SP's Naval Forces 01-2006

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INAUGURALISSUE

A QuoteI s s u e 1 2 0 0 6 4 V o l 1 N o 1

SP’s has always been known for the new begin-nings as the Founder Publisher Shri S PBaranwal introduced Military Yearbook in 1965,continuing with the same SP’s introduced SP’sAviation in 1998; then SP’s Land Forces (1st jour-nal of its kind from the whole of Asia) in 2004.Following the tradition of introducing focused plat-forms thus aiming to fill the void in the market,SP’s now offers SP’s Naval Forces to India’s

state-of-the-art Navy.

Admiral Arun Prakash, Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and his officehave been very supportive towards this new endeavour and SP’s

feel duly honoured and rather committed due to such response.

The inaugural issue includesan exhaustive interview thathas been conducted with theCNS. It includes a variety ofperceptions, views comingfrom the Admiral, therefore aneducative piece for its valuablereaders. The journal with pleas-ure includes a very exhaustiveand interesting article on AirOperations at Sea by the CNS,

that illustrates evolution of naval aviation.

Indian Navy has been the most inter-operable service from India which dulyreflects in the series of joint exercises that have been taking place with coun-tries like France, United States, Russia and so on. The journal makes anattempt to cover such interactive gestures in an illustrative manner. This issuealso touches upon the upcoming mega event i.e. President’s Review to beheld in February this year.

An article on Scorpene Construction Programme by Vice Admiral (r) P Jaitlydiscusses the relevant implications of 6 submarines’ contract that has beensigned between India and France, as to how it will enable the sustainability ofexpertise with defence public sectors and also offer a range of opportunitiesto private sectors in India.

Indian Navy has been known for its key role towards disaster management inthe country and in the region. The journal has covered a seminar held recent-ly which was chaired by Indian Defence Minister, Mr Pranab Mukherjee, Chiefof the Naval Staff and various heads of Disaster Management Committee.Also covered are the evolution of the Indian Navy and its initiatives towards itsrelationship with various countries and the Indian Coast Guard’s relentlessefforts to meet the Marine environmental security needs, etc.

The layout of the journal has been designed keeping the aspirations of Navyin mind and the blue water ambitions of this forceful service. We do hope thatour readers would enjoy reading.

This is a beginning... and we intend to consistently evolve and thereforerequest our readers to send us their views, comments and suggestions. Sothe anchor has been weighed and we are over the waters to sail.

JAYANT BARANWAL

MANAGING EDITOR & PUBLISHER

SP’s NAVAL FORCES 1/2006 1

Continued on page 3...

SP’s team with CNS on 18th November,2005 after the interview.

So, my main thrust areas have been - networking,transformation, foreign co-operation and indigenisation.I hope that they will be sustained over the comingyears to the benefit of our service and our country...

“”

“We have a vital stake in the security ofthe sea-lanes to our East and West. TheIndian Navy therefore must expand itscapability to protect the sea-lanes.”

Dr Manmohan Singh Prime Minister of India

Air Operations at Sea 6 page 8

ScorpeneConstructionProgramme4 page 4

India’s EvolvingMaritime Profile andStrategy3 page 12

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SPG: You have now been CNS for almost ayear and a half. As you look back, what doyou feel has been your biggest achievementso far?

CNS: It may not be appropriate to link theChief’s tenure with personal achievement; onlywhat he can contribute to the evolutionaryprocess that the service goes through. In anycase, a Chief’s tenure is not long enough forany major issue to fructify. What I have tried todo is to identify key issues and focused atten-tion on them, so that in the years to come, theywill take on significance.

There are four issues which I have tried to con-centrate on. First is the area of naval diplomacyand foreign co-operation, because during peace-time, one of the most important roles of the Navyis to assist the government in carrying forward itsforeign policy. In order to focus sharply on this,we have created a Directorate of Foreign Co-operation under a Rear Admiral, in October thisyear. The role of this Directorate is to co-ordinateassistance to our neighbours in the Indian Oceanlittoral and other key countries, in areas of train-ing, hardware and expertise, in co-ordination withMinistry of External Affairs. I must say that it hastaken off quite well.

Another area which we want to concentrate onis ‘transformation’. Transformation means thatyou take cognizance of the revolution in militaryaffairs and the technological changes that aretaking place; the necessity to operate jointlywith the other two services; and the need forthe service to evolve to keep pace with therequirements of modern warfare. In the Indiancontext, since the country is now emerging as areckonable force in the world order, it alsomeans a transformation in the very way wethink and align ourselves to the future.

The other area of focus is indigenisationbecause of our sorry experience with importedhardware in the last few decades. With importedequipment, we have learnt from experience thatthere is an element of unreliability, and the les-son is that indigenisation is the only way ahead.I have thus created a Directorate ofIndigenisation, which will look after the indigeni-sation of systems and equipment on a full timebasis. Of course, we cannot achieve 100% indi-genisation, but the aim is to achieve an opti-mum level, which will significantly reducedependence. We have also decided that wher-ever we are offered through transfer of technol-ogy (ToT), we will no longer accept “screwdrivertechnology” and insist on collaborative develop-ment, technology sharing and co-production.

The last but perhaps most vital priority was to“Network the Navy”. Networking means that allships, submarines and aircraft should be able toexchange information with each other, even ifthey are hundreds of miles apart. This is soughtto be achieved so that they can share a com-mon picture and synergise their offensive capa-bilities. We have made a very good beginning,though I must admit that it is a complex andmassive undertaking, which requires a highlevel of information technology inputs, includingthe use of a dedicated naval satellite. I am surethat in a few years time, we will have a realcapability in this field.

So, these have been my main thrust areas -networking, transformation, foreign co-operationand indigenisation. I hope that they will be sus-tained over the coming years to the benefit ofour service and our country.

SPG: There are some who feel that Indiadoes not need blue water navy since thecountry has no hegemonistic ambitions and

there would be no occasion for it to projectits power overseas. How would you com-ment on this?

CNS: In tune with our national philosophy, ourmaritime force is not designed for ‘offensive’purposes, but with the aim of ‘defending’ ourmaritime interests. Traditionally, India has beena “status quo” power and we have never hadhegemonistic ambitions. I think this is recog-nised by all our friends in the region. However, itis imperative for us to be able to safeguard, notonly our long coastline, which exceeds 7,500km or the 1,200 odd islands on both ourseaboards but also our other maritime assets.We have an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of2.01 million sq km, which is likely to increase toalmost 2.6 million sq km after the delineation ofour continental shelf. Nearly 70% of India’s oilproduction comes from offshore resources andrecent offshore gas discoveries on the eastcoast will lead to substantial gas productionfrom offshore platforms. Over 70% of India’scrude is imported - all of it by sea. We have alarge merchant fleet of over 600 ships. This

Rendezvous with the CNS ...Continued from page 1

Rendezvous with the CNS

I am the Chairman of Chiefs of StaffCommittee and I would like to reassure you thatthe system is working fairly well. “

”

5 “I would like to refer to the ‘Recommendations of the Group of Ministers’ on CDS where theyhave recommended the setting up of a CDS.” CNS stressing on the importance of full activationof CDS.


whole gamut of maritime interests requires theprotection of a blue water force which canthwart any threat, well before it reaches ourshores.

SPG: There is a point of view that the cur-rent system in which the Integrated DefenceStaff is functioning under the Chairman,Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC), is work-ing well and there is no requirement of CDS.What are your views?

CNS: I am the Chairman of Chiefs of StaffCommittee and I would like to reassure you thatthe system is working fairly well. But the COSCis a committee with a limited span of controland the subjects it can take decisions on arealso limited. As far as the issue of a need for aCDS is concerned, I would refer to theRecommendations of the Group of Ministers,where, for reasons clearly spelt out, they haverecommended the setting up of a CDS. Thepresent system is working well within its limitedcharter and scope, but let us be quite clear thatthe Chairman COSC is by no means a substi-tute for a CDS. I am sure the government willappoint a CDS when the time is right.

SPG: The US has already offered to sell usP-3C Orion. Are we giving serious thoughtto the offer?

CNS: We are giving it a serious thought as ourlong range maritime reconnaissance capabilityneeds to be augmented to make up for the air-craft that we lost. P-3C Orion is certainly one ofthe candidates and the offer was made by theUS Government under the FMS scheme some-time back, and is under examination.

SPG: Are we also planning to purchase aLPD like USS Trenton from USA?

CNS: The US Government has offered the USSTrenton, which is a Landing Platform Dock inservice with the US Navy. We have beenassured that it has a residual life of 15-20 yearsand that the US will also support its mainte-nance during this period. We are in need of aship like this, as we found during the recentTsunami, when we needed to transfer equip-ment and stores across beaches to providerelief to affected people ashore. This ship cando that, and also carry about a thousandtroops. We very much wanted to build oneindigenously but it will take about 10-12 yearsto build and cost in the region of about Rs2,000-3,000 crore. USS Trenton is available at avery reasonable price of about one tenth thatcost. So the price is good, it has a residual lifeand it is a capability that we need now.Therefore, we are looking at it quite favourably.

SPG: There was talk some time ago aboutleasing a multi-role Akula II submarinefrom Russia. Is this still being consideredand if so, what is the current status of thecase?

SP Guide Publications (SPG) team visited the office ofAdmiral Arun Prakash, Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) on

November 18, 2005. Admiral Prakash shared his thoughts on wide ranging issues. Healso made a mention of the recent introductions of various Directorates in the IndianNavy to achieve greater self-reliance and greater interoperability with various navies.

Admiral Arun Prakash was commissioned in the Indian Navy in January 1966 andjoined the Naval Aviation branch qualifying as a Sea Hawk pilot from the deck of INSVikrant in 1968. In 1983 he also obtained the distinction of inducting the first V/STOLfighter, the Sea Harrier into the Indian Navy. He has flown over 2,500 hours on thevariety of single and multi-engine aircraft from the aircraft carrier and ashore. He hascommanded several ships including the aircraft carrier INS Viraat, the Eastern Fleetand held several Flag appointments including the first C-in-C of Andaman & NicobarCommand before taking over as CNS on 31st July, 2004. He took over as theChairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee on 31st January, 2005. During the 1971 war, heserved with the IAF in a fighter-bomber squadron flying Hunters and was awarded theVir Chakra for gallantry in air action over west Pakistan. Admiral Prakash’s mainfocus has been on four issues i.e. area of foreign diplomacy and foreign co-opera-tion, transformation in the backdrop of revolution in military affairs (RMA) and tech-nological advancement, indigenisation and networking the navy.

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SP’s NAVAL FORCES 1/20064


3Chief of the Naval Staffwith Mg Editor after the inter-view, on November 18, 2005.

ubmarines are a vital component ofthe Indian Navy’s inventory and playa pivotal role in safeguarding hermaritime interests, both during peaceand war. First inducted in the Indian

Navy in late 1960s with acquisition of FoxTrotclass submarines, the present inventory ofsubmarine comprises of Russian “Kilo class”and German HDW “SSK of type 1500”. Inaddition to the acquisition plan, the IndianNavy had formulated a comprehensive pro-gramme of indigenous construction of sub-marines as part of its strategy to build-up req-uisite force level of the submarine fleet.

Accordingly, while the first two SSK class sub-marines were acquired from Germany, thebalance two were built at Mazagon DockLimited (MDL) with transfer of technology(ToT) from HDW, Germany. This involved aug-mentation of infrastructure at the shipyard forconstruction of submarines as also generatingskills, knowledge and expertise (know-howand know-why) in design, planning and con-struction activities of submarine. India thusjoined a very select group of nations in theworld that could build submarines. The intentwas to continue with series production of sub-marines to cater for force level requirements

of the Indian Navy and consolidate the skillsand expertise. However, due to a controversyover HDW contract in late 80s, the indigenoussubmarine construction programme was dis-continued after construction of two sub-marines at MDL. As a result, the submarineproduction line became inactive with idle man-power and dormant infrastructure. Once thecontroversy subsided, all efforts were made torevive the submarine construction art at MDL.

30-Year Submarine Building Plan

Considering the contemporary and the futurethreat perception, and to maintain the envis-aged submarine force level, the IndianGovernment approved in early 2000, the planfor the “Project for Series Construction ofSubmarines for the Indian Navy and Acquisitionof National Competence in SubmarineBuilding”. This became known as “The 30-YearSubmarine Building Plan”.

The aim of the 30-year plan is to organiseseries manufacture of submarines in concertwith Indian industry (public and private), in sucha manner as to avail of the advantages of dis-persed multi-nodal consortium operation, dupli-cate facilities and faster systems specialisation.

The Indian Navy’s 30-Year Submarine BuildingPlan involves setting up two separate assemblylines of submarine construction and is aimed atavoiding further import of submarines. Thiswould imply involvement of Indian industry, boththe public and private sector, in much largermeasure to build-up national competence insubmarine building. It is envisaged that the twoassembly lines would take up construction oftwo separate types (design) of submarine withToT arrangements with selected original equip-ment manufacturers.

After the approval of the 30-Year Plan, it wasexpected that the construction at the first linewould commence by early 2000. However, afterconsiderable debate and scrutiny, theGovernment of India’s approval for the firstphase of six French design Scorpene sub-marines could only be accorded in September2005. According to the agreement, India would

Scorpene ConstructionProgramme

Ind

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444 The Indian Governmentapproved in early 2000, theplan for the “Project for SeriesConstruction of Submarines forthe Indian Navy andAcquisition of NationalCompetence in SubmarineBuilding”, which is known as“The 30-Year SubmarineBuilding Plan”.333

3Scorpene over the waters.

Scorpene Construction Programme will fill long standing voids in the IndianNavy and at the same time upgrade the skills and infrastructure of the Indian

Industry in spheres of high technology.



At this moment, we have 27 ships and sub-marines on order in various shipyards inIndia. “

”building them may have withered away. Doyou think we are still in a position toundertake building Scorpene submarinesindigenously?

CNS: You are right, but the expertise has nottotally withered away because Mazagon Docks(MDL), which built two HDW submarines underlicense, has been engaged in repairing andrefitting them. So the skills have been kept aliveand we hope to reinforce these skills whenmanufacture of the Scorpene starts.

SPG: A number of existing submarineswould have reached the end of their opera-tional life by the time the six Scorpene sub-marines are inducted into service. What arethe plans to replace the remaining sub-marines?

CNS: We have evolved a ‘30-Year SubmarineBuilding Plan’. The first phase envisages theconstruction of six Scorpenes at MDL, Mumbai.We have also planned mid-life updates forsome of our submarines, which will extend theirlife. In the next phase, we plan to construct a

line of submarines of an indigenous design.Though we envisage some erosion of our sub-marine force levels, but the numbers are stilladequate to take care of any situation. This isespecially because most of our submarineshave been modernised and equipped withcruise missiles.

SPG: The Indian Navy is reported to be car-rying out joint patrolling of the Six DegreeChannel with the Indonesian Navy. Has theIndian Navy taken on the responsibility ofpatrolling these waters or is it a bilateralarrangement with Indonesia?

CNS: The objective of co-ordinated patrol is toenhance mutual understanding and inter-oper-ability between the two navies and preventsmuggling, piracy, drug trafficking, sea pollu-tion, poaching, etc. The first India-Indonesiaco-ordinated patrol commenced in September2002 following the signature of a defenceagreement between both governments inJanuary 2001. Since then, four joint patrolshave been successfully executed along theInternational Boundary Line (IBL) between the

They also have much to learn regarding produc-tivity techniques and adopting innovative busi-ness/commercial practices. On the other hand,our private sector has a lot of strengths in theirareas and there is much to be gained through pri-vate-public synergy. We certainly look forward tooutsourcing, off loading and joint ventures by pub-lic sector shipyards to involve private industry.

SPG: There has been no submarine con-struction in the country for the past 15years or so and the expertise acquired in

CNS: I am unable to comment on this issue.

SPG: The Navy has been building most ofits ships indigenously for many years now.The private sector has only been involvedas a supplier of sub-systems, so far. Whatare the plans for involving the private sectorin the future projects?

CNS: With a few notable exceptions, all our publicsector shipyards need an infusion of funds, forinfrastructure upgradation and modernisation.

* The author has recently retired as Chief of Material from Indian Navy.

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3463_290x418_SPSNaval_GB 23/12/05 18:05 Page 1

two countries in accordance with mutuallyagreed guidelines and procedures. The resultsof the patrols have been beneficial to bothsides.

SPG: How would you compare the pace ofmodernisation of the Navy today vis-à-visthe modernisation carried out in the 80s?Are you satisfied with the current pace ofthe modernisation?

CNS: During the 80s we embarked on a largeprogramme of hardware acquisition fromabroad. We acquired an aircraft carrier, asquadron of TU-142, some destroyers, somesubmarines and a few missile vessels, whichconsiderably increased our capability and fire-power. The current modernisation programme isfocused sharply on self-reliance. Most of ourships are being built in India, and more andmore of our sensors and weapons are indige-nously developed and produced. We are alsolooking at force multipliers like network centricwarfare. Thus, the qualitative difference betweenthen and now is that during the 80s all hard-ware was largely imported, but now, we are notonly becoming more self-reliant, but also gain-ing tremendously in self-confidence.

SPG: Are you satisfied with the pace ofmodernisation?

CNS: Well, as CNS I cannot really complain.Apart from the fact that we need to furtherstreamline our procedures so that we canactually spend the allotted budget within thefinancial year, our capital acquisition pro-gramme is extremely satisfying. At thismoment, we have 27 ships and submarines onorder in various shipyards in India. While num-bers-wise the majority of this modernisationessentially comprises replacements for retiringships, the firepower of our future platforms willensure that our capability will multiply mani-fold. I am sure that initiatives like networkingand transformation, that I have elaborated ear-lier, will further assist our modernisationprocess.

SPG: How effective and prepared do youthink the Navy is today to implement thecountry’s maritime strategy?

CNS: Given India’s central location, I view ourprimary area of operations as the entire IndianOcean Region. In case of conflict, we musthave the capability to reach out quickly to allareas within this region, sustain our forces,undertake the required operations, andachieve our objectives. In peacetime, our pri-mary role lies in furthering our country’s politi-cal and geo-strategic objectives through ourdiplomatic role. Besides, we need to be able to

help, both our own countrymen as also thoseneighbours who need (and seek) assistance,during times of crisis or calamity, as was seenduring last year’s Tsunami. The Navy is pre-pared to undertake all these tasks and I amextremely confident about our capability andeffectiveness.

SPG: The Indian Navy has carried out anumber of joint exercises with other naviesand more are planned in the future. Whatrole do such exercises play in the evolutionand efficiency of the Navy?

CNS: Joint exercises serve to enhance co-operation and understanding with other navies.When we operate with them, we come to knowabout their capabilities and both sides alsolearn from each other. Moreover, there may beoccasions, like the recent Tsunami, when wemay have to operate with another navy. Hencejoint exercises serve to build “interoperability”.They also lead to greater confidence in eachother’s intentions, and hence help in buildingtrust. Moreover, we know exactly where westand in the world as far as our professionalcapability is concerned. So far we have foundthat our officers and men are in no way lessthan those from other navies and our partnersview us with professional respect.

SPG: We are planning to acquire the MiG-29K for the Vikramaditya. Is there any poten-tial for looking at the French Rafale orAmerican JSF for it or the proposed indige-nous air defence ship in the next 10-15years?

CNS: We are looking at inducting two new air-craft carriers in the next decade: the Gorshkov,soon to be re-named INS Vikramaditya, andthe Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC) to be builtat Kochi. Since both these carriers have ski-

jumps, we are presently planning to induct theMiG-29K from Russia with the intention ofinducting the indigenous LCA (naval version)at a later stage. The MiG-29K is almost afourth generation fighter, very powerful, verycapable and we hope that we can use it for thenext 15-20 years. Because of the ski-jump, theF-18 and Rafale were not an option. But wecan certainly consider the JSF, if it is availableand is suitable for our requirements. The JSFhas two versions, i.e. vertical take-off & landing(VTOL); and conventional. The VTOL versioncan operate on these two carriers and we haveconveyed our interest in this aircraft to theUSA.

SPG: The French recently stated that a solu-tion could be found with Rafale.

CNS: It is possible, but the company havemade no such offer to us. In any case, our deci-sion has been made and MiG-29K aircraft arealready being manufactured for these and wemay order some more also. But in the next 15-20 years, if we build a third aircraft carrier wemay consider other aircraft too.

SPG: There is considerable work beingdone in the field of net centric warfare with-in the armed forces and how is it planned tobe used to achieve synergy between Navyand the other services?

CNS: Currently, each service is developing itsown system of network centric operationsbecause it has now become essential. But atthe back of our minds we know that in actualoperations the three services will need to workin synergy. Therefore, the network of each serv-ice must be able to talk to the other two. IDSHeadquarters is focusing on this issue thatcaters for a handshake interface and exchangeof data of between the services.

In This Issue

Editorial



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444Accordingly, the Sovietnaval strategy over the 1950sand 1960s was centred on anti-carrier measures like missile-armed long-range bombers andcruise missiles-equipped shipsand submarines. 333

Threats Prevail Over Dogma

Actual capabilities apart, the significance of theKiev lay in the fact that the Soviets had, at longlast, felt constrained to relent in their dogmaticopposition to aircraft carriers and to deploy inte-gral air power at sea. This could not have beenpossible but for the availability of VTOL fightersto the Soviets. The Kiev was not really viable ifpitted against a US attack carrier, but once theconcept and the technology were proven, it wasexpected that improved versions of ships andaircraft would be forthcoming. And they were.

cover of its powerful shore-based naval aviation,the Morskaya Aviatsia, in waters contiguous toSoviet territory. US carriers were not onlyignored but also denigrated as ‘sitting ducks’ forSoviet missiles. Accordingly, the Soviet navalstrategy over the 1950s and 1960s was centredon anti-carrier measures like missile-armedlong-range bombers and cruise missiles-equipped ships and submarines. But a ship-borne air strike capability did not figure in theirperceptions at this juncture.

In the mid 1960s, the induction of the Polarisarmed nuclear submarines gave a new dimen-sion to the threat perceived by the USSR. Thethreat was partially countered by the build-up oflong-range anti-submarine aircraft like the IL-38,TU-95 and TU-142 in its air arm. It also appearsto have been the catalyst for initiating a changein Soviet thinking about the desirability of put-ting air power on seagoing platforms.

444The induction of Polarisarmed nuclear submarinesappeared to have been the cat-alyst for changing the Sovietthinking about the desirabilityof putting air power on seago-ing platforms. 333

The first manifestation of this change of heartwas the commissioning of the ASW helicoptercarriers Moskva and Leningrad in 1967/68.Around 1972, US satellite reconnaissance pic-tures began to show a large carrier type shipunder construction in the Black Sea shipyard ofNikolayev. Closer scrutiny indicated that she was not a carrier in the traditional sense.Absence of launch and arrester gear showedthat she was intended to operate helicopters andpossibly, VTOL aircraft. This was the Kiev, com-missioned in early 1976, followed by the Minsk,Baku (renamed Gorshkov) and Ulyanov. Of theseships, the only survivor now is the Gorshkov,which has recently been acquired by the IndianNavy and is undergoing modernisation in theport of Severdovinsk on the White Sea. A logicalcontinuation of the carrier-building programmewas the Orel class. Originally planned as attackcarriers with nuclear propulsion, only one ship ofthis class was commissioned in 1991 andremains in Russian Navy service. A second ship,the Varyag, was terminated half way throughconstruction and sold to China.

