Squirt Gun Botany Pesticides & Gardening Master Gardener Seminar Douglass E. Stevenson, Ph.D. Extension Associate Texas Cooperative Extension

““Squirt Gun Botany”Squirt Gun Botany”Pesticides & GardeningPesticides & Gardening

Master Gardener SeminarMaster Gardener Seminar

““Squirt Gun Botany”Squirt Gun Botany”Pesticides & GardeningPesticides & Gardening

Master Gardener SeminarMaster Gardener Seminar

Douglass E. Stevenson, Ph.D.Douglass E. Stevenson, Ph.D.Extension AssociateExtension AssociateTexas Cooperative ExtensionTexas Cooperative Extension

Chatmandu’s Common Sense Plant Chatmandu’s Common Sense Plant Care CuresCare Cures

Provide a Good Provide a Good HomeHome

Prevention is Better Prevention is Better Than CureThan Cure

Remember Your Remember Your RootsRoots

Provide Room to Provide Room to GrowGrow

Nature and NurtureNature and Nurture

Have a Weight-Loss Have a Weight-Loss PlanPlan

Avoid Overseasoning Avoid Overseasoning Wear Loose ClothingWear Loose Clothing Drink Plenty of Drink Plenty of

LiquidsLiquids Don’t Drink Too MuchDon’t Drink Too Much

Dr. Treevorkian’s Rules for Dr. Treevorkian’s Rules for Squirt Gun Botany:Squirt Gun Botany:

If a little is good, then more is better.If a little is good, then more is better. Spray for pay.Spray for pay. One size fits all.One size fits all. Seen one label, seen ‘em all.Seen one label, seen ‘em all. There is something for There is something for

everything.everything.

Assisted Herb-icideAssisted Herb-icideAssisted Herb-icideAssisted Herb-icide

Poor Plant SelectionPoor Plant Selection Planting Too DeepPlanting Too Deep OvermulchingOvermulching OverwateringOverwatering OverfertilizingOverfertilizing OvermowingOvermowing Second Degree GirdlingSecond Degree Girdling

Are you guilty of the seven deadly sins of iatrogenicide?

Nothing Controls EverythingNothing Controls Everything

Which one of these insecticides effectively Which one of these insecticides effectively controls all of the bugs commonly found controls all of the bugs commonly found in Ohio home landscapes:in Ohio home landscapes:

A.A. Carbaryl (e.g. Sevin)Carbaryl (e.g. Sevin)B.B. MalathionMalathionC.C. Chlorpyrifos (e.g. Dursban)Chlorpyrifos (e.g. Dursban)D.D. None of the above.None of the above.

Nothing Controls EverythingNothing Controls Everything

““A picture of a dead bug on the A picture of a dead bug on the

label does not mean that the label does not mean that the

product killed it.”product killed it.”

Some Problems Have Some Problems Have No Controls.No Controls.

““What do you sell your What do you sell your customers to control root rot of customers to control root rot of

trees?”trees?”

Some Problems Have No Some Problems Have No Controls.Controls.

““What pesticides do you What pesticides do you sell for viral diseases?”sell for viral diseases?”

Some Problems Have No Some Problems Have No Controls.Controls.

““What insecticides do you What insecticides do you sell for shothole beetles on sell for shothole beetles on

pine trees?”pine trees?”

Some Problems Have Iffy Some Problems Have Iffy Controls.Controls.

““What sure-fire products do What sure-fire products do you sell for repelling rabbits you sell for repelling rabbits

and other rodents?”and other rodents?”

The Label is HistoryThe Label is History

““Do not apply to American Elm, Do not apply to American Elm, Flowering Crabapple, Sugar Maple, Flowering Crabapple, Sugar Maple, Red Maple, Cottonwood, Redbud and Red Maple, Cottonwood, Redbud and Weigela as foliage injury may occur.”Weigela as foliage injury may occur.”

- Ortho’s Orthene - Ortho’s Orthene Systemic Systemic Insect Insect ControlControl

Do Not Apply Products in a Do Not Apply Products in a Vacuum.Vacuum.

““Do not seed or sod for four months Do not seed or sod for four months following application. The crabgrass following application. The crabgrass barrier prevents grass seed from barrier prevents grass seed from sprouting.sprouting.

- Scott’s Crabgrass - Scott’s Crabgrass Preventer Preventer Plus Lawn Plus Lawn FertilizerFertilizer

Timing is Everything.Timing is Everything.

When do fungal infections occur with When do fungal infections occur with these diseases?these diseases?

A. Black spot of roses.A. Black spot of roses.B. Cedar quince rust on hawthorn.B. Cedar quince rust on hawthorn.C. Apple scab on crabapple.C. Apple scab on crabapple.D. Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) tip blight of D. Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) tip blight of

pine.pine.

The Label is Only the The Label is Only the Beginning.Beginning.

Make sure diagnosis was correct.Make sure diagnosis was correct. Share knowledge with peers in company Share knowledge with peers in company

training.training. Consult books and bulletins for their Consult books and bulletins for their

recommendations.recommendations. Subscribe to the BuckeyeSubscribe to the Buckeye

Yard & Garden Line.Yard & Garden Line.

Look for ResultsLook for ResultsNot Just ProductsNot Just Products

““Our greatest chance for long-term Our greatest chance for long-term success is for pesticide users to be success is for pesticide users to be successful gardeners.”successful gardeners.”

- Lisa Graf- Lisa Graf Graf Growers Inc.Graf Growers Inc.

Look for ResultsLook for ResultsNot Just ProductsNot Just Products

Which is best?Which is best?

Fungicides to control apple scab on Fungicides to control apple scab on crabapple.crabapple.

Scab resistant crabapples.Scab resistant crabapples.

Truth or Fiction:Truth or Fiction:Truth or Fiction:Truth or Fiction:

T or FT or F

Fatty acid soaps are Fatty acid soaps are recommended to control certain recommended to control certain

insects.insects.

Insecticidal Soap Perspectives:Insecticidal Soap Perspectives:Insecticidal Soap Perspectives:Insecticidal Soap Perspectives:

1. Fatty acid soaps can effectively suffocate 1. Fatty acid soaps can effectively suffocate insects.insects.2. Safer soaps and Ivory soap are fatty acid2. Safer soaps and Ivory soap are fatty acid soaps.soaps.3. One of the fatty acid soap isomers marketed 3. One of the fatty acid soap isomers marketed byby Safer is insecticidal, and labeled as such.Safer is insecticidal, and labeled as such.4. One of the fatty acid soap isomers marketed 4. One of the fatty acid soap isomers marketed byby Safer is herbicidal, and labeled as such.Safer is herbicidal, and labeled as such.5. Ivory soap is not labeled for use on plants.5. Ivory soap is not labeled for use on plants.


T or FT or F

Labeled insecticidal soaps are Labeled insecticidal soaps are recommended to control certain recommended to control certain

insects.insects.


T or FT or F

Sevin is a good miticide.Sevin is a good miticide.

Truth or Fiction Facts:Truth or Fiction Facts:Truth or Fiction Facts:Truth or Fiction Facts:

A. There are many different A. There are many different typestypes of mites.of mites.B. Sevin is ineffective inB. Sevin is ineffective in controlling spider mites.controlling spider mites.C. Sevin is effective in C. Sevin is effective in controllingcontrolling certain eriophyid mites.certain eriophyid mites.


T or FT or F

Sevin is a good miticide for Sevin is a good miticide for eriophyid mites, but not eriophyid mites, but not

spider mites.spider mites.


T or FT or F

Malathion is labeled as a Malathion is labeled as a miticide.miticide.


