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P r a j a R a j y a m P a r t y P a g e 1

Report to Justice B.N Sri Krishna

Committee For Consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh

Submitted by Praja Rajyam Party

8 th April’2010


Contents 1. Preamble ............................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 4

3. Telangana demand The Misinformation campaign & The Truth Behind ......................................... 9

3.1. People of Telangana were not in favor of Merger with Andhra........................................... 11 3.2. Fazal Ali Commission was against Merger.............................................................................. 13 3.3. Gentlemen’s agreement was violated from day one. ........................................................... 14 3.4. Telangana Employment opportunities usurped by Andhra .................................................. 15 3.5. Telangana Culture derided .................................................................................................... 199 3.6. Telangana Politicians suppressed............................................................................................ 20 3.7. Telangana only Solution 22

4. Chronology of Regionalism & Unity .................................................................................................. 23

4.1. 1969 ‐ Telangana Movement................................................................................................... 24 4.2. Jai ‐ Andhra Movement 1972 ................................................................................................. 26 4.3. Telugu Unity & Emergence of NTR.......................................................................................... 28 4.4. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (2001‐ 2009)................................................................................ 30 4.5. Movement for United Andhra Pradesh – Post 9 th Dec’2009................................................. 32

5. Development 1956‐2009 / Economic Perspective........................................................................... 33

6. Hyderabad – Present day Status ....................................................................................................... 65

7. Demands for Statehood within Andhra Pradesh ............................................................................. 69

8. What is the National Policy on Smaller states?................................................................................ 72

9. National Integration & Security Perspective .................................................................................... 74

10. Telangana ‐ Social Perspective ........................................................................................................ 76

11. Relevance of T‐demand ‐ Post liberalization/Globalization .......................................................... 79

12. Telangana ‐ Historic & Cultural perspective ................................................................................. 82

13. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 84


1. Preamble

v We wish to begin this submission by stating our deep sense of appreciation for each of the

esteemed members of Justice B.N. Krishna Committee, for assuming the responsibility to find an

acceptable solution, to the much vexed and complex issue of the demand for bifurcation of the

State and put an end to the present crisis in the State, torn by demands for separation and

continuation of United Andhra Pradesh.

v We understand that given the history of several committees that attempted to find an acceptable

solution for this issue previously and given the fact that those committees have turned out to be

non‐starters, the dice are heavily loaded against your esteemed committee, as you take up this

huge responsibility.

v However, within such very short time since you started the process, the initial cynicism in

several quarters is giving way to hope, trust and respect and compelling dismissive minds to

review their presumptions. This is mainly due to the impeccable track record of the Hon’ble

Chairman of the Committee and the credibility of each of the individual members of the

committee, who formed a formidable team and one that promises to deliver, without any

prejudices. And this, we feel is one of your early successes.

v In the first press meet you addressed, at the Raj bhavan‐Hyderabad, on the 3rd March 2010, you

said, you would verify the ground reality and the views of the common man, to arrive at a just

conclusion on this issue and political parties giving varied and multiple reports would not

matter.

v We welcome the spirit of your statement and the determined intent to examine the truth

at the ground level. We wish you All the Very Best in your endeavor in the interests of the

people of Andhra Pradesh.


2. Executive Summary

Rich History of Telugu Unity

v Evidently the most unique and significant aspect of India, with its many languages, religions, cultures is its unity in its diversity. Andhra Pradesh in many senses is a microcosm of the nation. Like our country, AP too has many dialects and varied social groups that speak the same language.

v Telugu Language has a recorded history of nearly 2000 years, an Original literary tradition not borrowed from any speech community, and a rich body of ancient literature. In year 2008, , Telugu attained the prestigious status of a ‘Classical Language’.

v Language is an important determinant of Culture. The Telugu speaking people of Andhra Pradesh share common roots, history, heritage, heroes, castes, culture, traditions, festivals, and aspirations for centuries.

v History has a rich account of the Great Camaraderie, Mutual admiration, Love, Cultural Bonding & Linguistic Unity of Telugus, dating back to several centuries, transcending geographical barriers of what today came to be known as Telangana, Andhra & Rayalaseema regions. Except during the British Raj, all these regions were under the same dynasties and flourished culturally and economically.