Soviet Aviation Goes to Sea

Towards end -1989, western reconnaissanceagencies observed an unusual maritime activityin the Black Sea. A Soviet aircraft carrier ofmuch larger dimension than the Kiev class wasundertaking trials involving what appeared to beconventional (as opposed to VTOL) fixed wingflying operations. Incredible as it sounded tomany, reports indicated that the aircraft partici-pating in these trials were fourth generation,shore-based supersonic fighters like the MiG-29and Su-27! These reports proved authentic, andit is now known that this was a new 67,000 tons

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Air OperationsAt Sea:

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4Ka-25 (oneeen here) wascarried along-with Yak-36by Red Fleet’sfirst aircraftcarrier Kiev.


A Great LeapForward

The pillars of naval aviation are theaircraft carriers and the aircraft

which operate from them. The two leading countries in thisfield have been the USA and Russia who have developeddifferent technologies specially for the launching of air-craft from the aircraft carrier.

* The author is the Chief of the Naval Staff of Indian Navy.

he Kiev Sets Sail

On July 18, 1976, in compliance withthe Montreaux Convention of 1936,the Soviet Government informed

Turkey of the imminent southward passage ofBolshoi Protivolodochny Kreyser of large anti-submarine warfare (ASW) cruiser from theBlack Sea. However, western observers notedwith a great deal of excitement that theRussians were in breach of the conventionbecause the ship that actually entered the Straitof Bosphorous was the Red Fleet’s first aircraftcarrier, the Kiev.

This 45,000 tons ship was, at that juncture, thelargest warship ever built in the USSR and car-ried 15 to 20 each of Yak-36 vertical take-offand landing (VTOL) fighters, and Ka-25 helicop-ters. In addition, it had a massive and variedarray of weapon systems, sensors and a com-prehensive electronic warfare suite. This kind ofa fit left no doubt that the ship was intended tooperate as a self-contained, long-range unit in ahigh threat environment.

The Soviet Navy’s role till after World War II hadbeen purely defensive and subordinated to theRed Army’s need for protection of its seawardflank. It therefore saw no need for ship-borne airpower and was content to operate under the

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carrier, the Tiblisi (later renamed Kuznetsov)where this new concept of operations wasproved. What appeared to be a ‘rags to riches’story bears further examination here.

During the later part of the Cold War era, SovietNavy destroyers had been known to closely‘mark’ from very close ranges, United StatesNavy (USN) and Royal Navy (RN) aircraft carri-ers during North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO) exercises, causing immense annoyanceand anxiety to their commanding officers. Theydid this in order to observe (and to film) aircraftlaunch and recovery operations for days onend. However, this was not enough to masterthe esoteric art of carrier aviation, which theyhad scoffed at for over half a century. It, there-fore, must have become obvious to the Sovietsat some stage, that in order to bridge thetremendous expertise gap that existed, theywould have to leapfrog the era of conventionaltake-off and landing (CTOL) aircraft and adoptVTOL technology in order to bring their aviationto sea. And this they proceeded to do through the flat deck Kievclass carriers and the Yak-36/38 VTOL aircraft.

The second combat jet VTOL aircraft in the worldto enter service (after the Harrier), the Yak-36was not entirely a satisfactory solution to theproblem of fleet air defence at sea. Unlike theHarrier, which made use of a single engine withvectoring nozzles for forward flight as well ashovering and landing, the Yak-36 had one largeengine for forward propulsion in addition to twosmaller lift engines which were used for VTOLand shut down thereafter. This three-engine con-figuration not only added to the basic weight ofthe aircraft and limited its range/endurance butalso increased the demands on piloting skillsduring take-off and landing.

Like the Harrier, the Yak-36 too lacked theengine thrust and aerodynamics to attain super-sonic speeds. The Harrier, because of its swiv-elling nozzles, could, however, perform a shorttake-off (STO) from deck, which greatlyenhanced its load lifting capacity as well asrange/endurance, The Yak-36, due to its engineconfiguration, on the other hand could take-offand land only vertically. Thus, the Harrier wasclassified as a V/STOL aircraft, whereas theYak-36 remained just a VTOL machine.

In essence, though they had a proven concept,the Soviet Navy realised that the Kiev/Yak-36combination would never be a match for a USNcarrier battle group deploying immensely capa-ble fighters like the F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18Hornet supported by E-2 Hawkeyes and A-6Prowlers. There was need to put more capablecombat aircraft on their carriers.

The Russian Approach toTechnology

Those familiar with weapon platforms ofSoviet/Russian origin know that the Russiansare highly innovative in their thinking. Frequentlycircumscribed by their own technological limita-

tions, they are known to produce systems whichare quite unconventional and imaginative. Theirsolutions to design problems are sometimescrude but functional, and often based on a‘brute force’ approach.

Nothing illustrates this better than the early ver-sion of the MiG-29, which had a conventional(i.e. stable) aerodynamic configuration and wasequipped with a set of hydraulic controls, butcould more than match the instant turn rate andagility of its (aerodynamically unstable) digital fly-by-wire western contemporaries like the F-16and Mirage-2000. This was due as much to goodaerodynamic features as to the massive thrust ofits power plant, which could overcome the buildup of induced drag at high angles of attack.

444Those familiar withweapon platforms of Soviet/Russian origin know that theRussians are highly innovativein their thinking. 333

The Soviet design bureaus had produced con-ventional fourth generation combat aircraft,many of them superior to their western counter-parts. Their naval architects and shipyards nowhad a proven capability for delivering aircraftcarriers. Yet the question that confronted thenaval staff was how to adapt a 20-30 tons com-bat aircraft, originally designed as a land-basedfighter, for operations from an aircraft carrier.

It is well known that a ship-borne fighter canoperate with ease from a shore base. On theother hand, a combat aircraft designed to take-off and land on 10,000 feet of concrete runwaycannot possibly operate without major modifica-tions from the 700-800 foot long flight deck of acarrier. The main problem areas in such anundertaking would be excessive landing andtake-off speeds, inability of undercarriage andairframe to withstand the stress of carrier recov-ery, and finally, dimensional incompatibility to fitthe ship’s aircraft lifts and hangar.

Above all, to enable aircraft operations, the shipwould need to be equipped with a hydraulicarrester gear for landing and a steam drive cat-apult for assisted take-off. Neither of these com-plex systems had ever been designed or built inthe USSR at that juncture.

Russian Solutions

These were problems of a magnitude that mayhave been daunted western expertise, but theSoviets apparently took them in their stride.Three types of aircraft, already in frontline serv-ice with the Soviet Air Force, were selected forconversion to ship-borne operations: the MiG-29 and Su-27 fighter/attack aircraft and the Su-25 ground attack aircraft (which saw extensiveoperations in Afghanistan). Significant aerody-namic design changes were undertaken toreduce take-off and landing speed. The under-carriage was strengthened for deck operations,and an arrester hook fitted in a reinforced fuse-lage underbelly. Where necessary, wing and tailfolding mechanisms were incorporated toreduce dimensions and enable stowage onboard.

The aircraft designations were suffixed with ‘K’or ‘G’ for ‘Korabelnyy’ and ‘Gak’; the first stand-ing for ‘ship-borne’ and the second for ‘hook’.On November 1, 1989, the MiG-29K, the Su-27K and the Su-25G, all successfully landed fortrials on the new carrier Kuznetsov, using aSoviet designed arrester gear.

The Ski-Jump Concept

All these were absorbing developments for mili-tary analysts, but what really took their breathaway was the fact that the three aircraft hadbeen launched from the ship, not with the helpof a catapult, but over a 12 degree ski-jump,integral to the carrier’s deck. The ski-jump con-cept in the western doctrine was firmly weddedto V/STOL operations, and while some experi-mental flying had possibly been done, littlethought had been given to using it for routinelaunch of conventional aircraft from a carrier.

The ski-jump was the brainchild of a youngRoyal Navy (RN) engineer named Lt Cdr DougTaylor, who hit upon this idea in the early 1970swhile investigating way of enhancing the shorttake-off and payload performance of the Harrierin order to enable deck operations from smallcarriers. He faced considerable cynicism fromaircraft designers as well as test pilots becausethe simple device appeared to promise ‘some-thing for nothing’ and everyone felt that therehad to be a catch somewhere.

In the mid 1960s, amidst a major national debate,the Labour government imposed drastic defencecuts, which saw most of Britain’s aircraft carriersdecommissioned, and naval aircraft transferred tothe Royal Air Force (RAF). Interestingly, a

5A long range Tu-142 maritime patrol aircraftof Indian Navy.

4 F/A-18SuperHornet justairborneafter a cata-pult launchfrom a USaircraft carrier.

4An E-2C Hawkeye after a dusk landing on anaircraft carrier.


Air Operations At Sea: A Great Leap Forward ...Continued from page 8

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number of RN admirals had at that time resignedon principle on the emotive issue of the virtualdisbandment of their fleet air arm.

A decade later, the RN, desperate to bringabout a revival of its air arm, saw the ‘Invincible’class aircraft carriers and the Harrier V/STOLfighter as a heaven sent opportunity for its res-urrection.

The Invincible class ships were actually a ployby the RN to reintroduce aircraft carriers bysubterfuge. The project had originally been pro-jected to the British Government in the guise of‘through’ (or continuous) deck ‘cruisers’designed for operating anti-submarine helicop-ters to meet NATO tasks. In actual fact, theywere nothing but small aircraft carriers. At20,000 tons, however, they could not possiblyoperate Phantoms, Buccaneers or any of theother contemporary carrier aircraft then avail-able. Moreover, these ships were powered bygas turbines and thus, could also not beequipped with a stream catapult for launchingaircraft.

However, with the advent of the Harrier, thereemerged a distinct possibility of putting fighteraviation back at sea. The problem was that theseships could provide only a very short deck run forlaunch of a fighter. So they decided to investigateTaylor’s ski-jump concept seriously.

A shore-based ski-jump with a hydraulicallyvariable profile was fabricated and installed atRAE Farnborough (subsequently shifted to theRN Air Station Yeovilton) and a series of trialsproved that Taylor’s idea did indeed have sub-stance. The Harrier’s performance from a mar-ginal small deck carrier was to see dramaticenhancement in payload, and reduction intake-off run by using this device. This ski-jumphas been thereafter retained in Yeovilton totrain fledgling pilots (which included the author,20 years ago) for ship-borne operations.

Basically, the ski-jump consists of a curvedinclined ramp installed in the bows of the carri-er. An aircraft traversing the ski-jump followsits curved profile, and on exit, is launched intoan upward ballistic trajectory. Compared to aflat deck exit, this trajectory (for the same take-off run) can place the aircraft 200-300 feethigher in the air and thus provide it moreheight (and time) to accelerate into forwardflight. However, because of the short take-offrun available on a ship’s deck, an aircraftwould normally exit from the ski-jump at a verylow speed. Should this speed be below thestalling speed of the aircraft (as it is for theHarrier), the flying controls remain ineffectiveand the aircraft will, in layman’s terms, ‘fall outof the sky’.

444A decade later, the RN,desperate to bring about arevival of its air arm, saw the‘Invincible’ class aircraft carri-ers and the Harrier V/STOLfighter as a heaven sent oppor-tunity for its resurrection. 333

In this respect, V/STOL aircraft have an advan-tage because at low speeds they rely not onaerodynamic controls (which require high rela-tive air flow over the aerodynamic surfaces), buton jet reaction controls. These controls, called‘puffers’, use hot air, bled from the engine, andallow the machine to be controlled in all planestill it accelerates into an aerodynamically safeflying regime. It was for this reason that use ofthe ski-jump could not be contemplated forCTOL aircraft under normal circumstances.

Some of the most grateful beneficiaries of theski-jump were perhaps Indian naval aviators.We had learnt to fly the Sea Harrier from the 12degree ski-jump of HMS Hermes with bitterlycold winds blowing in the English Channel. Onreturn to India, we looked with horror at the flatdeck of INS Vikrant (with a catapult at the end).On a normal (hot) day, even with a partial fuelload, full deck run and water injection, the air-craft could accelerate to barely 85-90 knots,and exit the deck at just 50 feet above thewaves. It made the launch quite exciting butstressful for pilots and left no margin for any

errors-especially at night. Subsequently, whenthe ship was fitted out with a 12 degree ski-jump, we could launch with full load from halfthe deck run, and the aircraft would effortlesslyreach a height of about 250 feet at the end ofthe launch.

Marrying CTOL Machines with theSki-Jump

Conventional wisdom (in the West) dictated atthis point of time that CTOL aircraft could belaunched from a ship’s deck only with the helpof a catapult, which would accelerate it to arespectable speed of 120-140 knots within arun of 150-200 feet. One of the more complexand trouble-prone pieces of seagoing machin-ery, this device has evolved over 5 decades

through hydraulic, pneumatic and explosive ver-sions into the present day steam powered cata-pult which is currently manufactured only in theUSA. Given their ingenuity, there is no doubtthat the Soviets would have eventually come upwith their own (perhaps electrically driven) ver-sion of an aircraft catapult. However, they obvi-ously had other views on the subject.

Soviet origin aircraft have suffered by compari-son with their western contemporaries in termsof aerodynamic finish and sophistication.However, as pointed out earlier, this lacuna ismore than made up by the massive thrust thatpours out of their powerful (albeit smoky andfuel guzzling) aero-engines. Thus, aircraft likethe MiG-29 and Su-27 have a ‘thrust to weight’ratio of better than unity, which results in a shorttake-off run and very rapid acceleration onceair-borne. In all likelihood, it is this attribute,combined with lift augmentation devices and adigital ‘fly-by-wire’ system, which has madethese CTOL aircraft controllable at sub-stallspeeds and encouraged the Russians to con-template a ski-jump launch.

Since they had decided to move on from per-formance limited VTOL aircraft like the Yak-36,the Soviets devised an ingenious solution,which consisted of by-passing the catapult routeand using the ski-jump for launch of CTOL air-craft. For recovery of these aircraft, they resort-ed to the tried and tested method of usinghydraulic arrester gear consisting of wiresstretched across the deck. This operating modegave rise to a new acronym in the naval avia-tion lexicon: STOBAR, which stands for shorttake-off but arrested recovery.

444This operating mode gaverise to a new acronym in thenaval aviation lexicon: STO-BAR, which stands for shorttake-off but arrested recovery. 333

In order to test this concept, as well as the air-craft modified for punishing carrier operations,the Soviets established a comprehensive testfacility at Saki, near Sevastopol in Crimea.Partly through emulation and partly throughtheir own innovation, the Soviet Navy installed aski-jump and an elaborate hydraulic arresterwire system, complete with their own versionsof visual aids and an electro-optical landingsight. It was here that the STOBAR concept aswell as the Su-27K, MiG-29K and the Su-25Gwere proven before they started deck trials onthe Kuznetsov.

During a visit to Saki a few years ago, I had theopportunity to fly off the Russian ski-jump anddo an ‘arrested’ landing. An inspection of the

elaborate facility created by the Russians fortraining carrier pilots was an eye opener andprovided a most interesting comparison with theapproach and concepts used by the British,nearly two decades earlier.

The Future of STOBAR

The Russian Navy has been in dire financialstraits for some time now, and its commitment tocarrier aviation must remain a question markamidst all its other preoccupations. After theextensive deck flying trials programme undertak-en by the Kuznetsov in 1993-94, the ship wasequipped with an Air Group consisting of Su-27Kfighters and Ka-28 helicopters. She sailed intothe Adriatic during the Bosnian crisis, but has notbeen seen very often at sea thereafter. With theship tied up, it must be difficult to keep the crew,especially the pilots, in a reasonably operationalstate. The carrier training facility in Saki (now inUkraine) could be a big help in this respect, pro-vided the Ukrainians permit its regular use.

Three of the Kiev class aircraft carriers havebeen disposed off, and the last of theOrel/Kuznetsov class, the Varyag, valued atUS$ 2.4 billion was sold to Chinese Macao,ostensibly as a ‘floating casino’. The RussianNavy is possibly at a cross-road now and itdoes not appear likely that the country haseither the funds or the political will to launchany major shipbuilding projects. But no matterwhat happens in the future, the past twodecades would have been an exciting and ful-fulling period in the brief lifetime of its fixed-wingcarrier aviation arm. Two specific achievementscan be counted as landmarks in aviation historyand stand witness to the ingenuity and innova-tion of Soviet/Russian designers and engineers:the rapid conversion of shore-based CTOLcombat aircraft into equally capable carrier-borne versions, and the iconoclastic demonstra-


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3An F/A-18Hornet preparesto launch fromthe number twobow catapult asanother F/A-18taxis into posi-tion behind thecatapult jetblast deflector(JBD) aboardUSS TheodoreRoosevelt.Understandably,catapult tech-nology has byfar been avail-able only withthe US.

6A Sea Harrierof the IndianNavy in cleanconfiguration ina hover prior toa vertical land-ing on a carrierdeck.

4Soviet Navy soon realised that the Kiev/Yak-36 combination would never be a match for aUSN carrier battle group deploying immenselycapable fighters like the F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18 Hornet supported by E-2 Hawkeyes and A-6Prowlers (seen here).

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elaborate facility created by the Russians fortraining carrier pilots was an eye opener andprovided a most interesting comparison with theapproach and concepts used by the British,nearly two decades earlier.

The Future of STOBAR

The Russian Navy has been in dire financialstraits for some time now, and its commitment tocarrier aviation must remain a question markamidst all its other preoccupations. After theextensive deck flying trials programme undertak-en by the Kuznetsov in 1993-94, the ship wasequipped with an Air Group consisting of Su-27Kfighters and Ka-28 helicopters. She sailed intothe Adriatic during the Bosnian crisis, but has notbeen seen very often at sea thereafter. With theship tied up, it must be difficult to keep the crew,especially the pilots, in a reasonably operationalstate. The carrier training facility in Saki (now inUkraine) could be a big help in this respect, pro-vided the Ukrainians permit its regular use.

Three of the Kiev class aircraft carriers havebeen disposed off, and the last of theOrel/Kuznetsov class, the Varyag, valued atUS$ 2.4 billion was sold to Chinese Macao,ostensibly as a ‘floating casino’. The RussianNavy is possibly at a cross-road now and itdoes not appear likely that the country haseither the funds or the political will to launchany major shipbuilding projects. But no matterwhat happens in the future, the past twodecades would have been an exciting and ful-fulling period in the brief lifetime of its fixed-wingcarrier aviation arm. Two specific achievementscan be counted as landmarks in aviation historyand stand witness to the ingenuity and innova-tion of Soviet/Russian designers and engineers:the rapid conversion of shore-based CTOLcombat aircraft into equally capable carrier-borne versions, and the iconoclastic demonstra-



Half pg ad

IAI TAMAM

�Indian Navy has alsoemerged as the Navy withreasonable airborne capa-bilities.

tion that CTOL aircraft can be safely operatedfrom ski-jumps on carriers.

As far as the Indian Navy is concerned, the diehas been cast. We were amongst the first touse a ski-jump operationally and have, over thepast 20 years, built up great faith in the concept.The former Gorshkov, during her modernisationwill be equipped with a ski-jump and a set ofarrester wires to enable STOBAR operation.The MiG-29K that our pilots will fly off her deckwill have little resemblance to its Indian AirForce (IAF) ancestor of similar designation.

Apart from a tail-hook, this fourth generationaircraft will have digital fly-by-wire controls, a

glass cockpit, modern multi-function radar, arefuelling probe and much-enhancedrange/endurance. A carrier-borne version of thelight combat aircraft, designated LCA (navalversion ) is under development at ADABangalore, and will also operate in the STO-BAR mode as a strike/fighter, first from theGorshkov and eventually from the indigenousaircraft carrier being built at the CochinShipyard Ltd.

While the US Navy, with its super carriers andwealth of NAVAIR capabilities, has watchedthe rise and decline of Russian Naval Aviationwith a degree of detachment, its poorercousin, the British Royal Navy must have

taken keen interest in these developments.The future British aircraft carrier [designatedCV (F)], on the drawing board at the moment,is projected to be a 40,000-50,000 tons shipand selection of an aircraft has been a vexedissue for some time now. Among the optionsbeing actively discussed for the US$ 5 billionCV(F) is that of STOBAR operations. The air-craft that the CV(F) operates may well be aversion of the joint strike fighter, which can belaunched from a ski-jump and land into a setof arrester wires.

If imitation is the best form of flattery, theRussians should certainly have reason to bepleased.

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SP’s NAVAL FORCES 1/200612Continued on page 13...

odernisation - The WayForward

India’s grand strategic evolution inthe twenty-first century has been

driven by the evolving capabilities andstrengths, derived from its sustained economicgrowth and its military-industrial strategic pro-file. The robust nature and salience of India’sstrategic evolution is significantly pronounced inthe areas of nuclear power and missile technol-ogy; naval power evident in the evolving mar-itime profile and strategy and aerospace powerpredicated on the revolution in military affairs.

The process of capabilities build-up in India’sstrategic-technological enclave has been quiteevident in India’s naval power and its maritimestrategy. Some of the instances are as under:

4 The first avenue was for the development ofindigenous technologies for strategic self-suffi-ciency;

4 The second avenue has been import and col-laborative manufacture of weapon systemsunder licensed production that aimed at strate-gic optimality and efficacy;

4 The third avenue has been new initiatives ofjoint ventures in technology development thatspans from concept and design planning totechnology evolution to full production assem-blies — the PJ-10 BrahMos anti-ship cruisemissile — derivation of strategic autonomy.

India’s naval power and its evolving maritimeprofile and strategy had been predicated onthree significant global trends. The process ofglobalisation and the new economic-technolog-ical order — optimally exploited by India; theaccrual of strategic-technological strengthsderived from the robust Indian economic andtechnological strengths and the vision of itsrising power in the Asia-Pacific region predi-cated on its diplomatic, economic-industrial-technological strengths and the evolvingconfidence in its military strengths and capa-bilities.

India’s Maritime Milieu and Co-operative Engagement

The Indian Navy has been engaged in a seriesof cooperative maritime roles and missions inthe realm of benign, constabulary and humani-tarian missions with the objectives of good

India’s Evolving MaritimeProfile and Strategy

India has undertaken multilateral initiatives for naval moderni-sation based on its growing economic, industrial and techno-

logical strengths and a vision of its rising power in the Asia - Pacific region.

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5The anti-ship cruise missile version ofBrahMos programme (land version seen here)is a clear indicative of Indo-Russian activepartnerships.

5Indian Navy’s interoperability has been well reflected in the joint exercises, it has been conduct-ing with various countries’ navies.

*Dr W Lawrence Prabhakar is Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India & Visiting Research Fellow, Maritime Security Programme, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

444The process of capabili-ties build-up in India’s strate-gic-technological enclave hasbeen quite evident in India’snaval power and its maritimestrategy. 333

On Relationship betweenthe two countries: “My perceptions are based on what Ihave seen and heard from otherswho are working very closely with theGovernment and these are my ownobservations. To start with, I must tellyou that we at Lockheed Martin arevery optimistic about the course thetwo governments have taken. It issustainable and is going to create a

new relationship between the two world powers, as neverbefore. Looking back after ten years from this point of time, wewill be amazed, how close our countries have come over thisperiod. The relationship is largely based on the commitment ofboth countries’ leadership towards their national interests andin the interest of the free world, which has been also long over-due. I think both the countries understand this and are trying to

do all they can to achieveit as quickly as they can.This does not mean thatthere will be no obstacles,but the two governmentsand their leadership arecommitted and our per-spective is that this isgoing to succeed and willcontinue to improve. AtLockheed Martin, westrongly believe that the

relationship is based on a sound foundation and is sustainable,creating many opportunities for our company which is heavilydefence oriented, and that is why I am here. My job is to pre-pare the office organisation and infrastructure so as to supportthe marketing delegations when they come here to carry outgovernment to government sales of military hardware.”