T or FT or F

Malathion is an effective Malathion is an effective miticide.miticide.


T or FT or F

Pruning paints should be Pruning paints should be applied after pruning cuts.applied after pruning cuts.


A. OSU Extension once recommendedA. OSU Extension once recommended paints to prevent insect invasion andpaints to prevent insect invasion and decay.decay.B. Current research: B. Current research: compartmentalizationcompartmentalization occurs best if oxygen is not occurs best if oxygen is not excluded.excluded.C. OSU Extension currently does notC. OSU Extension currently does not recommend pruning paints.recommend pruning paints.

Truth or Fiction Truth or Fiction Truth or Fiction Truth or Fiction

T or FT or F

Pruning paints will never again be Pruning paints will never again be recommended by OSU Extension.recommended by OSU Extension.


T or FT or F

Ortho Rose Pride Orthonex Insect and Ortho Rose Pride Orthonex Insect and Disease Control “gives systemic Disease Control “gives systemic protection for up to two weeks.” - protection for up to two weeks.” -

Product label.Product label.


A. The acephate (orthene) insecticide inA. The acephate (orthene) insecticide in Orthonex has such system action.Orthonex has such system action.B. The fungicide (Triforine), though mildlyB. The fungicide (Triforine), though mildly systemic, does not.systemic, does not.C. The label in fact says: “Controls insectC. The label in fact says: “Controls insect pests and prevents insect pests and prevents insect reinfestationreinfestation for up to two weeks. Also controls for up to two weeks. Also controls roserose black spot, rust and powdery mildew.” black spot, rust and powdery mildew.” (7-10 day intervals, used as protective)(7-10 day intervals, used as protective)


T or FT or F

You should always read the entire You should always read the entire label of a pesticide.label of a pesticide.


T or FT or F

All ideas are equal.All ideas are equal.

Some quotes from Some quotes from USA TodayUSA Today, , August 23, 1999August 23, 1999

Some quotes from Some quotes from USA TodayUSA Today, , August 23, 1999August 23, 1999

The Article: “Experts Muddy ‘Master The Article: “Experts Muddy ‘Master Gardener,’ ” about ‘America’s Master Gardener,’ ” about ‘America’s Master

Gardener, Jerry Baker.Gardener, Jerry Baker.

““Most of the criticism has Most of the criticism has come from people with vested come from people with vested

interests, who are the interests, who are the traditional experts.” - Alan traditional experts.” - Alan Foster, VP for fundraising, Foster, VP for fundraising,

PBS.PBS.

““The redwood trees grew just fine The redwood trees grew just fine before we had garden centers and before we had garden centers and people with academic certificates. I people with academic certificates. I

can’t worry about the competition . . . can’t worry about the competition . . . They do their thing and I do mine. I do They do their thing and I do mine. I do it sincerely and I get hugs and kisses it sincerely and I get hugs and kisses from people when I’m done.” - Jerry from people when I’m done.” - Jerry

BakerBaker

““Baker is a successful Baker is a successful fundraiser and his fundraiser and his

appearances illustrate the appearances illustrate the network’s diversity.” - Alan network’s diversity.” - Alan

FosterFoster

““To kill suckers growing on trees, To kill suckers growing on trees, Baker recommends using ‘any good Baker recommends using ‘any good weed killer’ with dish soap, vinegar weed killer’ with dish soap, vinegar

and gin. Although the last three and gin. Although the last three ingredients are irrevelant, many ingredients are irrevelant, many

herbicides, including the popular herbicides, including the popular RoundupRoundup, could harm or even kill a , could harm or even kill a

tree, experts say.” - Dennis Couchon, tree, experts say.” - Dennis Couchon, USA TodayUSA Today

““After pruning flowering trees, Baker After pruning flowering trees, Baker recommends sealing the wounds with recommends sealing the wounds with

latex pain, antiseptic mouthwash and an latex pain, antiseptic mouthwash and an insecticide such as Sevin or Dursban. Jim insecticide such as Sevin or Dursban. Jim Chatfield, a landscape specialist with Ohio Chatfield, a landscape specialist with Ohio

State says the use of such insecticides State says the use of such insecticides without regard to the type of tree or insect without regard to the type of tree or insect

is irresponsible.” is irresponsible.” -Dennis Couchon, USA Today-Dennis Couchon, USA Today

(Both of the last two examples came from a Jerry (Both of the last two examples came from a Jerry Baker gardening calendar and was cited in the Baker gardening calendar and was cited in the

original ‘Buckeye’ article in 1966.)original ‘Buckeye’ article in 1966.)

““The California Environmental Protection The California Environmental Protection Agency wrote KVIE-TV, the PBS affiliate in Agency wrote KVIE-TV, the PBS affiliate in

Sacremento, a two-page letter in 1996 Sacremento, a two-page letter in 1996 criticizing Baker’s advice to mix them criticizing Baker’s advice to mix them

(home-brewed pesticides) in bottles and (home-brewed pesticides) in bottles and cans usually used for food. ‘It is not only cans usually used for food. ‘It is not only illegal under state and federal law to do illegal under state and federal law to do

this, it is also highly dangerous.’” - Dennis this, it is also highly dangerous.’” - Dennis Couchon, USA TodayCouchon, USA Today

"A station affiliated with Ohio State "A station affiliated with Ohio State should be using and airing good should be using and airing good horticultural information, not the horticultural information, not the misinformation that Baker pours misinformation that Baker pours

out," says Jane Martin, an out," says Jane Martin, an extension agent in Franklin County, extension agent in Franklin County,

home of Ohio State. "Every time home of Ohio State. "Every time he's on, we get flooded with calls he's on, we get flooded with calls

asking for Jerry Baker recipes, and asking for Jerry Baker recipes, and we have to say, 'Well, that's not we have to say, 'Well, that's not

such a good idea.' " - such a good idea.' " - USA TodayUSA Today

(Regarding Jerry Baker’s product line):(Regarding Jerry Baker’s product line):“…“…rather than the mix of beer, ammonia, rather than the mix of beer, ammonia,

baby shampoo or molasses baby shampoo or molasses recommended on TV as an ‘all-season recommended on TV as an ‘all-season

green up tonic,’ his fertilizers contain the green up tonic,’ his fertilizers contain the typical blends of nitrogen, phosphates typical blends of nitrogen, phosphates

and potash found at every garden center. and potash found at every garden center. . . The company’s top-selling item is . . The company’s top-selling item is

Jerry Baker’s dog and cat repellent: ‘my Jerry Baker’s dog and cat repellent: ‘my unique formula’ as his catalogue unique formula’ as his catalogue describes it. Actually it’s methyl describes it. Actually it’s methyl

nonylketone, the same ingredient found nonylketone, the same ingredient found in other dog repellents …the only in other dog repellents …the only

difference is price.”- Dennis Couchon, difference is price.”- Dennis Couchon, USA TodayUSA Today

““There is no other door to There is no other door to knowledge than the door Nature knowledge than the door Nature

opens; and there is no truth opens; and there is no truth except the truths we discover in except the truths we discover in

Nature.” - Luther BurbankNature.” - Luther Burbank

Ten-Step Program for Healthy Ten-Step Program for Healthy PlantsPlants

Provide a good Provide a good homehome

Preventive medicinePreventive medicine Remember your Remember your

rootsroots Provide room to Provide room to

growgrow Nature and nurtureNature and nurture

Avoid Avoid overseasoning overseasoning

Have a weight-loss Have a weight-loss planplan

Wear loose clothingWear loose clothing Don’t drink too Don’t drink too

muchmuch Drink plentyDrink plenty of fluidsof fluids

Provide a good homeProvide a good home

(Select the right plant for the site.)(Select the right plant for the site.)

