SPRING 2017

BRAZIL: RELIGION AND LIBERATION

SYLLABUS

Graduate Level RLG 5193

PROFESSOR: Dr. Ana María Bidegaín

E-Mail: bidegain@fiu.edu

Office: DM 305B

Office hours through Adobe Connect: Monday 8am or in person by appointment.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this class is to study the genealogy of the Liberation movement in the

history of Christianity focusing on Brazil. This movement has been tied to the reception of

the Second Vatican Council in Latin America. The changes undertaken by the

Contemporary Catholic Church may be compared in importance and consequences to the

reformation of the XVI century.

One of the major challenges brought up by the Second Vatican Council was the return to

the original Christian message marked by the prominence of the poor. As stated by Pope

John XXIII: “In regards of the poor countries, the Church is presented as it is and wants to

be: the Church of all but especially the Church of the poor.” This message had particular

resonance in Brazil due to the history of the Brazilian church and the historical context of

that country. This would be the core of this course.

OBJECTIVES AND STUDENT OUTCOME

After completing the course students should be able:

a) To have a comprehension of the Liberation Christianity in the Brazilian context.

Although the course focuses on Brazil, the student will advance toward the

comprehension of the Liberation movement in Latin American and globally and

make comparisons.

b) Be aware of different historical processes that converge in the second half of the

20th century such as: the socioeconomic crisis of mid20 century, the new Brazilian

Nationalism, the political transformations related to the Cold War, the society

transformation marked by the emergence of marginalized actors such as women,

natives Amerindians, and black communities .

c) To understand the main ideas of the social teaching of the church and the impact of

the Second Vatican Council, the CELAM’s conference and the development of the

Base Communities and the development of new social movements (Los Sin tierra)

and political parties such as the Partido dos Trabalhadores.

In order to reach these general learning objectives, students will have weekly goals and

weekly seminar meeting, outcomes and assessments that will measure their knowledge and

unit’s comprehension (please, look at the calendar, below).

Students’ participation in the Seminar will be through:

1) Participation on the Discussions Forum Weekly.

2) Paper developed in three stages.

Discussions Forum Seminar

We will have weekly meetings through Discussion Board

First week: On-line self- introduction. Students will be asked to introduce themselves to the

Class. Students have the opportunity to do questions and comments on the syllabus to start

the course with out difficulties.

Online seminar Methodology through Discussion Board or Forum

As this is an online seminar course, each week all the students have to read all the materials

to be preparing to participate. Each week, on Mondays, the professor will assign three

students to make questions from one of the week assigned articles or book chapters and

other three students will be assigned to develop the answers. Other three students will be

required to do revisions or comments on the questions and answers. The questions have to

be uploaded on Wednesdays, to be answered on Fridays and to be review by Sundays. Each

Monday the professor will assign students task for each week. The professor will take care

of giving to all the students the same opportunity to participate uploading the requested

task. At least each student will be required to participate 10 times during the semester.

Each post will be graded. Each discussion is worth 8 points. To receive all possible points,

a posting must be on time, be easy to read, free of careless mistakes, and appropriately

address the issue(s) or question(s) presented by the instructor.

Research Paper

Graduate students have to do a 20 pages final paper in three stages.

1- Research Paper proposal: Due the Third Week (this paper must present the topic

to be developed into a final paper. The topics will be chosen from a list proposed by

the professor) It should be the first stage of the work. This paper should explain the

reason and motivations to develop the research paper, the mayor sources and

bibliography as well the hypothesis and methodology to accomplish the work.

2- Literature review Due on the Sixth Week (a continuation of the first, with a deeper

analysis of the sources, of the bibliography, and further development toward the

final paper)

3- Final paper: Due on the 14th week.

Requirements for all written work:

All written work must be typed, double-spaced, and in 12 point font; and any citations

should follow MLA format. These papers must be submitted by the deadline.

The Final Grade will be determined by a totally of points scored throughout the semester.

