Digestion

1. Trace the path of food from mouth to anus.

2. What is the difference between chemical & mechanical

digestion?

3. What are the four layers of the alimentary canal from inside

to out?

4. How does mechanical and chemical digestion begin?

5. What is a bolus?

6. What happens when food or water goes “down the wrong

tube?”

7. Describe what is happening when someone feels

“heartburn”.

8. Why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?

9. What is the most important digestive enzyme in the

stomach?

10. What causes someone to be lactose intolerant?

11. Does stress really cause ulcers?

12. Why am I hungry only a couple hours after eating Chinese

food?

13. What does the pancreas do?

14. Name the heaviest organ in the body. What are the 5

functions of the liver?

15. What is bile? Where is it stored?

16. What are gall stones? How do you get rid of them?

17. Explain fat emulsification.

18. How long is the small intestine? What are the 3 parts to it?

19. Why does most nutrient absorption occur in the small

intestine?

20. What is a hernia? What are the two most common kinds

of hernia?

21. What are the four parts of the large intestine?

22. What is the appendix? Why do people have it removed?

23. What is a colonoscopy?

24. What are the main functions of the large intestine?

25. How do I get rid of diarrhea?

26. What exactly are hemorrhoids? How do I get rid of them?

27. What are feces made of? What is flatulence?

28. What are intestinal tapeworms? How long can they get?

29. What the 3 macronutrients? In what order are they

metabolized?

30. What is the Adkins diet? Is it healthy?

31. Explain a gastric bypass surgical procedure.

32. Why is fiber important in your diet?

33. What is scurvy?

Nervous System

34. What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

35. Describe the anatomy of the Central Nervous System

(CNS).

36. Describe the anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS).

37. What is the difference between the Sympathetic and

Parasympathetic divisions?

38. Draw a neuron, label all 9 parts and give their functions.

Spring Final Exam Study GuideAnswer all questions on a separate sheet of paper

39. How fast does an impulse travel in a myelinated axon? In an

unmyelinated axon?

40. How long are axons?

41. Name 3 structurally different neurons. What are the 3 types

of functionally different neurons?

42. What is an action potential? Describe the major events of an

action potential.

43. Why are electrolytes important in your diet?

44. Draw an axon when it is polarized (resting) and when it is

depolarized (firing). Label K+, Na+

45. Are action potentials “all-or-none” responses?

46. Do neurons touch each other?

47. What happens when the action potential reaches the

synapse?

48. How many types of neurotransmitters are found in the

body? List 7 and give their location and major action.

49. How do drugs affect neurotransmitters?

50. What neurotransmitter triggers addiction in humans?

51. Draw and label the cross section of the spinal cord. What is

the function of afferent neurons and efferent neurons?

52. Explain what happens in a reflex arc.

53. List the 12 cranial nerves. How can you remember them?

54. What are the meninges of the brain? What is meningitis?

55. What fluid acts as a shock absorber & cushions the brain &

spinal cord?

56. What are the ventricles of the brain? What is

hydrocephalus?

57. Draw, label and give the function of the four lobes of the

brain.

58. Why do many teenagers make stupid mistakes?

59. What is a sulcus? What is a gyrus?

60. What do Michael J. Fox and Muhammad Ali have in

common?

61. What is hemisphere dominance?

62. What is autism? What is an Autistic Savant?

63. Do some people taste colors or see smells?

64. What is a conditioned stimulus?

65. What is an EEG?

66. Why do we need to sleep? How long is a complete sleep

cycle in the average human? How long do we need to

sleep?

67. Why do we dream?

Cardiovascular System

68. How big is your heart?

69. Name the four chambers of the heart.

70. Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls? Why?

71. What are the four types of heart valves?

72. What is the function of the heart valves?

73. How much pressure does the human heart generate?

74. Trace the path of blood through the heart. (12 steps)

75. What is causing the Lubb Dubb sounds of the heart?

76. What is a myocardial infarction?

77. What are the warning signs of a heart attack?

78. Which chamber of the heart contains pacemaker cells?

79. What does ECG stand for?

80. Draw, label, and define the P wave, QRS complex, and T

wave.

81. What is the optimal blood pressure? What does it mean?

82. What does systole and diastole correspond to?

83. How much blood is in an average adult?

84. What are the main functions of blood?

85. Name the 3 types of cells in blood. What is each type’s

function?

86. What is hemoglobin?

87. Where are red blood cells created? Where do they

breakdown?

88. What is a CBC? What is it used for?

89. Name the three types of blood vessels and their functions.

90. List the four blood types and their donors.

91. What is the universal donor? Why can he give but not

receive all blood types?

92. What is the universal recipient (receiver)?

93. What is Rh factor? What is RhoGAM?

Spring Diagram Final Study GuideNumber all diagrams and label on a separate sheet of paper