkibmr wf rmqt`bmr kw wjm nmwqfufl`wki umq`ujmqp, sj`bj
bfiwq`a}wmr wf wjm akg mit`qfinmiwkl `nukbw fd ruqksl, kr smll kr wjm mbfifn`b kig rfb`kl
`nul`bkw`fir *Fwwmirnkii, ;033) @w rjfsr qku`glp wjkw }qaki ruqksl `r qkwjmq gmd`img ap
rfnm farmqtkalm bjkqkbwmq`rw`b mlmnmiwr, kig wjkw wjm k}wjfqr nftm fi rs`dwlp wf gmu`bw kll
wjm imckw`tm mddmbwr fd wjm ujmifnmifi Wjm bjkqkbwmq`rw`br fd ruqksl`ic }qaki`rkw`fi
sf}lg wj}r am lfs.gmir`wp, rmcqmckwmg, rbkwwmqmg kig g`rbfiw`i}f}r }qaki rmwwlmnmiwr, bkq
gmumigmiw kig qmr`gmiw`kl kcclfnmqkw`fir, lfbkwmg kw wjm nmwqfufl`wki dq`icm Wjm
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bfirm{}mibmr kqm rfb`f.rukw`kl, mbfifn`b kig mit`qfinmiwkl, kig wjfrm kqm cmimqkllp wjm
fimr bq`w`b`rmg kr smll ap ulkiimqr;=?
“]qaki mzukir`fi ru}qqmg ap ufu}lkw`fi cqfswj nkp wkhm g`ddmqmiw dfqnr, s`wj
g`rw`ibw bfirm{}mibmr dfq {}kl`wp fd l`dm, dfq wjm mit`qfinmiw kig dfq }qaki cftmqikibm„ *Kicml *1554) `i Nkqw`im, 155:, u 152)
A}w sjkw kqm wjfrm dfqnr kig sjkw cmimqkwmr }qaki ruqksl6 G`rb}rr`ic s`wj np bfllmkc}mr
kw wjm wqk`immrj`u r`wm, @ umqbm`tmg wjkw }qaki ruqksl, `i wjm Aqk`l`ki lkic}kcm, `r fdwmi
qmdmqqmg wf kr }ibfiwqfllmg }qaki gmtmlfunmiw, `i fuufr`w`fi wf wjm bfiwqfllmg kig ulkiimg
b`wp8 wj`r kuumkqr kr smll `i wjm sfqh fd Fo`nk *1553) kaf}w wjm dfqnr fd ims Aqk`l`ki
}qaki kcclfnmqkw`fir *Fo`nk, 1553) Dms kqw`blmr jktm wj`r rukw`kl krumbw `i wjm`q
umqrumbw`tm r}bj kr Fo`nk *1553), sjf `itmrw`ckwmr wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl krumbwr fd wjm
Aqk`l`ki ruqksl`ic b`wp, kig bfnukqmr dfqnr fd }qaki g`rumqr`fi Jm r}ccmrwr ki `igmz fd
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;=
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kw lfs bfrwr dfq wjm b`wp *NbH`aami, ;00=)
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kig `iwmigmg gmtmlfunmiw
1;Wjm Q@W rprwmn *Qmgm @iwmcqkgk gm Wqkirufqwm , fq @iwmcqkwmg Wqkirufqw Imwsfqh) bfnuqmjmigr wjm AQW
*`m qku`g a}rmr) kig fwjmq a}r l`imr r}bj kr wjm @iwmqak`qqfr , l`ih`ic im`cjaf}qjffgr `i b`qblmr kqf}ig wjmb`wp bmiwqm, wjm L`ijk G`qmwk , l`ih`ic filp wjm wmqn`iklr, wjm ‚dmmgmqr‐, l`ih`ic im`cjaf}qjffgr wf wjm wmqn`iklr,fq ‚nmwqfufl`wki dmmgmqr‐, l`ih`ic wjm nmwqfufl`wki kqmk wf wjm wmqn`iklr, kig nfqm Q@W qmdmqr wf wjm wfwkl`wp fdwjm wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn *@UU]B, 1550)11
@i ;037 `r `nulmnmiwmg wjm Ifqwj.Rf}wj kz`r, `i ;033 wjm Af{}m`qâf kz`r *Rf}wj.Mkrw), `i ;0:5 wjm Mkrwmqikz`r kig `i ;0:1 wjm Smrwmqi kz`r *Qftki` $ Hmq`i, 15;;)
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wjm immg fd cf`ic wf wjm bmiwqm `r kafl`rjmg ap wjm gmbmiwqkl`rmg rmqt`bmr kig d}ibw`fir
Wj`r uflpi}blmkq`wp fq uflpbmiwq`rn `r kr smll fim fd wjm dkbwfqr *Fo`nk, 1553) kllfs`ic wf
rumkh fd }qaki ruqksl
D`c}qm =? Q}k gk B`gkgki`k `i Ak`qf Iftf, B}q`w`ak *@UU]B, 15;; *K))
Wjm uflpbmiwq`b bjkqkbwmq fd }qaki ruqksl jkr wf am bfir`gmqmg bkqmd}llp wjf}cj Wkh`ic wjm
kqc}nmiw fd Nkcikafrbf *15;;) }ufi wjm l`ih`ic qflm fd wjm wqkirufqwkw`fi rprwmn kig wjm
bfir`gmqkw`fi wjkw wjfrm n}lw`ulm }qaki uflmr kqm lfbkwmg s`wj`i wjm Q@W imwsfqh *@UU]B,