These points will be converted into percentages [that is, Points scored by student/total

number of points [200] x 100]. Please keep printed copies of all assignments and graded

material. If you cannot produce your class material in a grade dispute, the grade recorded in

the instructor's grade book will take precedent. Students are required and responsible for all

assigned text readings and material from Blackboard. Students are expected to check the

Announcement and Assignment sections of Blackboard for this class at least every other

day. Students who take this course are expected to have the skills necessary to complete all

assignments. Essay Assignments must not be sent as attachments to the professor. They

must be posted in the Assignment drop box. I will not grade them if you send them to me as

attachments. If you have computer technology questions during the semester, you should

contact the FIU Computer Help Desk.

Note: I reserve the right to alter this syllabus if and whenever necessary.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

Discussion Forum Presentation (10x8) = 80%

3 pages paper 5 %

10 pages paper 5 %

15 pages paper 10%

Total 100%

GRADES RANGE

COMMUNICATION WITH THE INSTRUCTOR

E-MAIL

All students are expected to use their FIU e-mail address/account for course

correspondence. Like Blackboard, you are expected to check your FIU e-mail at least every

other day for the duration of this course.

All e-mails sent to the instructor should reflect a professional

ACADEMIC AND CLASSROOM MISCONDUCT

Students are expected to conduct themselves appropriately at all times. Behavior defined by

the instructor as disruptive will not be tolerated. For a Web class, the above statement

includes flaming, which is writing or sending inappropriate messages to the web areas of

this course. All interaction with your instructor and your fellow students is expected to be

appropriate. If any activity becomes disruptive, the instructor reserves the right to take

appropriate action.

In addition, if a student turns in an assignment where the authorship is questionable

(plagiarism), the instructor reserves the right to discuss this situation with the student, and

if she/he is not satisfied that the assignment is the work of that student, a grade of "0" will

be assigned.

REQUIRED BOOKS

The big majority of the reading materials are articles and book chapters, which are online,

and some few will be uploaded.

CALENDAR

1st Week (January 9- 15)

Letter Grade Range Letter Grade Range Letter Grade Range

A Above 93 B- 81-83 D+ 67-70

A- 91-92 C+ 77-80 D 64-66

B+ 87-90 C 74-76 D- 61-63

B 84-86 C- 71-73 F < 61

Introduction to the course and to the study of Brazilian History

Assessments: Sharing through Discussion Forum

Self-introduction (instructor and students)

Questions and comments on the syllabus

Weekly outcomes:

-Understanding course requirements and mayor learning goals established in

the syllabus.

General understanding of Brazilian history, geography and culture.

Readings:

- Burns, E. Bradford. “Introduction.” A History of Brazil, 3rd ed., Columbia

University Press, 1993, pp. 1–8, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.5.

- Burns, E. Bradford. “Interactions: New Challenges and Continuities.” A

History of Brazil, 3rd ed., Columbia University Press, 1993, pp. 9–36,

www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.6

-Levine R “ An Earthly Paradise- The History of Brazil (eBook) Westport.

Conn, Greenwood Publishing Group 1999

2nd Week (January 16- 22)

The Brazilian Catholic Church History-Colonial Times

Weekly outcomes:

Understanding: 1) the role of Catholic Church under the Protuguese

Empire.

2) Popular religiosity and religious diversity in Colonial Brazil

Reading:

-“Brazil” The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity edited by Daniel Patte

Vanderbilt University, Cambridge University Press (2010) pp. 140-148.

-“Church and State Relations in Latin America” The Cambridge Dictionary

of Christianity, pp .242- 246

-Bruneau Thomas. “Religious Beliefs and Practices”, Bruneau, Thomas. The

Church in Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press1982. pp.21-48.

-Levine R “Early Brazil” The History of Brazil (eBook) Westport. Conn,

Greenwood Publishing Group 1999, pp.31-55

-Burns, E. Bradford. “The Colonial Experience.” A History of Brazil, 3rd ed.,

Columbia University Press, 1993, pp. 37–98,

www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.7.

3rd Week (January 23 -29)

The Brazilian Catholic Church History under the Empire until its

transformation under Dom Leme’s leading.

Weekly outcomes:

Understanding: 1) State control of the Catholic church under the Brazilian

Empire 2) The church welcomes and support to the independency process.