On Support to Sales Effort and AddressingIndia’s Concerns: “Our job right now is to support the sales effort from govern-ment to government. There are a number of sales which aregoing on right now and we have reasons to believe that we

will be successful in a number of the opportunities that havecome our way due to the dialogues between the two govern-ments. All those involved must understand that we atLockheed Martin will do everything to support the govern-ments in their ongoing dialogue. In the end, it will be govern-ment to government sales. The US Government has a militarysales process and the Indian Government has a processthrough which they normally acquire foreign military hard-ware. Both these processes are in place though synchronisa-tion in certain areas needs to be done which I am very surewill be done. Some very good people are working very hardto make sure that the requirements of both the governmentsare catered for. Since early September we are trying veryhard that the requirements of the Indian Government areunderstood by the US Government and both work at all levelsto bring these sales to a closure as easily as possible. Ourrole is to support our Government’s efforts as much as possi-ble directly and support as much as we can, the efforts of theIndian Government and the Indian armed forces. As regardsthe Indian apprehensions, I know it occupies the attention ofa lot of people. Our company tries to be like an open book.Our customers such as the Chilean Air Force Chief, theIsraeli Defence Force, etc including the US forces can wellendorse our products and our fair pricing levels. We havecome to India with all our records on the table. Thus, thereshould be no apprehension regarding ‘why’ and ‘what’Lockheed Martin is coming to India to do.”

On Political Upheavals Affecting After SalesProduct Support:“I think what is happening between the two governments is adefinitive step by step build up in their relationship ensuringthat the processes already in place do not collapse behindthem as they move forward. We are basing our plans to fullysupport our products with the expectations that both the gov-ernments are tied in a fashion forever and as such there will beno disruptions in product support in terms of spares, training ormaintenance, etc. The earlier concerns regarding political dif-ferences between the two countries and their effect on productsupport might have been rightly applicable five years ago, butnow it is totally a different paradigm of relationships betweenthe two countries’ leadership.”

On LockheedMartin’s Plans inIndia:“When we started in India15 years ago, we wereforced to adopt a piecemealapproach due to the then

government to government relationship. But now, thanks to ourChairman Bob Steven’s initiatives, we have taken a decision tohave a long-term commitment in India. I have the privilege ofbeing sent here to achieve this aim which I will try to do to thebest of my ability. We have a whole range of premier productsto meet the wide-ranging requirements of the armed forces. Forthe Indian Navy, we have the P-3C Orion and replacement ofSea King helicopter jointly with Sikorsky, who have built the air-frame and design, with Lockheed Martin building the cockpitand sensor suites.”

In the context of second or third hand technologies: “I am not aware of any such thing. In fact, at Lockheed Martinwe have no such characterisation. Our airframe designs suchas the P-3C Orion, C-130 and F-16 may be of comparativelyearlier origin but these have been constantly updated to remainat the cutting edge of technology and maintain their predomi-nance in their respective combat roles. The fact that we canprovide spares and upgrades for the next 20, 30 or even 40years if required would ensure that these remain as a front-runner choice for the armed forces around the world.”

444 Viewpoint from the leading military hardware manufacturer from United States.

I am not aware of anysuch thing. We have nosuch characterisation(second or third handtechnology from US).

“This does not mean thatthere will be no obsta-cles, but the two govern-ments and their leader-ship are committed andour perspective is thatthis is going to succeedand will continue toimprove.”

E ven before the opening of a full-fledged office ofLockheed Martin which took place on November 14,2005, SP Guide Publications had interviewed Mr

Royce Caplinger head of the Indian Operations. During thecourse of interview, various points were conveyed by himtouching upon certain number of concerns of the Indian armedforces and also the Indian Navy. Some views that would be ofinterest to our naval readers are excerpted herewith.

Mr Royce Caplinger is the Managing Director of LockheedMartin’s India Operations.

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order at Sea. The synergies with the littoralnavies of South East Asia have resulted inbenign exercises — the MILAN (confluence)complimented by bilateral naval exercises,goodwill visits resulting from extended deploy-ment. The Indian Navy has been able to sustainits initiatives in humanitarian relief in missionslike the post-Tsunami rehabilitation effort inDecember 2004, besides joint exercises and

constabulary missions and escort duties in mar-itime counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism andanti-piracy roles.

��The Indian Navy would beable to augment significanttechnologies that are state-of-the-art technological templatesin these transfers. ��

In her quest for bilateral strategic maritime part-nerships, the Indian Navy has carved a nichenurturing partnerships with the United States,Russia, France and Israel featuring annual jointnaval exercises convergent on a broad spec-trum of capabilities that are in the spectrum oftransformational, network-centric, surface-sub-surface and naval aviation co-ordinated exercises.

The Indian Navy has been focused on the fol-lowing strategic objectives in the process ofaugmenting its power:

� Quest for increased international engage-ment;

� Quest for interoperability in platforms andprocesses;

� Quest in accrual of technological and opera-tional competence in new generation technolo-gies;

� Quest in co-operative engagements in man-agement of maritime asymmetric threats andchallenges;

� Quest in hardware acquisition, technologytransfer and, co-production agreements.

India-United States- Partnership forInteroperability

and Technological Enrichment

The Indo-US relations have been in the processof transformation since 1995. The recent agree-ment is known as the ‘New Framework for theUS-India Defence Relationship’ dated June 28,2005 enables the US to sell updated and cur-rent technology naval hardware through theForeign Military Sales route that puts Indiaalongwith Japan, South Korea, Philippines,Thailand etc., The Indian Navy is looking for theAustin class USS Trenton LPD (landing platformdock), 6 Avenger class minehunters and aDSRV besides the primary sale of 6 P-3COrions.

The Indian Navy would be able to augment sig-nificant technologies that are state-of-the-arttechnological templates in these transfers. Theprospect of sale of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter

India’s Evolving Maritime Profile and Strategy ...Continued from page 12

�On November 14, 2005, the Defense SecurityCooperation Agency (DSCA) notified USCongress of a possible FMS to India of logis-tics support for 2 leased P-3C Orions with theassociated equipment and services.


��The process of capabili-ties build-up in India’s strate-gic-technological enclave hasbeen quite evident in India’snaval power and its maritimestrategy. ��

�The Indian Governmentis looking at possibleacquisition of LandingPlatform Dock (LPD) fromUS. The ship could pro-vide the Indian Navyenhanced amphibiouscapability. In addition, theLPD can be deployed fordisaster relief operations.It can also function as acommand and controlplatform during mishapsat sea. This informationwas given by IndianDefence Minister MrPranab Mukherjee inParliament on December1, 2005.

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is also on the cards. India’s bilateral naval part-nership with the United States opens the follow-ing possibilities and strengths:

4 Interoperability and technological enrichmentwith induction of platforms of evolving technolo-gies;

4 Interoperability in terms of operational experi-ence from naval exercises that provide Indiawith significant US surface, nuclear submarineand naval aviation assets that are on the curveof evolving technologies and with links to theUS General Security of Military InformationAgreement (USGSOMIA);

4 Interoperability in terms of C4ISR capabilitiesthat have net-centric information warfare capa-bilities;

4 Interoperability in terms of multi-national navaloperations of US allied navies like the JapaneseMaritime Self Defence Force and the Republicof Korean Navy.

The Indian Navy’s primary strengths from thispartnership would be the derivatives of its futurenaval transformation.

The Indo-US Malabar Series exercises havebeen going on since 1992. The manoeuvreshad engaged the US Navy of its surface, sub-merged platforms mostly nuclear propelled andnaval aviation that has given the Indian Navy itshighest degree of interoperability in technicaland operational parameters.

India-Russia -Partnership forReliability and

Resilience

The Indo-Russian naval partnership has beenwell known for its reliability and resilience asmuch of the Indian naval hardware has been ofSoviet/Russian origin. The patterns of the part-nership have been of continuity and changewith emphasis on the following dimensions:

4 Emphasis on submerged nuclear platforms forIndia’s second strike sea-based capability —the lease of 2 Akula class SSNs;

4 Emphasis on collaborative partnerships thathas resulted in co-production and joint venturesin naval missiles and platforms such as the co-production of PJ-10 BrahMos;

4 Acquisition of INS Vikramaditya (AdmiralGorshkov) aircraft carrier with MiG-29K, MiG-29KUB versions alongwith Ka-31 ASW helicop-ters at a cost of US$ 675-700 million; a variedassortment of naval radars and sea based mis-siles— Zvesda/Strella Kh-31A anti-ship, Kh-31Panti-radar missiles, Kh-35 Uran E anti-ship mis-siles, Novator 3M-54E Klub Anti-Ship CruiseMissiles;

October, 2005 near Visakhapatnam. The navalexercises have featured a varied assortment ofplatforms including nuclear attack submarines,heavy cruisers, assault vessels and naval aviation.

The Indo-Russian naval partnership of acquisi-tions, co-production and naval exercises providesIndia with a strong sense of strategic resiliencesince Russian naval hardware is the mainstay ofIndian Navy. The Indian Navy has gained opera-tional experience these platforms accruing theability to build indigenous systems.

India-France -Partnership forDiversification

and Synergy

The Indo-French partnership has been based onissues of convergence of strategic autonomy in aunipolar world. India and France have been ableto maintain a viable defence partnership withIndia’s consultation with the Thales and DCN forits Air Defence Ship. India and France havesigned a US$3.5 billion contract paving the wayfor licensed construction of 6 Scorpene sub-marines in India. ARMARIS, a joint venture ofThales and DCN has agreed to waive off the


SP Guide Publications Pvt LtdEmail : guidepub@vsnl .com Fax: +91-11-24647093

*Price: US$ 330.75 STG£ 213.50 Hard Bound Over 550 pages Through-out Fine Art Paper Colour Pictorials

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444The Indo-Russian navalpartnership of acquisitions, co-production and naval exer-cises provides India with astrong sense of strategicresilience since Russian navalhardware is the mainstay ofIndian Navy. 333

4 Three Type 15A, 6,700 tons Bangalore classDestroyers with vertical launch BrahMos;

4 Three Type 17, 4,900 tons Shivalik classstealth frigates with BrahMos vertical launchmissiles (with two in service);

4 ASW helicopters. Ka-31 Airborne EarlyWarning (AEW) Helicopters.

India has been successful in its naval partnershipwith Russia in terms of acquisitions, co-produc-tion of hardware and its exercises with theRussian Navy. The first India-Russia naval exer-cise featured warships from the Russian BlackSea Fleet and Pacific Fleet near Socotra in theArabian Sea in August, 2003. The second serieshas been the “Indra 05” naval exercise in

5A computer generated image of Admiral Gorshkov, now re-christened as INS Vikramaditya.


T he background to maintenance and fur-ther expansion of military and techno-logical cooperation between Russia andIndia is India’s position in the modern

world on the one hand and long-term and fruit-ful partnership with its friendly northern neigh-bor.

Nowadays India is rapidly turning into a power-ful modern state. The country occupies a highlyparticular geographic position: a global oil sup-ply route from the Persian Gulf to China andJapan, the major users of Middle East oil, pass-es near it. These countries are naturally interest-ed in safeguarding security of such a route andtheir deploying major naval groups in the IndianOcean cannot be ruled out. Undoubtedly,India’s national interests require maintainingstability in the region, which can be achievedonly if the country has full-fledged and balancednaval forces.

India is rapidly creating conditions for locallybuilding its powerful naval forces. Its shipyardsbuild corvettes, frigates, destroyers, landingships, and patrol craft. Construction of a lightaircraft-carrier and submarines has recentlycommenced. At the same time, with Russia’sassistance in combat ship design and construc-

tion, India can largely speed up saturation of itsfleet with modern naval hardware. Over the lastten years alone, Russia has built for India threeTalwar-class frigates, two Sindhurakshak-typediesel-electric submarines, and the Jyoti shuttletanker. There are mutual intentions to continuecooperation in this sector of the naval market. ARussian shipbuilding plant in Severodvinsk has

started retrofitting the Indian-purchasedAdmiral Gorshkov heavy aircraft-carrying cruiserinto an advanced aircraft carrier equipped witha unique Russian technology for catapult-free(trampoline) aircraft takeoff from the deck andlanding using an arresting gear. The carrier’s airwing will be completed with Russian-built MiG-29K multi-role fighters and helicopters.

In addition, Russia has been long renderingtechnical assistance to India in equipping itscombatants and submarines with new weapons.

A guarantee for success of further expansion ofthe military and technological cooperationbetween the two countries in the naval area isits certain benefits for both sides. As to itsprospects, regarding worldwide naval fleettrends and previous experience of the bilateralrelations, it is pertinent to note the following.

Since India has started building own carrierforces, then, as world experience suggests, itwill likely need to complete them with guardships equipped with long-range surface-to-airmissile systems. Russia, which has gained vastexperience in developing such weapons (S-300F, S-300FM and their further derivative, theRif-M), could help India develop new-generation

multi-role destroyers carrying such weaponsthat can also engage tactical ballistic missiles.

Equally good prospects for the cooperation arein construction of aircraft-carriers in India aswell, provided the Indian side decides to equipthem with Russian-made shipborne aircraft andair-technical facilities. Of undoubtful interest, isalso a possible cooperation in the developmentof a naval task force’s multi-role shuttle tankerand other highly technical vessels like subma-rine rescue vehicles, mine countermeasuresships, and air-cushion landing ships.

A positive experience of the Indo-Russian coop-eration in the development of the Club andBrahmos missile systems gives a hope of fur-ther joint naval weapon projects. The latter mayinclude, for instance, an upgrade of the ShtilSAM system deployed on the Indian Navy shipsthat will give it the capability to use vertically-launched missiles. Moreover, a joint R&D workin the field seems very promising.

The Russian side hopes that the long-term andmutually beneficial cooperation between ourcountries in the naval area will further developand grow strong. n

Prospects for Military - TechnicalCooperation between Russian and India

in the Naval Area

444Marketing Supplement to SP’s Naval Forces 1/2006 333

CRIST Welcomes Development ofCooperation with India

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T he background to maintenance and fur-ther expansion of military and techno-logical cooperation between Russia andIndia is India’s position in the modern

world on the one hand and long-term and fruit-ful partnership with its friendly northern neigh-bor.

Nowadays India is rapidly turning into a power-ful modern state. The country occupies a highlyparticular geographic position: a global oil sup-ply route from the Persian Gulf to China andJapan, the major users of Middle East oil, pass-es near it. These countries are naturally interest-ed in safeguarding security of such a route andtheir deploying major naval groups in the IndianOcean cannot be ruled out. Undoubtedly,India’s national interests require maintainingstability in the region, which can be achievedonly if the country has full-fledged and balancednaval forces.

India is rapidly creating conditions for locallybuilding its powerful naval forces. Its shipyardsbuild corvettes, frigates, destroyers, landingships, and patrol craft. Construction of a lightaircraft-carrier and submarines has recentlycommenced. At the same time, with Russia’sassistance in combat ship design and construc-

tion, India can largely speed up saturation of itsfleet with modern naval hardware. Over the lastten years alone, Russia has built for India threeTalwar-class frigates, two Sindhurakshak-typediesel-electric submarines, and the Jyoti shuttletanker. There are mutual intentions to continuecooperation in this sector of the naval market. ARussian shipbuilding plant in Severodvinsk has

started retrofitting the Indian-purchasedAdmiral Gorshkov heavy aircraft-carrying cruiserinto an advanced aircraft carrier equipped witha unique Russian technology for catapult-free(trampoline) aircraft takeoff from the deck andlanding using an arresting gear. The carrier’s airwing will be completed with Russian-built MiG-29K multi-role fighters and helicopters.

In addition, Russia has been long renderingtechnical assistance to India in equipping itscombatants and submarines with new weapons.

A guarantee for success of further expansion ofthe military and technological cooperationbetween the two countries in the naval area isits certain benefits for both sides. As to itsprospects, regarding worldwide naval fleettrends and previous experience of the bilateralrelations, it is pertinent to note the following.

Since India has started building own carrierforces, then, as world experience suggests, itwill likely need to complete them with guardships equipped with long-range surface-to-airmissile systems. Russia, which has gained vastexperience in developing such weapons (S-300F, S-300FM and their further derivative, theRif-M), could help India develop new-generation

multi-role destroyers carrying such weaponsthat can also engage tactical ballistic missiles.

Equally good prospects for the cooperation arein construction of aircraft-carriers in India aswell, provided the Indian side decides to equipthem with Russian-made shipborne aircraft andair-technical facilities. Of undoubtful interest, isalso a possible cooperation in the developmentof a naval task force’s multi-role shuttle tankerand other highly technical vessels like subma-rine rescue vehicles, mine countermeasuresships, and air-cushion landing ships.

A positive experience of the Indo-Russian coop-eration in the development of the Club andBrahmos missile systems gives a hope of fur-ther joint naval weapon projects. The latter mayinclude, for instance, an upgrade of the ShtilSAM system deployed on the Indian Navy shipsthat will give it the capability to use vertically-launched missiles. Moreover, a joint R&D workin the field seems very promising.

The Russian side hopes that the long-term andmutually beneficial cooperation between ourcountries in the naval area will further developand grow strong. n

Prospects for Military - TechnicalCooperation between Russian and India

in the Naval Area


Mr. Leonid V. Strugov, Head of Shipbuildingdepartment of Russia’s Agency on Industry.

F ederal State Unitary Enterprise CentralResearch Institute of ShipbuildingTechnology (CRIST) was founded in 1939and has status of a State Scientific Center

of Russian Federation – one of the Russia’s fiveCenters in shipbuilding industry.

CRIST is a head sci-entific-research anddesign-technologicalorganization of theshipbuilding indus-try.

Major principle ofactivity of CRIST ismaximum satisfac-tion of customer’srequirements andconditions, searchand selection of opti-mal organizational-technical solutionsand their implemen-tation on the basis ofexisting experience,new scientificresearches and tech-nical achievements.

The Institute’s developments and databasecontains a wide range of information on themodern technological processes, equipment,means of technological outfitting, as well as acomplete set of regulation and methodologicaldocuments on all types of shipbuilding andship repair production facilities.

CRIST incorporates structural units ensuringimplementation of different projects in the fol-lowing fields:

4 design, organization of construction andrepair of ships and vessels of different classesand purposes, development of technologiesand technological equipment, technologicalpreparation of production process, includingthe one of armament and defense equipment;

4 development of projects for the constructionof new and re-equipment (augmentation,reconstruction, technical refitting) of the exist-ing shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises(with fulfillment of responsibilities of majordesign organization), as well as on-shorebases’ facilities of combat ships, including con-struction and augmentation of different build-ings and shore-based infrastructural objects,unique hydraulic engineering structures instal-lations;

4 development, manufacture, supply, assem-bly, adjustment and commissioning of specialtechnological and non-standardized equip-ment, technological outfitting assets, includingequipment for assembly, operation and repairof armament and defense equipment, as wellas design and manufacture of special ship fit-tings;

4 maintenance training of personnel.

CRIST played a vital role in the design, restruc-ture and construction of more than 200 enter-prises and several hundreds of objects both inRussia and in more than 30 countries of theworld; in the design, manufacture and opera-

tion of more than 2000 items of serial andunique equipment, devices and accessories.Besides, CRIST arranged construction of facili-ties for the manufacture of the Soviet- andRussian-made ships and vessels of differenttypes, including heavy aircraft and nuclearcruisers, nuclear and diesel submarines,destroyers, other ships and vessels.

Cooperation of the Institute with the Republicof India in the construction and augmentationof shipbuilding and ship repair yards started in1960-ies with the development of the project ofbuilding a ship repair yard in Visakhapatnampurposed for repairing diesel submarines, sur-face combatants and vessels. Cooperation issuccessfully going on nowadays.

Within a period of cooperation many projectswere developed and implemented in the con-struction and augmentation of India’s ship-building and ship repair yards atVisakhapatnam, Cochin, Mumbai, as well as forother objects of the Indian Navy.

Currently CRIST is participating in a number ofprojects connected with construction, opera-tion, technical maintenance and repair of sur-face combatants and submarines of theRussian-, license-, joint- and Indian-production(projects 11430, 11356, 877EKM, 15, 16A, 17,25, 25A etc.), as well as in maintenance train-ing of personnel of shipbuilding and shiprepairenterprises in the Republic of India.

Federal State Unitary Enterprise CentralResearch Institute of Shipbuilding Technologyconfirms their readiness to further develop-ment and upgrading of mutually beneficialcooperation with Republic of India. n

7, Promyshlennaya Str., Saint-Petersburg,Russia, 198095tel: 7 (812) 786-05-22, fax: 7 (812) 786-26-29,www.crist.ru, e-mail: [email protected]

CRIST Welcomes Development ofCooperation with India

Vladimir D. Gorbach,Doctor of Science,Professor, DirectorGeneral Federal StateUnitary Enterprise“Central ResearchInstitute of ShipbuildingTechnology” (FSUECRIST)



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Partnership To Last Forever

Historically India is a reliable economi-cal partner of Russia. Not the least rolein development of relationshipsamong the two great countries plays

the long-lasting partnership between ALMAZCentral Marine Design Bureau (CMDB), Saint-Petersburg, Russia, and the military-industrialcomplex and the Navy of India in the sphere ofnaval shipbuilding. It is not by chance thatCMDB’s heads of departments and chiefdesigners constantly take active part in activi-ties of the Russian-Indian special workingparty which is to timely solve various problemsin all aspects of the Russian-Indian coopera-tion. It is worth mentioning that Project 1241Tarantul I and Tarantul II classes attack andASW corvettes, Project 1234 Nanuchkacorvettes, Project 266ME and 1258E MineCountermeasures (MCM) vessels, which Russiadelivered to the Indian Navy, have beendesigned by ALMAZ CMDB. Besides, ALMAZspecialists simultaneously provide technicalconsulting in terms of maintenance and opera-tion of the materiel. High quality of the Russiannaval equipment is proved by the fact that in1985 the License agreement on the Tarantulattack missile corvettes construction at GOAand Mazagon docks was signed. Their con-struction successfully continues to the date.Presently, the Indian Navy operate 35 ships ofvarious classes, built under ALMAZ projects.

ALMAZ designers while making designs for theIndian Navy pay much attention to the possibili-ty of fitting these ships with Indian-made sys-tems, which undoubtedly has a positive effecton the Indian economy.

ALMAZ specialists are always ready to take intoconsideration all propositions of the Indianparty concerning projects development and cus-tomizing. Thus, according to Indian partnerswill, CMDB designers have thoroughly modern-ized the attack package of Project 1241 whichresulted in URAN-E cruising missiles fittingwhich in its turn made the corvette combat effi-ciency 3.5 times higher. In addition, the IndianNavy is given our propositions on Project 266MEMCM vessels modernization together with someEuropean companies, which allows renewingcombat systems as well as widening the scope:after modernization a vessel will be able tooperate as an ocean-going patrol vessel.Besides, considering the level of military-techni-cal cooperation between our countries(BrahMos and Kilo-class submarines modern-ization programmes) ALMAZ CMDB has success-fully made a preliminary working out on installa-tion of the latest supersonic anti-ship missilesand integrated radars on Project 1241.

