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Working Draft 9/20/2010

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF INFORMATION SCIENCES Spring 2011

LIS 3100 War, Memory, and Archives Instructor: Richard J. Cox, Professor Office Number and Telephone: SIS 614; 412 624-3245 Office Hours: By appointment or anytime by e-mail E-mail: rjcox111@comcast.net Homepage: http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~rcox Class Sessions: Mondays, 9 AM-12 PM Course Objectives “The fighting had been like work, only a lot of people got killed and a lot of things got destroyed. It was not work that made much of anything. You and your people intended to go your way, if you could. And you wanted to stop the other people from going their way, if you could. And whatever interfered you destroyed. You had a thing on your mind that you wanted, or wanted to get to, and anything at all that stood in your way, you had the right to destroy. If what was in the way were women and little children, you would not even know it, and it was all the same. When your power is in a big gun, you don’t have any small intentions. Whatever you want to hit, you want to make dust out of it. Farms, houses, whole towns – things that people had made well and cared for a long time – you make nothing of.” Wendell Berry, Fidelity: Five Stories (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), p. 86. War is a strange, compelling, and common human activity. It destroys individuals and community memory, but also compels us to discover new ways of remembering people and preserving societal memory. Our initial sense is to accept that war and its destruction is bad for cultural institutions such as archives, museums, and libraries. After all, these institutions are prominent symbols of particular communities and cultures and are often targeted for destruction by the enemies of these groups. Yet, war also generates the creation of archives, museums, libraries, monuments, and historic sites. In this contradiction may be found the critical elements for understanding why the archival impulse, the effort to save evidence and information documenting the past, is both so important to society and often

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difficult to understand. This seminar explores the rich scholarly and other literature grapping with the meaning and impact of war and considers what war suggests about archives and society. We consider the meaning of war, the archival mission, war memorials and commemoration as archives, the preservation of personal papers and artifacts and the meaning of the fragility of war documentation, government and the making of official war archives, cemeteries as archives, terrorism and new challenges to remembering war, the future of archives in war and memory, and the sometimes strange relationship between technology, war, and memory. This seminar is part of the new focus on “Working Memory” in the LIS doctoral studies program approved by the faculty last fall. In the original proposal for this (authored by Geoffrey Bowker, Bernadette Callery, Richard J. Cox, and the late Leigh Star), we state, “For nearly half a century scholars, social pundits, and corporate ventures in the information technology arena have discussed, debated, and dissected the notion of an Information Age. As digital technologies have expanded both in their power and ubiquity, other dimensions of information become fragile– evidence, partly due to legal and accountability issues, knowledge, as the potential loss of human expertise and culture is threatened, and records, due to habitat erosions such as lost languages and lands – and have become the topic of interdisciplinary inquiry. Memory has become one of the most important and engaging topics, one that knits together technology, people, community, and culture. The fundamental issue is that libraries, archives, data repositories and the social study of science and technology – once four separate specialties – are beginning to speak to each other in new and exciting ways. We intend to strengthen this convergence by providing cross-disciplinary training for a new cohort of PhD students.” For more about the “Working Memory” focus, visit http://www.ischool.pitt.edu/memory/working-memory.php. This is also an exploratory seminar. It builds on the instructor’s interest in archives and memory, dating back more than two decades, and reflects the instructor’s growing interest in the impact of war as the scholarship has shifted to focus in various ways on the intersection of these three topics. He is working on a brief monograph intending to explore the rich scholarly and other literature grapping with the meaning and impact of war and to consider what war suggests about archives and society. There will be discussion about the meaning of war and the archival mission, building off of the themes outlined below. These themes are not exhaustive, but they represent where scholarship has clustered or how the instructor perceives the research can be organized. In this sense, this course is, as most doctoral seminars should be, collaboration between the instructor and students carving out new, useful, and provocative research themes and agendas. As the themes should suggest, many are not only relevant to the field of archival studies but to the array of disciplines and research reflected in the notion of I-Schools. The purposes of this course are threefold. First, students will be immersed into the