v The aspirations and the struggle of the people of Telangana region, to integrate with independent India by breaking free from the tyrannical rule and cultural hegemony of the Nizam of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, and later to form Vishalandhra, were well supported by the people of Andhra region.

v Even in the Pre‐Independence era, Linguistic States has been a concept very dear to and very vocally supported by the National Congress Movement. The 1921 Congress Meet at Nagpur & subsequently at Kakinada are proof to this.

v The state of Andhra Pradesh is the first Linguistic State in Independent India.

v The United Andhra Pradesh became a reality on 1st Nov’1956, due to the long cherished aspirations, relentless struggle, efforts and vision of the people and leaders of the two erstwhile states namely Hyderabad & Andhra.

v Sri. Burgula Rama Krishna rao a Telanganite and the 1st elected Chief Minister of the then Hyderabad State sacrificed his Chief Ministership for the cause of unifying Andhra Pradesh. He strongly felt that comprehensive development of Telangana is possible only in a unified state of Andhra Pradesh.

v A week long debate took place in the then Hyderabad State Assembly on the report of the First States Re‐organizing Commission (SRC) report. Eventually, on 3 rd December 1955, 103 Legislators out of 147 present, in the then Hyderabad State Assembly, voted in favor of Merger of the two states, while only 29 voted against it, and 15 remained Neutral. Clearly more than 2/3rds majority required.

v Considering the concerns raised by some Telanganites, certain safeguards were introduced for Telangana region in the form of the Gentlemen’s agreement and subsequently Telangana Regional Committee was constituted with MLAs of the Telangana region. The TRC functioned successfully from 1958.


Genesis of T demand, Sub –regionalism in AP and Telugu Unity

v One of the Greatest Merits of the Constitutional Democracy is that it Accommodates Minority Opinion too. Notwithstanding how strongly the Minority Opinion believes in the merits of its theory, it remains just that – A Minority opinion.

v Even as the States of Hyderabad & Andhra merged with an overwhelming majority vote in the then Hyderabad State , a very small minority that opposed the unification, for varied reasons existed and continued to propagate their beliefs at throughout .

v In addition to this, various aggrieved sections of the society, who existed for diverse reasons, were incited from time to time in the history of Andhra Pradesh, particularly in Telangana region, by political power mongers and divisive forces, ( which two elements, we further refer to in this report as the T‐Bogey.) These elements lead self serving campaigns, tried to create an impression in people’s minds that separate statehood for Telangana alone would end ALL their problems.

v We believe that the issues, reasons and grievances that led to the demand for a separate statehood for Telangana are far more complex and need to be examined in their respective socio‐ economic, geographic, political, cultural & historical contexts.

v After identifying such root causes, respective Social, Political & Economic Solutions must be derived, through constitutional means. It is important to arrive at Political decisions only through dialogue, but regrettably the T‐bogey has often tried to force a decision through coercive methods.

v Ignoring the historic facts behind emergence of the state of Andhra Pradesh, the vested interests over simplified and conveniently interpreted the reasons & grievances that led to the demand for Telangana. They have stated information out of context, obfuscated facts and thereby constantly mislead people. Their arguments were ill informed at best and motivated at the worst. Conspiracy theories have been hatched and paranoia spread about everything that is possibly wrong in Telangana region, even when similar problems existed in other regions.

v An excessive use of rhetoric often turns the focus away from the main problem and makes it more emotive than a rational issue for the common man, as it happened in the case of demand for separate Telangana.

v Under such circumstances, when emotions and passions get the better of reason & logic, some susceptible minds resort to extreme acts of violence like vandalism or committing suicides. This, in an era of competitive media presence gets further magnified and often presents a distorted picture of the facts. The leaders of the T‐ bogey being concentrated in Hyderabad and all the Media houses being headquartered here gave their voices greater visibility than the wide ranging opposition of the people across the state, to the idea of bifurcation of State.