Preventive medicinePreventive medicine

(Select trees with good genetic (Select trees with good genetic pest and disease resistance.)pest and disease resistance.)

Remember your rootsRemember your roots

(Do not raise or lower soil levels (Do not raise or lower soil levels around trees when planting or around trees when planting or

doing construction around trees.)doing construction around trees.)

Provide room to growProvide room to grow

(Provide adequate room for future (Provide adequate room for future root development when planting.)root development when planting.)

Nature and nurtureNature and nurture

(Plant in sites with proper soil (Plant in sites with proper soil pH and other soil characteristics pH and other soil characteristics

for the species.)for the species.)

Avoid overseasoningAvoid overseasoning

(Do not overfertilize; protect (Do not overfertilize; protect sensitive species from road sensitive species from road

salts.)salts.)

Have a weight-loss planHave a weight-loss plan

(Always prune with a purpose (Always prune with a purpose in mind.)in mind.)

Wear loose clothingWear loose clothing

(Remove girdling wires, twines (Remove girdling wires, twines and rubber hoses.)and rubber hoses.)

Don’t drink too muchDon’t drink too much

(Plant in well-drained soils; (Plant in well-drained soils; avoid overwatering.)avoid overwatering.)

Drink plenty of fluidsDrink plenty of fluids

(Avoid underwatering.)(Avoid underwatering.)

Which of the following areWhich of the following areacid-loving plants?acid-loving plants?

A. River birchA. River birchB. Pin oakB. Pin oakC. Red mapleC. Red mapleD. PachysandraD. PachysandraE. Rhododendron and other E. Rhododendron and other ericaceous plantsericaceous plantsF. All of the aboveF. All of the above

““The true voyage of discovery lies The true voyage of discovery lies not in finding new landscapes, but not in finding new landscapes, but

in having new eyes.”in having new eyes.”

- Marcel Proust- Marcel Proust

Choose the best pesticideChoose the best pesticide..

Selecting a PesticideSelecting a Pesticide

Labeled for the pestLabeled for the pest

Produces desired level of controlProduces desired level of control

Minimal disruption to the environmentMinimal disruption to the environment

PhytotoxicityPhytotoxicity

Selecting a PesticideSelecting a Pesticide

Not phytotoxicNot phytotoxic

Compatible with plant management Compatible with plant management

strategiesstrategies

““Friendly” to beneficialsFriendly” to beneficials

Acceptable to the public, customersAcceptable to the public, customers Complex issueComplex issue

Many pesticide choices.Many pesticide choices.

Classifications of Classifications of PesticidesPesticides

ClassificationClassification Targeted PestTargeted Pest

•InsecticideInsecticide InsectsInsects

•AcaricideAcaricide Mites, ticksMites, ticks

•MiticideMiticide MitesMites

•FungicideFungicide FungiFungi

•BactericideBactericide BacteriaBacteria

Classifications of PesticidesClassifications of Pesticides

ClassificationClassification Targeted PestTargeted Pest

•HerbicideHerbicide WeedsWeeds

•AquacideAquacide Aquatic weedsAquatic weeds

•MolluscicideMolluscicide Snails and slugsSnails and slugs

•RodenticideRodenticide Mice, rats, rodentsMice, rats, rodents

Signal WordSignal Word

Toxicity CategoriesToxicity Categories DangerDanger (I) (I)

WarningWarning (II) (II)

CautionCaution (III) (III)

CautionCaution (IV) (IV)

“Danger” = most toxic

Select “caution” pesticides when possible and avoid RUP’s!

Pesticide Mode of ActionPesticide Mode of Action

Broad spectrumBroad spectrum

Residual pesticideResidual pesticide

ProtectantProtectant

SystemicSystemic

ContactContact

Pesticides Pesticides are are manufacturemanufactured in many d in many formulations.formulations.

PESTICIDE PESTICIDE FORMULATIONSFORMULATIONS

PESTICIDE PESTICIDE FORMULATIONSFORMULATIONS

Applying Pesticides Correctly-EPAApplying Pesticides Correctly-EPA

Core Manual-Unit 3 (formulations)Core Manual-Unit 3 (formulations)

Pesticide FormulationsPesticide Formulations

FormulationFormulation Application methodApplication method

Risk when handlingRisk when handling

Risk of moving off Risk of moving off

targettarget

AdvantagesAdvantages

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Application Application equipment equipment should reflect should reflect the target the target plant, pest, plant, pest, and pesticide and pesticide formulation.formulation.

Some Some pesticides pesticides

are are formulateformulate

d as d as injections.injections.

PESTICIDE FORMULATIONSPESTICIDE FORMULATIONSPESTICIDE FORMULATIONSPESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

Pesticides are usually formulated prior to Pesticides are usually formulated prior to useuse Consist of:Consist of:

Active ingredientActive ingredient Inert ingredientInert ingredient

Make it safer, more effective, easier to Make it safer, more effective, easier to measure, mix, apply, convenient to handlemeasure, mix, apply, convenient to handle

PESTICIDE FORMULATIONSPESTICIDE FORMULATIONSPESTICIDE FORMULATIONSPESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

Manufactured as technical grade then Manufactured as technical grade then formulatedformulated

Formulation is the form sold for useFormulation is the form sold for use

Sold as a brand nameSold as a brand name

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONS Consists of:Consists of:

Active ingredient (AI) insoluble in waterActive ingredient (AI) insoluble in water SolventSolvent

Polar - usually poor (acetone & alcohols)Polar - usually poor (acetone & alcohols) Nonpolar - usually good (xylene & kerosene)Nonpolar - usually good (xylene & kerosene)

EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (EC or E)

EMULSIFIABLE EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (Con't)CONCENTRATES (Con't)

EMULSIFIABLE EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (Con't)CONCENTRATES (Con't) EmulsifiersEmulsifiers

Allow the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion (oil in Allow the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion (oil in water)water)

Each gallon of EC may contain 25 to 75% AI (2 to 8 lbs)Each gallon of EC may contain 25 to 75% AI (2 to 8 lbs) Used under a wide range of conditionsUsed under a wide range of conditions



AdvantagesAdvantages Easy to handle, transport & storeEasy to handle, transport & store Little agitation requiredLittle agitation required Not abrasiveNot abrasive Will not plug screens or nozzlesWill not plug screens or nozzles Little visible residue on treated surfacesLittle visible residue on treated surfaces



DisadvantagesDisadvantages Easy to over or under doseEasy to over or under dose May cause unwanted harm to plantsMay cause unwanted harm to plants Easily absorbed through skinEasily absorbed through skin Cause rubber & plastic to deteriorateCause rubber & plastic to deteriorate Harm painted surfacesHarm painted surfaces FlammableFlammable CorrosiveCorrosive

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSSOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSSOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS

Dissolve readily in a liquid solvent such as Dissolve readily in a liquid solvent such as water or petroleum-based solventwater or petroleum-based solvent

Will not settle out or separateWill not settle out or separate Contain AI, solvent and one or more other Contain AI, solvent and one or more other

ingredientsingredients Used in most sprayers, indoors or Used in most sprayers, indoors or

outdoorsoutdoors

SOLUTIONS (Con't)SOLUTIONS (Con't) READY-TO-USE (RTU)READY-TO-USE (RTU)

SOLUTIONS (Con't)SOLUTIONS (Con't) READY-TO-USE (RTU)READY-TO-USE (RTU)

Contain correct amount of solventContain correct amount of solvent No further dilution requiredNo further dilution required Usually contain small amounts of AI (1% Usually contain small amounts of AI (1%

or less)or less)