3) Particularities of Brazilian Catholic Church in comparison to Hispano

American Church experiences.

Readings:

- LYNCH, JOHN. “Church and State in a Liberal World.” New Worlds: A

Religious History of Latin America, Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 185–

228, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npmbn.12.

- Burns, E. Bradford. “Modernization and Continuity.” A History of Brazil,

3rd ed., Columbia University Press, 1993, pp. 149–196,

www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.9.

- Vieira, David Gueiros. “Some Protestant Missionary Letters Relating to the

Religious Question in Brazil: 1872-1875.” The Americas, vol. 24, no. 4,

1968, pp. 337–353. www.jstor.org/stable/980222.

- Williams, Margaret Todaro. “The Politicization of the Brazilian Catholic

Church: The Catholic Electoral League.” Journal of Interamerican Studies

and World Affairs, vol. 16, no. 3, 1974, pp. 301–325.

www.jstor.org/stable/174888.

- Della Cava, Ralph. “Catholicism and Society in Twentieth-Century

Brazil.” Latin American Research Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 1976, pp. 7–50.

www.jstor.org/stable/2502548.

4th Week January 30- Feb 5

The Catholic Action, the Brazilian New Christendom

Weekly outcomes:

General understanding of Catholic Church in the turn out of the Century.

2) The implementation of the Catholic Action (the two models of Catholic

Action) 3) The role of men and women in the Brazilian Church

Readings:

-Williams, Margaret Todaro. “Integralism and the Brazilian Catholic Church.” The

Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 54, no. 3, 1974, pp. 431–452.

www.jstor.org/stable/2512932.

- Bidegain Ana María “ From Catholic church to Liberation Theology. The

historical process of the Laity in Latin America in the Twentieth Century.” Notre

Dame, Ind. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre

Dame, November 1985 (Working Paper #48)

https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/048.pdf

- Margaret Todaro Williams “Church and State in Vargas's Brazil: The Politics of

Cooperation

Journal of Church and State, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Autumn 1976), pp. 443-462 Oxford

University Press

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23915133

5th Week Feb 6-12

Looking forward a National Church Organization the role of the Laity.

Weekly outcomes:

1) From Dom Leme’s to Dom Helder Church leadership.

2) The role of Brazilian lay people in the genesis of CNBB.

3) The 1955 Eucharistic Congress and the birth of CELAM.

4) New catholic Latin American networks and Brazilians participation

Readings:

Serbin Kenneth P Church-State Reciprocity in Contemporary Brazil: The Convening

of the International Eucharistic Congress of 1955 in Rio de Janeiro The Hispanic

American Historical Review, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Nov., 1996), pp. 721-751

Publisher(s): Duke University Press http://www.jstor.org/stable/2517950

Aditional Readings

-Desan Scopinho S Carlos O Laicato na Primeira Conferencia Episcopal

Latinoamericana.(1968)

http://www.itf.org.br/o-laicato-na-conferencia-episcopal-latino-americana-

de-medellin-1968.html

Bidegain, Ana María. Participación y protagonismo de las mujeres en la

Historia del Catolicismo Latinoamericano. Buenos Aires: San Benito. 2009,

cap.7, pp 77-86

-Regan, David. 2002. Why are they Poor? Helder Câmara in Pastoral

Perspective. Münster: Lit.,pp 66-80.

-Schallenmueller, Christian Jecov. 2011. Tradição e Profecia: O

Pensamento Político da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB)

e seu Contexto Social e Intelectual 1952-1964. Teses de mestrado

Universidade de São Paulo (2011) pp 61-97

6th Week Feb 13-19

From Catholic Action to Liberation Christianity in Brazil.

Weekly outcomes:

Aggiornamento and Vatican Council II.

CELAM Second Conference, Medellin 1968.

Emergence of Liberation Christianity in Latin America

Readings:

- - Bidegain Ana María “ From Catholic church to Liberation Theology. The

historical process of the Laity in Latin America in the Twentieth Century.”