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research literature concerning war, memory, and archives, with a particular focus on how these intersect. Each week students will be responsible for reading a small set of required reading or readings in common, selecting a book of their choice from the recommended readings and participating in class discussion about the book, and participating in the CourseWeb discussion board, supporting continuing discussion of the various themes of the course as outlined in the syllabus. Second, students will learn about multi-disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research approaches and their relevance in archival studies and other aspects of the information professions. Third, the course will contribute to a framework for enabling doctoral students to consider their own interests in and aspirations for academic teaching and research careers. A fourth potential purpose is to build a conceptual model for understanding how archives and recordkeeping in general are affected by war and how war is remembered with or without such records. The instructor is presently focused on the contradictions posed by warfare’s simultaneous destruction and creation of records and recordkeeping systems. However, there are many other ways of examining the relationship between war, memory, and archives. Course Requirements Doctoral students taking this course are required to attend all class sessions, do the assigned readings, participate in class discussions, and prepare a 25 to 35 page paper on some aspect of the course’s theme. The paper can be a critical literature review, a case study, or a research paper based on archival materials (we will discuss these various approaches early in the course). The topic can be of the student’s choosing as long as it fits into the course theme of war, memory, and archives. The paper is due on the last day of class. Each student will present (fifteen minutes) about their paper on the last class session. The Instructor will post the papers (submitted as a Word document attachment to email to the Instructor) on CourseWeb for everyone’s review. The paper should conform to the recent, 16th edition, of the Chicago Manual of Style. Each week will feature some readings to be done in common by all students. Apart from these common readings, each student will be expected to select one book from each week’s bibliography and to be prepared to discuss it in class. These readings do not constitute a comprehensive bibliography on war, memory, and archives; instead, these readings reflect a representative range of research studies about these topics selected by the seminar instructor. If a doctoral student has an alternative monograph or publication he or she wants to read and discuss, the student can make such a request for the instructor’s approval. Each student discussing a book will be expected to highlight aspects of the readings relevant to the understanding of the education of information professionals. In preparation for leading the class, the student is expected to do literature searches related to the publication’s topic and to comment on other relevant readings (especially identifying sources available on the World Wide Web). The student should post to the discussion board a list of other sources a day or two before the class session for the use of

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all the other students in the course (along with at least one discussion question related to their reading). Attendance at seminar class sessions is mandatory. Absences will necessitate documentation produced by the student or prior consultation with the instructor. Two unexcused absences will result in the lowering of the grade by one letter grade; more than two unexcused absences will result in a failing grade. The course grade will be based on a 50/50 weighting for the papers and the class discussions of the readings and commentary on the discussion board. Due dates for various assignments are listed in the syllabus below and can be found on CourseWeb (the only significant due date, beyond weekly assignments, is the last class session and the handing in of the final paper). No incompletes will be given (except for personal emergencies) and a final due date will be negotiated. Academic Integrity: Students in this course will be expected to comply with the University of Pittsburgh's Policy on Academic Integrity Any student suspected of violating this obligation for any reason during the semester will be required to participate in the procedural process, initiated at the instructor level, as outlined in the University Guidelines on Academic Integrity. This may include, but is not limited to, the confiscation of the examination of any individual suspected of violating University Policy. Furthermore, no student may bring any unauthorized materials to an exam, including dictionaries and programmable calculators.

Disabilities: If you have a disability that requires special testing accommodations or other classroom modifications, you need to notify both the instructor and the Disability Resources and Services no later than the 2nd week of the term. You may be asked to provide documentation of your disability to determine the appropriateness of accommodations. To notify Disability Resources and Services, call 648-7890 (Voice or TTD) to schedule an appointment. The Office is located in 216 William Pitt Union. Students who must miss an exam or class due to religious observance must notify the instructor ahead of time and make alternative arrangements.

Materials used in the course may be protected by copyright. United States copyright law, 17 USC section 101, et seq., in addition to University policy and procedures, prohibit unauthorized duplication or retransmission of course materials. See Library of Congress Copyright Office and the University Copyright Policy. The Course Week One. January 10, 2011 Introduction to the Course and Course Requirements January 17, 2011 is a holiday, and there is no class. Week Two. January 24, 2011 The Meaning of Memory