SOLUTIONS (Con't)SOLUTIONS (Con't) CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONS (C or LC)CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONS (C or LC)


Concentrates that require dilution with solventConcentrates that require dilution with solvent Solvent is occasionally water, more often it is Solvent is occasionally water, more often it is

petroleum-basedpetroleum-based Some uses of solutionsSome uses of solutions

Structural & institutional pest controlStructural & institutional pest control Household pestsHousehold pests Livestock & poultry pestsLivestock & poultry pests Space sprays in barns and warehousesSpace sprays in barns and warehouses Tree pestsTree pests Mosquito controlMosquito control



AdvantagesAdvantages No agitation requiredNo agitation required

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Limited number of formulations availableLimited number of formulations available

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV)ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV)

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV)ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV)

Approach 100% AIApproach 100% AI Use as is or with small amounts of water Use as is or with small amounts of water

(1/2 gal or less)(1/2 gal or less) Used mostly in outdoor applicationsUsed mostly in outdoor applications

AgriculturalAgricultural ForestryForestry OrnamentalOrnamental MosquitoMosquito

ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV) ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV) (Con't)(Con't)

ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV) ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV) (Con't)(Con't)

AdvantagesAdvantages Easy to handle, transport & storeEasy to handle, transport & store Little agitation requiredLittle agitation required Not abrasiveNot abrasive Will not clog screens or nozzlesWill not clog screens or nozzles Little visible residue on treated surfacesLittle visible residue on treated surfaces

DisadvantagesDisadvantages High drift hazardHigh drift hazard Need special application equipmentNeed special application equipment Solvents can deteriorate rubber and plasticSolvents can deteriorate rubber and plastic

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONS FLOWABLES (F or L)FLOWABLES (F or L)

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONS FLOWABLES (F or L)FLOWABLES (F or L)

Are insoluble solidsAre insoluble solids Finely ground AI mixed with a liquid plus Finely ground AI mixed with a liquid plus

inert ingredient to form a suspensioninert ingredient to form a suspension Mixed with water for applicationMixed with water for application

FLOWABLES (F or L) (Con't)FLOWABLES (F or L) (Con't)FLOWABLES (F or L) (Con't)FLOWABLES (F or L) (Con't)

AdvantagesAdvantages Seldom clog nozzlesSeldom clog nozzles Easy to handle and applyEasy to handle and apply

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Require moderate agitationRequire moderate agitation May leave a visible residueMay leave a visible residue May separateMay separate May cake in container or sprayerMay cake in container or sprayer

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONS AEROSOLS (A)AEROSOLS (A)

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONS AEROSOLS (A)AEROSOLS (A)

Contain one or more AI and a solventContain one or more AI and a solvent Usually contain a low percentage of AIUsually contain a low percentage of AI Two typesTwo types

Ready-to-useReady-to-use Smoke or fog generatorsSmoke or fog generators

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't)AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't)AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS

Small, self-contained unitsSmall, self-contained units Release pesticide when nozzle valve is Release pesticide when nozzle valve is

triggeredtriggered Commercial models hold 5 to 10 lbs and Commercial models hold 5 to 10 lbs and

are refillableare refillable

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't)AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS (Con't)READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS (Con't)

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't)AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS (Con't)READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS (Con't)

AdvantagesAdvantages Ready to useReady to use Easily storedEasily stored ConvenientConvenient Long shelf lifeLong shelf life

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Limited usesLimited uses Inhalation riskInhalation risk Container is under pressureContainer is under pressure DriftDrift

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't)AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) SMOKE OR FOG GENERATORS SMOKE OR FOG GENERATORS


Machines break the liquid into a fine mist Machines break the liquid into a fine mist or fogor fog

Use a rapidly whirling disk or heated Use a rapidly whirling disk or heated surfacesurface

Used mainly for insect control in:Used mainly for insect control in: GreenhousesGreenhouses WarehousesWarehouses Outdoor control of mosquitoes and biting fliesOutdoor control of mosquitoes and biting flies



AdvantagesAdvantages Easy to fill large, enclosed spaces with pesticideEasy to fill large, enclosed spaces with pesticide Pesticide is not under pressurePesticide is not under pressure

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Requires specialized equipmentRequires specialized equipment DriftDrift May require respiratory protection when applyingMay require respiratory protection when applying

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSINVERT EMULSIONSINVERT EMULSIONS

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONSINVERT EMULSIONSINVERT EMULSIONS

Water soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrierWater soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier

Form large droplets which reduce driftForm large droplets which reduce drift Used in vegetation control along rights-of-waysUsed in vegetation control along rights-of-ways Require special equipment, expensive, reduced Require special equipment, expensive, reduced

coveragecoverage

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS DUSTS (D)DUSTS (D)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS DUSTS (D)DUSTS (D)

Most are ready-to-useMost are ready-to-use Most contain low amounts of AI (0.5 to 10%)Most contain low amounts of AI (0.5 to 10%) Also contain a very fine dry inert carrier (talc, Also contain a very fine dry inert carrier (talc,

chalk, clay etc.)chalk, clay etc.) Used to control pests:Used to control pests:

In ag applicationsIn ag applications On livestock and petsOn livestock and pets Seed treatmentSeed treatment Flowers & vegetable gardensFlowers & vegetable gardens

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS DUSTS (D) (con’t)DUSTS (D) (con’t)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS DUSTS (D) (con’t)DUSTS (D) (con’t)

AdvantagesAdvantages No mixingNo mixing Can use where a spray may cause damageCan use where a spray may cause damage Use simple equipmentUse simple equipment Effective in hard-to-reach indoor areasEffective in hard-to-reach indoor areas

DisadvantagesDisadvantages DriftDrift May irritate skin, eyes, nose, throatMay irritate skin, eyes, nose, throat Poor adhesion to surfacesPoor adhesion to surfaces Poor distribution of particles on surfacesPoor distribution of particles on surfaces

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS BAITS (B) BAITS (B)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS BAITS (B) BAITS (B)

AI mixed with food or other pest attractantAI mixed with food or other pest attractant Pests killed by eating pesticide Pests killed by eating pesticide

contaminated baitcontaminated bait AI is usually low (<5%)AI is usually low (<5%) Used inside to control:Used inside to control:

ants, roaches, flies, other insects, rodentsants, roaches, flies, other insects, rodents Used outside to control:Used outside to control:

snails, slugs, insects, vertebrate pestssnails, slugs, insects, vertebrate pests

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS BAITS (B) (con’t)BAITS (B) (con’t)


AdvantagesAdvantages Ready to useReady to use Only need to treat small areaOnly need to treat small area Controls pests that move in and out of an areaControls pests that move in and out of an area



DisadvantagesDisadvantages May be attractive to pets and childrenMay be attractive to pets and children May kill non-target animalsMay kill non-target animals Pest may not eat baitPest may not eat bait Dead pest may cause odor problemsDead pest may cause odor problems Secondary poisoning of non-target animalsSecondary poisoning of non-target animals Can serve as pest food supply if AI becomes Can serve as pest food supply if AI becomes

ineffectiveineffective

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS GRANULES (G) GRANULES (G)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS GRANULES (G) GRANULES (G)

Similar to dust formulations, larger & Similar to dust formulations, larger & heavierheavier

Made from adsorptive materialsMade from adsorptive materials Clay, corn cobs, walnut shellsClay, corn cobs, walnut shells

AI coats outside of granule or is absorbedAI coats outside of granule or is absorbed AI is usually low (1 to 20%)AI is usually low (1 to 20%) Usually applied to soil to control weeds, Usually applied to soil to control weeds,

nematodes, & insectsnematodes, & insects

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS GRANULES (G) (con’t)GRANULES (G) (con’t)