Notre Dame, Ind. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies,

University of Notre Dame, November 1985 (Working Paper #48)

https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/048.pdf

- -. Chávez Joaquín M “Catholic Action, the Second Vatican Council, and the

Emergence of the New Left in El Salvador (1950-1975)” The Americas, Vol.

70, No. 3, Special Issue: Latin America in the Global Sixties (January

2014), pp. 459-487 Academy of American Franciscan

History: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43189194

- Mainwaring, The Catholic Youth Workers Movement (JOC) and the

Emergence of the Popular Church in Brazil. Working paper #6. Dec 1983.

Kellogg Institute.

https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/006.pdf

Further Readings

-Löwy Michael, “Liberationist Christianity in Latin America, in The War of

Gods, (1999) pp 32-80. (to be uploaded)

-Beozzo. Cristãos Beozzo, Oscar. 1994. Os Cristãos na Universidade e na

Política: historia de JUC e da AP. Petrópolis: Vozes. pp. 82-190. (to be

uploaded)

-Bidegain AM Participacion y protagonismo de las mujeres en la historia del

catolicismo Latinoamericano, op cit caps.8 y 9. pp 87-122. (to be uploaded)

7th Week Feb 20-26

The Church and Governments relationships before the Dictatorship.

Weekly outcomes:

- Political situation in the sixties.

- The Church and the governments pre-dictatorship.

- Northeastern Catholic Church.

- MEB. (Base Education Movement)

Readings:

- Kirkendall, Andrew. Entering History: Paulo Freire and the Politics of the

Brazilian Northeast 1958-1964, in Luso-Brazilian Review, Vol. 41, N. 1,

2004. [168-189] http://www.jstor.org/stable/3513750

- -Serbin, Ken. State Subsidization of Catholic Institutions in Brazil, 1930-

1964: A Contribution to the Economic and Political History of the Church.

Notre Dame, Ind: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies,

University of Notre Dame, 1992. Print. (Working Paper # 181)

http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/181.pdf

Further Readings

- -Mainwaring. The church from 1916 to 1964, in The Catholic Church and

Politics in Brazil 1916-1985, pp. 25-75. ( to be uploaded)

- Bruneau. Thomas. “The church faces the modern world, 1950-1964”, in The

Political Transformation of Brazilian Catholic Church, pp. 55-104. To be

uploaded

- -Freire Paulo. Pedagogía del Oprimido. Pedagogy of the oppressed

- https://selforganizedseminar.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/freire_pedagogy_

oppresed1.pdf

8th Week Feb.27 – March 5

The Church‘s contradictions under the dictatorship

Weekly outcomes:

- Tradition, Family and Ownership.

- Coup d’état and the National Security Doctrine.

- Repression and first reactions of the church.

-

Readings: - Marín, Richard. Dios contra Cesar o las metamorfosis del catolicismo brasileño bajo

el régimen militar (1964-1985), en Historia Crítica, N. 24, diciembre 2003. [49-66]

- https://historiacritica.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/368/index.php?id=368

- Serbin, Kenneth P. “Dialogue in the Shadows: The Creation and Function of the

Bipartite.” Secret Dialogues, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000, pp. 83–113,

www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjrxv.10.

Further readings

- Frei Betto. Batismo de Sangue. (1987) São Paulo

http://www.dhnet.org.br/verdade/resistencia/betto_batismo_de_sangue.pdf

- Antoine Charles, Church and Power in Brazil. Maryknoll N.Y 1973,Orbis

Book.

- Bidegaín. La Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional, en Nacionalismo,

Militarismo y Dominación en América Latina, pp: 147-163. To be uploaded

9th Week March March 6-12

Dom Hélder Câmara as Church leader and Prophet

Weekly outcomes:

- Biography.