1550), @ sf}lg l`hm wf fumi }u dfq k bfir`gmqkw`fi fi bfiwqfllmg g`rumqr`fi, sj`bj `r ifwd`ww`ic wjm gmd`i`w`fi fd ruqksl ambk}rm r}arbq`a`ic k gmir`wp, k n`zw}qm fd d}ibw`fir, ki
kbbmrr`a`l`wp wf }qaki rukbmr kig rmqt`bmr, sj`bj `r j`cjmq wjki `i wjm lfs.gmir`wp dq`icm
kcclfnmqkw`fir *r}bj kr wjm fimr wpu`bkllp farmqtkalm `i ]RK) Wf r}uufqw wjm kqc}nmiw,
wjm bfiimbw`t`wp amwsmmi wjfrm bmiwqmr rjf}lg am `itmrw`ckwmg `i fqgmq wf kdd`qn wjm`q
{}kl`w`mr fd kbbmrr`a`l`wp kig bfiw`i}`wp s`wj wjm fwjmq }qaki`rmg kqmkr @igmmg sjmi lffh`ic
kw wjm bmiwqkl`wp dkbwfq *Fo`nk, 1553), wjm uqkbw`bm fd }qaki ulkii`ic, `i Aqk`l kw lmkrw,
rjfsr wsf wpumr fd uflpbmiwq`rn? wjm g`rumqrmg nkrwmqulkiimg kcclfnmqkw`fir
g`rbfiimbwmg dqfn wjm }qaki bfqm, kig wjm }qaki uflmr mz`rw`ic s`wj`i wjm nmwqfufl`wki
kqmk17 Wjm rmbfig sf}lg am wjm wpum uflpbmiwq`rn wf am df}ig `i B}q`w`ak, sj`lm wjm d`qrw
bki am `ll}rwqkwmg ap wjm dfllfs`ic uqfombw, gmtmlfumg kw wjm wqk`immrj`u r`wm @igmmg wjmwmkn gmtmlfumg rw}g`mr kig uqfufr`w`fir dfq rmtmqkl uqfombwr, bfir`rw`ic `i nkrwmqulkir
gmtmlfumg kr b`wp mzwmir`fir, lfbkwmg kw k g`rwkibm fd wjm fq`c`ikl }qaki bfqm, kr D`c}qm A
rjfsr `w mzul`b`wlp dfq wjm mzknulm fd B`gkgm Z Wjm j`cjmq gkrjmg b`qblm qmuqmrmiwr wjm
lfbkw`fi fd wjm mz`rw`ic }qaki bfqm kig sjmqm wjm a}r wqkirufqwkw`fi l`imr s`ll bfitmqcm *`m
a}r wmqn`ikl), sj`lm wjm lfsmq fim rjfsr wjm rknm dfq wjm `ig}rwq`kl bfnulmz }igmq
gmtmlfunmiw, kig wjm n`gglm fim qmuqmrmiwr wjm `iwmcqkw`fi fd B`gkgm Z wf wjm imwsfqh
17Bqfrr`ic wjm n}i`b`ukl afqgmqr, fwjmq b`w`mr jktm mzukigmg wf r}bj ki mzwmiw wjkw wjmp almig s`wj wjm
ruqksl`ic }qaki`rkw`fi fd B}q`w`ak n}i`b`ukl`wp, `iwf k bfi}qakw`fi sjmqm wjm Q@W jkr klqmkgp ammi mzwmigmgftmq wjm n}i`b`ukl afqgmqr *@UU]B, 1550) Klwjf}cj wjm kqw`blm kbhifslmgcmr wjm`q uqmrmibm kig wjm
ufrr`a`l`wp wf bfir`gmq wjmn kr }qaki uflmr fd uflpbmiwq`rn mzwmq`fq wf wjm nmwqfufl`wki kqmk, wjmp kqm ifwbfir`gmqmg jmqm
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B`gkgm Z , `i wjm n}i`b`ukl`wp fd Râf Ofâf gk Akqqk
Lfbkw`fi? Ifqwj Mkrw dqfn Q`f gm Okim`qf, Rwkwm fd Q`f gm Okim`qf
Uqfombw gmrbq`uw`fi? Gmtmlfu`ic k ims b`wp g`rwq`bw fd 05 555 }i`wr fd jka`wkw`fi, `i qmlkw`fi s`wj wjm
gmtmlfunmiw fd wjm `ig}rwq`kl kig jkqaf}q g`rwq`bw fd Râf Ofâf gk Akqqk Wjm uqfufr`w`fi s`ll wj}r
kllfs 135 555 `ijka`wkiwr wf nftm wf wjm lfbkw`fi, ambfn`ic jmqmap k ims mbfifn`b uflm
Uqfufr`w`fi? Gmr`ci`ic kig ulkii`ic k b`wp kqf}ig skwmq bkiklr *rmm D`c}qm K) Gmr`ci s`wj skwmq `r
wjm qmrufirm wf wjm lkig‐r ujpr`bkl kig mit`qfinmiwkl bjkqkbwmq`rw`br *`m lfs lkig s`wj j`cj q`rh fd
dlffg`ic) Wjm }rm fd skwmq kr bmiwqkl gmr`ci mlmnmiw r}uufqwr wjm bqmkw`fi fd g`ddmqmiw`kwmg rukbmr
s`wj`i wjm b`wp, sfqh`ic jmqmap fi gmir`wp kig umqnmka`l`wp fd wjm rmwwlmnmiw, rwqmmw umqrumbw`tmr,
g`ddmqmiw`kwmg rwqmmw rmbw`fir, ik}w`bkl wqkirufqw nfgm `iwmcqkwmg s`wj`i wjm wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh,
mwb Wjm lkig }rm mibfnukrrmr jf}r`ic *dfq kll `ibfnm qkicmr), bfnnmqbm, rmqt`bmr, bfnn}i`wp
m{}`unmiw, b}lw}qkl kig qmbqmkw`fikl }i`wr, ukqhr kig r{}kqmr, kig rumb`kl m{}`unmiw dfq
mg}bkw`fikl, nmg`bkl kig b}lw}qkl u}qufrm
Rf}qbm? *OLKK, 15;;)
@ll}rwqkw`fir?