AdvantagesAdvantages Ready to useReady to use Low drift hazardLow drift hazard Penetrate dense foliagePenetrate dense foliage Usually requires simple application equipmentUsually requires simple application equipment *Usually the safest formulation to handle*Usually the safest formulation to handle



DisadvantagesDisadvantages Will not stick to target (may move with rain)Will not stick to target (may move with rain) May need to incorporate into soilMay need to incorporate into soil May need moisture to activateMay need moisture to activate

May be hazardous to birdsMay be hazardous to birds

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS PELLETS (P or PS)PELLETS (P or PS)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS PELLETS (P or PS)PELLETS (P or PS)

Similar to granular formulationsSimilar to granular formulations All are same size and weightAll are same size and weight Some fumigants are pelletsSome fumigants are pellets

Aluminum phosphideAluminum phosphide

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS WETTABLE POWDERSWETTABLE POWDERS

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS WETTABLE POWDERSWETTABLE POWDERS

(WP or W) Dry, finely ground look like (WP or W) Dry, finely ground look like dustsdusts

Usually mixed with waterUsually mixed with water Applied as a sprayApplied as a spray 5 to 95% AI5 to 95% AI Do not dissolve in waterDo not dissolve in water Will settle out unless constant agitation is Will settle out unless constant agitation is

usedused

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS WETTABLE POWDERSWETTABLE POWDERS (con’t)(con’t)


AdvantagesAdvantages Easy to store, transport & handleEasy to store, transport & handle Less phytotoxic than ECLess phytotoxic than EC Less skin & eye absorptionLess skin & eye absorption Less odorLess odor Method of applying insoluble pesticides as a Method of applying insoluble pesticides as a

spray spray



DisadvantagesDisadvantages Inhalation hazard while mixingInhalation hazard while mixing Requires constant agitationRequires constant agitation Often clog nozzles and screensOften clog nozzles and screens AbrasiveAbrasive May be difficult to mix and measureMay be difficult to mix and measure May leave white deposit on surfacesMay leave white deposit on surfaces

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)

Look like WPLook like WP Require initial agitationRequire initial agitation Dissolve easilyDissolve easily Form a true solution in waterForm a true solution in water AI ranges from 15 to 95%AI ranges from 15 to 95% Have all advantages of WPHave all advantages of WP Inhalation hazard while mixingInhalation hazard while mixing

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONSWATER-DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG) or DRY WATER-DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG) or DRY

FLOWABLES (DF) FLOWABLES (DF)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONSWATER-DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG) or DRY WATER-DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG) or DRY

FLOWABLES (DF) FLOWABLES (DF)

Are like WPAre like WP AI is prepared as granule-sized particleAI is prepared as granule-sized particle Must be mixed with waterMust be mixed with water Require constant agitationRequire constant agitation Same advantages & disadvantages as WPSame advantages & disadvantages as WP More easily measured & mixed than WPMore easily measured & mixed than WP Cause less inhalation hazard than WPCause less inhalation hazard than WP

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M)MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M)

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M)MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M)

May be liquid or dry surrounded by plastic May be liquid or dry surrounded by plastic coatingcoating

Mixed with water & applied as a sprayMixed with water & applied as a spray Capsule slowly releases pesticideCapsule slowly releases pesticide Provides a timed release of pesticideProvides a timed release of pesticide

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M) (con’t)MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M) (con’t)

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M) (con’t)MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M) (con’t)

AdvantagesAdvantages Increased applicator safetyIncreased applicator safety Easy to mix, handle & applyEasy to mix, handle & apply Timed releaseTimed release

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Require constant agitationRequire constant agitation Bees take capsules back to hiveBees take capsules back to hive

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS FUMIGANTSFUMIGANTS

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS FUMIGANTSFUMIGANTS

Form poisonous gas when appliedForm poisonous gas when applied Some are liquid under pressure, change to Some are liquid under pressure, change to

gas when releasedgas when released Some are liquid & change to gas when Some are liquid & change to gas when

exposed to airexposed to air Some are solid & change to gas when Some are solid & change to gas when

exposed to water or high humidityexposed to water or high humidity

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS FUMIGANTS (con’t)FUMIGANTS (con’t)

OTHER FORMULATIONSOTHER FORMULATIONS FUMIGANTS (con’t)FUMIGANTS (con’t)

AdvantagesAdvantages Toxic to wide range of pestsToxic to wide range of pests Penetrate cracks, wood, soil, grainPenetrate cracks, wood, soil, grain Single treatment kills most pestsSingle treatment kills most pests

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Site must be enclosed or coveredSite must be enclosed or covered Highly toxicHighly toxic Require special safety & application equipmentRequire special safety & application equipment

ADJUVANTSADJUVANTSADJUVANTSADJUVANTS

Added to formulations to increase Added to formulations to increase effectivenesseffectiveness

Include: surfactants, wetting agents, Include: surfactants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, spreaders, stickers, emulsifiers, spreaders, stickers, penetrants, safeners, etc.penetrants, safeners, etc.

Application EquipmentApplication EquipmentApplication EquipmentApplication Equipment

Types of Spray EquipmentTypes of Spray EquipmentTypes of Spray EquipmentTypes of Spray Equipment

Hand sprayerHand sprayer

Knapsack (LOK)Knapsack (LOK)

Battery poweredBattery powered

Pesticide Application Pesticide Application EquipmentEquipment

Manual sprayersManual sprayers Compressed air sprayersCompressed air sprayers

Pressure drop off, settling, limited Pressure drop off, settling, limited pressure & volumepressure & volume

Backpack sprayersBackpack sprayers

Wick applicatorsWick applicators ““Targeted” applicationTargeted” application



Power SprayersPower Sprayers Rotary (disk) nozzle sprayersRotary (disk) nozzle sprayers Mist blowersMist blowers

Light weight, less water, drift?Light weight, less water, drift?

Power SprayersPower SprayersPower SprayersPower Sprayers


Power SprayersPower Sprayers Small power sprayersSmall power sprayers Hydraulic sprayersHydraulic sprayers

Widely used for ornamentals, variable Widely used for ornamentals, variable pressure, volume, drift?pressure, volume, drift?

Low pressure hydraulicLow pressure hydraulic

High pressureHigh pressure

ULVULV

Chemigation or injectionChemigation or injection

All Sprayers Should Be:All Sprayers Should Be:

DurableDurable Convenient to fillConvenient to fill Convenient to operateConvenient to operate Easy to cleanEasy to clean

Pesticide Application Tree Pesticide Application Tree Injection EquipmentInjection Equipment

Injection and implantationInjection and implantation Possible tree injuryPossible tree injury

CostCost

Limited materialsLimited materials

No driftNo drift

Reduced injury to non-target Reduced injury to non-target

organismsorganisms

To Enhance Safety and To Enhance Safety and Benefits and to Get the Most Benefits and to Get the Most From Any Sprayer:From Any Sprayer:

Select the right equipment.Select the right equipment. Set it up correctly.Set it up correctly. Use proper operation procedures.Use proper operation procedures. Perform proper maintenance.Perform proper maintenance.