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“We use memory in a double sense: to refer to what people remember – or more accurately, what they think they remember – and to describe efforts by individuals, groups, and states to foster or impose memory in the form of interpretations and commemorations of their country’s wartime role and experience.” Richard Ned Lebow, in Lebow, Kansteiner, and Fogu, eds., The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe, p. 7. Required Readings Brien Brothman, “The Past that Archives Keep: Memory, History, and the Preservation of Archival Records,” Archivaria 51 (1996): 49-80. Peter Fritzsche, “The Archive,” History and Memory 17, 1/2 (2005): 15-44. Margaret Hedstrom, “Archives and Collective Memory: More than a Metaphor, Less than an Analogy,” in: Eastwood and MacNeil, editors, Currents of Archival Thinking (Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 2010). Henry L. Roediger, III, and James V. Wertsch, “Creating a New Discipline of Memory Studies,” Memory Studies 1 (2008): 9-22. Joanna Sassoon, “Phantoms of Remembrance: Libraries and Archives as the Collective Memory,” Public History Review 10 (2003), 40-60. Recommended Readings Jeannette Bastian, Owning Memory: How a Caribbean Community Lost Its Archives and Found Its History (Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, 2000). Francis X. Blouin, Jr. and William G. Rosenberg, Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory: Essays from the Sawyer Seminar (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006). John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992). John Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Peter F. Cannavò, The Working Landscape: Founding, Preservation, and the Politics of Place (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007). Kate Darian-Smith and Paula Hamilton, eds., Memory and History in Twentieth-Century Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994)

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Claudio Fogu and Wulf Kansteiner, “The Politics of Memory and the Poetics of Memory,” in Richard Ned Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner, and Claudio Fogu, eds., The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006). John R. Gillis, ed., Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994). David Glassberg, American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990). David Glassberg, Sense of History: The Place of the Past in American Life (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001). Carolyn Hamilton, Verne Harris, Jane Taylor, Michele Pickover, Graeme Reid, and Razia Saleh, eds., Refiguring the Archive (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002). Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008). Carolyn Kitch, Pages from the Past: History and Memory from American Magazines (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005). Richard Ned Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner, and Claudio Fogu, eds., The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006). David Lowenthal, The Past Is A Foreign Country (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Avishai Margalit, The Ethics of Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002). Week Three. January 31, 2011. War, Memory, and Its Meaning While “war dominates culture, distorts memory, corrupts language, and infects everything around it,” war also provides meaning to our lives and society. “Even with its destruction and carnage it can give us what we long for in life,” Hedges suggests. “It can give us purpose, meaning, a reason for living.” Hedges even believes, “war fills our spiritual void.” Hedges, War Is A Force That Gives Us Meaning, pp. 3, 158. “Moral witnesses speak to us from the other side of a veil. They have seen radical evil and have returned to tell the tale. They embody memory of a certain kind, and remind us that remembering the cruelties of the past is not a choice but a necessity. They are part of the archive. They demand that we face them. Their plea for recognition, for active knowledge, or acknowledgement, is at the heart of the memory boom.” Jay Winter, Remembering War, p. 271.

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Required Readings Deborah D. Buffton, “Memorialization and the Selling of War,” Peace Review 17 (2005): 25-31. Robert McIntosh, “The Great War, Archives, and Modern Memory,” Archivaria 46 (Fall 1998): 1-31. Recommended Meanings Michael J. Allen, Until the Last Man Comes Home: POWs, MIAs, and the Unending Vietnam War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009). Ian Buruma, The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan (New York: Meridian Books, 1994). Martin van Creveld, The Culture of War (New York: Ballantine Books, 2008). David Day, Conquest: How Societies Overwhelm Others (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). Martin Evans and Ken Lunn, eds., War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (New York: Berg, 1997). Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (London: Oxford University Press, 1977). Victor Davis Hanson, The Father of Us All: War and History, Ancient and Modern (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010). Chris Hedges, War Is A Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York: Anchor Books, 2002). Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (New York: Collier Books, 1990). Samuel Hynes, The Soldiers Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War (New York: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1997). Michael Ignatieff, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond (New York: Picador USA, 2000). Michael Keren and Holger H. Herwig (eds.), War Memory and Popular Culture (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Co, 2009).