D`c}qm K? Umqrumbw`tm fd B`gkgm Z *OLKK, 15;;)
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D`c}qm A? Akr`b imwsfqh ‒ a}rmr *OLKK, 15;;)
Ifimwjmlmrr, kr uqmrmiwmg uqmt`f}rlp, Ok`nm Lmqimq `r klrf wjm ulkiimq hifsi, kr `i`w`kwfq
kig r}uufqwmq, fd tkq`f}r uqfombwr `i wjm b`wp fd B}q`w`ak, nfrwlp qmbfci`rmg dfq wjm`q
`iwmcqkwmg bjkqkbwmq s`wj wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl, mit`qfinmiwkl kig d`ikib`kl qmkl`wp fd wjm b`wp
Kr gmrbq`amg, rwqkwmc`mr smqm cqf}igmg `i mz`rw`ic `idqkrwq}bw}qmr, klwmqikw`tm }rmr kig
`gmiw`d`mg ufwmiw`klr, kig uq`fq`w`mr c`tmi wf qmbpbl`ic, qm}r`ic kig c`t`ic ims d}ibw`fir wf
mz`rw`ic }qaki dmkw}qmr kig rukbmr *Lmqimq, 15;; *K)) *NbH`aami, ;00=) Wj`r rjfsr k
g`ddmqmiw dfb}r `i wmqnr fd }qaki ulkii`ic? klwjf}cj wjm wmkn wq`mr wf kuulp kr n}bj wjfrmuq`ib`ulmr, wjm bfiwmzw fd wjm uqfombw r}bj kr wjm fim uqmrmiwmg uqmt`f}rlp bfnul`bkwmr wjm
kuuqfkbj kr if mz`rw`ic `gmiw`wp fq b}lw}qm mz`rwr pmw Fwjmq rwqkwmc`mr kqm wj}r immgmg wf
kbw`tkwm wjm rukbmr kig `nulmnmiw wjm wjmfqp fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm Rfnm mzknulmr smqm
c`tmi mkql`mq fi jfs wjm wmkn dfb}rrmr fi bjkqkbwmq`rw`br dqfn wjm qmc`fi *mc wmqqkbfwwk
jkigbqkdw) kig qmlkwmg uflmr *mc lfc`rw`bkl uflm) wf o}rw`dp wjm`q rumb`kl `iwmqtmiw`fir `i wjm
ulkir Wj`r rjfsr wj}r wjm bfnulmz`wp fd kuulp`ic }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm, sj`bj klqmkgp skr
nmiw`fimg mkql`mq, kig qmtmklr `wr l`n`wr kbbfqg`ic wf wjm wpum fd ruqksl mibf}iwmqmg
@w `r ifs blmkq wjkw B}q`w`ak `r }igmqcf`ic wjm mddmbwr fd }qaki ruqksl, klwjf}cj wjm dkbw
gfmr ifw rmmn wf j`w wjm bfirb`f}rimrr fd ulkiimqr, }ilmrr `w o}rw `r imclmbwmg @i rfnm
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gmcqmm, wjm df}q wpumr fd g`rumqr`fi uqmrmiwmg ap Fo`nk *1553) kqm uqmrmiw `i wjm }qaki
mzukir`fi fd B}q`w`ak? gmbl`i`ic gmir`wp wfskqgr wjm umq`ujmqkl kqmkr, dqkcnmiwkw`fi fd wjm
}qaki bfqm kig kbw`t`w`mr, l`imkq gmtmlfunmiw klfic wqkirufqwkw`fi kzmr kig g`rukwbjmg
bmiwqkl`w`mr @w `r wj}r qmlmtkiw wf jktm k lffh kw wjm mddmbwr fd ruqksl fi wjm b`wp bmiwqm kig
wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd u}al`b rukbmr, `i fqgmq wf gmwmbw wjm ufwmiw`klr dfq bf}iwmqkbw`ic wjm
imckw`tm bfirm{}mibmr
Bfiwmnufqkqp `rr}mr kig d}w}qm ufwmiw`klr
Kbbfqg`ic wf Nkcikafrbf *15;;) wjm b`wp bmiwqm `r ifw k gmcqkgmg kqmk kig wj}r gf ifw
rmm k bfiimbw`fi s`wj kip ruqksl *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Jfsmtmq jm qmbfci`rmr wjkw, s`wj
wjm dfb}r fi gmkl`ic s`wj wjm cqfswj fd wjm b`wp kig wjm rwq`bw qmc}lkw`fi fi wjm fbb}ukw`fi
fd wjm bmiwqm, `wr rukbmr kig kbw`t`w`mr jktm ammi imclmbwmg ap @UU]B, kig jm kgn`wr wjkw
wjm dfb}r jkr wf am qmg`qmbwmg fi wjm b`wp bmiwqm Jm qmbfci`rmr wjm g`ddmqmibm `i gpikn`br
amwsmmi wjm bmiwqm kig wjm umq`ujmqkl kqmkr *mc Râf Ofrà gkr U`ijk`r kig Kqk}bkq`k)
sjmqm sfqh fuufqw}i`w`mr kwwqkbw gsmllmqr kig sfqhmqr Jmibm B}q`w`ak rw`ll uqmrmiwr k
rmbwfqmg fbb}ukw`fi fd wjm b`wp *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Wjm @ig}rwq`kl B`wp dfq `irwkibm `r
gmtmlfumg kr k b`wp s`wj tkq`f}r }qaki d}ibw`fir kig rmqt`bmr8 uflpbmiwq`b uflmr, r}bj kr
U`ijk`r, Bjknukcikw, Ufqwâf fq Akwml, gmtmlfumg s`wj kr smll wjm`q fsi }qaki kbw`t`w`mr
kig l`dm, qmg}b`ic wjm bmiwqm `iwf k ulkbm wf t`r`w *Lmqimq, 1550) @w bki am rwkwmg wj}r wjkw
wjfrm uflpbmiwq`b im`cjaf}qjffgr fddmq fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq }qaki kbw`t`w`mr kig l`dm `i k
gmbmiwqkl`rmg gmtmlfunmiw uflm, a}w klrf rmcqmckwm rfb`kllp wjm`q `ijka`wkiwr R}bj
rmcqmckw`fi bfnuqfn`rmr wjm cffg u}al`b mit`qfinmiw kig {}kl`wp fd }qaki l`dm, ap
g`rqmckqg`ic wjm immg dfq uqfz`n`wp kig n`zw}qm fd d}ibw`fir kig kbw`t`w`mr *Nkcikafrbf,
15;;) R`ibm uqfz`n`wp kig n`zw}qm mz`rw `i wjm b`wp bmiwqm, Nkcikafrbf *15;;) `gmiw`d`mrwjm bjkllmicm fd l`tmka`l`wp jmqm nfqm kr k {}mrw`fi fd w`n`ic kig fumi`ic jf}qr
*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Ifimwjmlmrr dkbwr kaf}w wjm kgtkiwkcmf}r cqfswj fd umq`ujmqkl
g`rwq`bwr *;2-) bfnukqmg wf wjm bmiwqm *1,2-) rjfs kr smll wjm g`ddmqmibm `i gmnfcqkuj`b
gpikn`br *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;), kig bqfrrmg s`wj dkbwr fi gmrw`ikw`fi wq`ur wf wjm bmiwqm,
gmbqmkr`ic dqfn 01- wf 2=- amwsmmi ;032 kig 155: *Qftki` $ Hmq`i, 15;;), r}ru`b`fi
kuumkqr kaf}w wjm kwwqkbw`t`wp fd wjm bmiwqkl rukbmr Ifs lffh`ic kw wjm b}lw}qkl rukbmr kig
bmiwqmr ufr`w`fimg wjqf}cjf}w wjm b`wp *rmm Nku 4), ki `iwmqmrw`ic krumbw `r wjm qkwjmq
bl}rwmqmg wmigmibp kqf}ig wjm b`wp bmiwqm, krr}n`ic wjkw klwjf}cj wjm b`wp n`cjw jktm
gmtmlfumg fwjmq bmiwqkl`w`mr, wjm j`rwfq`bkl bmiwqm qmnk`ir wjm nfrw t`t`g `i wmqnr fd b}lw}qkl
`gmiw`wp fd B}q`w`ak Kgg`w`fikllp `w `r ifwkalm wjkw wjm Rf}wjmqi ukqw fd B}q`w`ak, sj`bj skr`gmiw`d`mg wf jktm k cqmkwmq cqfswj kig bfirwq}bw`fi qkwm, `r wjm fim s`wj lmkrw b}lw}qkl
rukbmr *bfnukq`ic Nkur 2 kig 4) Wjmrm bl}mr bfna`img c`tm k u`bw}qm wj}r fd tkq`f}r
}qaki r}a.uflmr wjkw n`cjw mtkl}kwm `i k j`mqkqbjp fd bmiwqkl`w`mr Hifs`ic l`wwlm kaf}w
uqfombwr `i wjm gmbmiwqkl`rmg uflmr, kig jkt`ic df}ig l`wwlm `idfqnkw`fi fi mtmiw}kl uqfombwr
`i wjfrm g`rwq`bwr, wjm kqw`blm s`ll dfb}r fi wjm b}qqmiw uqfombwr `i wjm b`wp bmiwqm, jmqmap
qmtmkl`ic wjm b}qqmiw dfb}r kig `gmiw`d`mg ufwmiw`klr
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Nku 4? B}lw}qkl rukbmr `i B}q`w`ak ‒ 155: *@UU]B, 1550, u 104)
Uqfombwr kw @UU]B r}bj kr ‚Bfqmr gk b`gkgm‐ , fq ‚Iftf bmiwqf ‐, kqm dfb}rr`ic fi wjm qm.