v However, history proves that the T‐campaigns at various points in time were spearheaded by political power mongers and when their selfish interests were served, they gave up the so called movements.


v TRS president KCR ‘s November 2009 fast, guided by his compulsion to salvage his party’s sagging popularity and aided by the unstable political situation prevailing in the state at the time, in the wake of Dr.YSR’s demise in plane crash, fueled Telangana demand this time.

v KCR used a Supreme court judgment on a much older issue concerning few police jobs, to whip up emotions among people, particularly students and some disgruntled employees in Telangana.

v Government failure in effectively handling the situation coupled with Police high handedness in certain situations in the University campuses complicated the matters further. It was at this time the Students threatened to lay seize to the Assembly on 9th December.

v In this scenario, Chief Minister Sri. Rosaiah called for an All Party Meeting to elicit opinion on the issue of Telangana. On this particular occasion, largely clouded by the perception created by the vested interests on the separate statehood, even Political Parties in the state failed to accurately gauge the Public mood on the issue of separation. Hence all Political Parties except for MIM & CPM, that participated in the All Party meet of 7th Dec’09, convened by Sri.Rosaiah Chief Minister of AP, endorsed the idea to introduce a resolution on Telangana, in the Assembly.

v Basing on the opinion expressed in this meeting the Central Government immediately, on 9th December announced that Process for formation of Separate Telangana is being initiated.

Movement for Status quo in United Andhra Pradesh 2009

v In the aftermath of the Statement made by Sri.P.Chidambaram on behalf of the Central Government on the night of 9th December’2009 at 1130 PM, tremendous opposition to the idea of bi‐furcation of state has erupted from an outstanding majority of people in Andhra Pradesh.

v This unprecedented magnitude of public resentment has brought the state to a stand still, compelled the people’s representatives including MLAs across political parties to tender resignations, without consulting the leadership of respective Parties. Never in the 54 years’ history of the state was such volatile situation experienced.

v In this scenario, we at PRP have gone into the reasons behind this unprecedented situation in the State and verified all relevant data, literature and historic facts that have been misrepresented or blurred by vested interests to paint a different picture.

Status of Andhra Pradesh Regional Demands Development perspective

v At the time of formation the State of Andhra Pradesh was behind the All India Average in many respects, including food grains production, net area sown, crop intensity, infrastructure, electricity generation, per capita electricity consumption, length of roads, black top roads, motor vehicles, medical institutions, hospital beds, life expectancy, human development

v Despite the inherent shortcomings at the time of formation, AP still has progressed significantly in the last 50 years can be seen from the fact that the State’s position vis‐à‐vis All India averages improved considerably in respect of a number of these indicators and also in comparison with several other states across India.

v It is pertinent to note in this context that the erstwhile Princely State of Hyderabad contributed the least developed region. The State of Hyderabad had the lowest indices for human development in


the South. In that State, the areas covered by Telangana, which became part of Andhra Pradesh, were even less developed than most of the other areas. Literacy in Telangana was low not only in comparison to the other parts of the former State of Hyderabad, but was amongst the lowest in the entire country.

v Notwithstanding the same, examination of all relevant data and statistics, clearly and irrefutably establishes that Telangana region has been on a growth trajectory along with other regions , ever since 1956. In fact Telangana achieved, much greater progress in certain aspects than anticipated, than the other two regions put together.

v In areas like Literacy, Educational Opportunities, Industrialization, Health Care Facilities, Per Capita Income, Per Capita Power Consumption and so on, Telangana region far exceeds the growth rate than other regions of Andhra & Rayalaseema.

National Policy on Smaller States? Why Only AP?

v It is important to determine the National Policy for creating new states. Whether it is Language, Administrative Viability ,Contiguity, or Backwardness, the criterion for creation of smaller states must be decided.

v There are several demands within and outside of Andhra Pradesh for smaller states. If backwardness or cultural differences are alone the criterion for creation of a separate state, AP needs to be divided into 5 states. Further this could open a Pandora ’s Box in the country.

v In view of the numerous demands for smaller states in present day India, the National Political Parties should thoroughly debate it in the House of Parliament and the Central Government must put in place a mechanism like the Second States Reorganization Committee to determine a National Policy on this issue.