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Rudy Koshar, Germany’s Transient Pasts: Preservation and National Memory in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998). Jane Kramer, The Politics of Memory: Looking for Germany in the New Germany (New York: Random Houces, 1996). Bernard-henri Lévy, War, Evil, and the End of History, trans. Charlotte Mandrell (Hoboken, N. J.: Melville House Publishing, 2004). John Lukacs, The Legacy of the Second World War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010). A. James McAdams, Judging the Past in Unified Germany (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Erna Paris, Long Shadows: Truth, Lies and History (New York: Bloomsbury, 2001). G. Kurt Piehler, Remembering War the American Way (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 1995). Emily S. Rosenberg, A Date Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor in American Memory (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). Franziska Seraphim, War Memory and Social Politics in Japan, 1945-2005 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press for the Harvard University Asia Center, 2006). Susan Rubin Suleiman, Crises of Memory and the Second World War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006). Wojciech Tochman, Like Eating a Stone: Surviving the Past in Bosnia, translated by Antonio Lloyd-Jones (New York: Atlas and Co., 2008). Tzvetan Todorov, Hope and Memory: Lessons from the Twentieth Century, trans. David Bellos (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003). Sarah E. Wagner, To Know Where He Lies: DNA Technology and the Search for Srebrenica’s Missing (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008). Annette Wieviorka, The Era of the Witness, translated by Jared Stark (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006). Jay Winter, Remembering War: The Great War Between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006). Alfred E. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American

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Revolution (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999). Week 4. February 7, 2011. The American Civil War: A Case Study in Memory “History – what trained historians do – is a reasoned reconstruction of the past rooted in research; it tends to be critical and skeptical of human motive and action, and therefore more secular than what people commonly refer to as memory. History can be read by or belong to everyone; it assesses change and progress over time, and is therefore more relative, more contingent upon place, chronology, and scale. Memory, however, is often treated as a sacred set of potentially absolute meanings and stories, possessed as the heritage or identity of a community. Memory is often owned; history, interpreted. Memory is passed down through generations; history is revised. Memory often coalesces in objects, sacred sites, and monuments; history seeks to understand contexts and the complexity of cause and effect. History asserts the authority of academic training and recognized canons of evidence; memory carries the often more powerful authority of community membership and experience. David Blight, Beyond the Battlefield, pp. 1-2. Required Readings “The Civil War and American Memory:Examining the Many Facets of the Conflict,” a report of a 2002 symposium held at the Library of Congress, available at http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0212/civilwar.html Recommended Readings William Blair, Cities of the Dead: Contesting the Memory of the Civil War in the South, 1865-1914 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004) David W. Blight, Beyond the Battlefield: Love, Memory, and the American Civil War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002) David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001). John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America’s Most Embattled Emblem (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005). Thomas A. Desjardin, These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003). Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, eds., The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004). Gary W. Gallagher, Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998).

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Lesley J. Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998). John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005). Timothy B. Smith, This Great Battlefield of Shiloh: History, Memory, and the Establishment of a Civil War National Military Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004). Robert Brent Toplin, Ken Burns's the Civil War: The Historian's Response (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). Jim Weeks, Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and An American Shrine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003). Joan M. Zenzen, Battling for Manassas: The Fifty-Year Preservation Struggle at Manassas National Battlefield Park (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) Week 5. February 14, 2011. 9/11 and Memory: Another Case Study “And as the smoke cleared in those very early days, those sixteen acres downtown were being asked to do the impossible: to make sense of the senseless; to extol the dead even as they were being exhumed; to transform victims into heroes and heroes into gods; to find meaning in the squalor of real-time mass murder.” Phillip Nobel, Sixteen Acres, p. 22. “In almost every imaginable way, 9-11 shocked, mesmerized, and electrified the world – abetted by technologies of mass communication that were undreamed of in 1941. Apart from a few photographs of dark clouds of smoke billowing from crippled warships, no one outside Pearl Harbor itself really ‘saw’ the attack. Even later ‘documentary’ film footage, such as in John Ford’s 1943 Academy Award-winning December 7ty, was mostly contrived. By contrast, almost everyone in the developed world was able to bear eyewitness – over and over and over again – to September 11.” (Dower, Cultures of War, p. 53). Required Reading Cheryl R. Jorgensen-Earp and Lori A. Lanzilotti, “Public Memory and Private Grief: The Construction of Shrines at the Sites of Public Tragedy,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 84 (May 1998): 150-170. Recommended Readings