We should also like to note the project of anamphibious air-cushion vessel (ACV) Murena-EI on basis of Project 12061, which, accordingto the Indian Navy special task, has beendeveloped to become ocean-going. UnlikeProject 12061 Murena patrol ACV, in servicewith the Russian Armed Forces, this vessel hasa higher load capacity: she can carry one mainbattle tank or troops up to 150 men for 600 nmdistance at about 55 knots speed, whichallows efficiently control shallow offshore andcoastal waters of Hindustan subcontinent. It iswidely known that ALMAZ CMDB is the leaderin designing ACV. The Pomornik air-cushionlanding craft (LCAC) (Project 12322), builtsince 1988, remains the largest LCAC in theworld, and the Dergach SES missile corvette isthe unique project, having no match in theworld.

Creation of vessels, which go ahead of time, ischaracteristic of ALMAZ CMDB. Worth mention-ing is that a new class of warships – Fast AttackCraft, Missile (FAC-M) – has been designed byALMAZ designers: Project 183 Komar andProject 205 Osa I and Osa II have become thefirst FACs in the world.

The distinctive feature of projects designed byALMAZ is that all the newest trends in worldfleets development, all the latest changes in theglobal geopolitical situation are taken intoaccount. It is not by chance that Steregushchiyclass corvette, designed by ALMAZ CMDB, haswon the competition of the Russian Navy tobecome the main surface combatant for the firstquarter of the XXI century. To our foreign part-ners ALMAZ CMDB can offer an export-orientedversion – Project 20382 Tiger. A 2000t patrolship can reach 26 knots speed. Her range is4000nm at 14 knots speed. Beside EEZ guard-ing she can fulfill a number of additional func-tions, such as assistance to search-and-rescue(SAR) operations, fire-fighting, skimming of oilspills, as well as environment surveillance. Theweaponry may vary according to a customer’srequirements. For instance, the version we offerthe Indian Navy includes one 76mm OTO Melaragun, two 30mm AK-630M guns, two 12.7mmmachine-guns, IGLA portable AAW missiles (8packages), two DP-64 anti-diver grenadelaunchers, Chetak-type helicopter with hangar,as well as ESM/ECM, navigation and communi-cation systems.

In ALMAZ CMDB view, this ship can be effective-ly used as part of the Indian Coast Guard as wellas one of the best ACV, designed by the bureau,-Project 1209ME .

Her high speed (up to 55 knots) and a capabil-ity of being amphibious (height of overrunobstacles up to 0.8m) can be a very valuableadvantage on the Indian North-West coast. Shecan help to increase antiterrorist protection. A60t craft can transport troops up to 75 personsor a light-armoured vehicle with crew andtroops of total weight up to 20t for 300nm dis-tance.

In addition, to combat piracy and all types oftrafficking new interceptors like Project 14310Mirazh and Project 12200 Sobol with their veryhigh speed (50+knots) and excellent maneuver-ability can be especially indispensable, as wellas Project 12150 Mangust highly praised by theRussian Border Guard and the EMERCOM.Beside interception of intruders the Chilim canbe employed in SAR operations, for disasterrelief operations, for delivery of medical assis-tance to areas inaccessible to other (traditional)

types of vessels, for evacuation of people in dis-tress and a number of other civil actions.

So, ALMAZ CMDB is proud of long-lasting part-nership with the Indian Navy and is ready to

continue our cooperation in many aspects ofnaval shipbuilding. n

Alexander V. Shliakhtenko,President/General Designerof ALMAZ CMDB Project 1209ME air-cushion landing craft (LCAC) Project 1241.8 missile corvette

Project 20382 Tiger corvette Project 266ME ocean MCM vessel

t is designed to deliver fire on aerial, sea and shore side tar-gets.

GM A-220M, as compared with its prototypes, has high com-bat characteristics and effectiveness indications. This factor inthe aggregate with small overall dimensions greatly increasespossibility of its using at the combat surface ships with lightdisplacement.

GM A-220M is adapted to modern systems of fire control like asLASKA, BAGIRA and optical electronic system of control RAKURS.

Main combat characteristics:

Calibre, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Firing range, less than, km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15,4

Rate of fire, rounds/min approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300

Mass of round, kg, approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,5

Shot weight, kg approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Rounds per GM, pieces:

when arranged in bunker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

when stowed on deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Mount weight (without

allowance of ammunition), ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .approx. 5

Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380V – 50Hz

Consumed power (peak mode), KVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Angles of guidance, degrees:

elevation from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10 to +85

traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+180


A R S E N A L A D V A N C E D P R O D U C T S

The World’s Best Naval GunsFrom Arsenal

Arsenal was founded in Saint-Petersburg in 1711 by the decree ofPeter The Great as Gun Foundry Workshops, and since that time manufacture of artillery

arms and military engineering has become one of the main directions of enterprise activity.

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57mm one-gun turret type shipboardautomatic mount A-220M.

100-mm one-gun multipurposeshipboard automatic mount A190E

130mm one-gun compact multipurposeshipboard automatic mount A192E

Gun Mount A-192M

t is designed to deliver fire on aerial, sea and shore side tar-gets.

GM A-220M, as compared with its prototypes, has high com-bat characteristics and effectiveness indications. This factor inthe aggregate with small overall dimensions greatly increasespossibility of its using at the combat surface ships with lightdisplacement.

GM A-220M is adapted to modern systems of fire control like asLASKA, BAGIRA and optical electronic system of control RAKURS.


Calibre, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Firing range, less than, km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15,4

Rate of fire, rounds/min approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300

Mass of round, kg, approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,5

Shot weight, kg approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Rounds per GM, pieces:

when arranged in bunker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

when stowed on deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200


allowance of ammunition), ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .approx. 5

Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380V – 50Hz

Consumed power (peak mode), KVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100



traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+180

M A190E is intended for deliver a fire on sea, aerial andshore side targets.

GM A190E presents itself the complex of new technicaland grouping decisions. This factor enables to be one of the mostperspective GM of 100mm calibre. Comparatively small overalldimensions enable to set up GM A190E instead of outdated76mm and also 57 mm gun mount AK-725 at the combat surfaceships with displacement of 450 tons.

The GM A190E is adopted with system of fire control 5P-10PUMA.

In depends on orders desires the GM A190E can be also adoptedto the systems Laska, Bagira, Rakurs and others.


Calibre, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Horizontal range, km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .above 20

Rate of fire, rounds/min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .to 80

Angles of guidance, degrees

elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .from –15 to +85

traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .from -170

Mass of round, kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15,6

Rounds per GM, pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80


allowance of ammunition), ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .approx. 14,8

Height of protection

above the equalizing ring of ship, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3200

Full height of GM, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5500

Width along the protection, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3200

M A192E is intended for deliver a fire on sea, aerial andshore side targets.

So as GM A192E presents itself the complex of new tech-nical and grouping decisions. It is intended for surface ships withdisplacement of 1800 tons and more.

Guidance on a target is performed by the system of firing controlfrom the post of control.

To an individual order on the protection of GM can be placed rock-ets for firing sea and shore-side targets.


Calibre, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Firing range, less than, km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .up to 22

Rate of fire, rounds/min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Personnel required for combat maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Mass (without allowance

of ammunition), ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .up to 25



traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-170 to +170

The number of personnel in combat service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


A R S E N A L A D V A N C E D P R O D U C T S

The World’s Best Naval GunsFrom Arsenal

Arsenal was founded in Saint-Petersburg in 1711 by the decree ofPeter The Great as Gun Foundry Workshops, and since that time manufacture of artillery

arms and military engineering has become one of the main directions of enterprise activity.

1-3, Komsomola str., Saint-Petersburg, 195009, RussiaTel: +7 812 542 2846, 542 7900. Fax: +7 812 542 7127E-mail: [email protected] www.mza.spb.ru

I G G

Gun Mount A-220M Gun Mount A-190E



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Editorial


an information and control digital computingsystem (DCS) and dedicated workstations (WS).

The common control capability of several close-in weapon systems makes it possible to createan efficient two-layer defense in the near-zone.In this case, the close-in weapon system iscapable of counteracting both air and surfacetargets; the system fires single missiles or asalvo of two missiles with the subsequentartillery firing at the ranges of down to200–300 m. Small weights and sizes of the sys-tem's firing facilities allow the ship all-rounddefense to be organized through installing theself-defense modules and gun mounts over theship's perimeter so as the responsibility sec-tors of both the modules and the gun mountsoverlap, thus making it possible to concentratefire. Being installed on any naval ship or civilianvessel, this system provides a relatively low-cost, highly-efficient all-round defense againstanti-ship missiles (ASM) and anti-radar missiles(ARM) which have forced through the ship’s airdefense lines. It engages and destroys aircraft,helicopters, and surface targets and providesprotection of civilian vessels against smugglersand terrorists.

For small escort ships of the corvette class witha 1000 to 3000-ton displacement, ALTAIRNaval Radio Electronics Research Instituteoffers a promising small-size system based onreduced configuration of RIF-M air-defense sys-tem with the 9_96_ missile. 9M96E missile isoutfitted with an active homing head and air-borne inertial guidance system. It featureshigh dynamic parameters, which allow inter-ception of current-technology targets and highair target kill probability. The missile islaunched vertically in a 'cold start' from anunderdeck small-size modular cluster launcherwith a 12 to 48 missile capacity. The missilescan be launched against air targets in anydirection at an interval ~2 s. Before launching,the missile is loaded with a flight task generat-ed from information provided by the integratedinformation and management system, whichcombines data produced by the all-ship radarsand optical sensors and which consists of acommon digital computing system, dedicatedworkstations and command-and-control con-soles. When in flight, the missile can receivedata on target trajectory changes over the cor-rection radio link and correct its flight pathaccordingly. To “finish off” targets that haveforced through, and to provide self-defense ofthe ship, the system is supplemented with oneor more GHIBKA autonomous self-defensemodules and with small-bore anti-aircraftartillery guns.

The system based on 9_96_ missile is capableto engage simultaneously up to 12 targets atranges of up to 40 km, providing efficient all-round self-defense of the carrier-ship anddefense of a naval task force against present-day air threat means.

On basis of SHTIL-1 surface-to-air missile sys-tem, ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics ResearchInstitute is developing an air-defense weaponsystem intended for installation on ships of thedestroyer and frigate classes. The system canbe customized to use oblique-launch 9M317E_missiles or 9M317ME missiles verticallylaunched from a modular underdeck clusterlauncher of catapult type.

Inclusion of the trajectory-correction radio linkinto the integrated system and application ofradio-inertial guidance technique enhancesreliability of acquisition of distant and small-size targets, and targets performing evasivemaneuvering. Application of the radio-correc-tion link makes it possible to increase the num-ber of simultaneously engaged targets, whosenumber may be 2-3 times as many as the num-ber of target illumination channels. It should benoted that the use of radio-correction link witha missile outfitted with a semi-active hominghead requires no additional stations or anten-nas on the ship, because the feature is realizedin this case with the help of existing target illu-minating radars due to their radiation throughantenna side lobes.

Equipped with surface-to-air missiles of anytype, the air-defense weapon system based onSHTIL-1 SAM system provides efficient self-defense of the carrier-ship and small-range andmedium-range collective defense of a naval taskforce. In order to provide “finishing-off” of tar-gets that have forced through at very shortranges, the air-defense weapon system isequipped with one or more GHIBKA autonomousself-defense modules, which use IGLA and IGLA-S heat homing head missiles, and with one ormore AK 630M anti-aircraft gun mounts.

The target database is generated in the inte-grated air-defense weapon system by ASPOIautonomous semi-automatic data-processingsystem on the basis of data provided by the all-ship surveillance radars and data collected bythe optical cameras of GHIBKA autonomousself-defense modules. Simultaneously, theoptical cameras of GHIBKA autonomous self-defense modules play the part of an high-preci-sion optical fire-control device for 9M317E and9N317ME missiles and of the main source oftarget designation for the artillery gun mounts.The database created by the data-processingsystem is thus used to designate targets for theweapons, to generate the missile flight task, togenerate the radio-correction data and to con-trol the artillery fire.

The system of optical sensors with the data-pro-cessing system enables to acquire and track9M317E and 9M317EM missiles in flight, todetermine their coordinates with sufficient accu-racy, and then to use these coordinates toimprove the quality of the trajectory radio-correc-tion data and to control the system’s operation.

The common database and the integrated digi-tal computing system, incorporated in the sys-tem’s command center, enable to exert continu-ous fire pressure on the attacking targets at alllines and over the entire depth of the defense;besides, they enable to rapidly shift fire toanother target, to transfer targets to other firingchannels, to allocate additional firing channelsto engage the target, etc. At the same time, a fir-ing sequence schedule is formed that is optimalin terms of the overall efficiency in countering

the air attacks, with the firing and prohibitedsectors of the weapons, radars and optical sys-tems, serviceability of the weapons, availabilityof various ammunition, target situation, antici-pated fire effect on the targets, and other fac-tors taken into account.

The ship’s integrated air-defense weapons sys-tem, based on the SHTIL-1 missile system sup-plemented with the GHIBKA autonomous mod-ule outfitted with optical sensors, substantiallyincreases the efficiency of the ship’s air-defense system. For example, the number ofthe attacking anti-ship missiles, destroyed bythe ship’s integrated air-defense weapons sys-tem based on SHTIL-1 SAM system, is up to 30 -40% greater than the number of the attackingmissiles intercepted by the ship’s separatenonintegrated air-defense missile systems. Inthis case, survivability of ships of the frigate ordestroyer class is increased by a factor of 2 to 3.

It should be noted here that the cost of theobtained increase in the efficiency of the ship’sair-defense weapon systems is relatively low,since the integrated air-defense weapons sys-tem is built around the existing SHTIL andSHTIL-1 SAM systems, and, therefore, only low-cost upgrading of the digital computing systemand installation of GHIBKA self-defense mod-

ules and of a new software are required. Noadditional costly equipment and hull remodel-ing are required. This circumstance facilitatesmodernization of the shipboard air-defenseweapon systems based on SHTIL and SHTIL-1missile systems and deployed on operationalnaval ships.

Nowadays ALTAIR Naval Radio ElectronicsResearch Institute is developing an integratedair-defense weapons system based on the RIF-M surface-to-air missile system, which isintended for installation on ships of the cruiserand destroyer class. In order to develop such asystem, in addition to 48N6E long-range air-defense guided missiles, 48N6E2 extended-range missiles and 9_96_ medium-range air-defense missiles are introduced, which arestowed in transport-launch containers. 48N6E2

and 9M96E missiles can be launched verticallyfrom an underdeck general-purpose cell-typelauncher (PU). The launcher consists of mod-ules, comprising eight cells. Each cell accom-modates one 48N6E2 missile or four 9M96Emissiles. 9_96_ missiles can also be launchedfrom dedicated small-size vertical launchers(PU1).

48N6E and 48N6E2 radio-controlled missileswith a semi-active radar homing head are guid-ed to target by a multifunction radar, whichautonomously detects low-flying targets andtargets within allocated sectors, tracks thedetected targets, and illuminates them in thelong-range collective air-defense sectors cov-ered by the integrated air-defense weapon sys-tem.

9M96E antiaircraft missiles are guided to tar-gets by radio-inertial guidance system, whichincludes a radio-correction link system and anactive homing head. In the integrated air-defense weapons system, information supportof 9M96E missile firing is provided by the data-processing system from the ship’s radars andfrom the own multifunction radar. As a compo-nent of the integrated air-defense weapon sys-tem, 9M96E missiles make it possible to pro-vide an all-round self-defense of the ship andcountering of all types of short-range anti-shipmissiles and longer-range cruise missiles,attacking from various directions.

To “finish-off” (shoot down) the targets thathave forced through the air defense, the inte-grated air-defense weapon system can be sup-plemented with one or more GHIBKAautonomous self-defense modules, which arecapable of controlling antiaircraft guns.

The integrated air-defense weapon systembased on RIF-M missile system makes it possi-ble to organize multi-line air defense of a shipor a naval task force against air threats of allclasses and types. Using 48N6E and 48N6E2missiles, the integrated air-defense weaponsystem can engage the enemy’s AEW (airborneearly-warning radar) aircraft, jammer aircraft,aircraft carrying anti-ship missiles or otherstrike weapons, short-range and longer-rangecruise missiles at ranges of up to 150 km. Using9M96E missiles, the integrated air-defenseweapon system can provide all-round self-defense of the ship at ranges of up to 40 kmagainst attack planes, anti-ship and antiradarmissiles of various types and models, and it isalso capable of engaging all types of cruise mis-siles in the all-round sector of collective airdefense. Using GHIBKA autonomous self-defense module with IGLA and IGLA-S missiles,the integrated air-defense weapon system iscapable of finishing-off the air targets that haveforced through the air defense of the ship. Themultilayer in-depth air defense enables theintegrated air-defense weapon system to opti-mize ammunition consumption of anti-aircraftmissiles of various caliber, to ensure destruc-tion of antiradar and anti-ship missile carriersbefore they can use their weapons, to reduceeffectiveness of AEW (airborne early-warningradar) aircraft, jammer and electronic-intelli-gence aircraft, to ensure guaranteed combatsurvivability of the carrier-ship, and to concen-trate fire of the weapons on the most threat-ened directions.

The integrated air-defense weapon systems,which ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics ResearchInstitute is developing, can be installed onships of any class and displacement and willensure their effective multilayered air-defense.These systems are capable of countering satu-ration echeloned attacks of various present-dayair-threat weapons which operate at extremelylow and at troposphere altitudes, from differentcarriers and from different directions, bothagainst individual ships and task forces, and lit-toral area installations. n

ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute111024, Russia, Moscow, Aviamotornaya Str., 57Tel: +7-495-273-1432 Fax +7-495-361-7250e-mail: [email protected]

Armed conflict experience of the lastdecades proves that the main hazardfor naval ships and naval task forces ispresented by air threat weapons (ATW).

Due to their undoubted advantages, theseweapons hold one of the key positions in thevast inventory of offensive weapons. The ATWdeployed on various-type carriers and in diversemedia makes it difficult to determine the direc-tions of probable air attacks. Due to low-leveloptical and radar perceptibility and high speedof the present-day ATW, it presents consider-able difficulties for timely detection of an airattack and creates time deficiency in repellingan attack from the air. The situation becomeseven more aggravated when the ATW are usedin saturated air attacks, from various directionsand at various altitudes, under cover of activeand passive jamming, including decoys anddiversionary targets.

The tactics of ATW employment both in singlesand in groups is permanently perfected. At thesame time, diversionary and demonstrationactions are applied, measures to provide forsecurity are resorted to, used are radio silence,target designation from external remote sen-sors, over-the-horizon use of weapons, jamblanketing and other actions. The tactics of ATWagainst naval ships and task forces presuppos-es saturated attacks, air threat weapon concen-tration on directions that are least-protectedwith air-defense facilities, and ATW formationsecheloned in altitude and depth.

In order to counter effectively this kind of haz-ard, present-day naval ship and naval task forceneed a high-performance, well-organized, andmulti-layer air defense.

Therefore, such an air defense can be arrangedonly on basis of integrated air-defense weaponsystems of surface ships.

Nowadays a surface-ship air-defense weaponsystem is not a simple collection of surface-to-air missile and gun systems that are installedonboard a ship and engaging targets in theirrespective zones.

In present-day conditions, an integrated sur-face-ship air-defense weapon system is a com-bination of radar and optical facilities, radarand optical data processing systems, controldigital computers (DC) and command controlconsoles, several types of various-range guidedmissiles and gun mounts (GM) with fire supportmeans, which are all together joined by genericstructure, common task function, unity ofactions and control, and common database.

Advent of such systems is the retaliation togrowing air attack hazard. The shipborne inte-grated air-defense weapon (ADW) systemsmake it possible to counter saturated and dis-posed-in-depth attacks of air threat means. Atthe same time, each type of the attacking air-threat means runs into opposition in theirrespective zones, at the assigned defense lines.

Integration is a prerequisite of efficient arrange-ment of the shipborne integrated air-defenseweapons system.

This requirement implies integration of allstages and actions in order to repel and destroyby fire the air-threat means that are attackingthe ship. Air target detection, “track initiation”and subsequent target tracking, target alloca-tion and target designation to the fire means,fire engagement of air targets by the ADW at theprescribed defense lines, target transfer for its“finish off”, and shift of fire on newly emergingand undestroyed targets—all these processesoccur in the integrated ADW system in paralleland they often merge.

In the extreme time-deficiency that is a usualcase when repelling saturation attacks of theATW and pop-up targets, this feature providesthe minimum reaction time through shorteningthe duration of data transfer, data processing,command transfer and command execution byindividual elements of the air-defense weaponsystem.

The integration implies wide use of multi-func-tionality principle when instead of several

devices, employed is a single device that per-forms all functions of the replaced facilities.

The integration requires that all ship’s ADWshould use a common target situation databaseand should contribute in generating this data-base through amendments and additions. Thetime it takes each component of the integratedsystem to access the database must be mini-mized. This is feasible only on the basis of aintegrated digital computing system (DCS),which combines control DC, digital data pro-cessing equipment, and command controldevices of the integrated ADW system into acommon control center (CC) on the principle ofradial and/or backbone connection.

This common digital computing system mustalso incorporate as terminals the actuators andthe air defense weapon subsystems, includingsurface-to-air guided missiles, outfitted withtheir own computers.

ALMAZ-ANTEY Air Defense Concern, with JointStock Company ALTAIR Naval Radio ElectronicsResearch Institute as the principal designer, is

developing integrated air-defense weapon sys-tems for various classes of surface ships on thebasis of GHIBKA autonomous self-defense mod-ule (ASDM), SHTIL-1 and RIF-M surface-to-airmissile systems (SAM systems).

For protection of small surface ships (motorboats, mine-sweepers, supply and supportships) as well as civilian vessels, ALTAIR NavalRadio Electronics Research Institute is now

developing an air-defense missile close-inweapon system (CIWS) on basis of GHIBKAautonomous self-defense module (ASDM).

The base of GHIBKA autonomous self-defensemodule is a small-size rotary support, with anoptical camera (sensor) and with up to 4 trans-port-launch containers with IGLA or IGLA-S sur-face-to-air guided missiles mounted thereon.

On target designation command from an exter-nal device, the rotary support rapidly points theoptical camera and the missiles at the target.The signal produced by the optical camera isprocessed by the computer of the special-pur-pose workstation (SPWS); the target is acquiredautomatically or manually (by an operator) andtracked with the required accuracy. After the tar-get is acquired by the heat-seeking head, themissile is launched and guided to the target.

The GHIBKA autonomous air-defense weaponsystem is capable of engaging targets with IGLA

(IGLA-S) surface-to-air guided missiles at rangesof up to 6 km, including head-on approach tar-

gets and small-size surface targets. The firing ofAK630 M small-bore guns can be controlledusing the data from GHIBKA module’s opticalcamera that are fused with the data provided bythe ship’s support systems.

The integrated air-defense close-in weapon sys-tem (CIWS) may consist of several GHIBKA mod-ules and several gun mounts that are controlledfrom a common command center, incorporating

Shipborne Integrated Air-DefenseWeapon Systems:

ALTAIR Meets the Challenge of Present-Day Air Threats


Sergey KLIMOV, General Designer, ALTAIR NavalRadio ElectronicsResearch Institute

Arcady BORZUNOV,Chief Designer, ALTAIR Naval RadioElectronicsResearch Institute

Fig.1. Integrated air-defense weapons system for a small craft.

Fig.2. Integrated air-defense weapons system for a corvette-class ship.

Performance Characteristics of Surface Ships’ Air-Defence Weapon Systems.