Sri.P.Chidambaram’s views on Tamilnadu

v It may be pertinent to state here that recently, when there was demand by some sections for creation of a smaller state carved out of the present day Tamilnadu, the Union Home Minster rubbished such demands for bifurcation of Tamilnadu, saying Tamil culture dates back to five thousand years and no division of the people is necessary or acceptable.

v This then raises the question, that how AP can be dealt with a different parameter as Telugu culture too has a history just as long. Such inconsistencies in policy smacks of regional prejudice and a sense of unequal justice.

Scope of Study of Sri Krishna Committee far too restricted.

Given the background and implications of the issue in Andhra Pradesh, we strongly feel that any study to understand the merits, demerits of Creation of a smaller state could not be done without examining the significant impact it would have on the nation as a whole and hence such demand cannot be examined in isolation.

In that sense, the scope of study as detailed in the terms of reference entrusted to your esteemed Committee, by the Ministry of Home Affairs, we feel is regrettably restricted. The central government may well deem it fit to expand the scope of the committee to study this issue from a national perspective on the lines of States Reorganization Committee.


PRP’s stand

v Considering the overwhelming opposition to the bifurcation of the State by the people, and after examining all the facts of the last 50 years of United Andhra Pradesh and the reasons behind inter and intra ‐regional disparities and imbalances, we at PRP, held extensive discussions with the cadres and leaders of our party. Based on all these, PRP has decided to support the cause of “Samaikya Andhra Pradesh” (United Andhra Pradesh). We feel that every political party is obligated to respect and confirm to the wishes and aspirations of the majority of the people in a democratic set‐up.

v To begin with, fissiparous tendencies of a few ambitious politicians should not be

encouraged. The Uncertainty in the State must end. Else it will impede the growth of not

only Andhra Pradesh but also the Nation as a whole. Already great many years have been lost due to a sense of insecurity induced by the periodic agitations.

v Since Economic issues are more important than Political Issues. We must endeavor to attend to them more efficiently.

v Democratic decentralization and strengthening of Panchayathi Raj system will help administer civic facilities and improve social and economic infrastructure and services.

v Similarly, Developing District Development Indices and setting up Regional Development Boards must be put in place, Allocating funds under Backward Regions Grant Fund should be considered.

v With a combination of effective public policies and private initiatives, to foster Skill development, Employment opportunities, Inclusive Growth and with Effective utilization of natural resources in different parts of the State, we can be successful in reducing regional disparities in economic and social development.

v Through this submission, we are bringing to your attention, the several facts that have made us adopt to a United Andhra Pradesh stand.

v We trust that examination of these facts, historic events and present day developments from the perspectives we presented here, will allow you to draw more informed conclusions of the real situation.


3. Telangana demand The Misinformation campaign & The Truth Behind

P r a j a R a j y a m P a r t y P a g e 1 0

• A close examination of a the literature being widely circulated and propagated by Pro‐ Separation vadis would reveal that a great amount of misinformation campaign has been carried out by some sections and vested interests , for a very long time which extends until this date, to influence the minds of gullible people.

• This has been done by stating information, out of context, obfuscating facts, misinterpreting facts and thereby constantly misleading people.

• Most of the arguments by these vested interests are ill informed at best and motivated at worst. Conspiracy theories are hatched and paranoia spread about everything that is possibly wrong in Telangana.

• The T‐campaigns at various points in time were spearheaded by political power mongers and when their selfish interests were served, they gave up the so called movements.

• One of the most tragic and unfortunate fall out of these campaigns has been that, until their political ends are met, these vested interests try to incite passions, of the young & students in particular, to take extreme measures to build pressure on the Governments.

• Indoctrination programs are being carried out saying that families of people who give up their lives for the cause of separation would receive pensions & privileges and would be honored in time to come as ‘Freedom Fighters’.

• The students are losing their precious academic years and jeopardizing their careers.

• Some of the major distorted claims being made are enlisted here.