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Richard J. Cox, Flowers After the Funeral: Reflections on the Post 9/11 Digital Age (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 2003). John W. Dower, Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, 9-11, Iraq (New York: W.W. Norton/The New Press, 2010). Phillip Nobel, Sixteen Acres: Architecture and the Outrageous Struggle for the Future of Ground Zero (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005). Daniel Simpson, 9/11: The Culture of Commemoration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). Robert Brett Toplin, Michael Moore’s Fahrenheit 9/11: How One Film Divided a Nation (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006). Week 6. February 21, 2011. Targeting Culture, Looting the Past (and Memory) “The book is the double of the man, and burning it is the equivalent of killing him.” Lucien X. Polastron, Books on Fire, p. x. Required Readings Linda Barnickel, “Spoils of War: The Fate of European Records During World War II,” Archival Issues 24, no. 1 (1999): 7-20. Michele V. Cloonan, “The Moral Imperative to Preserve,” Library Trends 55, no. 3 (Winter 2007): 746-755. Marek Sroka, “The Destruction of Jewish Libraries and Archives in Cracow during World War II,” Libraries and Culture 38 (Spring 2003): 147-165. Recommended Readings Konstantin Akinsha and Grigoril Kozlov, with Sylvia Hochfield, Beautiful Loot: The Soviet Plunder of Europe’s Art Treasures (New York: Random House, 1995). Michael J. Bazyler and Roger P. Alford, eds., Holocaust Restitution: Perspectives on the Litigation and Its Legacy (New York: New York University Press, 2006). Robert Bevan, The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War (London: Reaktion Books, 2006). Craig Childs. Finders Keepers: A Tale of Archaelogical Plunder and Obsession (New York: Little, Brown, and Co., 2010).

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James Cuno, ed., Whose Culture? The Promise of Museums and the Debate Over Antiquities (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009). Hector Feliciano, The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the World’s Greatest Works of Art (New York: Basic Books, 1997). Lynn H. Nicholas, The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War ((New York: Vintage, 1995). Jonathan Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). Jonathan Petropoulos, The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). Lucien X. Polastron, Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries Throughout History, translated by Jon E. Graham (Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 2007). Elizabeth Simpson, ed., The Spoils of War: World War II and Its Aftermath; The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., in association with the Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, 1997). John Ray, The Rosetta Stone and the Rebirth of Ancient Egypt (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007). Lawrence Rothfield, ed., Antiquities Under Siege: Cultural Heritage Protection After the Iraq War (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2008). Lawrence Rothfield, The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009). Edmund De Waal, The Hare with Amber Eyes: A Family’s Century of Art and Loss (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010). Week 7. February 28, 2011. Collecting, Documenting, and Remembering War “Archives are not just the bare bones of history for future generations; they are part of the history-making process. Archives are not neutral, nor are their creation impartial.” Tim Cook, Clio’s Warriors, p. 38. Required Readings Anne-Marie Conde, “Capturing the Records of War: Collecting at the Mitchell Library and the Australian War Memorial,” Australian Historical Studies 37, 125 (April 2005), 134-152.

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Michael E. Stevens, “Voices From Vietnam: Building a Collection from a Controversial War,” American Archivist 64 (Spring/Summer 2001): 115-120. Recommended Readings Tim Cook, Clio’s Warriors: Canadian Historians and the Writing of the World Wars (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2006). Michael A. Elliott, Custerology: The Enduring Legacy of the Indian Wars and George Armstrong Custer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007). Linda Gordon and Gary Y. Okihiro, eds., Impounded: Dorothea Lange and the Censored Images of Japanese American Internment (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2006) Peter Krauss, Portrait of War: The U.S. Army’s First Combat Artists and the Doughboy’s Experience in WWI (New York: John Wiley & Sons., Inc., 2007). Louis P. Masur, The Soiling of Old Glory: The Story of a Photograph That Shocked America (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008). Kendrick Oliver, The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2006). Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters (New York: Viking, 2007). David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (New York: Random House, 2005). Alistair Thomson, ANZAC Memories: Living with the Legend ((Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994). SPRING BREAK. March 7-11, 2011. Have a nice break! Week 8. March 14, 2011. Recreating War (and Sustaining Its Memory) “’Look at these buttons,’ one soldier said, fingering his gray wool jacket. ‘I soaked them overnight in a saucer filled with urine.’ Uric acid oxidized the brass, giving it the patina of buttons from the 1860s. ‘My wife woke up this morning, sniffed the air and said, ‘Tim, you’ve been peeing on your buttons again.’” Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic, p. 7. Required Reading