- Ideas. And Pastoral work

- Prophetic voice

Readings:

- Branford Sue “Obituary: Archbishop Hélder Câmara in The Independent

1September 1999. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-

entertainment/obituary-archbishop-helder-camara-1115091.html

- Câmara Hélder Spiral of violence London, 1971

http://liberationtheology.org/library/spiral-of-violence-camara.pdf

- Regan, David. 2002. Why are they Poor? Helder Câmara in Pastoral

Perspective. Münster: Lit Chapters 7, 8 and 9, pp. 81-121. ( to be

uploaded)

- Patrick J. Leonard “Bibliography of Helder Camara”

Latin American Research Review, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Summer, 1975), pp. 147-

166 The Latin American Studies

Association: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2502764

-

10th Week March 13- 19 SPRING BREAK

11th Week March 20 -26

Basic Ecclesial Communities. Building up the church of the Poor

Liberation Theology’s development in Brazil and Latin America

Weekly outcomes:

The role of Brazilian Religious orders and congregations developing CEBs

Numbers, distribution in regions and dioceses and national organizations

CEBS Social Mouvement and the Partido dos Trabalhadores’s origins

Readings:

- -Bruneau. Brazil: the Catholic Church and Basic Christian Communities, in

Levine, Religion and Political Conflict in Latin America, pp106- 123. (To be

uploaded) - Rosado-Nunes, Maria José. “Religious Authority and Women's Religious

Experience.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, vol. 19, no. 2, 2003, pp. 85–92.

www.jstor.org/stable/25002478.

- Drogus. Religious change and women’s Status in Latin America: A comparison

of Catholic Base communities and Pentecostal Churches.

http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/205.pdf

Further readings

- Mainwaring Scott “The New Catholic Church in Latin America: A conference

Report” Kellogg Institute -Notre Dame Univ. 1983 Working Paper # 8

http://www3.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/008.pdf

- Adriance, Madeleine. “Base Communities and Rural Mobilization in Northern

Brazil.” Sociology of Religion, vol. 55, no. 2, 1994, pp. 163–178.

www.jstor.org/stable/3711855.

- Adriance, Madeleine. “The Paradox of Institutionalization: The Roman

Catholic Church in Chile and Brazil.” Sociological Analysis, vol. 53, 1992, pp.

S51–S62. www.jstor.org/stable/3711250.

- Bidegain. Participación y protagonismo de las mujeres en la historia del

catolicismo Latinoamericano, cap. 11, pp. 139-152. (To be uploaded)

- Frei Betto. O que é comunidade eclesial de base. Book

o http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/militantes/freibetto/livro_betto_o_que_

e_cebs.pdf

12th Week March 27 –April 2

Liberation Church Movement facing Political and Ecclesiastical Repression

Weekly outcomes:

- Political changes in the eighties.

- Wojtyla reign and the nomination of conservative bishops.

- Silencing Helder Camara, Leonardo Boff and Ivonne Guevara

- Church’s inconsistences and contradictions.

- Pentecostalism presence and development.

-

Readings

- Mainwaring. Brazil: The Catholic Church and the Popular Movement in Nova

Iguacu 1974 – 1985, in Levine, Religion and Political Conflict, pp. 126-155. To be

uploaded

-Ghio. The Latin American Church in the Wojtyla Era. Available here:

http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/159.pdf

Further reading

- Scheurer Acevedo Sonia The Opposition to Latin American Liberation

Theology and the Transformation of Christianity, 1960-1990. FIU Religious

Studies thesis http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2454/

- Löwy. Conclusión: ¿está acabada la Teología de la Liberación? En, Guerra

de Dioses. [158-177]

- Nagle, Robin. Liberation Theology’s Rise and Fall, in The Brazil Reader:

History, Culture, Politics. Durham Duke University Press. 1999 [462-467]

(to be uploaded)

- Vásquez, Manuel. 1998. The Brazilian Popular Church and the Crisis of

Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , pp 55- 127 (to be

uploaded)

- Vásquez. The Brazilian Popular Church and the Crisis of Modernity, pp. 55-

127.

13th April 3-9

Church’s Human Rights Defense and Democratization.

Weekly objectives and outcomes:

Opposition to dictatorship and Human Rights Defense.

The role of International Networks, Students’ organization and other social

movements.

The Brazilian Catholic Church and the process re-democratization.

Readings:

- Klaiber Jeffrey, “ The first National Security State” The church,

Dictatorships, and Democracy in Latin America. Chap 2 pp 20-41

- Serbin, Kenneth P. “Death in Barra Mansa: The Admission and Punishment

of Torture.” Secret Dialogues, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000, pp. 186–

199, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjrxv.14.