Reference MaterialsReference Materials

The pesticide labelThe pesticide label

Spray equipmentSpray equipment

Extension guidelinesExtension guidelines

Three Basic Functions of a Three Basic Functions of a Sprayer:Sprayer:

DistributionDistribution

MeteringMetering

Storage and transportStorage and transport

Three Functions of a NozzleThree Functions of a Nozzle

MeteringMetering

AtomizationAtomization

Pattern dispersalPattern dispersal

Flow Rate is Dependent On:Flow Rate is Dependent On:

Nozzle sizeNozzle size

PressurePressure

Fluid CharacteristicsFluid Characteristics

ComponentsComponentsComponentsComponents

Tank - mostly plastic, size variesTank - mostly plastic, size varies Pump - variousPump - various Filter - 50 or 100 meshFilter - 50 or 100 mesh Nozzles - flat fan, cone, floodNozzles - flat fan, cone, flood Regulator - regulate pressureRegulator - regulate pressure

TanksTanks

FiberglassFiberglass Stainless steelStainless steel Galvanized steelGalvanized steel AluminumAluminum PolyethylenePolyethylene

Pumps Must ProvidePumps Must Provide

Gallons per minute (GPM) Gallons per minute (GPM) required by all nozzlesrequired by all nozzles

Tank agitation (6% of tank Tank agitation (6% of tank volume)volume)

Twenty percent (20%) reserve Twenty percent (20%) reserve for wearfor wear

Backpack or HandBackpack or HandBackpack or HandBackpack or Hand

Pumping action Pumping action from moving a from moving a flexible diaphragmflexible diaphragm

Fairly resistant, Fairly resistant, moderately pricedmoderately priced

Roller PumpRoller PumpRoller PumpRoller Pump

Widely usedWidely used Cheap, effective, Cheap, effective,

and flexibleand flexible Rolling action of Rolling action of

rollers force liquid rollers force liquid through outletthrough outlet

Gear PumpGear PumpGear PumpGear Pump

Used on early Used on early sprayerssprayers

Wear easilyWear easily Cannot be repairedCannot be repaired

Centrifugal PumpCentrifugal PumpCentrifugal PumpCentrifugal Pump

Good for abrasive Good for abrasive materialsmaterials

Not self-primingNot self-priming High capacityHigh capacity

Piston PumpPiston PumpPiston PumpPiston Pump

Positive Positive displacementdisplacement

Low outputLow output ExpensiveExpensive Good for WPGood for WP

NozzlesNozzlesNozzlesNozzles

Flat fan - herbicidesFlat fan - herbicides Cone - insecticide, fungicideCone - insecticide, fungicide Floods - herbicide, fertilizerFloods - herbicide, fertilizer Sizes - 01, 02, 03 or 3, 5, 10Sizes - 01, 02, 03 or 3, 5, 10 Angles (fan) - 80, 110Angles (fan) - 80, 110

Nozzle MaterialsNozzle Materials

CeramicCeramic Hardened stainless steelHardened stainless steel Stainless steelStainless steel NylonNylon BrassBrass

Nozzles: Wear vs CostNozzles: Wear vs Cost

NozzleType

Life inHours

Cost perHour

Brass 100 $0.013

Nylon 400 $0.003

SS 500 $0.008

HSS 1500 $0.001

Ceramic 2000 $0.0005

Flat fanFlat fanFlat fanFlat fan

BroadcastBroadcast Tapered edgesTapered edges Must overlapMust overlap

Even flat fanEven flat fanEven flat fanEven flat fan

Rectangular patternRectangular pattern BandingBanding Ex: 8002EEx: 8002E

More Flat FansMore Flat Fans

Flat fan - extended rangeFlat fan - extended range

Twin flat fan - good forTwin flat fan - good fordense foliagedense foliage

Flooding flat fanFlooding flat fan

ConesConesConesCones

Circular patternCircular pattern Smaller particlesSmaller particles Good foliage Good foliage

penetrationpenetration

Flood nozzlesFlood nozzlesFlood nozzlesFlood nozzles

Fertilizer and Fertilizer and herbicideherbicide

Large dropletLarge droplet

Multi-patternMulti-patternMulti-patternMulti-pattern

Hand-heldHand-held Select pattern by Select pattern by

turning nozzle bodyturning nozzle body

StrainersStrainers

Tank opening (16-20 mesh)Tank opening (16-20 mesh)

In-line (20-50 mesh)In-line (20-50 mesh)

Nozzle screen (none - 100 Nozzle screen (none - 100 mesh)mesh)

HosesHoses

Correct sizeCorrect size Flexible (non-collapsible if Flexible (non-collapsible if

suction hose)suction hose) DurableDurable Resistant (sunlight, oil, Resistant (sunlight, oil,

chemicals, abrasion, twisting)chemicals, abrasion, twisting) Sufficient Pressure RatingSufficient Pressure Rating

ULV or Mist BlowersULV or Mist BlowersULV or Mist BlowersULV or Mist Blowers

Use a fan or whirling Use a fan or whirling discdisc

Low volumeLow volume Save time and laborSave time and labor Calibration criticalCalibration critical Concentrated Concentrated

pesticidepesticide

SpreadersSpreadersSpreadersSpreaders

Drop spreaderDrop spreader Uniform patternUniform pattern Low driftLow drift

SpreadersSpreadersSpreadersSpreaders

Centrifugal or rotary Centrifugal or rotary spreaderspreader

Wider swathWider swath Non-uniform patternNon-uniform pattern

DriftDriftDriftDrift

Why Minimize Drift?Why Minimize Drift?Why Minimize Drift?Why Minimize Drift?

To Avoid:To Avoid: Spotty pest controlSpotty pest control Wasted chemicalsWasted chemicals Off-target damageOff-target damage Environmental impactEnvironmental impact Public concernsPublic concerns Problems in Problems in

populated areaspopulated areas

To Avoid:To Avoid: Spotty pest controlSpotty pest control Wasted chemicalsWasted chemicals Off-target damageOff-target damage Environmental impactEnvironmental impact Public concernsPublic concerns Problems in Problems in

populated areaspopulated areas

Factors that Affect Droplet SizeFactors that Affect Droplet Size Spray Spray

pressurepressure Spray angleSpray angle Nozzle typeNozzle type Orifice sizeOrifice size

To enlarge droplet size:To enlarge droplet size:

Operate at lower end of Operate at lower end of recommended pressure rangerecommended pressure range

Use nozzles with larger orificeUse nozzles with larger orifice Use special nozzles to reduce Use special nozzles to reduce

the portion of small dropletsthe portion of small droplets

Environmental ConditionsEnvironmental Conditions

Best conditions occur early or late in Best conditions occur early or late in day:day:

wind more likely in 3-to-10 mph wind more likely in 3-to-10 mph rangerange

temperature is lowertemperature is lower relative humidity is higherrelative humidity is higher WARNING: watch for WARNING: watch for

inversionsinversions

MaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance

Cleaning: hoses, Cleaning: hoses, nozzles, pumps, nozzles, pumps, tanks, and hopperstanks, and hoppers

Clean with water Clean with water and/or detergentand/or detergent

Use soft brush on Use soft brush on nozzlesnozzles

Cleaning agentsCleaning agentsCleaning agentsCleaning agents

Insecticides/fungicides - powder Insecticides/fungicides - powder detergent - agitate, flush and rinsedetergent - agitate, flush and rinse

Hormone herbicides (salt or amine) - Hormone herbicides (salt or amine) - ammonia or washing soda- agitate, ammonia or washing soda- agitate, flush, let stand overnight, flush and flush, let stand overnight, flush and rinserinse

Other herbicides - powder detergent - Other herbicides - powder detergent - agitate, flush and rinseagitate, flush and rinse

Suggested Calibration ToolsSuggested Calibration Tools

Measuring tape(s) - 100 ft tape Measuring tape(s) - 100 ft tape and yardstickand yardstick

A watch capable of measuring A watch capable of measuring seconds - stopwatch works bestseconds - stopwatch works best

Measuring container marked in Measuring container marked in ounces - one quart works for ounces - one quart works for most applicationsmost applications

Ground SpeedGround Speed

Linear relationshipLinear relationship

Doubling speed cuts rate in Doubling speed cuts rate in halfhalf

Cutting speed in half Cutting speed in half doubles ratedoubles rate

To Increase Rate:To Increase Rate:

Slow downSlow down Use larger nozzleUse larger nozzle Increase pressureIncrease pressure Decrease nozzle spacingDecrease nozzle spacing

To Decrease Rate:To Decrease Rate:

Speed upSpeed up Use smaller nozzleUse smaller nozzle Decrease pressureDecrease pressure Increase nozzle spacingIncrease nozzle spacing

Spray Application TechniquesSpray Application Techniques

Select correct equipmentSelect correct equipment

Adjust nozzles, pressure, etc.Adjust nozzles, pressure, etc.