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Peruse Cathy Stanton, (1999-11-01). "Reenactors in the Parks: A Study of External Revolutionary War Reenactment Activity at National Parks" (PDF). National Park Service. Recommended Readings Benjamin G. Cloyd, Haunted By Atrocity: Civil War Prisons in American Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). Jim Cullen, The Civil War in Popular Culture: A Reusable Past (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995). Gary R. Edgerton, Ken Burns’s America (New York: Palgrave, 2001). Andrew Ferguson, Land of Lincoln: Adventures in Abe’s America (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2007). Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998). Christopher R. Leahey, Whitewashing War: Historical Myth, Corporate Textbooks, and Possibilities for Democratic Education (New York: Teachers College/ Columbia University, 2010). Randy Roberts and James S. Olson, A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory (New York: Free Press, 2001). Robert Rosenstone, History on Film/Film on History (Harlow, U.K.: Pearson Longman, 2006). Lorett Treese, Valley Forge: Making and Remaking a National Symbol (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995) Jenny Thompson, War Games: Inside the World of Twentieth-Century War Reenactors (Washington: Smithsonian Books, 2004). Week 9. March 21, 2011. War, Information, and Recordkeeping The “most lasting legacy of the [Holocaust-era declassification] effort [he] led was simply the emergence of the truth. . . . Historical facts can be suppressed, but eventually they bubble to the surface. What started as a tiny trickle from long-buried U.S. archives became a torrent of information that helps provide a final accounting for World War II.” Eizenstat, Imperfect Justice, p. 346. Required Reading

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Janina Struk, “I Will Never Forget These Scenes,” The Guardian, 20 January 2005, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/20/secondworldwar.warcrimes Recommended Readings Kai Bird and Lawrence Lifschultz, eds., Hiroshima’s Shadow (Stony Creek, Conn.: The Pamphleteer’s Press, 1998). Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America’s Most Powerful Corporation (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001). Tom Bower, Nazi Gold: The Full Story of the Fifty-Year Swiss-Nazi Conspiracy to Steal Billions from Europe’s Jews and Holocaust Survivors (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). Stuart E. Eizenstat, Imperfect Justice: Looted Assets, Slave Labor, and the Unfinished Business of World War II (New York: Public Affairs, 2003). Peter Eisner and Knut Royce, The Italian Letter: How the Bush Administration Used a Fake Letter to Build the Case for War in Iraq (New York: Rodale, 2007). Eric Enrenreich, The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007). Ohn B. Hench, Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the attle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010). Jeffrey Kimball, The Vietnam War Files: Uncovering the Secret History of Nixon-Era Strategy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004). Hiroaki Kuromiya, The Voices of the Dead: Stalin’s Great Terror in the 1930s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007). Itamar Levin, The Last Deposit: Swiss Banks and Holocaust Victims’ Accounts, translated by Natasha Dornberg (New York: Praeger, 1999). Robert Jay Lifton and Greg Mitchell, Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial (New York: Avon Books, 1995). Elizabeth Losh, Virtualpolitik: An Electronic History of Government Media-Making in a Time of War, Scandal, Disaster, Miscommunication, and Mistakes (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009) John R. MacArthur, Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

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Kristie Macrakis. Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi’s Spy-Tech World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). Michael Palumbo, The Waldheim Files (London: Faber and Faber, 1988). Researching Japanese War Crimes Records: Introductory Essays (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, 2006). Janina Struk, Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the Evidence (London: I. B. Taurus in association with European Jewish Publications Society, 2004) Isabel Vincent, Hitler’s Silent Partners: Swiss Banks, Nazi Gold, and the Pursuit of Justice (New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1997). Gregory L. Ulmer, Electronic Monuments (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005). Hubert Wolf, Pope and Devil: The Vatican’s Archives and the Third Reich, trans. Kenneth Kronenberg (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010). Week 10. March 28, 2011. The Holocaust as Memory Industry; Yet Another Case Study “From a position of relative ignorance about the Holocaust on the part of non-survivors and relative silence about the Holocaust on the part of survivors, the Holocaust has emerged – in the Western World – as probably the most talked about and oft-represented event of the twentieth century.” Tim Cole, Selling the Holocaust, p. 190. “The annihilation of Jewish communities was accompanied by the destruction of photographs, letters, and diaries . . . . This asymmetry in historical records persisted in accounts written after the war . . . . Historical research into the Holocaust lagged behind scholarly investigation into the military history of World War II. Even today it is hard to imagine what a full account of the Shoah might be, since the destruction of the accounts of the victims is so vast. The exceptional fact of the murder of the majority of Jews in Europe created silences that are difficult to gauge. The disparity in the ability to bear witness – this, too, was part of the German empire” (Peter Fritzsche, Life and Death in the Third Reich, pp. 153-154). Required Reading Astrid M. Eckart, “Managing Their Own Past: German Archivists Between National Socialism and Democracy,” Archival Science 7 (2007): 223-244.