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In This Issue

Editorial

an information and control digital computingsystem (DCS) and dedicated workstations (WS).

The common control capability of several close-in weapon systems makes it possible to createan efficient two-layer defense in the near-zone.In this case, the close-in weapon system iscapable of counteracting both air and surfacetargets; the system fires single missiles or asalvo of two missiles with the subsequentartillery firing at the ranges of down to200–300 m. Small weights and sizes of the sys-tem's firing facilities allow the ship all-rounddefense to be organized through installing theself-defense modules and gun mounts over theship's perimeter so as the responsibility sec-tors of both the modules and the gun mountsoverlap, thus making it possible to concentratefire. Being installed on any naval ship or civilianvessel, this system provides a relatively low-cost, highly-efficient all-round defense againstanti-ship missiles (ASM) and anti-radar missiles(ARM) which have forced through the ship’s airdefense lines. It engages and destroys aircraft,helicopters, and surface targets and providesprotection of civilian vessels against smugglersand terrorists.

For small escort ships of the corvette class witha 1000 to 3000-ton displacement, ALTAIRNaval Radio Electronics Research Instituteoffers a promising small-size system based onreduced configuration of RIF-M air-defense sys-tem with the 9_96_ missile. 9M96E missile isoutfitted with an active homing head and air-borne inertial guidance system. It featureshigh dynamic parameters, which allow inter-ception of current-technology targets and highair target kill probability. The missile islaunched vertically in a 'cold start' from anunderdeck small-size modular cluster launcherwith a 12 to 48 missile capacity. The missilescan be launched against air targets in anydirection at an interval ~2 s. Before launching,the missile is loaded with a flight task generat-ed from information provided by the integratedinformation and management system, whichcombines data produced by the all-ship radarsand optical sensors and which consists of acommon digital computing system, dedicatedworkstations and command-and-control con-soles. When in flight, the missile can receivedata on target trajectory changes over the cor-rection radio link and correct its flight pathaccordingly. To “finish off” targets that haveforced through, and to provide self-defense ofthe ship, the system is supplemented with oneor more GHIBKA autonomous self-defensemodules and with small-bore anti-aircraftartillery guns.

The system based on 9_96_ missile is capableto engage simultaneously up to 12 targets atranges of up to 40 km, providing efficient all-round self-defense of the carrier-ship anddefense of a naval task force against present-day air threat means.

On basis of SHTIL-1 surface-to-air missile sys-tem, ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics ResearchInstitute is developing an air-defense weaponsystem intended for installation on ships of thedestroyer and frigate classes. The system canbe customized to use oblique-launch 9M317E_missiles or 9M317ME missiles verticallylaunched from a modular underdeck clusterlauncher of catapult type.

Inclusion of the trajectory-correction radio linkinto the integrated system and application ofradio-inertial guidance technique enhancesreliability of acquisition of distant and small-size targets, and targets performing evasivemaneuvering. Application of the radio-correc-tion link makes it possible to increase the num-ber of simultaneously engaged targets, whosenumber may be 2-3 times as many as the num-ber of target illumination channels. It should benoted that the use of radio-correction link witha missile outfitted with a semi-active hominghead requires no additional stations or anten-nas on the ship, because the feature is realizedin this case with the help of existing target illu-minating radars due to their radiation throughantenna side lobes.

Equipped with surface-to-air missiles of anytype, the air-defense weapon system based onSHTIL-1 SAM system provides efficient self-defense of the carrier-ship and small-range andmedium-range collective defense of a naval taskforce. In order to provide “finishing-off” of tar-gets that have forced through at very shortranges, the air-defense weapon system isequipped with one or more GHIBKA autonomousself-defense modules, which use IGLA and IGLA-S heat homing head missiles, and with one ormore AK 630M anti-aircraft gun mounts.

The target database is generated in the inte-grated air-defense weapon system by ASPOIautonomous semi-automatic data-processingsystem on the basis of data provided by the all-ship surveillance radars and data collected bythe optical cameras of GHIBKA autonomousself-defense modules. Simultaneously, theoptical cameras of GHIBKA autonomous self-defense modules play the part of an high-preci-sion optical fire-control device for 9M317E and9N317ME missiles and of the main source oftarget designation for the artillery gun mounts.The database created by the data-processingsystem is thus used to designate targets for theweapons, to generate the missile flight task, togenerate the radio-correction data and to con-trol the artillery fire.

The system of optical sensors with the data-pro-cessing system enables to acquire and track9M317E and 9M317EM missiles in flight, todetermine their coordinates with sufficient accu-racy, and then to use these coordinates toimprove the quality of the trajectory radio-correc-tion data and to control the system’s operation.

The common database and the integrated digi-tal computing system, incorporated in the sys-tem’s command center, enable to exert continu-ous fire pressure on the attacking targets at alllines and over the entire depth of the defense;besides, they enable to rapidly shift fire toanother target, to transfer targets to other firingchannels, to allocate additional firing channelsto engage the target, etc. At the same time, a fir-ing sequence schedule is formed that is optimalin terms of the overall efficiency in countering

the air attacks, with the firing and prohibitedsectors of the weapons, radars and optical sys-tems, serviceability of the weapons, availabilityof various ammunition, target situation, antici-pated fire effect on the targets, and other fac-tors taken into account.

The ship’s integrated air-defense weapons sys-tem, based on the SHTIL-1 missile system sup-plemented with the GHIBKA autonomous mod-ule outfitted with optical sensors, substantiallyincreases the efficiency of the ship’s air-defense system. For example, the number ofthe attacking anti-ship missiles, destroyed bythe ship’s integrated air-defense weapons sys-tem based on SHTIL-1 SAM system, is up to 30 -40% greater than the number of the attackingmissiles intercepted by the ship’s separatenonintegrated air-defense missile systems. Inthis case, survivability of ships of the frigate ordestroyer class is increased by a factor of 2 to 3.

It should be noted here that the cost of theobtained increase in the efficiency of the ship’sair-defense weapon systems is relatively low,since the integrated air-defense weapons sys-tem is built around the existing SHTIL andSHTIL-1 SAM systems, and, therefore, only low-cost upgrading of the digital computing systemand installation of GHIBKA self-defense mod-

ules and of a new software are required. Noadditional costly equipment and hull remodel-ing are required. This circumstance facilitatesmodernization of the shipboard air-defenseweapon systems based on SHTIL and SHTIL-1missile systems and deployed on operationalnaval ships.

Nowadays ALTAIR Naval Radio ElectronicsResearch Institute is developing an integratedair-defense weapons system based on the RIF-M surface-to-air missile system, which isintended for installation on ships of the cruiserand destroyer class. In order to develop such asystem, in addition to 48N6E long-range air-defense guided missiles, 48N6E2 extended-range missiles and 9_96_ medium-range air-defense missiles are introduced, which arestowed in transport-launch containers. 48N6E2

and 9M96E missiles can be launched verticallyfrom an underdeck general-purpose cell-typelauncher (PU). The launcher consists of mod-ules, comprising eight cells. Each cell accom-modates one 48N6E2 missile or four 9M96Emissiles. 9_96_ missiles can also be launchedfrom dedicated small-size vertical launchers(PU1).

48N6E and 48N6E2 radio-controlled missileswith a semi-active radar homing head are guid-ed to target by a multifunction radar, whichautonomously detects low-flying targets andtargets within allocated sectors, tracks thedetected targets, and illuminates them in thelong-range collective air-defense sectors cov-ered by the integrated air-defense weapon sys-tem.

9M96E antiaircraft missiles are guided to tar-gets by radio-inertial guidance system, whichincludes a radio-correction link system and anactive homing head. In the integrated air-defense weapons system, information supportof 9M96E missile firing is provided by the data-processing system from the ship’s radars andfrom the own multifunction radar. As a compo-nent of the integrated air-defense weapon sys-tem, 9M96E missiles make it possible to pro-vide an all-round self-defense of the ship andcountering of all types of short-range anti-shipmissiles and longer-range cruise missiles,attacking from various directions.

To “finish-off” (shoot down) the targets thathave forced through the air defense, the inte-grated air-defense weapon system can be sup-plemented with one or more GHIBKAautonomous self-defense modules, which arecapable of controlling antiaircraft guns.

The integrated air-defense weapon systembased on RIF-M missile system makes it possi-ble to organize multi-line air defense of a shipor a naval task force against air threats of allclasses and types. Using 48N6E and 48N6E2missiles, the integrated air-defense weaponsystem can engage the enemy’s AEW (airborneearly-warning radar) aircraft, jammer aircraft,aircraft carrying anti-ship missiles or otherstrike weapons, short-range and longer-rangecruise missiles at ranges of up to 150 km. Using9M96E missiles, the integrated air-defenseweapon system can provide all-round self-defense of the ship at ranges of up to 40 kmagainst attack planes, anti-ship and antiradarmissiles of various types and models, and it isalso capable of engaging all types of cruise mis-siles in the all-round sector of collective airdefense. Using GHIBKA autonomous self-defense module with IGLA and IGLA-S missiles,the integrated air-defense weapon system iscapable of finishing-off the air targets that haveforced through the air defense of the ship. Themultilayer in-depth air defense enables theintegrated air-defense weapon system to opti-mize ammunition consumption of anti-aircraftmissiles of various caliber, to ensure destruc-tion of antiradar and anti-ship missile carriersbefore they can use their weapons, to reduceeffectiveness of AEW (airborne early-warningradar) aircraft, jammer and electronic-intelli-gence aircraft, to ensure guaranteed combatsurvivability of the carrier-ship, and to concen-trate fire of the weapons on the most threat-ened directions.

The integrated air-defense weapon systems,which ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics ResearchInstitute is developing, can be installed onships of any class and displacement and willensure their effective multilayered air-defense.These systems are capable of countering satu-ration echeloned attacks of various present-dayair-threat weapons which operate at extremelylow and at troposphere altitudes, from differentcarriers and from different directions, bothagainst individual ships and task forces, and lit-toral area installations. n

ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute111024, Russia, Moscow, Aviamotornaya Str., 57Tel: +7-495-273-1432 Fax +7-495-361-7250e-mail: [email protected]

Fig.3. Integrated air-defense weapons system for frigate- and destroyer-class ships.

Fig.4. Integrated air-defense weapons system for destroyer- and cruiser-class ships.



Ed

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In This Issue

Editorial



S cientific and technological progressmodifies existing requirements of theNavy in ship-borne radio-electronicsystems on the internal market of

Russian Federation, and gives rise to absolutelynew requirements on the international market.Quality of newly developed big and complexsystems of military and civilian applications,recently delivered to the internal market, playsan important role. Simultaneously, Russianenterprises successfully competing on the inter-national market with their products and servic-es pay serious attention to the problem of qual-ity.

Central Research Institute GRANIT has a certi-fied quality management system. It satisfieswith the requirements of the GOST RISO9001:2001, GOST RV 15 002:2003 andother standards at all stages, including devel-opment, manufacture, guarantee service, fieldand guarantee supervision over products. Theadministration of the Institute considers thequality problem both from the viewpoints ofcompeting manufacturers and international andnational customers.

Problem of quality of ship-borne radio-electron-ic systems is multi-faceted by nature. It has tobe resolved at every stage of product’s life cycle- from internal and international marketing upto scientific and technological support and uti-lization. Application of high-precision methodsand means of measurements with high level ofautomation of measuring processes can be con-sidered as an important element of ensuringquality of armaments, defense and special-pur-pose items, as well as of assessing their eco-nomic efficiency at the development, manufac-ture and trials stages.

To fulfill this task CRI GRANIT formed a metro-logical service. Successfully operating servicefeatures all necessary equipment and stan-dards, as well as highly skilled personnel.Metrological service includes a number of units:of testing radio measurements means, of elec-

trical and geometric measurements, of repair-ing measurements means and metrologicalexamination, as well as representatives onmetrological support in scientific & productiondepartments of the enterprise.

Metrological service fulfills the following scopeof tasks within the life cycle of armaments,defense and special-purpose items: provisionof unity and reliability of measurements, intro-duction of new methods of taking measure-ments, optimization of employed means ofmeasurements and range of applied parame-ters, increase of efficiency of the measurementsmeans’ application, as well as metrological con-

trol and supervision over state and applicationof measurements means and the measure-ments’ taking methods. Metrological serviceof CRI GRANIT has been officially accredited inthe state metrological service structures forthe right to verify measurements means.

Metrological service of CRI GRANIT is capableof providing verification of measurementsmeans of:

4 22 types of radio-measurements, includingthose in high- and super-high frequencybands: different generators, analyzers, oscil-lographs, voltmeters, wattmeters and othermeasurers;

4 10 types of electrical measurements: differ-ent voltmeters, wattmeters, ammeters, ohm-meters, bridges, power sources, as well asmeasurers of capacity, inductance etc.;

4 a great number of geometric measure-ments.

The service conducts metrological examina-tion of the projects, design, technological andoperational documentation of the armaments,defense and special-purpose items developedat the enterprise.

Activity of metrological service is regulated bydocuments of the quality management system:clauses, guides and standards of enterpriseagreed with representatives of customer at theenterprise.

Nowadays in cooperation with the head organi-zation of shipbuilding industry on standardiza-tion the documents are being prepared foraccrediting metrological service of GRANIT inthe state metrological service of RussianFederation as a basic organization for creating amajor metrological center for instrument-mak-ing enterprises of shipbuilding industry of St.Petersburg. Besides, efforts are being consid-ered to have metrological service of GRANITaccredited for the right to conduct attestation ofthe measurements methods. n

Metrological SupportAn Important Element of Control Over Quality of

Radio-electronic SystemsG.A. Korzhavin, General Director of GRANIT S.P. Mastin, Deputy Director of GRANIT




S cientific and technological progressmodifies existing requirements of theNavy in ship-borne radio-electronicsystems on the internal market of

Russian Federation, and gives rise to absolutelynew requirements on the international market.Quality of newly developed big and complexsystems of military and civilian applications,recently delivered to the internal market, playsan important role. Simultaneously, Russianenterprises successfully competing on the inter-national market with their products and servic-es pay serious attention to the problem of qual-ity.

Central Research Institute GRANIT has a certi-fied quality management system. It satisfieswith the requirements of the GOST RISO9001:2001, GOST RV 15 002:2003 andother standards at all stages, including devel-opment, manufacture, guarantee service, fieldand guarantee supervision over products. Theadministration of the Institute considers thequality problem both from the viewpoints ofcompeting manufacturers and international andnational customers.

Problem of quality of ship-borne radio-electron-ic systems is multi-faceted by nature. It has tobe resolved at every stage of product’s life cycle- from internal and international marketing upto scientific and technological support and uti-lization. Application of high-precision methodsand means of measurements with high level ofautomation of measuring processes can be con-sidered as an important element of ensuringquality of armaments, defense and special-pur-pose items, as well as of assessing their eco-nomic efficiency at the development, manufac-ture and trials stages.

To fulfill this task CRI GRANIT formed a metro-logical service. Successfully operating servicefeatures all necessary equipment and stan-dards, as well as highly skilled personnel.Metrological service includes a number of units:of testing radio measurements means, of elec-

trical and geometric measurements, of repair-ing measurements means and metrologicalexamination, as well as representatives onmetrological support in scientific & productiondepartments of the enterprise.

Metrological service fulfills the following scopeof tasks within the life cycle of armaments,defense and special-purpose items: provisionof unity and reliability of measurements, intro-duction of new methods of taking measure-ments, optimization of employed means ofmeasurements and range of applied parame-ters, increase of efficiency of the measurementsmeans’ application, as well as metrological con-

trol and supervision over state and applicationof measurements means and the measure-ments’ taking methods. Metrological serviceof CRI GRANIT has been officially accredited inthe state metrological service structures forthe right to verify measurements means.

Metrological service of CRI GRANIT is capableof providing verification of measurementsmeans of:

4 22 types of radio-measurements, includingthose in high- and super-high frequencybands: different generators, analyzers, oscil-lographs, voltmeters, wattmeters and othermeasurers;

4 10 types of electrical measurements: differ-ent voltmeters, wattmeters, ammeters, ohm-meters, bridges, power sources, as well asmeasurers of capacity, inductance etc.;

4 a great number of geometric measure-ments.

The service conducts metrological examina-tion of the projects, design, technological andoperational documentation of the armaments,defense and special-purpose items developedat the enterprise.

Activity of metrological service is regulated bydocuments of the quality management system:clauses, guides and standards of enterpriseagreed with representatives of customer at theenterprise.

Nowadays in cooperation with the head organi-zation of shipbuilding industry on standardiza-tion the documents are being prepared foraccrediting metrological service of GRANIT inthe state metrological service of RussianFederation as a basic organization for creating amajor metrological center for instrument-mak-ing enterprises of shipbuilding industry of St.Petersburg. Besides, efforts are being consid-ered to have metrological service of GRANITaccredited for the right to conduct attestation ofthe measurements methods. n

Metrological SupportAn Important Element of Control Over Quality of

Radio-electronic SystemsG.A. Korzhavin, General Director of GRANIT S.P. Mastin, Deputy Director of GRANIT

191014, Saint-Petersburg, RussiaGospitalnaya 3,Tel.: +7-812-2716756, Fax: +7-812-2746336e-mail: [email protected]



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S urface ships, including those of smalldisplacement, should be reliably pro-tected from air attacks.

In order to provide combat stability at 0.95 it isallowed to pass not more than one anti-shipmissile to the defended ship with probability of0.05. Since at least two anti-ship missiles arelaunched to engage a small-displacement ship,engagement probability against each anti-shipmissile by the ship’s AA assets must be not lessthan 0.98. Such kill probability can be attainedonly by firing AA guided missiles and AA auto-matic guns against anti-ship missile at severalranges.

The Tula-based Instrument Design Bureau head-ed by the Academician of the Russian Academyof sciences Arkady Georgievich Shipunov devel-oped the Kashtan ship-based AD gun/missilesystem, the world's only AD weapon which com-bines in a single turret a powerful artillery sys-tem, effective multi-mode SAMs and an integrat-ed radar/optical fire control system.

In terms of combat efficiency and target killpotential, Kashtan's gun/missile armament istwo to four times more effective than any dedi-cated AA artillery system. This advantage iseven more impressive in terms of engagingadvanced air threats (with higher flight speedand lower cross-section).

The Kashtan AD gun/missile system has hadintensive ground and sea tests.

Currently it is in series production, beingexported and operated by the Russian Navy.

High effectiveness of anti-ship missile engage-ment is provided by the following features:

4 modular design (one com-mand module andup to six combat modules, depending on theship's class) which provides for flexible AD sys-tem configuration;

4 a combination of gun and missile armamentand an integrated radar/optical fire control sys-tem in a single turret improves the accuracy offire owing to the exclusion of errors associatedwith hull deformations typical of armamentsand their fire control systems accommodatedseparately on a ship, and guarantees thedestruction of anti-ship missiles by missiles atlong ranges and by guns at short ranges.Consecutive firing of two missiles against the

target reduces the expenditure of ammo load,provides engagement probability of 0.96-0.98, and during gun fire at foreground isapproaches 1;

4 high-accuracy integrated fire control systemcombining a millimeter-band radar guidancechannel and a TV/optical channel with an auto-matic target tracker;

4 high-accuracy TV/optical system incorporat-ing an automatic target tracker, capable ofguiding SAMs to the targets at any altitudewith an accuracy of 1m;

4 combat module's millimeter band radar firecontrol system with optimized antenna dimen-sions, which can also guide SAMs to low-flyinganti-ship missiles without any limitations tothe altitude of the target with an accuracy of twoto three meters owing to the narrow antennapattern and diffusion type wave scatter from seawaves in the millimeter-band;

4 simultaneous processing signals receivedfrom radar at optical channels and SAM with anautomatic selection of optimal mode which pro-vides for high jamming immunity compared toeither dedicated radar or optical fire control sys-tems;

4 correlation/contrast processing of TV/opticalsystem signals with target image storage, whichensures reliable tracking of tar-gets in variousbackground and target-density conditions;

4 two automatic guns with a super high firingrate totaling to 10000 rds/min which providefor a 60-percent reduction of burst timerequired for target kill and a 30-percent reduc-tion of the average range of target kill to 300-500m boosting target kill probability by 50-100 percent;

4 fully automatic operation mode;

4 dynamic small-size SAM armed with arod/fragmentation warhead.

Combination of missile/gun fire control systemwithin one turret mount provided for a 2-2.5-fold reduction of the required space for itsinstallation.

On small surface ships (with displacement of500-3000 tons) Kashtan system comprising onecommand module and one to three combatmodules presents a sufficient AA asset for theeffective protection of the ship not drawing inother AA means. On large ships (with displace-ment over 4000 tons) Kashtan system compris-

ing up to 6 combat modules performs the tasksof short range AA system air attack assetagainst air threats missed by long-range AA sys-tems.

Currently, KBP Instrument Design Bureau andits partners are involved in the modernization ofthe Kashtan system (the Kashtan-M version)along the following lines:

4 equipping command module with the Pozitiv-ME1.2 3D target acquisition radar, which per-mitted 2-fold reduction in the time of additionaltarget search;

4 extending SAM's kill zone to 10km in rangeand to 6km in altitude;

4 providing capability of firing two SAMs insalvo at high-threat targets with kill probabilityof 0.96 to 0.98;

4 using GSh-6-30KD auto-matic guns withhigher muzzle velocity (960 m/s for high-explo-sive/fragmentation projectiles and 1100 m/sfor armor-piercing/sub-caliber projectiles) toimprove accuracy of fire and target kill probabil-ity by reducing the minimal safe distance ofanti-ship missile destruction to 300m, owing tothe detonation of the missile's war-head hit byarmor-piercing/sub-caliber projectiles. Thisallows Kashtan's artillery system with a totalrate of fire of 10000 rds/min to automaticallyengage 5 to 6 anti-ship missiles (before theammo load is consumed) flying in one directionat an interval of 3 to 4 seconds (to compare,Goalkeeper can engage targets flying at aninterval of 6 or more seconds);

4 reducing the reaction time by increasing thelaying mechanism's speed and acceleration;

4 improving the system's relia-bility by 100-200 percent and its operating characteristicsby reducing the number of instru-ments in thefire control station and introducing modernelectronic elements.

As a result of this modernization kill potentialof Kashtan—M system per unit of time isincreased by 4 to 5 times in comparison withKashtan system.

The necessity to outfit small and medium dis-placement ships with modern highly-effectivehigh-precision counteraction weapon systemsin meteo-climatic conditions of their applica-tion, the requirements in reduction of the sys-tem’s cost and size-weight characteristics, aswell as reduction in the production burden ofthe system and its components advanced thecreation of Kashtan-M system with optroniccontrol system.

The experience accumulated by KBP InstrumentDesign Bureau and its co-producers permittedwithin a short time and using modern compo-nents and materials to design Kashtan-M weaponsystem featuring optronic control system.Kashtan-M system costs less than standardKashtan system and provides the following:

4 round-the-clock detection, automatic targettracking and generation of 3D targeting dataagainst aerial targets and high-precisionweapons, as well as against surface targets,including pin-point ones;

4 effective target engagement at ranges up to10km;

4 allocation on launches and ship with dis-placement starting from 100t due to the reduc-tion in size-weight characteristics as comparedwith the current AA gun-missile systems and AAmissile systems;

4 the possibility to allocate the system’s ele-ments on the mounting seats and in the roomsoccupied by standard AK-630M Kashtan systems– in case the decision is made to replace them onthe operated ship during modernization.

The characteristics of Kashtan, Kashtan-M sys-tems, as well as Kashtan-M system featuringoptronic control system are listed in the tablebelow.