Apply to where pests are locatedApply to where pests are located

Obtain thorough coverageObtain thorough coverage

Spray Application TipsSpray Application Tips

Do Do NOTNOT spray into or with the wind spray into or with the wind Use larger droplets in windy conditionsUse larger droplets in windy conditions Thoroughly coat treatment areaThoroughly coat treatment area For tall trees:For tall trees:

Use thin stream at top, changing to fan at bottom, Use thin stream at top, changing to fan at bottom, apply from inside out, top to bottomapply from inside out, top to bottom

Protect people, pets, wildlife, homes, etc.Protect people, pets, wildlife, homes, etc.

Pesticide Record KeepingPesticide Record Keeping

Name of applicatorName of applicator Address of applicationAddress of application Name and concentration of pesticideName and concentration of pesticide Amount of pesticideAmount of pesticide Target pestTarget pest Method and rate of applicationMethod and rate of application Records

Pesticide Record KeepingPesticide Record Keeping

Keep records for at least one year on general use pesticide applications. Keep RUP records for three years. Check with MDA for current regulations.

The Pesticide LabelThe Pesticide LabelThe Pesticide LabelThe Pesticide Label

The Pesticide LabelThe Pesticide LabelWhat You Need To Ask!What You Need To Ask!


The right chemical for the job?The right chemical for the job? Correct conditions for safe Correct conditions for safe

application?application? Will it control the target pest? Will it control the target pest?



Do I have the proper Do I have the proper protective equipment protective equipment (PPE)?(PPE)?

How much should I use?How much should I use?

Questions the label doesn’t Questions the label doesn’t answer directly...answer directly...

Questions the label doesn’t Questions the label doesn’t answer directly...answer directly...

What does all of this What does all of this information really mean?information really mean?

Why should I really care?Why should I really care? It’s a legal documentIt’s a legal document Misuse could cause various Misuse could cause various

problemsproblems

Why should I really care?Why should I really care?Why should I really care?Why should I really care? The label is a legal documentThe label is a legal document Applying a pesticide in a manner Applying a pesticide in a manner

inconsistent with the label is inconsistent with the label is illegalillegal ““I didn’t know it said that” I didn’t know it said that”

not a good defense if you misuse a not a good defense if you misuse a pesticidepesticide

It is a violation of Federal law to use this pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.

I’m an experienced applicator…

I’m too busy…I’ve used

this product for years…

Common excuses for not reading the label

I’ve used this product for years…

Labels Change!

Re-registration of products under the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

Problems caused by not Problems caused by not reading and following the labelreading and following the label

Problems caused by not Problems caused by not reading and following the labelreading and following the label

Crop lossCrop loss Fish killsFish kills Near fatal exposuresNear fatal exposures Fatal exposuresFatal exposures Fire and explosionsFire and explosions

Use Classification StatementUse Classification StatementUse Classification StatementUse Classification Statement

Two types of classificationTwo types of classification

RestrictedRestricted Use Use

General UseGeneral Use

Use Classification StatementUse Classification StatementUse Classification StatementUse Classification Statement

Restricted Use: Restricted Use: For sale to, and for use only by, For sale to, and for use only by,

certified applicators or certified applicators or applicators under the direct applicators under the direct supervision of a certified supervision of a certified applicatorapplicator

Net ContentsNet ContentsNet ContentsNet Contents

Front panel of labels shows Front panel of labels shows how much product is in how much product is in containercontainer

Liquid formulations may list Liquid formulations may list the pounds of active the pounds of active ingredient per gallon of ingredient per gallon of productproduct

Ingredient StatementIngredient StatementIngredient StatementIngredient Statement

Active Ingredients:Active Ingredients:

Inert Ingredients:Inert Ingredients:



Inert IngredientsListed as total percentagein the product


Active Ingredients

The part of the product that actually controls the pest(s)


Active Ingredient:Active Ingredient: Each active ingredient must Each active ingredient must

be listed by individual be listed by individual

percentagepercentage

Active IngredientsActive IngredientsActive IngredientsActive Ingredients

Many active ingredients are Many active ingredients are given a common namegiven a common name

Only common names Only common names accepted by the EPA may be accepted by the EPA may be used on the labelused on the label

Active IngredientsActive IngredientsActive IngredientsActive Ingredients

Official common name is Official common name is usually followed by the usually followed by the chemical name in the list of chemical name in the list of active ingredientsactive ingredients

Trade, Brand, Trade, Brand, or Product Namesor Product Names


Companies register trade Companies register trade names as a trademarknames as a trademark

The same active ingredient The same active ingredient may be sold under different may be sold under different trade namestrade names

Trade or Brand NamesBe careful, some products with:

Different brand names may have the same active ingredients

Example: Metsulfuron methyl is the active ingredient in: Ally Escort Cimarron

Does this mean that I Does this mean that I can substitute thesecan substitute these

products for each other ? products for each other ?



Only if the label allows!Only if the label allows!





Only if the label allows:

Poison Hemlock in non-crop areas?Only Escort

Can I substitute these products Can I substitute these products for each other to control for each other to control

aquatic weeds ?aquatic weeds ?

Can I substitute these products Can I substitute these products for each other to control for each other to control

aquatic weeds ?aquatic weeds ?

Same active ingredient: Glyphosate

Same active ingredient: ?? Glyphosate

Environmental Hazards:Do not apply directly to water, or areas where surface water is present, or intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment wash water.

Same active ingredient Glyphosate

Do not apply directly to water,

Brand Name can often include:Brand Name can often include: The percent of active ingredient The percent of active ingredient

incorporated into the product incorporated into the product name name

Type of pesticideType of pesticide



The following pesticide applications are considered off label and therefore are illegal:

Applying above the highest dose rateApplying more frequently thanthe label allowsApplying without using PPEApplying to a site that is not on the label

Signal WordsSignal WordsSignal WordsSignal Words

The word on the label that The word on the label that tells the potential hazards of tells the potential hazards of the productthe product Danger PoisonDanger Poison

w/ skull & Crossbonesw/ skull & Crossbones

DangerDanger WarningWarning CautionCaution


DANGER-POISONDANGER-POISON with a skull and crossbones with a skull and crossbones

symbolsymbol PeligroPeligro (Spanish for “danger” (Spanish for “danger”

must also appear on the label)must also appear on the label) Indicates the product is highly Indicates the product is highly

toxic by any route of entrytoxic by any route of entry


DANGERDANGER Indicates that the product has Indicates that the product has

a high potential to irritate skin a high potential to irritate skin and eyesand eyes


WARNINGWARNING Product is moderately toxicProduct is moderately toxic Can also cause slight eye or Can also cause slight eye or

skinskinirritation irritation


CAUTIONCAUTION Harmful if swallowed or Harmful if swallowed or

inhaledinhaled May irritate eyes, nose, throat, May irritate eyes, nose, throat,

and skinand skin

EPA Registration NumberEPA Registration NumberEPA Registration NumberEPA Registration Number