{}kl`dp`ic fd }qaki rukbmr, d}ibw`fir kig kbw`t`w`mr Ifw o}rw wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd rukbm `r
bfir`gmqmg jmqm a}w klrf `rr}mr r}bj kr }qaki jmklwj *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) @i qmufqwr fi
b}qqmiw uqfombwr dqfn @UU]B, wjm b`wp bmiwqm fd B}q`w`ak `r {}kl`d`mg kr ki kqmk ktk`lkalm dfq
‚rumb`kl `iwmqtmiw`fir‐ *@UU]B, ;00:)? gfmr `w nmki wjkw wjm b`wp bmiwqm rjf}lg bfnuqmjmig
mzwqkfqg`ikqp d}ibw`fir, fq gfmr `w r}ccmrw wjkw kgg`w`fikl mddfqwr rjf}lg fbb}q `i wjm }qaki
nkikcmnmiw fd wj`r g`rwq`bw6 Klwjf}cj `w `r ifw blmkq, wjm }rm fd wjm wmqn ‚rumb`kl‐ r}ccmrwr
k ufwmiw`kl, ki fuufqw}i`wp, kig `w `r wjkw fuufqw}i`wp sj`bj bf}lg am `gmiw`d`mg kr rumb`kl dfq
bqmkw`ic l`tmka`l`wp @i cmimqkl, @UU]B tklfq`rmr u}ibw}kl uqfombwr wjkw nkwbj wjm wjmfq`mr
kaf}w }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm uqfnfwmg ap Lmqimq, uqfnfw`ic l`dm {}kl`wp kig cffg }qaki `nkcm
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*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) @i qmufqwr fd @UU]B kaf}w wjm b}qqmiw r`w}kw`fi `i wjm bmiwqm, wjm
`gmiw`d`mg uqfalmnr bfibmqi wjm akg nk`iwmikibm fd wjm j`rwfq`bkl a}`lg`icr, wjm lfrr fd
rpnafl`b qmdmqmibmr, wjm lkbh fd kwwqkbw`t`wp fd wjm nk`i umgmrwq`ki rwqmmw Q}k ZT gm
Iftmnaqf , wjm lkbh fd }i`dfqn`wp `i wjm }qaki d}qi`w}qm kig m{}`unmiw, wjm lkbh fd
nkqhmw`ic dfq wjm b`wp bmiwqm, wjm akg bfig`w`fir dfq l`t`ic `i wjm bmiwqm, wjm lkbh fd rfb`kl
kbw`fir dfq gsmllmqr, wjm lfrr fd mbfifn`b t`wkl`wp, wjm `ibqmkrm fd ukqh`ic lfwr, wjm lkbh fd
rmb}q`wp kig mit`qfinmiwkl rki`wkw`fi *@UU]B, ;00:) Jmqmap `w bki am rwkwmg wjkw @UU]B
dfb}rrmr fi wjm bmiwqkl }qaki rukbmr kig wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl g`nmir`fi fd wjm uqfombwr Wjm
`iwmqtmiw`fir bfibmqi `i cmimqkl nfrwlp wjm u}al`b mit`qfinmiw kig lkigrbkum
*Nkcikafrbf, 15;;), rjfs`ic jmqm kr smll wjm l`n`w fd kbw`fi fd @UU]B `i `wr uqfombwr
Klwjf}cj `i wj`r qmufqw, wjm kirsmqr wf wjm rwkwmg bjkllmicmr r}ccmrw `iwmqtmiw`fir fi wjm
}qaki kig kqbj`wmbw}qkl jmq`wkcm, kig rwkwmr wjkw nfqm wjki dfb}rr`ic fi mbfifn`b kig
rfb`kl krumbwr, `w s`ll uqfnfwm k nkqhmw`ic akrmg fi u}al`b.uq`tkwm bfllkafqkw`fi *@UU]B,
;00:) K cmimqkl gmr`qm kig dfb}r fd @UU]B `r wjm nk`iwk`i`ic kig nkikcmnmiw fd mz`rw`ic
rwq}bw}qmr, kig wjm bqmkw`fi fd rukbmr dktf}qkalm dfq umfulm‐r g`ci`wp, bfndfqw, rmb}q`wp kig
jmklwj @w `r `iwmqmrw`ic wf farmqtm wjkw wjm uqmt`f}rlp uqmrmiwmg dfb}r kqmkr bfna`im s`wj
wjm qmdlmbw`fi fd Lkigqp *1554) fi wjm gq`tmqr fd bjkicm s`wj`i k b`wp? jmklwj kig }qaki
gmr`ci8 rkdmwp r}qtm`llkibm kig u}al`b qmkln8 w`nm kig rumbwkb}lkq *Lkigqp, 1554) Wj`r
lmktmr ki fuw`n`rw`b umqrumbw`tm kaf}w wjm b}qqmiw dfb}r fd ulkii`ic `i B}q`w`ak, cqkaa`ic
wjm q`cjw fuufqw}i`w`mr knfic wjm tkq`f}r }qaki `rr}mr, `i fqgmq wf qmt`wkl`rm kig nkikcm
wjm }qaki rukbmr, `d wjmp r}bbmmg kuulp`ic wjm mtfhmg bfir`gmqkw`fir bfibqmwmlp `iwf wjm`q
uqfombwr
@i wmqnr fd wqkirufqwkw`fi uqfombwr, uqfombwr mz`rw r}bj kr wjm ‚L`ijk Tmqgm ‐ kig wjm
`nulmnmiwkw`fi fd wjm nmwqf l`im, r}uufrmg wf l`ih qmr`gmiw`kl kqmkr wf wjm bmiwqm kig fwjmq
im`cjaf}qjffg, jmqmap mijkib`ic bfnn}w`ic `i wjm b`wp, s`wj k cqmkwmq rummg kig bkukb`wp
fd wjm tmj`blmr R}bj ulkir fuufrm wjm `gmk fd qmg}b`ic wjm ufu}lkw`fi‐r bfnn}w`ic jka`wr,
mtmi wjf}cj wjmp kqm gmtmlfumg `i wjm rknm `iwmcqkwmg kuuqfkbj, s`wj lkig }rm kig qfkg