Kashtan-type AD gun/missile systems with asingle fire control post have a vast moderniza-tion potential in terms of armament and fire con-trol systems. For example, the use of the controlsystem and SAMs of Pantsyr-S1 system with afiring range of 18km will allow to engage small-size surface targets and advanced anti-ship mis-siles and enhance the ship's survivability. n

The marketing section is based on the article byStepanichev I.V. – KBP First Deputy DesignerGeneral/Director – Chief Engineer and ZhukovA.V. –KBP Deputy Chief Designer of Naval SAMSystems, Ph.D (Science)

Kashtan and Kashtan-M Self-DefenceShip-Borne Close-In Gun-Missile Systems

and their Modifications

Russia, 300001, Tula, Shcheglovskaya Zaseka str.Phone: +7 0872 410068,

fax: +7 0872 426139e-mail: [email protected]; www.shipunov.com


Kashtan-M featuring optronic control system.

Kashtan-M ship-based AD gun/missile system.



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price escalation cost that had resulted due toIndia’s failure to finalise the contract earlier. Thesubmarines will be built at the MDL in Mumbai.

India and France have been conducting highlevel naval manoeuvres since 2004. The firstIndo-French naval exercise “Varuna 2004” inApril 2004 aimed at ensuring stability in theIndian Ocean region and securing the energysea lanes of communication of France andIndia. It featured the French nuclear carrierCharles De Gaulle and the taskforce with operational focus on Anti-Air Warfare and Anti-Submarine Warfare. The “Varuna 05”, in March2005 exercises off the Kochi coast, had the

French task groups of two mine search shipsfocused on mine warfare exercise being con-ducted by both countries. The Indian Navy’smanoeuvres with the French Navy thus pro-vide a diversification and new synergies inoperational capabilities.

India - Israel -Partnership forTechnological

Synergy and Hybridisation

The Indo-Israeli naval partnership has beenlargely predicated on Indian acquisitions of

Israeli naval hardware and electronics. TheIsraeli defence industries have mainly focusedon three levels of partnership with India:

� Israeli technologies in synergy with existingIndian naval platforms like the Barak-1 Naval AirDefence systems equipping INS Viraat, theDelhi class destroyers and Godavari andBrahmaputra Class frigates, there are plans toupgrade INS Vikramaditya too;

� Indian acquisition of the Super-Dvora MK-IIFast Attack naval craft for India’s Low IntensityMaritime Operations (LIMO);

� Israeli UAVs, electronics, missiles and radarshave been equipping various Indian naval plat-forms providing technological synergy andenhanced firepower.

�� Israel has providedIndia’s naval platforms the ver-satile capabilities of air andmissile defence and the adap-tation of Israeli weaponry andmissiles to varied naval plat-forms. ��

The Indo-Israeli naval partnership is limited inthe number of exchanges compared to that ofarmy and the air Force. The quintessence of thenaval partnership has been that Israel has beenable to provide India’s naval platforms the ver-satile capabilities of air and missile defence andthe adaptation of Israeli weaponry and missilesto varied naval platforms proves the formidableagility of Israeli technology for technologicaladaptation and hybridisation.

In assessment, the evolving Indian navalforce’s posture and operational efficacy hasgained immensely from diverse sources of col-laboration and co-operation. Naval exercisesand naval acquisitions; co-production of navalhardware and their adaptation to various plat-forms have been of phenomenal success.

It would not be an exaggeration to state thatthe Indian Navy has gained in varied qualita-tive and quantum dimensions of technologicalenhancement and operational competencethrough its evolving co-operative strategic mar-itime partnerships.


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I ndia and France signed a contract forconstruction of six Scorpene class sub-marines in India under Project-75, worth

US$ 3.5 billion on October 6, 2005.

According to the contracts, India will build theScorpene class submarines at the state ownedMazagon Dock Ltd in Mumbai, under transferof technology (ToT) from France. The first sub-marine will be ready for induction into the serv-ice within seven years of signing the contract.The remaining five submarines will be deliv-ered at intervals of one year each thereafter.The thrust of Indian Navy’s 30-year SubmarineBuilding Plan of which Project-75 is a part, is todevelop national competence in submarinebuilding. Towards this end, the indigenouscomponent of the machinery and equipment fit-ted on the Scorpene is expected to go upto60% during the implementation of the project.

The selection of Scorpene was made afterdetailed techno-commercial analysis of theavailable options that best suited the require-ments of Indian Navy. Apart from India, Chileand Malaysia have also contracted to acquiretwo Scorpene submarines each. The first sub-marine of the Scorpene class has alreadybeen commissioned for the Chilean Navy.

“In fact we were determined that in the inter-est of transparency and probity we wouldaccept as much delay as was necessary. Inthis context we were particularly happy thatfor the first time an integrity pact has beensigned today between the buyer and the sell-ers This provision has been included in theDefence Procurement Procedures 2005 at the

request of the Navy and will soon become astandard feature which will be promulgated atthe time Request for Proposals (RFPs) areissued so that subsequently there are neitherdoubts nor apprehension in the minds ofeither the buyer or the seller”, AdmiralPrakash said during the contract ceremony onOctober 6th.

Six different contracts, pacts and technicalarrangements were signed on October 6, 2005.

The technical arrangement which providesunhindered supply of equipment and servicesfor the entire duration of the programme wassigned by Mr S Banerjee, AdditionalSecretary, Indian Ministry of Defence and Mr

Dominique Girard, the Ambassador of Franceon behalf of the French Government.

The Integrity Pact that assures avoidance ofall forms of corruption by ensuring free, fair,transparent and unprejudiced dealings, priorto during and subsequent to the currency ofthe contract was signed by Dr ThomasMathew, Joint Secretary, Indian MoD and MrPierre Legros, Chairman of ARMARIS ofFrance for the contract between Indian MoDand ARMARIS of France.

Another integrity pact was signed between DrMathew and Mr Marwan Lahound, CEO ofMBDA of France for the contract betweenIndian MoD and MBDA of France.

The contract for Transfer for Technology (ToT)and design for construction of ScorpeneClass submarines and supply of CombatSystems was signed by Rear Admiral RMBhatia, CMD of Mazagon Dock Ltd and MrPierre Legros, Chairman of ARMARIS.

The contract for construction of six ScorpeneClass Submarines at MDL, Mumbai wassigned by Rear Admiral Bhatia of MDL and DrMathew, Joint Secretary, Indian MoD.

The contract for supply of missiles for the sub-marines was signed by Dr Mathew and MrMarwan Lahound of MBDA.

The Indian Defence Secretary Mr ShekharDutta and Secretary of Defence ProductionMr Dhanendra Kumar were present at the ceremony.

444 Scorpene class Submarines for Indian Navy Contractual Glimpse

444 Scorpene Characteristics

4 Jointly developed by DCN of France andNavantia (formerly Bazan, then Izar) ofSpain.

4 A state-of-the-art conventional submarineincorporating advanced stealth capabilitieswith the Hull forms; the sail and theappendages specifically designed to pro-duce minimum hydrodynamic noise.

4 Low acoustic signature and hydrodynamicshock resistance gives it the capability tocarry out anti-submarine and anti-surfaceship warfare operations in closed or opensea conditions, as well as capability of work-ing with special forces in coastal waters.

4 It has a high level of automation andredundancy, which contribute towardsreduction in crew strength, enhancedendurance and greater survivability.

4 Modern sonar and electronic equipmentlend it superior capability in detection andclassification of surface and underwater targets.

4 Displacement: 1700 tons - significant fea-ture include ability to dive to a depth ofmore than 1000 ft (without limit to the num-ber of cycles), maximum submerged speedof more than 20 knots, submerged range at100% battery usage and speed of fourknots for 134 hrs/536 miles.

4 Use of high tensile steel has reduced theweight of the pressure hull, allowing agreater load of fuel and ammunition.

4 Armed with Exocet SM 39 anti-ship mis-sile and wire-guided torpedoes.

4 Capable for mine warfare, intelligencegathering and special operations.

It has an integrated combat system, whicheffectively synergises the capabilities of itssensors and weapon systems.

444 It is a challenge due to thecomplexities of the technologiesrequired to be imbibed in termsof “know-how” & “know-why”, of Scorpene design. 333

build the Scorpene submarines at the stateowned MDL at Mumbai, under ToT from France.

One of the important features of the programmeis the Indian Navy’s intent to increase theindigenous content of the submarines graduallyso as to reach at least 50% by the end of theprogramme. It is envisaged that the submarineequipment would be produced under licence inIndia. Efforts would be made to have a tie-upbetween the OEMs and selected Indian industryright from the start of the programme to max-imise indigenous content of each equipment.

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Conclusion of this long awaited contract with MDLmarks a major milestone in the submarine con-struction activity in India which provides a chal-lenge and an opportunity to Indian shipbuildingindustry. It is a challenge because of the complex-ities of the technologies required to be imbibed interms of “know-how” & “know-why”, of Scorpenedesign but also an opportunity for the Indianindustry to get involved and succeed in this areaof technology in a time bound manner. It is alsoan opportunity to build-up national competence inthis strategic field and be counted amongst aselect group of nations with such competence.

Indian Navy and ARMARIS of France, the col-laborator, would facilitate in licence productionof equipment which would be undertakenthrough the shipyards.

Scorpene Construction Programme ...Continued from page 4


5An Exocet SM 39 anti-ship missile inflight after the launch from a submarine.

French Ambassador Mr Dominique Girardsigning the contract with Mr S Banerjee, theAdditional Secretary, Indian MoD. AdmiralArun Prakash, CNS and Mr Shekhar Dutt,Defence Secretary look on.

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Admiral Arun Prakash, Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) and his officehave been very supportive towards this new endeavour and SP’s feel dulyhonoured and rather committed due to such response.



Indian Navy has been the most inter-operable service from India which dulyreflects in the series of joint exercises that have been taking place with coun-tries like France, United States, Russia and so on. The journal makes anattempt to cover such interactive gestures in an illustrative manner. This issuealso touches upon the upcoming mega event i.e. President’s Review to beheld in February first half this year.





JAYANT BARANWAL






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I d ’ Ev l v M f l d y4 page 12

SP’s Naval Forces



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3Submarineshave been avital componentof the IndianNavy’s invento-ry and do play apivotal role insafeguardingher maritimeinterests, bothduring peaceand war.

he Indian Coast Guardis the new naval forcein India’s maritimezones. New, because itis a tangible addition to

India’s maritime awareness in the post UNC-LOS and Cold War world. Only a few nations inthe world can boast of a regular and operationalcoast guard. While the US has the world’s old-est coast guard (more than two centuries old,even older than its navy), the UK and Japanhad gone ahead with their own coast guardscomparatively early. India had lagged behind,but not for long.

The 1970s saw a revival in India’s security per-ception and national interests at sea. Amongthe results was the need to establish a coastguard, patterned on the existing ones in theworld, but tailor-made for India’s requirements.The Indian Coast Guard was formed in 1978with a firm mandate - to protect India’s nationalinterests in its maritime zones - based on anAct of Parliament.

444The Indian Coast Guardwas formed in 1978 with a firmmandate - to protect India’snational interests in its mar-itime zones- based on an Act of Parliament. 333

Since then, it was compatibly allied with theIndian Navy for resources, in a different opera-tional domain but in the same terrain - the sea.It was thus only natural for the Indian CoastGuard to think and behave like the Navy -onborrowed traditions, systems and ships, apartfrom reasons of compatibility and the fact that itis also under the Ministry of Defence of India. Itworked well. The evolution, though slow, ischanging over time. While in the early days, itwas based on multi-tasking platforms for coastguard operations, the changing scenariodemanded vessels with specific sets of require-ments for different tasks.

Mission Statements

The Indian Coast Guard’s mission statements areexclusive - offshore security, marine environmen-tal security, maritime zone security, marine safety,scientific assistance and national defence - inaccordance with its mandate under relevant sec-tions of the Coast Guard Act. The 6 mission state-ments are specific to its charter and it needs tobe empowered by law, forces, personnel, logisticsand infrastructure based on the intensity of thesituation. Obviously for the Coast Guard, it is acontinuous effort to meet the demands on it withwhat is available with it. In this game, the servicehas been evolving under constraints (as any otherorganisation would be) by demand fluctuation andit has done that with enviable élan and acuity asthe records show.

In its development plans, the Coast Guard hasbeen aware of the demands on it and the need

Indian Coast Guard: Towards TotalMarine Environmental Security

The Indian Coast Guard is the sole agency at sea responsible for marine environmentalsecurity and it is in the process of acquiring specialised equipments for the task.

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to diversify into specialised platforms for its mis-sion related tasks. An area that has been ofserious concern since long is marine environ-mental security. An interesting aspect of theIndian Coast Guard is that it is the sole agencyat sea entrusted with the entire P3C aspects ofmarine environmental security — preservation,protection, prevention and control. This articleprimarily deals with this mission.

Marine Environmental Security

Marine environmental security is aimed atensuring sustainability of the seas, and is car-ried out under the operational philosophybehind the Act — “as it deems fit,” “withoutduplicating efforts” and “jointly” with other agen-cies. In maritime environmental security, itmeans keeping the sea safe from all pollutants -not from oil alone as is widely presumed - andpreserving the terrain in case it is damaged. It isa specialised task and cannot be packaged in amulti-tasking profile alongwith other missionstatements. The Coast Guard realised this factand its planners continuously evaluated taskoriented force enhancement. The result is aspecialised vehicle to deal with the problems ofenvironmental security.

The capability of the Indian Coast Guard wasoriginally limited to Tier 2 in an oil spill sce-nario. The tiered approach is a widely acceptedoperational concept highlighted by InternationalMaritime Organisation (IMO) under a globalframework for oil spill response. Under the P3Cconcept of Coast Guard operations, it could

apply to all pollutants and related activities inthe maritime domain. Tier 1 is in-house capabil-ity to handle a limited spill up to about 700tons. Tier 2 requires limited external help atnational level to respond. The quantity here isabove 700 tons to a convenient upper limit thatmay call for a joint response activity with exter-nal but nearby sources. Tier 3 extends further.It is required to handle a major oil spill that nor-mally turns out to be a serious national disasterwith long standing consequences includingheavy collateral damages. In the tieredapproach, the capability is the main issue, notthe quantum of spill. When elaborated, tieredframework accepts the facts based on handlingcapabilities. In Tier 1, the facility is expected totake care of the spill for clean up without exter-nal assistance. In Tier 2, multi-agency involve-ment is called for. In Tier 3, there is a nationaldisaster that needs to be handled in a muchwider scenario.

The P3C operational scenario goes beyond thetiered approach in which response is not theonly arbiter. It is a case of total marine environ-mental security. All these aspects were takeninto consideration when the Indian Coast Guarddecided to have a specialised platform, otherthan its already existing equipment inventory, fordealing with India’s marine environmentalconcerns that obviously fall beyond leak andseepage of oil into sea.

Need for Specialised Vehicles

The Indian Coast Guard long felt the need forspecialised vessels for this task. It was whenits capability requirement was limited to Tier 2- to assist the responders whose capabilitieswere nil or limited to Tier 1. The platforms wereambitious projections of the Coast Guard’soperational foresight and entry into other envi-ronment related tasks. The Indian Governmentapproved three specialised pollution controlvessels (PCV) for the Indian Coast Guard in2004 under indigenous construction and they

The Scorpene programme has great signifi-cance for the Indian Navy. It is the commence-ment of Phase-I of “30-Year SubmarineBuilding Plan”, sanction for which has alreadybeen delayed and, when completed, will meetthe force level requirement of the ageing sub-marine fleet. Timely execution of this pro-gramme will be of essence. The first submarineis scheduled for delivery by 2012. The idle

infrastructure at MDL would have to be re-acti-vated and modernised in a time bound manner.The bigger challenge would lie in developing adynamic team of skilled and motivated workforce capable of using modern shipbuilding/design tools, both hardware and software, forplanning, design and production activities. It isunderstood that sanction for the projectincludes funding for modernisation of the ship-yard. The success of the programme would to alarge extent depend on how soon India tacklespre-production activities with the help of Navy’sconsultants.

Historically the shipbuilding at defence shipyardshas been known for its time and cost over-runsfor various reasons. There is a need to analysethese reasons - both professional and proceduraland take corrective measures for the success ofthis programme. Maintenance of force level ofsubmarine fleet would be governed by the timelyexecution of the Scorpene programme. It is anopportunity for the Defence Shipyards to show itsmettle and accept the challenge.

Scorpene Construction Programme ...Continued from page 24

5The first of the three PCVs (depicted in thiscomputer generated image) is expected to jointhe Coast Guard fleet by September 2006.

444 Each notation means in general+ Construction symbol.

1A1 Main character of class. In compliance with rule requirements.

OIL REC Applicable to vessels for occasionally handling, storage and trans-portation of oil, with flash point below 600 C, recovered from a spillof oil in an emergency situation.

HELIDK SH Helicopter compatible.

DYNAPOS AUTS Dynamic positioning system without redundancy.

SF Intact and damage stability.

EO Periodically unattended machinery space.

CRANE Shipboard crane.

ICS Integrated computer system.

444 In Tier 1, the facility isexpected to take care of thespill for clean up withoutexternal assistance. In Tier 2,multi-agency involvement iscalled for. In Tier 3, there is anational disaster that needs tobe handled in a much widerscenario. 333


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S tate-Owned Enterprise Central DesignBureau for Marine Engineering Rubin isthe largest design bureau in Russiawith vast experience in design, project

management and maintenance of the sub-marines of various classes: from non-nuclearmidgets to strategic missile submarine cruisers.Around 1000 submarines were built to Rubin’sdesigns including more than 100 non-nuclearsubmarines for 14 countries. In recent yearsthese were the submarines of 877EKM and 636Projects (class Kilo). The Kilo class submarinesare the most successful ones in the non-nuclearsubmarine shipbuilding, and over 50 units ofthe class have been built to date. Optimum com-bination of acoustic stealth, target detectionrange, automated control, fast reaction andpower of weapon systems have ensured thesuccess to these submarines on the world mar-ket. Kilo class submarines have considerablemargin for modernization, which allows theirequipment, radio-electronic weapons andammunition to be upgraded. Rubin carried outthe studies related to the modernization of Kiloclass submarines aimed at further enhance-ment of their combat efficiency. In the first placeit is the Club-S missile complex, the introduc-tion of which allowed the submarine to obtain anew tactical quality and retain its competitive-ness in the 21st century.

On the basis of the experience obtained duringmany years of operating diesel-electric sub-marines by the Russian Navy and other coun-tries in different areas of the world ocean, CDBME Rubin has developed designs of non-nuclearsubmarines of a new generation of Amur-class(Amur 1650 and Amur 950).

Amur 1650 submarine is an export version ofProject 677 submarine Saint Petersburg builtfor the Russian Navy by the AdmiraltyShipyards. In the course of its creation, Russianscience and industry carried out over 130large-scale R&D works, which made it possibledeveloping prototypes of modern equipment,including for other submarine projects too. Thetactical and technical characteristics of thesubmarine enable it to effectively hit sub-merged and surface targets including doingthis by striking salvo missile blows. The subma-rine is equipped with new generation radio-electronic weapons, electric propulsion motor

on permanent magnets, storage battery withincreased service life and new efficient anti-sonar hull coating. The integrated automatedcontrol system of the ship and its combat/tech-nical facilities is installed on the submarine.The sonar complex has highly sensitive passiveantenna located in the forward end. Its area isseveral times larger than its predecessors ofprevious generation submarines. The naviga-tion system provides for safe navigation anduse of missiles during long stay of the subma-rine under water. All hoistables except theattack periscope are of pressure hull non-pene-trating type. Weapons of Amur 1650 subma-

rine, typical for modern non-nuclear sub-marines, include six 533 mm torpedo tubes.The stock of ammunition consists of 18 unitsincluding universal torpedoes, cruise missiles,and mines that can be taken aboard and usedin any combination.

The progress in the field of missile weapons fornon-nuclear submarines has in recent yearsresulted in continuous increase of the missilecomponent role in their weapons (primarilycruise missiles against land targets). The avail-ability of such missiles in the ammunitionallows the submarines to fulfil a task that isnew for them and important: destruction ofland objects. Taking into account the fact thatthe missile weapon efficiency is much higherwhen firing salvoes, the hitting capability ofAmur 1650 as well as Kilo-class submarinesmay be considerably increased by fitting verti-cal missile launchers. It is possible to launchfrom them both anti-ship cruise missiles 3M-54E1 and/or missiles 3M-14E against land tar-gets and other type cruise missiles includingBrahMos.

CDB ME Rubin has also developed the design ofa non-nuclear missile submarine Amur 950which accumulated all the advantages of Amur1650 submarine but has less surface displace-ment of 1150 tons.

Weapons of Amur 950 submarine consist of:

410 vertical universal launchers with anti-shipmissiles 3M-54E1 and/or missiles against landtargets 3M-14E;

44 forward torpedo tubes with universal wire-guided torpedoes (plus 2 spare torpedoes).

The Amur 950 submarine is capable of strikingthe massive missile blow with up to 10 missilesin a salvo during not more than 2 minutes. Thetorpedo weapon arranged in the submarineensures the performance of ASW task or anattack to surface targets at a short distance. Forthe self-defence the small size sonar decoys areprovided located in launchers in the submarinesuperstructure. The result is that during patrolthe submarine is ready to perform any combatmission efficiently.

The Amur 950 submarine is equipped with thelatest integrated combat system (radio electron-ic equipment) and has excellent habitabilityconditions for the crew of 18 persons. Small dis-placement, simple design combined with highlyefficient weapons gives the Amur 950 subma-rine advantages as compared to other sub-marines regarding the “cost-efficiency” criteri-on. Due to its simple design Amur 950 subma-rine might be a convenient object for licensedconstruction.

CDB ME Rubin with its large experience in sub-marine design is open for mutually beneficialcooperation with potential customers in thefield of submarine construction in any form. n

Russian non-nuclear submarinesof XXI century


5Project 677 submarine Saint-Petersburg.

5SubmarineAmur 1650.

3SubmarineAmur 950.



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Editorial

Automated Control Systems for Diesel Submarines


T he Federal State Unitary EnterpriseAvrora Corporation S&P is the largestdeveloper and supplier of automaticcontrol systems for ship technical facili-

ties, automated combat control systems; sys-tems for ships of all classes, including nuclearicebreakers, civil ships, mineral resources

reconnaissance and min-ing ships, hovercrafts,hydrofoils, deep-watervehicles.

Avrora has been involved inthe development of auto-mated combat control sys-tem since the mid-1990s.Its efforts culminated inthe development of anautomated combat controlsystem Lama-EKM installedon a Kilo-class submarinebuilt for the Indian Navy.Automated informationand control system (AICS)is intended for automationof combat activities onboard diesel-electric sub-marines of 877 EKM and636 projects. AICS is serial-ly manufactured by Avrorafor diesel-electric sub-marines since 1999.

Besides, the AvroraCorporation was chosen asthe prime contractor for theAmur automated combatcontrol system. Submarine

of Amur 1650 project is the export version of thesubmarine Saint Petersburg of project 677 builtfor Russian Navy by Admiralty Shipyards. Amurwas developed by Rubin in cooperation with var-ious Russian naval research organizations.Amur has incorporated the latest achievements

of the Russian shipbuilding industry as well asall modem trends in the world's non-nuclearsubmarine development and construction. Itmeets the latest naval requirements.