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Recommended Readings Tim Cole, Selling the Holocaust: From Auschwitz to Schindler; How History Is Bought, Packaged, and Sold (New York: Routledge, 1999). Peter Fritzsche, Life and Death in the Third Reich (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008). Raul Hilberg, The Politics of a Holocaust Historian: The Journey of a Holocaust Historian (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996). Eva Hoffman, After Such Knowledge: Memory, History, and the Legacy of the Holocaust (New York: PublicAffairs, 2004). Lawrence L. Langer, Admitting the Holocaust: Collected Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (New York: Free Press, 1993). Deborah E. Lipstadt, History on Trial: My Day in Court with David Irving (New York: ECC, 2005). Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988). Judith Miller, One by One by One: Facing the Holocaust (New York: Touchstone, 1990). Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999). Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Week 11. April 4, 2011. Reparations and Justice The reports on the looted assets of Holocaust victims “could not have been written by mobilized federal historians and researchers without the enthusiastic support and full resources of the National Archives, which became the headquarters of the international research in Holocaust-era assets” (William Slany in Bazyler and Alford, eds., Holocaust Restitution, p. 35). “The war ended without an accounting or acknowledgment of the war crimes they witnessed. Their retelling comes at an equally important time when, having failed to address the past, we’re destined to repeat it” (Deborah Nelson, The War Behind Me, p. 5).

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Required Readings Tom A. Adami, “’Who Will Be Left to Tell the Tale?’ Recordkeeping and International Criminal Jurisprudence,” Archival Science 7 (2007): 213-221. Kate Doyle, “The Atrocity Files: Deciphering the Archives of Guatemala’s Dirty War,” Harper’s 315 (December 2007): 52-62. David Wallace, “Historical and Contemporary Justice and the Role of Archivists,” in Norwegian Archive, Library and Museum Authority, Arkiv, Demokrati og Rettferd, RBM no. 28 (Oslo, Norway, 2006), pp. 14-27. Recommended Readings Michael J. Bazyler and Roger P. Alford, eds., Holocaust Restitution: Perspectives on the Litigation and Its Legacy (New York: New York University Press, 2006). Ray L. Brooks, Atonement and Forgiveness: A New Model for Black Reparations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). Greg Grandin and Thomas Miller Klubock, eds., Truth Commissions: State Terror, History, and Memory, issue 97 of the Radical History Review (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007 Horton, James Oliver and Lois E., eds., Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory (New York: The New Press, 2006). Deborah Nelson, The War Behind Me: Vietnam Veterans Confront the Truth About U.S. War Crimes (New York: Basic Books, 2008) Week 12. April 11, 2011. The Citizen, the Soldier, and the Experience of War “Throughout our country, old war letters are regularly being destroyed, misplaced, lost to fire and water damage, or thrown away. These letters are the first, unfiltered drafts of history. They are eyewitness accounts that record not only the minute details of war but the personal insight and perspective no photograph or film reel can replicate. And each one represents another page in our national autobiography. Millions of these letters – maybe more – remain tucked away in attics, basements, and closets in every community in America. It is exhilarating to think of what is yet to be uncovered. But it is equally as discouraging to consider, if these letters are neglected, what may be lost forever.” Andrew Carroll, War Letters, p. 36. Required Reading