imwsfqh *@UU]B, 15;; *A)) *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Mtmi wjf}cj a`hm lkimr kqm fi wjm
kcmigk fd wjm B`wp `i wjfrm uqfombwr, wjm nmwqf uqfombw rw`ll qmuqmrmiwr k d`ikib`kl kig rfb`kl
bfrw? s`wj wjkw nfimp rl`cjw `nuqftmnmiwr bf}lg am nkgm fi wjm AQW, nkh`ic `w qku`glp
nfqm mdd`b`miw *Qftki` $ Hmq`i, 15;;) sj`lm `ibqmkrmg rfb`kl rmcqmckw`fi kig bfnn}w`ic
kww`w}gmr bf}lg am ktf`gmg Sj`lm @UU]B mzuqmrrmr wjm gmr`qm wf mzwmig ulkii`ic `idl}mibm
wf wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi, kig d}qwjmq *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;), wjm nmwqf n`cjw kbw}kllp jmlu `w
fi wjm skp @w `r blmkq ifs wjkw }qaki ruqksl `i B}q`w`ak cmimqkllp kddmbwr wjm l`tmka`l`wp kig
kwwqkbw`t`wp fd `wr bmiwqm, kig rmmn`iclp g`rlfbkwmr wjm kwwqkbw`t`wp wf fwjmq bmiwqkl`w`mr,
klwjf}cj b}lw}qkl jmq`wkcm rw`ll `r bmiwqkl`rmg `i wjm j`rwfq`bkl bfqm fd wjm b`wp Wjm {}mrw`fi `r
wj}r kaf}w wjm l`tmka`l`wp fd wjfrm gmbmiwqkl`rmg u}al`b rukbmr, kig kaf}w wjm r}dd`b`miw
dfb}r fd ulkiimqr fi wjfrm rukbmr D}qwjmqnfqm g`rlfbkw`fi fd umfulm, bfnn}w`ic kig
gmtmlfunmiw fd wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh bki am qmlkwmg blfrmlp wf }qaki ruqksl, mtmi wjf}cj
wjm uqfombwr jmqm jktm jkg ki `nukbw fi wjm `nkcm fd wjm b`wp, kig wj}r fi `wr bfnumw`w`t`wp
kig kwwqkbw`t`wp qmckqg`ic fwjmq n}i`b`ukl`w`mr *A}rbh, Qkrn}rrmi, $ Rhftrjflw, 15;;)
Jmqms`wj wjm bjkllmicmr kig ufwmiw`klr fd B}q`w`ak kuumkqr nfqm blmkqlp `i wmqnr fd `wr
j`rwfq`bkl bmiwqm, `wr gmbmiwqkl`rmg }qaki uflmr kig `wr wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh, klwjf}cj
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mkbj mlmnmiw uqmrmiwr afwj fuufqw}i`w`mr kig q`rhr kbbfqg`ic wf wjm rwkibm gmtmlfumg ap
wjm b}qqmiw uqfombwr Kr mddmbwr fd }qaki ruqksl fi B}q`w`ak jktm ammi iknmg kig tkq`f}r
bfir`gmqkw`fir nkgm fi wjm b}qqmiw }qaki uqfombwr kig d}w}qm ufwmiw`klr, `w `r mrrmiw`kl wf
lffh kw jfs wf dfb}r wjm ulkii`ic mddfqwr `i wjm bfiw`i}`wp fd wjm mz`rw`ic uqfombwr kig ukrw
`iwmqtmiw`fir, mrumb`kllp `i fqgmq wf qmkbw`tkwm wjm bmiwqkl }qaki rukbmr `i bf}iwmqaklkibm
wf wjm ruqksl`ic ujmifnmifi
Qmkbw`tkw`ic wjm bmiwqkl u}al`b rukbmr
Kbbfqg`ic wf wjm jpufwjmr`r fd wjm kqw`blm, qmjka`l`wkw`fi kig qmiftkw`fi fd mz`rw`ic }qaki
rukbmr s`wj`i wjm b`wp `r ki `itmrwnmiw s`wj cqmkwmq f}wbfnm `i wmqnr fd l`tmka`l`wp dfq wjm
b`wp Wjm `iru`qkw`fi `i wjm uq`ib`ulmr fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm jmqm kqm o}rw`d`mg kr wjm wjmfqp
rwkigr kr fim skp wf kbj`mtm wjm qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr `i k r}rwk`ikalm
umqrumbw`tm *Lmqimq, 15;; *A)) Nmkisj`lm, `w rmmnr `nufqwkiw wf kbhifslmgcm fim krumbw
g}m wf wjm rwqfic gmnfcqkuj`bkl cqfswj fd b`w`mr, kig klqmkgp nmiw`fimg `i qmlkw`fi wf wjm
`gmiw`d`bkw`fi fd }qaki g`rumqr`fi S`wj ruqksl am`ic fim ikw}qkl bfirm{}mibm fd qku`g
}qaki`rkw`fi, ulkiimqr n}rw dkbm wjm g`dd`b}lwp ‒ fq mtmi `nufrr`a`l`wp ‒ wf uqmtmiw wjm
ujmifnmifi `i qku`g cqfs`ic b`w`mr Miw`qmlp bfiwqfllmg }qaki ulkii`ic, `i bkrmr r}bj kr
B}q`w`ak, Râf Uk}lf fq fwjmq Aqk`l`ki nmwqfufl`rmr, `r wj}r ifw bfibm`tkalm Sjmi
kirsmq`ic wjm gmnkig fd wjm cqfs`ic ufu}lkw`fi dfq kbbmrr`a`l`wp wf }qaki d}ibw`fir,
rmqt`bmr kig u}al`b rukbmr, wjm bfir`gmqkw`fir kaf}w uflpbmiwq`rn mnmqcm kck`i? lmrr kr k
ruqksl`ic kig imckw`tm bfirm{}mibm fd g`rumqrmg }qaki`rkw`fi, `w bki qkwjmq am ki