For individual training of AICS Lama-EKM opera-tors in the scope of functional tasks beingsolved by Lama-EKM AICS on board submarinesof 877EKM and 636 projects, AvroraCorporation S&P has developed automatedoperators’ workstations (AOW).

AOW of Lama-EKM AICS can operate both withinintegrated training control systems for trainingof crews of 877EKM and 636 project sub-marines, as well as autonomously. In case ofautonomous operation, AOW of Lama-EKM AICSoperators can be used as a specialized trainer.

To ensure initial (pre-trainer) training of Lama-EKM AICS operators, the training computer pro-grams (TCP) can be supplied for operation, serv-icing and combat application of Lama-EKMAICS. Training computer programs are imple-mented on magnetic carriers and can be loadedin a PC, which is not incorporated in the trainer.

The Avrora Corporation is offering for the marketa range of systems for automation of diesel sub-marines, as well as upgrade of earlier deliveredproducts.

The Pirit type system (Pirit-M) is designed tocontrol a three-dimensional motion of a dieselsubmarine in surface and submerged condition.

Modernized Pirit-M system ensures fulfillmentof all the functions being performed by the

existing systems of Pirit type, and, if necessaryand at a customer's requirement, it can be inte-grated into a unified system of maneuveringcontrol, control of technical facilities, diesel-generators and electric power system of a sub-marine as well as a combat information and con-trol system.

The Pirit-M control system will allow:

4 to improve the ergonomic characteristics ofcontrol systems and a main control console ingeneral;

4 to improve operating life characteristics ofcontrol systems of technical facilities and toincrease safely of ship operation and efficiencyof control of technical facilities owing to the fol-lowing possibilities:

4 solution of counter-emergency tasks;

4 programming of parameters of a submarinemotion trajectory in the process of maneuveringwith generation of recommendations on controlof rudders;

4 implementation of a training mode of opera-tion onboard a submarine during its stay at abase for training of an operator.

Palladij-M is designed for automatic and remoteautomated control of general purpose ship sys-tems and auxiliary equipment of diesel-genera-tors of the 877EKM and 636 project sub-marines.

The Palladij-M system is distinctive of the exist-ing control systems of Palladij-E type owing tothe possibility of its integration into an integrat-ed automated system which controls maneuver-ing, technical facilities of a ship, its electro-technical systems and main propulsion plant. Atthe same time, due to implementation of'Palladij-M modernization reserve, it is possibleto perform additional functions.

The Avrora Corporation has created over 40types of simulators, providing training of per-sonnel of ships and vessels, training of combatcrews of diesel submarines.

The Avrora Corporation S & P appreciates verymuch the existing business relations with itscustomers and partners and is ready to collabo-rate and become a reliable partner to even moredemanding customers. n

15,Karbyshev St., St Petersburg, 194021, Russia,

Tel.+7-812-247-23-11Fax:+7-812-324-63-61, 380-64-34E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.avrorasystems.com

5Vitold V.Voitetsky, General Director of Avrora CorporationScientific & Production.

5Main control room of Amur 950 submarine (photo: Rubin).



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In This Issue

Editorial


T he Indian Naval Forces have chosenRussian supersonic anti-ship cruiselong range missiles 3M-54E designedby Novator Experimental Machine-

Design Bureau JSC to defend their territorialwaters. Procurement of the missiles for diesel-electrical submarines of project 877EKM (Kiloclass according to NATO specification) was thefirst step in cooperation between the two sides.Due to high performance characteristics onemore contract has been signed, i.e. the contractfor the delivery of the 3M-54TE missiles forthree frigates of Russian design project 11356that were delivered to India in 2002-2004. Thelatest launches proved two specificationsclaimed before, namely maximum range andhigh efficiency of target hitting that is reachedby means of some unique characteristics andengineering solution.

Three-stage anti-ship cruise missile 3M-54E/TEdestroys surface ships like cruisers, destroyers,landing ships, transport vessels, and missilecorvettes. The missile performs target search ina possible location area of an isolated or grouptarget, parameters of which are entered into theonboard equipment according to target desig-nation data. The active radar homing head per-forms target detection and terminal guidance.Target bearing is minimum data scope for targetdesignation. Subsonic speed and low flight alti-tude (~20 m) when cruising give substantial

advantage in flight reticence and manoeuvringat target approach. Besides, the supersonicstage separated at the distance of about 20 kmaway from the detected target and flying at thespeed of about 1000 m/sec at the altitude of 5-10 meters over the sea surface combined withheavy-weight penetrating warhead ensureshigh efficiency of destruction of enemy’s shipsfrom the distance of approximately 220 km.

The 3M-54E/TE missiles are part of CLUB-S forsubmarines and CLUB-N for surface ships inte-grated missile systems (IMS). The systemsinclude a unified fire control system that preparesthe missile for launch and makes it possible tolaunch several missiles in a salvo to hit severaltargets. The missiles are launched from 533mmtorpedo tubes (CLUB-S system) or from verticaluniversal launcher 3S-14E (CLUB-N system).

The next step in collaboration with India wasacquisition of the 3M-14E missile. High-preci-sion cruise missile 3M-14E equipped with thewarhead of 450 kg destroys land targets locatedalong the coast or in the heart of the enemy’sterritory. Its guidance system and warheadensure target destruction at the maximumrange of 300 km. Due to the waypoints incorpo-rated in the flight mission the missiles approachthe target area imperceptibly passing-byislands and air defence zones and hit from anydirection. The new missile fits existing systems.

It can be easily installed on the surface shipsarmed with the CLUB-N system that enables theIndian Naval Forces to increase its combatpotential.

As stipulated in the contract for the delivery ofIMS CLUB, Russia has equipped technical posi-tions in India for storage and maintenance ofthe supplied systems and their parts, includingground-based equipment complexes with elec-tronic control equipment and loading meanssets. Here technicians and officers of the IndianNaval Forces are taught with the help of differ-ent training aids, including cut-out missilemock-ups and computer teaching programs.About 100 people have completed their studieshere. Successful test launches of the CLUB sys-tem missiles, performed by the Indian militarymen, prove both equipment abilities and highlevel of the material understanding.

Existing equipment of the carriers (launchers,fire control systems) and equipment of technicalpositions enable to accept one more system ele-ment, i.e. anti-submarine ballistic missiles91RE1/91RTE2 for destroying all types of sub-marines, within the shortest time at minimalcosts. The 91RE1/91RTE2 missiles consist of acarrier stage and separable warhead being a

torpedo. The missiles conduct independent sta-bilized flight to deliver the torpedo and drop itin the given area, the coordinates of which areentered into the on-board equipment prior tolaunch according to target designation data.After the booster stage separation the warheadis landed into water. The torpedo homing sys-tem is activated under water and the target islocked on. The target is approached and killedwithin minimal time.

The designers of the CLUB systems havedeclared the appearance of coastal missile com-plex CLUB-M with the 3M-54E and 3M-14E mis-siles, that is the hot news of the year. For thefirst time CLUB-M will be presented at the DEF-EXPO 2006 international exhibition in India.Besides the listed above missiles, the coastalmissile complex includes self-propelled launch-ers, transport-and-launch vehicles, communica-tion and control vehicle, as well as own meansof radar scan. Originally CLUB-M was designedto be installed on chassis that display a high-terrain performance and are manufactured inRussia. Nevertheless, the complex can beinstalled on any other chassis by the customer’srequest. Taking into consideration its combatmeans, this system is a perfect means of controlthat is fast, powerful and cost effective at thesame time.

On the whole, the CLUB missile systems allowto solve the problems the Indian Naval Forcesare faced with, which makes them quite attrac-tive from the point of view of the ratio efficien-cy/cost. At present the combat means of thesystems can be installed on all three types ofcarriers, i.e. submarines, surface ships andhigh performance vehicle chassis. Long flightranges make it possible for combat units armedwith IMS CLUB to ensure efficient destruction ofsurface, underwater and coastal targets remain-ing at a safe distance from the enemy. Missilesof diverse purpose within the system as well asuniversal fire control system enables to vary theammunition set on carriers depending on thetask. Complex and developed infrastructurebeing at disposal of the Indian side allows toincrease combat and technical capabilities ofthe Indian Naval Forces due to delivery of newammunition sets and new complexes. Newdesigns of Novator EMDB set up a new perspec-tive for it. n

CLUB Integrated Missile Systems


5Submarine Sindhughosh.

3Indian Navy’sSurface Ships. 6

T he enterprise’s main expertise lies inthe development and repair of the up-to-date ship-borne hydro-acoustic sys-tems, repair of the ship-borne automat-

ic control system, control and protection sys-tem of nuclear reactors, navigation systems ofsurface combatants and nuclear submarines ofthe Russian Navy.

The company’s current expertise thereforeranges from the design to production ofadvanced state-of-the-art ship-borne radio-electric ship instruments.

As a part of its efforts to expand its businessoverseas, Severny Reid is offering partnerscooperation in the development and sale of:

4 acoustic navigation devices and systems formaritime and river-going fleets;

4 systems for explorating and extracting oiland gas in offshore shelves;

4 devices and systems for exercising techno-logical control over pipelines and wells and forensuring repair-preventive works;

4 devices for measuring parameters of techno-logical processes of oil-refining;

4 medical equipment;

Severny Reid – Reliable Partner For Any NavyAmong the Russian companies that provide strategic niche services to the

Russian government is the Federal state enterprise Severny Reid.




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In This Issue

Editorial

a- itreto

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T he enterprise’s main expertise lies inthe development and repair of the up-to-date ship-borne hydro-acoustic sys-tems, repair of the ship-borne automat-

ic control system, control and protection sys-tem of nuclear reactors, navigation systems ofsurface combatants and nuclear submarines ofthe Russian Navy.

The company’s current expertise thereforeranges from the design to production ofadvanced state-of-the-art ship-borne radio-electric ship instruments.

As a part of its efforts to expand its businessoverseas, Severny Reid is offering partnerscooperation in the development and sale of:

4 acoustic navigation devices and systems formaritime and river-going fleets;

4 systems for explorating and extracting oiland gas in offshore shelves;

4 devices and systems for exercising techno-logical control over pipelines and wells and forensuring repair-preventive works;

4 devices for measuring parameters of techno-logical processes of oil-refining;

4 medical equipment;

4 printing boards, modules of the first and

second levels;

4 items made of thermo-plastic materials;

4 rubber items;

4 structures made of rolled metal, stainlesssteels, aluminum and titan alloys, non-ferrousmetals etc.

One core area of expertise is in repairing thenavigation systems of nuclear submarines.

The company has successfully repaired its firstShluz-type navigation system and productionfacilities have been prepared for the repairing aseries of navigation systems and other ship-borne radio-electronic weapons.

Efforts are also being made to extend range ofactivities.

Areas explored include proposals for ensuringsurvivability and unsinkability of decommis-sioned submarines at naval bases.

For this purpose, the company has developedthe whole range of transportable technicaldevices for nuclear submarines, such as diesel-compressor modules, feeder switchboards,transportable module plants for filling up the

large main ballast tanks of nuclear submarineswith foamed polystyrene etc.

At present, Severny Reid is also looking at fulfill-ing the state task of filling up decommissionednuclear submarines with foamed polystyrene.

The enterprise is also seeking new activities in themanufacturing of products for the civil market.

Among the projects that have been implement-ed since 1996 are: glasswork; woodworking;drastic environmentally appropriate woodimpregnation.

The other perspective projects are considered.The usage of advanced achievements in engi-neering, new technologies, reliability of imple-mented works, accuracy and responsibility inbusiness relations are the basic criteria of theactivity of Severny Reid.

In 2003 Severny Reid headed by Mr.SergeiI.Barmin won the Russian National Olympusprize.At present Severny Reid occupies two pro-duction areas with total capacity of 25,57hectares, length of asphalt roads reaches 4,4km; total capacity of buildings and installationsis 172,000 sq.m, total volume of productionfacilities reaches 46,000 sq.m. n

Severny Reid – Reliable Partner For Any NavyAmong the Russian companies that provide strategic niche services to the

Russian government is the Federal state enterprise Severny Reid.


5Sergey I. Barmin, Severny Reid DirectorGeneral


In This Issue

Editorial


are currently under construction at ABGShipyard, Surat with a delivery schedule of2006-2007. The much awaited induction ofthese PCVs is expected to change the capabil-ities of the Coast Guard fleet in dealing withmarine environmental security issues. Thethree vessels, alongwith suitable responseequipment, target the prime pollutant forresponse operations-oil. The operational teamof the Coast Guard has to ensure the equip-ment is capable and user friendly, and that thevessel is capable of meeting the entire P3Crequirements where possible. The task for thebuilder is to make the vessel maximum userfriendly, matching the expectations of theCoast Guard. It is a gigantic task consideringthe builders are venturing into such a con-struction for the first time.

The first of the three vessels will be delivered tothe Coast Guard in September 2006 as per con-tractual obligations. The vessels will have the DetNorske Veritas (DNV) (Norwegian classificationsociety) notation +1A1-OIL REC-HELIDK (SHF)Fi Fi-I DYNAPOS-AUTS-EO-SF-CRANE-ICS (seebox on page 25). The Indian ClassificationSociety and the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS)will be involved under dual classification ininspection and surveys at the contractors’ premis-es. The IRS will also be associated with the trials.

The design is modern and is aimed at low fuelconsumption and enhanced crew endurance.User friendliness is the key word, especiallysince it has to operate under different opera-tional modes and weather conditions. While theprimary role is oil spill response and allied activ-

associated gears. The proposal for capabilityenhancement is being examined by the CoastGuard. It is a demanding task and is an exam-ple of the prevailing awareness among nation-al policy and decision makers. Once estab-lished, the Coast Guard will not only be able tomeet the national level requirements in a majorenvironmental disaster situation at sea, butalso to participate in overseas assistance,where required, under bilateral and regionalagreements. It is an evolving subject. That isnot all. The Coast Guard will also need to gearup for handling ballast water transfer violationsin the near future. The case under the interna-tional Globallast programme is being seriouslystudied and debated at IMO. There will be reg-ulations in future to control transfer of alienorganisms by ballast water. Alien organismsare playing havoc in waters where they turnpredators once dislocated or dislodged fromtheir native habitats.

Alien organisms affect the ecosystems besidesbecoming a serious threat to health security.The international community is determined toeradicate the problems by regulating ballastwater transfers of such organisms. The latestPCV of the Coast Guard may however not meetthese requirements - Tier 3 capabilities andassisting the maritime administration in ballastwater control. It may have to upgrade itself toventure further. In the meantime for the IndianCoast Guard, it is determination and persever-ance under diligence and operational acuity.The service, true to its mandate, is committedto safeguard the national interests.

444 Pollution Control Vehicle Characteristics

4 Length - 94 meters.

4 Displacement - 3,400 tons at full load.

4 Design and equipment package - UT 517by Rolls-Royce.

4 Propulsion System - two controllable pitchpropellers and retractable bow thrusters whichprovide flexibility to run diesel engines in theiroptimum load ranges for all regimes of opera-tion.

4 Facility exists to exploit propulsion toenhance reliability and endurance.

4 Flexibility induced in the system takes careof manoeuvring and surveillance operations.

4 Has power take-off (PTO) and carries a hel-icopter onboard.

4 Integrated platform management system(IPMS) ensures optimisation of operationalperformance.

4 Dynamic positioning system (DPS) ensuresprecision manoeuvring during delicate opera-tions in deep waters without anchor.

4 Anti-roll tanks to reduce roll by 40 to 60%.

new solution to the problem of pro-tecting warships from incoming anti-ship missiles has been proposed byBAE Systems Bofors. The traditional‘hard-kill’ solutions have been an

agile surface-to-air missile (such as the MBDASeawolf) or a radar-guided gun (such as theRaytheon Phalanx). The Swedish companyrecently acquired by BAE Systems proposes touse a high-velocity surface-to-air rocket carryingminimal or even no guidance, but equipped with‘smart’ fuzing system and a sophisticated war-head that can focus its destructive effects on atarget some tens of metres distant.

Abraham is intended to defeat multiple simulta-neous threats, including salvo attacks by cruiseor anti-ship missiles. It is also seen as a sur-face-ship anti-surface warfare (ASuW) weaponable to engage multiple small surface targets.

In its basic form, the Abraham projectile wouldbe 1.6 m long, 120 mm in diameter and wouldweigh less than 25 kg. While it is suitable for useas a naval close- in weapon system, the compa-

ny is also proposing a lighter naval close-inweapon system (CIWS) version that would userounds of 100 mm calibre flying at a speed of350m/s (1,260 km/h) rather than the more than800 m/s (2,880 km/h) of the 120 mm version.The latter has a maximum range of 2.5 km, wellbeyond the 1 km of the 100 mm version.

444Light enough for installa-tion on wheeled or trackedvehicles; the AbrahamLauncher could be fitted to anaval gun mounting.333

The launcher of both versions is small and lightenough to be installed on wheeled or trackedvehicles, ground mountings, and gun mounts onnaval vessels.

It would not carry any form of radar or electro-optical sensor. A 3-D radar would be used fortarget acquisition and it is envisaged that the

‘Smart-Fuzed’ Rocket Proposed forClose-In Ship Defence

BAE Systems Bofors proposes a new solution to the problem of protecting warships from incoming anti-ship missiles.

* D O U G R I C H A R D S O N , U K

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system will open fire on radar-derived target co-ordinates.

Fired from a lightweight recoilless launcherwhose rifled barrels would provide the initialspin, the rocket would be spun in flight by aft-mounted pop-out folding fins. A high-frequencypulsed ladar (laser radar) fuze would form twocones of coverage — inner and outer. As thetarget flies through these cones, the fuze wouldbe able to determine the target profile, miss dis-tance, and optimum moment of firing.

Based on this data, the fuze would initiate oneof the two operating modes of the warhead.This is of hexagonal cross-section, and thealternate faces are designed to produce either afocused or spread pattern of fragments. As the

ities, the Coast Guard may find it useful toextend to other environmental security aspectsbeyond oil spills. The vessels will have a sec-ondary role in other Coast Guard mission activi-ties - maritime zone surveillance, marine safety,offshore security, etc.

Obviously, much hope is placed on the userfriendliness and operational capabilities of theresponse equipment gear. It is the heart of thesystem. The structure comprises containment,recovery, dispersal, separation and disposal sys-tems. These are fixed, portable and airborne. Inthe current design, the system caters only for oilspill response. In course of time, the CoastGuard may need gears for responding to otherpollutants too. It is with this view the Coast Guardconsiders it important to have a laboratory onboard that can analyse oil spill and algaeblooms; evaluate and format emulsions; testwater quality, radioactivity and hazardous materi-als; and collect valuable data for scientific analy-sis related to marine environment.

Increased Responsibilities andCapability Enhancement

The requirement of the Coast Guard is not com-plete with the PCV alone as times havechanged since their original conception. Thegovernment in a recent announcement hasdirected the Coast Guard to ensure Tier 3 capa-bilities also for oil spill response.

This means major capability enhancement thatmay even call for special strike teams and

Indian Coast Guard: Towards Total Marine Environmental Security ...Continued from page 25

3The proposedclose-in weaponsystem (CIWS)version is 100mm in calibre.Two rows of opti-cal ports for theladar fuze arelocated just for-ward of the safe& arm unit.

spin of the round brings one of the faces withthe desired characteristics to face the target,the warhead will be detonated. If the miss dis-tance is small, the spread pattern would beused; for longer miss distances, the focusedpattern will be selected.

The warhead weighs about 10 kg and containstungsten pre-formed fragments. Fired in spreadmode, its effects could be devastating. In theland-based role, it is expected to inflict a destruc-tive kill against artillery rockets such as the Luna(Frog 7), BM-21 and BM-27 at miss distances ofup to 5 m. The less solidly built structure of ananti-ship missile would receive massive damage.

Fired in focussed mode, it would probablyachieve a sensor ‘kill’ by damaging the missile’s


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100 mm, 350m/s, high rotation.

Rocket Motor Electronics Module

Safe & Arm NoseconeUmbilical

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*Mr Doug Richardson is the Editor of Jane’s Missiles and Rockets published from UK.

4The Mk 2 and Mk 3versions would becourse-corrected rocketswith GPS guidance. Theywould be steered bynose-mounted canards.

4 During technolo-gy-demonstrationtests in Sweden,the warhead wastested against mor-tar bombs and steelplates used to sim-ulate the skin of aballistic-missilewarhead. D

oug

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444Malabar 05Indo-US Joint Exercise

he eighth of the series of Indo-US naval exercise Malabar 05 was conducted inthe Arabian Sea from September 25 to October 5, 2005 in which frontline shipsfrom both navies participated. From the US Navy, USS Nimitz, aircraft carrier(with F/A-18 Super Hornets and E-2C Hawkeye Air Early Warning aircraft), twoAegis class destroyers, one Los Angeles class SSN and P-3C Orion aircraft

participated. From the Indian Navy, INS Viraat, aircraft carrier (with Sea Harriers and SeaKings), Delhi class guided missile destroyer, Godavari class guided missile frigate,Shishumar class submarine, underway replenishment tanker, TU-142M Long RangeMaritime Patrol and anti-submarine aircraft, Dornier-228 Maritime Patrol aircraft and othermulti-role helicopters took part in this exercise, which has become an annual feature.

The co-operation between the US Navy and Indian Navy has moved apace with the rela-tionship between the two countries in the recent years. Seven such exercises have beenheld so far. The process has been characterised by service-to-service interaction; high-level visits; joint exercises of increasing scope and complexity; and significant co-opera-tion in the field of military training. The ongoing operational interaction between the naviesof India and the USA stems from an institutionalised roll-on plan, which is determined andreviewed in successive meetings of the Executive Steering Group.

This was the first time that aircraft carriers from the two navies participated in the Malabarseries of exercises. The thrust of exercise Malabar this year was on aviation inter-oper-ability, advanced anti-submarine warfare, sea control missions, fleet air defence, surfacefirings, maritime interdiction and VBSS (Visit Board Search and Seizure) operationstowards anti-piracy and counter-terrorism actions at sea. In order to streamline interoper-ability and derive maximum training value from such exercises, the two navies hadevolved Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which are regularly tested and updatedduring these bilateral exercises.

The constructive engagement between the Indian Navy and US Navy on issues such ascounter-terrorism, anti-piracy, maritime interdiction, search and rescue etc. were mutuallybeneficial and operationally relevant for both the navies. The sustained interaction overthe years has enabled setting in place a strong foundation upon which a meaningful part-nership continues to grow.

In This Issue

Editorial

Joint naval exercises are consistent feature ofIndian Navy’s endeavour in the area of diplo-

macy and foreign co-operation in order to assist thegovernment in carrying forward its foreign policy. Jointexercises enhance co-operation and understandingwith the other navies, serve to build interoperability andlearn from each other so that the navies can operatetogether when required like during the recent Tsumani.With this aim, a series of exercises have been carriedout on a regular basis. Some of the recently held exer-cies are ‘Malabar 05’ with USA ‘Indra 05’ with Russiaand ‘Varuna 05’ with France, covered herewith.

InteroperabilityEnhanced

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1 - Ships assigned to the USS Nimitz Carrier Strike Group in formation also with theIndian aircraft carrier Viraat.

2 - Indian Sea Harriers flying by INS Viraat with US F-18s.

3 - The Los Angeles-class attack submarine USS Santa Fe pulls in to Goa, India markingthe half-way point of Exercise Malabar.

4 - Indian and US Naval officers reviewing the exercise.

5 - EARLY WARNING MISSION - An American E-2C Hawkeye Flying by INS Viraat.

6 - CARRIER POWER - INS Viraat and USS Nimitz operating at close quarters.