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Pursue the Legacy Project website: “Founded in 1998, the Legacy Project is a national, all-volunteer initiative that encourages Americans to seek out and preserve the personal correspondence of our nation’s veterans, active-duty troops, and their loved ones. No one can tell the stories of these men and women better than they can, and we believe that their sacrifices, humanity, and experiences are best recorded in their own words—the letters and e-mails they have written in times of war.” The website is available at http://warletters.com/. Recommended Readings Veterans History Project, About the Project, http://www.loc.gov/vets/about.html Götz Aly, Into the Tunnel: The Brief Life of Marion Samuel, 1931-1943 (New York: Metropolitan Books, published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2007). Bernard Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew: The Genius and Ambiguities of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 2003). Robert E. Bonner, The Soldier’s Pen: Firsthand Impressions of the Civil War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006). Andrew Carroll, ed., War Letters: Extraordinary Correspondence from American Wars (New York: Washington Square Press, 2002). Jane E. Dusselier, Artifacts of Loss: Crafting Survival in Japanese American Concentration Camps (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2008). Joseph Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Vintage Books, 2002) Zlata Filipovic and Melanie Challenger, Stolen Voices: Young People’s War Diaries, From World War I to Iraq (New York: Penguin Books, 2006). Alexandra Garbarini, Numbered Days: Diaries and the Holocaust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006). Martha Hanna, Your Death Would Be Mine: Paul and Marie Pireaud in the Great War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006). Samuel D. Kassow, Who Will Write Our History? Emanuel Ringelblum, the Warsaw Ghetto, and the Oyneg Shabes Archive (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007). Donald Keene, So Lovely A Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).

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Daniel Mendelsohn, The Lost: A Search for Six of Six Million (New York: HarperCollins, 2006). Mark Roseman, A Past in Hiding: Memory and Survival in Nazi Germany (New York: Picador USA, 2000). Louise Steinman, The Souvenir: A Daughter Discovers Her Father’s War (Chapel Hill: Alonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2001). Thomas Wiener, ed., Voices of War: Stories of Service from the Home Front and the Front Lines (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2004). Thomas Wiener, ed., Forever a Soldier: Unforgettable Stories of Wartime Service (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005). Week 13. April 18, 2011. Monuments, Memorials, Cemeteries, Museums, and the War Archive “The rhetoric of Civil War mortality statistics provided the language for a meditation on the deeper human meaning of the conflict and its unprecedented destructiveness, as well as for the exploration of the place of the individual in a world of mass – and increasingly mechanized – slaughter. It was about what counted in a world transformed.” Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering, p. 265. Required Readings Erika Doss, “Memorial Mania: Fear, Anxiety, and Public Culture,” Museum 87, no. 2 (March-April 2008): 36, 38-43, 72-73, 75. Erika Doss, “War, Memory, and the Public Mediation of Affect: The National World War II Memorial and American Imperialism,” Memory Studies 1, no. 2 (2008): 227-250. Maya Lin, “Making the Memorial,” New York Review of Books (November 2, 2000), pp. 53-55. Elizabeth Yakel, “Museums, Management, Media, and Memory: Lessons from the Enola Gay Exhibition,” Libraries & Culture 35 (Spring 2000): 278-310. Recommended Readings W. Fitzhugh Brundage, The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005). Thomas J. Craughwell, Stealing Lincoln’s Body (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007).

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Holly Everett, Roadside Crosses in Contemporary Memorial Culture (Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 2002). Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008). Victor Gondos, Jr. J. Franklin Jameson and the Birth of the National Archives, 1906-1926 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981). Robert Pogue Harrison, The Dominion of the Dead (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). Martin Harwit, An Exhibit Denied: Lobbying the History of Enola Gay (New York: Copernicus, 1996). Kristin Ann Hass, Carried to the Wall: American Memory and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). Edward Tabor Linenthal, Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields, 2nd ed. (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003). Edward T. Linenthal and Tom Engelhardt, eds., History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1996) Nicolaus Mills, Their Last Battle: The Fight for the National World War II Memorial (New York: Basic Books, 2004). Philip Nobile, ed., Judgment at the Smithsonian (New York: Marlowe and Co., 1995). Robert M. Pole, On Hallowed Ground: The Story of Arlington National Cemetery (New York: Walker & Co., 2009). Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). Kirk Savage, Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., The National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009). Michael Sledge, Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005) Marita Sturken, Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the Aids Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering (Berkeley: University of California Pres, 1997).

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Marita Sturken, Tourists of History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007). Paul Williams, Memorial Museums: The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities (New York: Berg, 2007). Week 14. April 25, 2011. Presentation and Discussion of Student Papers.