If a product contains an active If a product contains an active ingredient on EPA’s 25B list, no ingredient on EPA’s 25B list, no EPA registration number is EPA registration number is requiredrequired

25B list contains 31 active 25B list contains 31 active ingredients that are “non-toxic” ingredients that are “non-toxic” i.e., Mint oil, dried blood, citronellai.e., Mint oil, dried blood, citronella

EPA Establishment NumberEPA Establishment NumberEPA Establishment NumberEPA Establishment Number

Tells where that product was Tells where that product was mademade Important if it is ever Important if it is ever

necessary to recall the productnecessary to recall the product Includes abbreviation of state Includes abbreviation of state

of originof origin

Emergency NumberEmergency NumberEmergency NumberEmergency Number

Contact number in the event of human exposure, spill, accident, or environmental exposure

Emergency NumberEmergency NumberEmergency NumberEmergency Number

New national poison center number

Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment

Tells applicators what Personal Protective Tells applicators what Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be worn to Equipment (PPE) should be worn to minimize exposureminimize exposure

Often different for different tasks Often different for different tasks

Precautionary StatementsPrecautionary StatementsPrecautionary StatementsPrecautionary Statements

Other precautions that should be Other precautions that should be followed when handling the product followed when handling the product

Common sense practices to Common sense practices to minimize exposure to applicators, minimize exposure to applicators, the environment and others who may the environment and others who may come in contact with the treated areacome in contact with the treated area

User Safety Recommendations:Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toiletUsers should remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsChemical HazardsChemical Hazards

CombustibleCombustible Do not store near heat or openDo not store near heat or open

flame. flame. Highly corrosiveHighly corrosive OxidizerOxidizer

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsChemical HazardsChemical Hazards

IncompatibilitiesIncompatibilities Do not mix, store, or apply this Do not mix, store, or apply this

product or spray solutions of thisproduct or spray solutions of thisproduct in galvanized steel or product in galvanized steel or unlined steel (except stainlessunlined steel (except stainlesssteel)steel)

Storage and Disposal

Storage: Store above 10OF (12oC) to keep product from crystallizing. Crystals will settle to the bottom. If allowed to crystallize, place in a warm room (68oF or 20oC) for several days to allow crystals to redissolve, then shake before using.

Directions for UseDirections for UseDirections for UseDirections for Use

Guidelines for use of the Guidelines for use of the productproduct

What pests it will controlWhat pests it will control What crops it can be used onWhat crops it can be used on

Directions for UseDirections for UseDirections for UseDirections for Use

Annual Maximum RateAnnual Maximum Rate Precautions and restrictions Precautions and restrictions Mixing instructionsMixing instructions CalibrationCalibration

Worker Protection Standards (WPS)

Within the Agricultural Use Requirements box you will find

Restricted entryinterval (REI)Early entry PPErequirementsWorker notification

Use this product in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170.

This standard contains requirements for the protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses, and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements of this label about personal protective equipment and restricted entry interval. The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard.

Agricultural Use Requirements

Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval (REI) of 4 hours.

PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, is: coveralls, chemical resistant gloves Category A, shoes plus socks.

Notify workers of the application by warning them orally and by posting warning signs at entrances to treated areas.

Agricultural Use Requirements

Review

Trade Name

Review

Ingredient Statement

Review

WPS

Review

EPA Reg. and

Est. No.

ReviewNet

Contents

Review

Signal Word

Review

Emergency Info.

Review

Storage and

Disposal

Pesticide Applications

PROTECTING YOU AND THE ENVIRONMENT

I.I. Pesticide Mixing and Loading Sites

II.II. PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

III.III. Pesticide Container Disposal

HAZARDS TO CONSIDER

•Water Contamination

•Drains

•Backflow Protection

•Mix on site

I. MIXING AND LOADING SITESI. MIXING AND LOADING SITES

•Wells

•Creeks

•Ponds

•Water Sources

DO NOTDO NOT Mix or Load Next Mix or Load Next To or Above:To or Above:

KNOW WHERE THE DRAIN EMPTIES!

When Mixing, Loading, or When Mixing, Loading, or Cleaning Pesticide Equipment Cleaning Pesticide Equipment

Over or Near Drains:Over or Near Drains:

Proper Mixing and Loading AreaProper Mixing and Loading Area

•Air Gap

•Backflow Preventer

Use Backflow ProtectionUse Backflow Protection

•Need for PPE

•Knowing How to Use PPE

II. PPE - Personal Protective II. PPE - Personal Protective EquipmentEquipment

TYPES OF EXPOSURE

•Inhalation

•Oral

•Dermal

•Ocular

PPE Protects You From Exposure PPE Protects You From Exposure When Working With PesticidesWhen Working With Pesticides

Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)(PPE)

LLabel specificabel specific May include:May include:

• glovesgloves• boots or shoe coversboots or shoe covers• coverallscoveralls• hood or wide-brimmed hathood or wide-brimmed hat• apronapron• protective eyewearprotective eyewear• respiratorrespirator

•Long Sleeve Shirt

•Long Pants

•Shoes and Socks

•Chemical Resistant Gloves

Review The Label For PPE Review The Label For PPE InformationInformation

If Label Does Not Refer To PPE Use a Minimum of Protection Such As:

•NEVER Store With Pesticides

•Respirator and Respirator Cartridges should be Stored Separately

•Clean Respirator after Each Use

•Clothes Used While Applying Pesticides Should be Washed Separately From Other Laundry

PROPER STORAGE AND PROPER STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE OF PPE SHOULD MAINTENANCE OF PPE SHOULD

INCLUDEINCLUDE

•Dispose of Pesticide Containers In a Manner Which Will Not Contaminate Any Aspect of the Environment

•Pesticide Labels Have Specific Instructions on Proper Disposal Procedures

III. Proper Pesticide Container III. Proper Pesticide Container DisposalDisposal

•Triple Rinsing or Pressure Rinsing

•Offer for Recycling Where Available

•If Not…. Puncture and Place In Landfill

Proper Disposal of Pesticide Proper Disposal of Pesticide Containers Includes:Containers Includes:

•Let Container Drain or Drip Into Spray Tank For At Least 30 Seconds

•Fill Container 1/3 Full of Water

•Replace Cap On Container and Rotate or Shake to Rinse ALL Sides

•Drain Rinse Mixture From Container Into Spray Tank

•Repeat Steps 2-4 Twice More Before Disposal of Pesticide Container

Steps for Proper Triple RinsingSteps for Proper Triple Rinsing

•Let Container Drain or Drip Into Spray Tank For At Least 30 Seconds

•Insert Tip of P/N Through Side of Pesticide Container Near Base

•Spray Inside Container for 30 Seconds While Holding Over Tank

•Drain all Rinse Water from Container into Spray Tank

Steps for Correct Pressure Rinsing

Offer For RecyclingOffer For Recycling

IF YOUR COUNTY DOES NOT IF YOUR COUNTY DOES NOT OFFER PESTICIDE CONTAINER OFFER PESTICIDE CONTAINER

RECYCLING, CONSULT RECYCLING, CONSULT FEDERAL, STATE, OR LOCAL FEDERAL, STATE, OR LOCAL

AUTHORITIES FOR APPROVED AUTHORITIES FOR APPROVED ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES.ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES.

Documents

Squirt Gun Botany Pesticides & Gardening Master Gardener Seminar Douglass E. Stevenson, Ph.D. Extension Associate Texas Cooperative Extension