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444Indra 05 Indo-Russian JointExercise

ndra 2005, a biennial bilateral exercise between the armed forces of Russia and India wasconducted from October 10 to 20, 2005. The naval part of the exercise was conducted onthe eastern seaboard, off the coast of Visakhapatnam, from October 14 to 20, 2005.

The first Indo-Russian bilateral naval exercise Indra 2003 was conducted both on the west-ern and eastern seaboards from May 20 to 23 and from May 29 to June 4, 2003 respectively. Theexercise, primarily aimed at enhancing mutually beneficial co-operative engagement between thenavies of the two countries, was christened ‘Indra’. This was derived from the country names viz.India and Russia.

Indra 2005, under the command of Vice Admiral Sureesh Mehta, Flag Officer Commanding inChief of Eastern Naval Command, Indian Navy; had a considerably wider scope than the lastexercises. Five Russian naval ships including one missile cruiser, two destroyers, one tanker andone ocean going tug arrived at Visakhapatnam on October 14, 2005. The Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Rear Admiral Sergy Viktorovich Avramenko embarked upon the missilecruiser ‘Varyag’. The officers and sailors of the participating units alongwith the staff of EasternNaval Command carried out various activities in harbour including the pre-sailing conference atVisakhapatnam on October 15 and 16. The exercises at sea included surface firing, air defenceand anti-submarine warfare exercises. These were conducted from October 17 to 19. Debrief forthe exercise was carried out on October 20, 2005 at Visakhapatnam.

The exercise was witnessed at sea by the Russian Defence Minister, Mr Sergei Ivanov andIndian Defence Minister, Mr Pranab Mukherjee on October 18, 2005. The Russian delegationincluded Admiral Vladimir V Masorin, Commander-in-Chief Russian Navy and a number of otherhigh ranking officers of the Russian Navy.

1 - Close-up of an anti-submarine rocket launcher and 100 mm gun (background) prepared forfiring during the exercise.

2 - Indian Sailors saluting their Russian counterparts.

3 - INS Delhi Class frigate cruising during the exercise Indra 05.

4 & 5 - Two views of Russian Navy Missile Cruiser Variyag over the waters. Picture belowdepicts 16 anti-ship cruise missiles.

6 - Rear Admiral Avramenko, Dy Commander-in-Chief of group of Russian ships (in white) fromPacific Fleet of Russian Navy onboard Varyag missile cruiser.

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444Varuna 05 Indo-French JointExercise

ive ships of the Western Fleet and one submarine under the tactical command of theFlag Officer Commanding Western Fleet, Rear Admiral R F Contractor moved to theGulf of Aden for Indo-French naval exercise Varuna 05 being held from November 22to 24, 2005. The Indian Navy group consisted of aircraft carrier Viraat, guided missiledestroyer Mysore, guided missile frigates Talwar and Godavari and tanker Aditya.

From the French side, La Fayette (guided missile frigate), Jacoubet (ASW corvette), Perle(nuclear submarine), shore based Atlantique (MRASW) and Mirage 2000 (fighter) aircraft tookpart in the exercise.

This is the seventh of the Indo-French joint exercise series since 2001 and the second thisyear. The joint exercises have grown in scope and complexity over the years and facilitatedmutual learning and interoperability. During this exercise, the thrust was on dissimilar air com-bat between Sea Harriers and French Mirages, air defence exercises, intermediate andadvanced level anti-submarine warfare, maritime interdiction operations and compliant andnon-compliant boarding operations Another highlight was the professional interaction of thenaval marine commandos and army troops with French Special Forces. Incidentally, one pla-toon of Indian Army personnel and four Indian Air Force pilots embarked on Indian ships forinteraction with their French counterparts. This is the first time that the Indian aircraft carrierViraat participated in Varuna series of exercises. Last year in April 2004, the French aircraftcarrier Charles de Gaulle had formed part of their task force.

Presidential Review Naval fleet review for President APJ Abdul Kalam will be held atVisakhapatnam from February 11 to February 13, 2006. This will be

the ninth review and first outside Mumbai. About 51 naval ships, four submarines,four cargo ships, four merchant ships, 25 fixed wing and 21 rotary wing aircraft willtake part.

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* V I C E A D M I R A L ( R E T D ) R B S U R I

*The author has been the Chief of Personnel with Indian Navy.

raditionally, the President of India,who is also the supreme command-er of the armed forces, reviews theIndian fleet, once in his tenure. Thefirst such event in recent history took

place in 1937 when the Royal Indian Navy wasrepresented in the Coronation Review in

England. The Presidential Review is a great cer-emonial event which displays the maritimestrength of the country. All types of sea goingunits ranging from the Navy, the Coast Guard,merchant marine, National Institute ofOceanography, Oil & Natural Gas Commission,training ship Rajendra and naval yard craft take

part in the review. All units are anchored in pre-cise positions and dressed overall. The ships ofevery type are anchored in lines from thelargest aircraft carrier to smallest gunboat. Grayshapes of submarines add to the awesomepower of the occasion. Every weapon andequipment is meticulously maintained and serv-

iced. The ships are thoroughly cleaned andpainted for inspection with their weapons andguns gleaming. Nearly 100 ships, submarines,aircraft and yard craft take part in the review. Agreat deal of planning and organisation goesinto the event which normally takes place atIndia’s premier port of Mumbai.

444 It is a great moment ofpride for the ship’s companyto honour their SupremeCommander in thismanner. 333

The President embarks on a naval ship like aMine Counter Measures Vessel, nominated asthe Presidential Yacht, which flies the


Interoperability Enhanced ...Continued from page 32

1 - Indian Navy’s Kashin class destroyer.

2 - Indian Navy’s ships lined up for exercise.

3 - Two French Super Puma helicopters seen on the deck of INS Viraat.

4 - Marine commandos embarking a French Super Puma helicopter onboard INS Viraat.

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n international seminar on disastermanagement was organised byHeadquarters Integrated DefenceStaff (HQ IDS), Ministry of Defencefrom December 6 to 8, 2005 at New

Delhi. The seminar was conducted under thecombined aegis of HQ IDS and the UnitedNations Office for the co-ordination ofHumanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) at USI andattended by 27 representatives from 17 coun-tries from all over the world. The three day sem-inar was spread over five sessions with majorfocus on role of the Armed Forces in facing theemerging challenges in disaster managementand distinct topics such as:

4 Challenges and Risks of Disasters in Asiaand Pacific Region,

4 National Structure for Disaster Managementand Role of the Armed Forces,

4 Regional Cooperation: Capacity, Resourcesand Interoperability Nuances,

4 Functional Linkages to Empower Responseto Disasters and

4 Co-ordination of Military Assistance forHumanitarian Aid in Natural Disasters.

The various events of the seminar were organ-ised by Brigadier R Ahluwalia of HQ IDS. Hewas assisted in these tasks by Group CaptainM Deshmukh and Colonel N Razora.

The Inauguration

The inaugural session was attended by theIndia’s Defence Minister Mr Pranab Mukherjeewho delivered the inaugural address. Thekeynote address was given by the ChairmanChiefs of Staff Committee & Chief of the NavalStaff of Indian Navy, Admiral Arun Prakash. Alsoin attendance were Chief of the Air Staff (IAF) AirChief Marshal S P Tyagi and the Chief ofIntegrated Defence Staff to the Chairman Chiefsof Staff Committee Vice Admiral Raman Puri. Inhis inaugural address, Mr Pranab Mukherjee nar-rated the four major disasters which had hit Indiain the last one year alone - the Tsunami onDecember 26, 2004, the so-called ‘WhiteTsunami, in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), floods inmany parts of the country and the devastatingKashmir earthquake on both sides of the Line ofControl (LOC) and lauded the armed forces fortheir stellar role in all the rescue & relief opera-tions. He stated that in the various types of disas-ters, man has very little control over nature. Wecannot possibly prevent the occurrence of naturaldisasters but we can mitigate them. The IndianGovernment has taken stock of the situation anddecided on a change of orientation by a shift inemphasis from post-disaster relief and rehabilita-tion to pre-disaster preparedness and mitigationas also a shift in emphasis to multi-dimensionaland multi-sectoral approach which integrates dis-aster mitigation in all aspects of developmentplanning. With this in view, the Government ofIndia has introduced a Disaster Management Billfor legislation in both houses of Parliament. Thenewly formed National Disaster ManagementAuthority (NDMA) would be tasked to create anIndian structure for disaster management in fur-

therance of Government perspectives andresponse initiatives.” He further stated that thiswas a subject which must get undivided focus ofthe armed forces also because of their highlyspecialised role in disaster management. Headded that even the industry had an importantrole in terms of development of disaster reliefequipment and a pro-active approach in trainingtheir personnel in the use of such equipment.While declaring the seminar open he said thatthe Asia-Pacific region was especially prone tonatural disasters and hoped that the participatingcountries would learn from each other and adoptmeasures to go for a collective response in man-aging disasters.

Earlier, while delivering the keynote address,Admiral Arun Prakash emphasised on the needof matching military equipment to tackle differenttypes of disasters. For example, while undertak-ing the relief operations after the December 2004Tsunami, the lack of air cushion vehicles andmedium lift helicopters was sorely felt by thenavy. He also emphasised on the need of dedi-cated training for the armed forces personnel insuch operations. As disaster management alsoprovided an ideal nursery for jointmanship. therewas a need to establish procedures for detailedco-ordination with civil agencies and the interna-tional organisations and to create compositerapid-action task forces for disaster relief.

The Seminar

All five sessions of the seminar had full interna-tional participation and the subjects were cov-ered in great detail. In the first session, vulnera-bility profile of natural disasters for the Asia-Pacific region was discussed by speakers fromdisaster institutes/centres of India, Thailand andUS Pacific Disaster Centre, Hawaii. In the sec-ond session, armed forces’ representatives fromUS Pacific Command, Hawaii, China,Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore spoke aboutthe national structures and the role of armedforces in disaster management in their respec-tive countries. In the third session, regionalresponse capabilities and regional cooperation

In This Issue

Editorial


Disaster Management Seminar:Emerging Challenges

Against the backdrop of past experience, the Indian Governmenthas also decided to include pre-disaster preparedness and formed

a National Disaster Management Authority tasked to implement its policies.

* A I R M A R S H A L ( R E T D ) V K B H A T I A

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444 Indian Government’s Response4 The seriousness with which theGovernment has responded to the issues ofdisaster management was amply covered in aspecial presentation by Mr K M Singh,Member NDMA during the first session onday one itself. The salient features of thepresentation included the following:

4 A national disaster management roadmaphas been drawn up covering institutionalmechanisms, mitigation/prevention measures,legal/policy framework, preparedness andresponse, early warning systems, humanresource development and capacity building.States have been advised to draw up similarroadmaps.

4 An apex body, NDMA has been set up toimplement the national roadmap under thechairmanship of the Prime Minister. Out of atotal membership of nine, General (Retd) N CVij, a former Chief of the Army Staff, as the

Vice Chairman in the rank of a cabinet minis-ter and five members in the rank of Ministerof State have been nominated.

4 The charter of the NDMA will be to laydown policies on disaster management,approve national disaster management plan &plans of the various ministries & departmentsof centre, coordinate the enforcement andimplementation at all stages, directly controland supervise the ‘National DisasterResponse Force’ (NDRF), international coop-eration and India’s assistance to disasteraffected countries and, arrange for & overseeprovision of funds for response & mitigation.

4 A national executive committee under thechairmanship of the Union Home Secretarywith the Secretaries of the concerned min-istries and the Chief of the Integrated Staff asmembers would assist NDMA to discharge itsfunctions and implement its policies.

The President reviews the fleet by passing eachship of each line. As he passes, the ship’s com-pany which is lined on the side of the ship, fac-ing him dressed in their ceremonial dress,salute him taking off their caps by, “Three Jais”.It is a great moment of pride for the ship’s com-

pany to honour their Supreme Commander inthis manner. At sunset, all ships at the anchor-age switch on their lights which show their sil-houettes. A fire works display adds to the pompand glory of the occasion.

Last review of the fleet in February, 2001 was aspecial event. It was international in nature inwhich 24 ships from 19 navies around theglobe took part. The theme of the review was“Bridges of Friendship.” A large number of theforeign navies were represented by their Chiefsof Naval staff. The event established the pre-eminence of the Indian Navy in the IndianOcean. From our region, Australia, Bangladesh,Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius,Oman, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka andThailand participated. Ships from Russia, UKand USA also took part in the review. Seniorofficers from host of other countries were alsopresent.

Naval fleet review for President APJ AbdulKalam will be held at Visakhapatnam fromFebruary 11 to February 13, 2006. This will bethe ninth review and first outside Mumbai. About

51 naval ships, four submarines, four cargoships, four merchant ships, 25 fixed wing and21 rotary wing aircraft will take part.

The President is scheduled to arrive at Vizag onthe evening of February 11. After inspecting aguard of honour at INS Dega, he will proceed tosea on a submarine to see anchored ships offthe beach. A banquet will be hosted in his hon-our. On February 12, the President will reviewthe fleet and witness live firing of missiles, rock-ets and guns besides aerobatics performed bySurya Kirans. A commemorative stamp andbrochure will be released on the occasion. Onthe last day, the President will present coloursto the Eastern Fleet. A large number of Indiandignitaries including the Vice-President, PrimeMinister and Defence Minister will also beattending the review.

Vice Admiral Sureesh Mehta, Flag OfficerCommanding-in-Chief, Eastern NavalCommand stated that it is aimed at creating aninterface between the public and armed forcesas about five lac people are expected to wit-ness the review.

Presidential Review ...Continued from page 33

444In Brief

President’s colours. The top brass of the Navyescort the President who is accompanied by theDefence Minister. As the President is embarked,a 21 gun salute is fired in his honour. ThePresident’s yacht thereafter casts off and pro-ceeds towards the ships lined up for inspection.

3‘International FleetReview- 2001’.Former President MrK R Narayanan, theSupremeCommander of theArmed Forces beingreceived by the thenChief of the NavalStaff Admiral SushilKumar. Mr GeorgeFernandes, the thenDefence Minister is inthe centre.

4AdmiralArunPrakash,ChairmanChiefs ofStaffCommittee &Chief of theNaval Staffmaking apoint duringhis keynoteaddress.

3The inau-guraladdressbeing deliv-ered by theDefenceMinister MrPranabMukherjee.

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Sindhugosh Returns AfterUpgradeRussia handed over an upgrad-ed Kilo class submarine INSSindhugosh equipped withlethal Klub-S cruise missiles toIndia during October, 2005. It isunderstood that Klub-S cruisemissile fitted on INSSindhugosh is 3M-14E landattack cruise missile variant,with a strike range of 300 km.Apart from the complete over-haul of the submarine, theupgradation package alsoincludes new sonar, electronicwarfare systems and automatedintegral weapon control sys-tems. The mid-life upgrade wascarried out at Zvyozdochka ship-yard in Severodvinsk.

Stealth Class Frigates forIndian Navy3 Stealth Frigates under Project-17 i.e. Shivalik, Satpura andSahyadri are at present underconstruction. Out of these,Sahyadri is likely to be commis-sioned by 2009. It will be fittedwith anti-air warfare and anti-

submarine capability, with 2helicopters onboard. Otherweapon systems include 76 mmOTOMelara super rapid gunmount and surface-to-air missile(SAM) systems. The main airsearch and targeting radar forthe SAM systems is a mastmounted Fregat 3D radar. It alsoincludes two missile launchersalong with two AK-630 gunmounts. To control and monitorthe propulsion pack, an inte-grated machinery control sys-tem (IMCS) has been fitted onthe ship. It has also been pro-vided with systems for onboardtraining and equipment healthmonitoring. The indigenouslybuilt frigates are being armedby acquiring equipment andcontrol systems from Russianand Canada. The Indian equip-ment is being designed byDRDO, Naval Physical andOceanographic Laboratory andNational Software TestingLaboratory.

Naval Pilots for Training in US

Under a US$ 26 million agree-ment, 32 Indian Navy pilots willundergo 18 month training pro-gramme for carrier borne opera-

tions with the US Navy. Thetraining programme will bespread over 4 years. They will betrained on T-45 Goshawks at US

naval air stations at Meridianand Kingsville.

Chief of Staff Italian NavyVisits IndiaAdmiral Sergio Biraghi, Chief-of-Staff, Italian Navy, visited Indiaon November 14, 2005 to holddiscussions with top ministryand naval officials.

India Defence BriefThe Indian Government hasapproved a plan envisagingindigenous construction of sub-marines in 2 phases:4 Construction of 12 sub-marines in Phase I (2000-2012)4 Construction of 12 sub-marines in Phase II (2013-2030)This information was given bythe Defence Minister Mr PranabMukherjee in Parliament.

Managing Editor and PublisherJayant Baranwal

Contributing EditorVice Admiral P JaitlyLt General P K PahwaLt General Naresh ChandLt General V K KapoorAir Marshal V K Bhatia

CONTRIBUTORS

IndiaVice Admiral P J JacobVice Admiral R B SuriDr W Lawrence Prabhakar

EuropeDoug Richardson, AndrewBrookes (UK)

USA & CanadaLon Nordeen (USA), Anil R Pustam (West Indies)

West Asia/AfricaHelmoed R Heitman (SouthAfrica)

Chairman & Mg DirectorJayant Baranwal

DesignMisha Oberoi Chakravarty

Published quarterly by JayantBaranwal on behalf of SP GuidePublications P Ltd. All rightsreserved. No part of this publica-tion may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmit-ted in any form or by any means,photocopying, recording, elec-tronic, or otherwise without priorwritten permission of thePublishers.

Printed in India by Pragati Offset

© SP Guide Publications,2006

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Admiral Arun Prakash, Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) and his officehave been very supportive towards this new endeavour and SP’s feel dulyhonoured and rather committed due to such response.



Indian Navy has been the most inter-operable service from India which dulyreflects in the series of joint exercises that have been taking place with coun-tries like France, United States, Russia and so on. The journal makes anattempt to cover such interactive gestures in an illustrative manner. This issuealso touches upon the upcoming mega event i.e. President’s Review to beheld in February first half this year.





JAYANT BARANWAL






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India’s EvolvingMaritime Profile andStrategy4 page 12

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guidance system, causing it to divert from itslethal course. This category of kill is expected atranges of out to 50 m.

Even at these longer ranges, the destructiveeffects of a focussed firing should not be under-estimated. During a demonstration programmefunded by Sweden’s Defence MaterielAdministration (FMV), a warhead initiated infocussed mode shattered the tail of a mortarround used as a trials target. In a short-rangespread-mode firing, the body of a mortar roundwas shattered. The warhead has also been test-ed against 20 mm and 30 mm steel plates usedto simulate the skin of a ballistic-missile warhead.Three versions of the basic Abraham havebeenproposed. The Mk 1 is an unguided rocket

that uses its ‘smart’ fuze and warhead toengage the target. The same concept is pro-posed for the CIWS variant.

For the Mk 2, the company plans to add a non-spinning nose section coupled to the main fuse-lage by a slip clutch. This would carry canardcontrol surfaces used for course correctionsmade in response to steering commands from aGPS-based guidance system. The Mk 3 wouldbe similar, but would also incorporate datalinkthat could be used to provide the round withupdated target information.

At the September 2005 Defence SystemsExhibition International (DSEI) exhibition inLondon, BAE Systems Bofors AB showed a

model of the Mk 2 rocket, plus test targets usedduring warhead demonstrations.

The company has set up Team Abraham UK tofurther develop the concept and offer it as aweapon system to the Swedish and UK defenceministries.

A large system integrator has yet to be chosen, butthe existing team includes seven UK partners —Aspire Consulting, Claro Precision Engineering,Leafield Engineering, Nobel Energetics, NorthernDefence Industries, QinetiQ and Reliance Gear. UKuniversities will be involved in basic technologyresearch. The Universities of Durham andNewcastle are working on the weapon’s fuel celland on gyroscope technology.

of the speakers’ countries i.e. Australia, Japan,India and US Pacific Command, Hawaii werediscussed. The Indian Army’s, Navy’s and AirForce’s capabilities to respond to disasters andmeasures to improve the response were cov-ered in detail by the Heads of operations ofrespective Service Headquarters in a specialsession. In the fourth session, functional link-ages between the civil authorities, armed forcesand NGOs (Non-governmental Organisations)to empower response to disasters. An especial-ly interesting feature of this session was a talkby Dr Naresh Trehan, renowned cardiologist ofEscorts Heart Institute and Head of the NGO,‘Insaaniyat’ giving his experiences in providingrelief and succour to the civilian victims of

Kargil region in the 1999 war and the Tsunamivictims in the Andaman Nicobar islands. Thelast session on co-ordination of military assis-tance for humanitarian aid in natural disasterswas conducted by the representatives of UNOCHA.

The swiftness with which the CentralGovernment has moved to translate its inten-tions into actions in disaster management canbe gauged from the fact that in addition to con-stituting the NDMA, the National DisasterResponse Force (NDRF), comprising eight bat-talions of the central para-military forces, hasalso been set up which can be quickly andeffectively deployed in a region affected by any

kind of natural or man-made disaster. Two bat-talions each were drawn from the CentralIndustrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-TibetanBorder Police (ITBP), Central Reserve PoliceForce (CRPF) and Border Security Force (BSF)to constitute the NDRF. The Centre has alsoidentified eight places across the country cover-ing the most disaster prone states where a bat-talion each of the NDRF will be stationed forquick deployment in the event of any disaster,including nuclear, biological and chemical dis-asters. These places are: Greater Noida (out-skirts of Delhi), Chandigarh, Barasat (outskirtsof Kolkata), Pune, Gandhinagar, Guwahati,Arkonam (near Chennai) and Mundali (nearBhubaneswar).

‘Smart-Fuzed’ Rocket Proposed for Close-In Ship Defence ...Continued from page 30

Disaster Management Seminar: Emerging Challenges ...Continued from page 34

444In Brief

Seminar on‘Net-CentricWarfare intheRegionalContext’A seminar on

‘Net-Centric Warfare in the RegionalContext’ was conducted at the IndiaHabitat Centre, New Delhi, on December20 and 21, 2005. The seminar was jointlyorganised by The Centre for Land WarfareStudies, The National Maritime Foundationand The Centre for Air Power Studies.Interestingly, this was the first time a sem-inar had been organised jointly by thesethree think-tanks that carry out researchon subjects pertaining to their respectiveservices.

The seminar was inaugurated by General JJ Singh, Chief of the Army Staff. It was con-ducted in four sessions and a total of 12papers were read out. The first session onOverview of Net-Centric Warfare waschaired by General (Retd) V P Malik. Thesecond session with Vice Admiral (Retd) PJaitly as panel chairman dealt with theCurrent Status and Future Perspective.Challenges Ahead was the topic of thethird session that had Air Chief Marshal(Retd) S Krishnaswamy as panel chairman.The last session, which discussed The WayAhead, was chaired by General (Retd) V NSharma.

The speakers were generally of the viewthat India was still many years behind theUSA in net-centric capability. A few other

important points that emerged were: a.need for India to develop net-centric war-fare capability as required by its ownregional environment rather than apingthe West; b. requirement of heavy finan-cial investment for making the Indianarmed forces net-centric enabled; c.requirement for an overall authority tooversee and ensure inter-connectivitybetween the three services and; d. theneed for training of personnel and raisingtheir educational standards.

The valedictory address was delivered byAdmiral Arun Prakash, Chief of the NavalStaff, who once again emphasised theimportance network enabled operationsfor future warfare.

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