- Serbin, Kenneth P. “Anatomy of a Death: The Case of Alexandre Vannucchi

Leme.” Secret Dialogues, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000, pp. 200–218,

www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjrxv.15.

- Della Cava. Ralph. “The Church and the Abertura in Brazil 1974-1985.”

Kellogg Institute Notre Dame Univ.Working paper #114, November 1988.

https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/114.pdf

Further Readings

-Bidegain. Participación y protagonismo de las mujeres en la historia del

catolicismo Latinoamericano, cap.10, pp. 123-138.

Serbin. Anatomía de una muerte. Aquí en español:

http://www.historizarelpasadovivo.cl/es_resultado_textos.php?categoria=El+pasado

+vivo%3A+casos+paralelos+y+precedentes&titulo=Anatom%EDa+de+una+muerte

%3A+represi%F3n%2C+derechos+humanos+y+el+caso+de+Alexandre+Vannucchi

+Leme+en+el+Brasil+autoritario#inicio

14th week April 10- 17

Leadership and religious, social and political networks.

Weekly outcomes:

- Role of Brazilian’ laypeople and church leaders in religious and social

action.

- Groups and networks.

- The Church and the problem of the land.

- The progressive church, the PT and the World Social Forum

Readings:

- Adriance, Madeleine. “Agents of Change: The Roles of Priests, Sisters, and

Lay Workers in the Grassroots Catholic Church in Brazil.” Journal for the

Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 30, no. 3, 1991, pp. 292–305.

www.jstor.org/stable/1386974.

- MICHEL DUQUETTE, Maurilio de Lima Galdino, CHARMAIN LEVY,

BÉRENGÈRE MARQUES-PEREIRA and FLORENCE RAES “Women,

Urban Housing and Rural Movements” in Collective Action and Radicalism

in Brazil University of Toronto Press (July 2005)

: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442673090

- French, Jan Hoffman. A Tale of Two Priests and Two Struggles: Liberation

Theology from Dictatorship to Democracy in the Brazilian Northeast,

in The Americas , Vol. 63, No. 3 (Jan., 2007), pp. 409-443.

https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/328.pdf

Further Readings :

- Carter Miguel. O movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem-terra (MST) e a

democracia no Brasil, em Agraria, N. 4, 2006. [124-164]

http://www.revistas.usp.br/agraria/article/view/102/102

- Löwy, Michael. The War of Gods. London:,Verso. 1996.npp. 81-93.

- Bidegain, Ana Maria. Las Comunidades Eclesiales de Base (CEB) en la

creación del Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), en Historia Crítica, N. 7,

ene-jun 1993. [92-109]

https://historiacritica.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/123/index.php?id=123

15th Week April 17 – 23

The Brazilian Religious Experience and its legacy.

Weekly outcomes:

- Intellectual legacy of Liberation Theology in several fields

- The influence of Liberation Theology in Postcolonial Studies.

- The Brazilian Church’s experience and the Latin American “Indigenismo”

Readings:

- Gomez de Souza. Latin America and the Catholic Church. Available here:

http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/334.pdf

- Levine. The Future of Christianity in Latin America. Available here:

http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/340.pdf

Further Readings

- Avelino de Lima e Germano. O Pós-Colonialismo e a Pedagogia de Paulo

Freire. http://www.cchla.ufrn.br/interlegere/11/pdf/es10.pdf

- Bingemer, María Clara et al. 1986. El Rostro Femenino de la Teología. San

José de Costa Rica: DEI.

- Bingemer, Maria Clara Lucchetti. Desafíos y tareas de la teología en

América Latina hoy, en Theologica Xaveriana, Vol. 62, N. 174, jul-dec

2012. [399-432] http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/thxa/v62n174/v62n174a06.pdf

- Gebara Ivone Teología de la Liberación y Género. Ensayo crítico, Madrid

Edit Trota, 2012

- EATWOT. Voices.

http://internationaltheologicalcommission.org/VOICES/VOICES-2012-

3&4.pdf

16 WEEK April 24-29

FINALS