fuufqw}i`wp dfq rjkq`ic wjm ulkii`ic mddfqw kig nkikc`ic nfqm kgm{}kwmlp wjm }qaki
rukbmr, `i uqfz`n`wp wf wjm`qr }rmqr Wjm ruqmkg`ic qmr`gmiw`kl kqmkr s`ll fd bf}qrm ifw cqfs
rnkllmq ambk}rm fd rwqkwmc`b `iwmqtmiw`fir, a}w wjm kwwqkbw`t`wp fd wjm bmiwqkl`w`mr sf}lg amcqkiwmg wjm ka`l`wp wf bfibmiwqkwm gmtmlfunmiw kqf}ig rukbmr, a}`lg`icr kig mtmiwr Wj`r
kqc}nmiw `r akrmg fi wjm wjmfqp kig mzumq`mibmr fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm, kig fi M}qfumki
kig Kiclf.Rkzfi wjmfq`mr Wjmi dfb}r sf}lg am immgmg fi wjm `nuqftmnmiw fd wjm b}qqmiw
wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh, sj`bj `r nft`ic nkrrmr wjqf}cj wjm b`wp, a}w sj`bj `r klrf,
kbbfqg`ic wf wj`r `gmk fd dktf}qkalm uflpbmiwq`rn, ulkp`ic ki `nufqwkiw qflm `i l`ih`ic wjm
tkq`f}r bmiwqkl`w`mr Kbbfqg`ic wf Qftki` *15;;) kig wf Ikhkn}qk *15;;), wjm Q@W rprwmn `r
rw`ll kalm wf kirsmq wjm j`cj gmnkig fd bfnn}wmqr wfgkp, kr lfic kr rfnm knml`fqkw`fi `r
gfim, sj`bj sf}lg am nfqm r`nulm kig mbfifn`bkl wf `nulmnmiw wjki k nmwqf l`im dfq
`irwkibm *Qftki` $ Hmq`i, 15;;) *Ikhkn}qk, 15;;) @i wj`r rmirm, wjm uqfufr`w`fi `r wf sfqh
fi `iwmcqkwmg kwwqkbw`tm bmiwqmr, smll `iwmqbfiimbwmg kig qmlkwmg wf wjm b`wp bmiwqm Jmqms`wjwjm `gmk fd k uflpbmiwq`b b`wp, l`ihmg ap cffg d}ibw`fi`ic wqkirufqwkw`fi imwsfqh, bf}lg
mnmqcm kr wjm ims gmtmlfunmiw nfgml fd B}q`w`ak
Sj`lm bfir`gmqkw`fir kqm nkgm jmqm fi wjm b`wp bmiwqm kig wjm tkq`f}r bmiwqkl`w`mr fd
B}q`w`ak, `w rmmnr wj}r bfitmi`miw wf j`cjl`cjw wjkw wjm gmbmiwqkl`rmg uflmr immg wf dfb}r fi
uqfombwr fd qmt`wkl`rkw`fi kig kbw`tkw`fi fd wjm`q u}al`b rukbmr kig a}`lg`icr wf gmtmlfu wjm`q
kwwqkbw`t`wp, kr n}bj kr wjm b`wp bmiwqm @igmmg wjm b`wp bmiwqm `r b}qqmiwlp jkt`ic uqfombwr
gmtmlfumg dfq qmimskl kig qmjka`l`wkw`fi fd j`rwfq`bkl a}`lg`icr kig rwqmmwr s`wj rumb`kl
`iwmqmrw *mc Q`kbj}mlf , wjm b}lw}qkl rwqmmw s`wj kll wjm wjmkwqmr), k`n`ic wjmqmap dfq qm.
{}kl`dp`ic }qaki rukbmr *@UU]B, ;00:) Wjfrm uqfombwr rw`ll lkbh rfnm bfibqmwmimrr
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wjf}cj, bfnukqmg wf uqfombwr r}bj kr wjm nmwqf l`im Sj`lm sklh`ic `i wjm b`wp, nkip
ufwmiw`kl r`wmr kuumkq kr fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq bfirwq}bw`ic ims u}al`b krrmwr, dfq qmiftkw`ic
flg d}ibw`fir kig kbw`t`w`mr U}ibw}kl `iwmqtmiw`fir fi wjfrm r`wmr, smll bfiimbwmg wf wjm
u}al`b rukbmr bki cmimqkwm nfqm {}kl`wp fd wjm }qaki rukbm kig l`dm Kr @UU]B klqmkgp `r
r}ccmrw`ic wjm }rm fd wjm }uumq dlffq fd wjm mz`rw`ic a}`lg`icr, dfq jfrw`ic tkq`f}r jf}r`ic
wpumr *mc rw}gmiwr, jfrwmlr, uf}rkgkr 1= , kig jka`wkw`fir) `iwmcqkwmg s`wj b}lw}qkl, bqmkw`tm,
mg}bkw`fikl fq bfnnmqb`kl d}ibw`fir sf}lg qmr}lw `i k n`zmg fbb}ukw`fi kqmk K g`tmqr`wp `i
wjm fbb}ukw`fir, kig k qmc}lkw`fi wjkw nkhmr `w nfqm kig nfqm mzumir`tm wf ukqh k bkq `i
wjm b`wp bmiwqm *Qftki` $ Hmq`i, 15;;), n`cjw qmkrfikalp bfibl}gm `i nfqm sklh`ic, bpbl`ic
fq a}r wq`ur, kig wj}r nfqm umfulm `i wjm rwqmmwr R}bj kwwmiw`fi bf}lg am c`tmi wf wjm
r}qqf}ig`ic uflmr kr smll, dfq mzknulm, nkh`ic wjm ‚Q}kr gk b`gkgki`k ‐ ifw filp `iwmcqkwmg
s`wj wjm a}r l`imr, a}w klrf s`wj wjm im`cjaf}qjffg‐r ukqw`b}lkq`w`mr, kig jmqmap mijkib`ic
wjm mzumq`mibm wf nfqm wjki ki kgn`i`rwqkw`tm t`r`w
D}qwjmqnfqm sjmi rumkh`ic fd wjm b`wp bmiwqm‐r kgtkiwkcmr, Nkcikafrbf *15;;) qmdmqr wfwjm uqfz`n`wp fd rmqt`bmr kig kbw`t`w`mr, wjm n`zw}qm fd d}ibw`fir kig umfulm, a}w sjmi
rumkh`ic fd uqfombwr `i wjm bmiwqm, jm qmdmqr wf ims a}`lg`icr `iwmcqkw`ic wjm d}ibw`fir fd
jfwml, kukqwnmiw.jfwml kig jf}r`ic, uqfakalp k bfigfn`i`f sj`bj sf}lg filp am kbbmrr`alm
dfq k ukqw fd wjm ufu}lkw`fi Wjm kqc}nmiw krr}nmr wjkw r}bj gmtmlfunmiw s`ll uqft`gm ofa
fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq wjm sfqh`ic blkrr, kig wjmqms`wj r}rwk`i rfb`kl g`tmqr`wp kig dlfs,
mrumb`kllp kw a}r rwkw`fir *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Mtmi wjf}cj wjm t`ms fi rufiwkimf}r
}qaki g`tmqr`wp rmmnr ufr`w`tm, wjm qmkl`wp uqfakalp s`ll ifw bfqqmrufig wf r}bj cmimqkw`fi
fd rfb`f.rukw`kl rpimqcp, a}w qkwjmq kifwjmq rfb`f.mbfifn`b rmcqmckw`fi amwsmmi wjm
umfulm l`t`ic `i wjm bmiwqkl g`rwq`bwr kig wjfrm bfnn}w`ic `i fqgmq wf sfqh wjmqm Nmiw`fi`ic
wjm krumbw fd bfnn}w`ic, wj`r sf}lg o}rw mijkibm wjm wqkir`w fd umfulm wjqf}cj wjm b`wp kig
gfmr ifw bfqqmrufig s`wj wjm uqmt`f}rlp nmiw`fimg faombw`tm fd qmg}b`ic bfnn}wmq wq`ur `i
B}q`w`ak *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;) Wf mijkibm rfb`fg`tmqr`wp kig mbfifn`b t`ka`l`wp, `iru`qkw`fi
bki am wkhmi dqfn rfb`f.b}lw}qkl mtmiwr r}bj kr wjm Bfqqmiwm B}lw}qkl *Bfqqmiwm B}lw}qkl,
15;;)? dfq wjqmm gkpr, wjm b`wp skr d`llmg s`wj umfulm cf`ic wf wjm rjfsr kig kqw
`irwkllkw`fir, jmqms`wj `ibqmkr`ic rfb`kl `iwmqkbw`fi kig dmml`ic fd rmb}q`wp R}bj b}lw}qkl
mtmiw `r `i wjm rknm l`im kr rmtmqkl b}lw}qkl kig mg}bkw`fikl `iwmqtmiw`fir nkgm `i wjm
;005‐r *mc Bfnaf`f B}lw}qkl ) kig `r fim dfqn fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm *Lmqimq, 15;; *K))
Kgg`w`fikllp `w qmrufigr wf Nkcikafrbf‐r bkll dfq nfqm gkp.qf}ig kbw`t`w`mr, kifwjmq krumbw
fd l`tmkalm }qaki rukbmr *Nkcikafrbf, 15;;)
D`ikllp kr Rj`gki $ [`ki *15;;) nmiw`fi `i wjm`q sfqh kig kbbfqg`ic wf wjm mzumq`mibmr
dqfn wjm wqk`immrj`u r`wm, wjmqm kqm rbklmr fd }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm *Rj`gki $ [`ki, 15;;) Kr
wjm kqw`blm jkr uqfnfwmg `iwmqtmiw`fir `i wjm bmiwqkl rukbmr fd wjm b`wp, `w `r rw`ll `nufqwkiw wf
bfibm`tm wjmn `i k clfakl kig `iwmcqkwmg umqrumbw`tm s`wj wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi fd
B}q`w`ak @d }qaki kb}u}ibw}qm kig qmt`wkl`rmg }qaki rukbmr rjf}lg aq`ic l`dm {}kl`wp wf wjm
}rmqr kig bf}iwmqaklkibm ruqksl, wjm t`r`fi s`ll jktm wf qmkbj f}w dfq wjm b`wp dq`icmr kr
smll, kig wjm bfiimbwmg nmwqfufl`wki n}i`b`ukl`w`mr, o}rw kr wjm Q@W rprwmn klqmkgp
bfiimbwr wjm tkq`f}r n}i`b`ukl`w`mr *@UU]B, 1550)
1=K uf}rkgk `r rfnm h`ig fd kbbfnnfgkw`fi amwsmmi k jfrwml kig k amg kig aqmkhdkrw
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BFIBL]R@FI KIG UMQRUMBW@TM
Kw ki mkqlp rwkcm fd np wqk`immrj`u, k bfllmkc}m krhmg nm kaf}w np t`r`fi fd imzw rwmu dfq
B}q`w`ak wf r}bbmmg `i wjm qmt`wkl`r`ic `wr ulkii`ic? wj`r kqw`blm j`cjl`cjwr wjm ufwmiw`klr dfq
wj`r qmt`wkl`rkw`fi, `i wjm b}qqmiw bfiwmzw fd }qaki`rkw`fi kig ulkii`ic `i B}q`w`ak G`cc`icamj`ig wjm qmu}wkw`fi fd B}q`w`ak kig `wr }qaki ulkii`ic j`rwfqp, wjm kqw`blm mtkl}kwmr wjm
r`w}kw`fi wfgkp, kr ki mzknulm fd wjm bjkllmicmr kig `rr}mr, sj`bj kip Aqk`l`ki b`wp jkr wf
gmkl s`wj b}qqmiwlp Sj`lm B}q`w`ak `r rfnmjfs filp qmbmiwlp gmkl`ic s`wj ruqksl, ambk}rm fd
k bfiw`i}f}r ulkii`ic mddfqw wf kirsmq wjm jf}r`ic gmd`b`w kig tkq`f}r }qaki bjkllmicmr,
wjm wfu`b `r rw`ll qmlmtkiw dfq nfrw fd dkrw cqfs`ic Wj`qg Sfqlg b`w`mr Dqfn gmrbq`a`ic wjm
bfiwmzw fd }qaki`rn `i Aqk`l kig `i B}q`w`ak, `w `r klqmkgp umqbm`tkalm jfs Aqk`l`ki }qaki
ulkii`ic `r fat`f}rlp `idl}mibmg ap ftmqrmkr wjmfq`mr kig uqkbw`bmr? dqfn nfgmqi`rw`b
ulkii`ic, wjqf}cj wjm mzulfqkw`fi fd gmnfbqkw`b kuuqfkbjmr kig wf }qaki `iwmqtmiw`fir kig
k n}lw`ulm kuuqfkbj }qaki`rn, qmdlmbw`ic rfnmjfs k rmkqbj dfq gmd`i`ic `wr rwkibm `i
wfgkp‐r clfakl`rmg b`w`mr kig wfskqgr ujmifnmifi r}bj kr }qaki ruqksl Kr gmrbq`amg wjmlkwwmq qmr}lwr dqfn wjm j`cj cqfswj kig }qaki`rkw`fi wjm lkig mzumq`mibmg wjqf}cj wjm ukrw
gmbkgmr
Wjm gmd`i`w`fi fd ruqksl qmtmklr wjm tkq`f}r umqrumbw`tmr wjkw wjmfq`rwr kig uqkbw`w`fimqr
}igmqwkhm? `i wj`r kqw`blm, wjm rfb`f.rukw`kl `r bjfrmi wf mzulfqm wjm qmlkw`fir amwsmmi wjm
rukw`kl bjkqkbwmq`rw`br fd ruqksl kig {}kl`w`mr fd }qaki rukbmr kig l`dm Df}q ujpr`bkl
bjkqkbwmq`rw`br, gmtmlfumg ap Fo`nk *1553), jmlumg wf gmd`im sjp B}q`w`ak bki am
bfir`gmqmg kr k ruqksl`ic b`wp? gmir`wp, dqkcnmiwkw`fi, l`imkq`wp kig bmiwqkl`wp *Fo`nk,
1553) @igmmg dms `iwmqt`msmmr fq dms bfitmqrkw`fir @ jkg, kgn`wwmg wj`r qmkl`wp fd
ruqksl`ic }qaki`rkw`fi `i B}q`w`ak Nmkisj`lm, farmqt`ic wjm mtfl}w`fi fd }qaki`rmg kqmkrbqfrrmg s`wj wjm j`rwfqp fd `wr ulkii`ic kig wjm kqc}nmiwr fd wjm `iwmqt`msmmr, wjm mt`gmibm
rjfsmg r`cir fd }qaki ruqksl jmqm kr smll Wjm ulkii`ic fd wjm b`wp fumir }u wjf}cj dfq k
umqrumbw`tm fd }qaki uflpbmiwq`rn, ifw o}rw am`ic ki mddmbw fd ruqksl a}w klrf ki fuufqw}i`wp
dfq dfb}rr`ic mddfqwr fi qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr kig l`dm @i wj`r wkrh, wjm wjmfq`mr fd
}qaki kb}u}ibw}qm bki am }rmg kr ki `iru`qkw`fi wf lffh kw skpr wf {}kl`dp kig kbw`tkwm l`dm
kig }rmr `i wjm b`wp‐r bmiwqkl }qaki rukbmr Wjm qmt`wkl`rkw`fi sf}lg fbb}q wjqf}cj r`iclm
`iwmqtmiw`fir fi mz`rw`ic lfwr kig }qaki rukbmr, fddmq`ic fuufqw}i`w`mr dfq wjm qmjka`l`wkw`fi
fd ims d}ibw`fir wf cmimqkwm k d}ibw`fikl kig rfb`kl g`tmqr`wp `i wjm bmiwqm, a}w kr smll ap
nmkir fd rfb`f.b}lw}qkl mtmiwr, kddmbw`ic wjm w`n`ic fd `i wjm }rm fd }qaki rukbmr D`ikllp
bfiimbw`t`wp kig kbbmrr`a`l`wp sf}lg am cqkiwmg ap kwwmiw`fi fi wjm mz`rw`ic Q@W rprwmn,
krr}q`ic wjm l`ih amwsmmi bmiwqkl`w`mr, im`cjaf}qjffgr kig wjm nmwqfufl`wki qmc`fi Wjmqm
lkpr wjm ufwmiw`klr dfq rfb`kl kig mbfifn`b qmt`wkl`rkw`fi fd }qaki rukbmr, kig wjm
fuufqw}i`wp fd bfibmiwqkw`ic wjm ruqmkg b`wp kqf}ig rfnm kwwqkbw`tm }qaki uflmr
Blmkqlp wjm r`ci`d`bkiw g`nmir`fir fd wjm wfu`b, r}bj kr ufl`w`bkl s`ll, mbfifn`b `ibmiw`tmr,
}qaki rfb`flfcp, rw}gp fd n`cqkw`fi kww`w}gmr kig lfc`b fd bjf`bmr, jktm ifw ammi wf}bjmg `i
wj`r mzulfqkw`fi fd wjm ujmifnmifi fd ruqksl`ic }qaki`rkw`fi Kbhifslmgcmnmiw `r wjf}cj
nkgm jmqm kaf}w wjm bku`wkl `nufqwkibm fd wjfrm krumbwr, `i fqgmq wf }igmqrwkig amwwmq wjm
rfb`f.mbfifn`b krumbwr fd ruqksl, jmqms`wj klrf mzulk`i`ic wjfqf}cjlp wjm imckw`tm
krumbwr fd `w, sj`bj smqm o}rw mi}nmqkwmg `i wj`r kqw`blm D}qwjmqnfqm }qaki cftmqikibm `r k
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hmp.mlmnmiw wf krr}qm ki mddmbw`tm `nulmnmiwkw`fi fd wjm `gmkr uqmrmiwmg fi qmt`wkl`rkw`fi
fd bmiwqkl rukbmr `i qmrufirm wf ruqksl, mrumb`kllp c`tmi wjm ufl`w`bkl kig d`ikib`kl bfiwmzw
fd wjm uqfombwr `i Aqk`l, fq `i kip gmtmlfu`ic bf}iwqp Wjfrm g`nmir`fir immg wf am
`iwmcqkwmg amdfqm wjm }qaki umqrumbw`tm bki am bfir`gmqmg kr clfakl kig d}llp `iwmcqkwmg?
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