The Misinformation campaign & The Truth Behind

3.1. People of Telangana were not in favor of Merger with Andhra.

• The Unity & Mutual admiration of the People of the erstwhile Hyderabad State ( Telangana ) and Andhra State dates back to several decades in pre‐independent India.

• Sri Krishna Deva Raya’s Andhra Bhasha Nilayam was formed in 1901 in Hyderabad State (Telangana)

• Since 1920 In Hyderabad State, people and intellectuals have been expressed from many forums, their strong desire to see all Telugus staying together in a combined state.

• Telugu Patrika a monthly journal was started in the year 1920 from Warangal ( Telangana ) • In 1921 Nizam Rashtra Andhra Jana Sangham was formed . This was later renamed as Andhra

Jana Kendra Sangham.

• From 1926 until 1945 First World War, Nizam‐Andhra Mahasabha held extensive meetings across the length & breadth of both states.

• When the tyrannical Nizam regime banned Nizam Andhra Maha Sabha & Hyderabad State Congress in 1932 further brought the Telugus in the then two states, closer.

• In 1934 over 354 Telangana Poets got together to eulogize Telugus Unity at a meeting organized by ‘Gollakonda’ a Monthly journal owned by Suravaram Pratap Reddy a Telanganite.

• In 1950, the Second State congress meet held at Nizamabad demanded that ‘Mahaandhra State be formed combining the Telugus living regions in the then Hyderabad, Maharshtra, Karnataka & Madras Presidency.

• In 1952 the First General Elections were held in the Independent India. During the elections, the Main Political parties of the time Congress & Communist stated in their respective manifestos that to bring about Visalandhra was their AIM.

• Communist Party which had a strong presence in the then two states named its daily news publication as ‘Visalandhra’.

• The most prominent leaders of the time Suravaram Pratap Reddy, Madapati Hanumantha rao, Ravi Narayana Reddy, Mukdum Moiddin, Tekumalla Ramachandra Rao, Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao all have worked towards realizing Visalandhra.

• 1954 2 nd Visalandhra Mahasabha was held in Hyderabad. • Puchallapalli Sundaraiah a Stalwart of the Telangana Armed Struggle against the Nizam , had

published a book called ‘Visalandhralo Praja Rajyam’ • The Pro‐Separate Telangana camp always maintained that Shri.Jawahar Lal Nehru was against

the idea of Unification. • However it was Sri.Jawahar Lal Nehru as Prime Minister of India who laid the foundation for

Nagarjuna Sagar Project on 9 December 1955. He said on the occasion ‘ I see the River Krishna before me . The Left bank of River is called Telangana and the right Andhra . The people on both sides speak Telugu and have the same culture. The river can not separate them.

• In March 1956, Sri. Jawahar Lal Nehru , the then PM inaugurated the Annual session of Bharat Sewak Samaj at Nizamabad. In his speech he declared that the Govt. of India in principle had decided upon having a United State of Andhra Pradesh for Political, Economic, Administrative & Cultural Reasons.


• Subsequently an extensive debate took place in the Assembly , with Sri. Burgula Ramakrishna rao the then Chief Minister of Hyderabad State stating that ‘comprehensive development of Telangana is possible only in a unified state’ .

• On 3 rd December 1955, Out of 147 Legislators present in the then Hyderabad State Assembly 103 voted in favor of Merger of the two states , while only 29 voted against it. While 15 remained Neutral. Clearly more than 2/3rds majority required. Those who opposed the merger hailed from places having proximity to Maharashtra & Karnataka States.

• It is important to note in this context that according to 1951 statistics ,the then Hyderabad State had 25 % of Maharshtrian speaking people & 11 % Kannada speaking people. Area wise the then

Hyderabad state had 28 % area of what is today Maharashtra State & 22 % area of what is today Karnataka state.

• This implies that there was almost no opposition from Telugus (Telanganites) to the merger of Hyderabad state & Andhra at the time.

• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, a Telanganite and the 1 st Elected Chief Minister of the Hyderabad State, gave up his Chief Minister ship to favor the Unification of the two states.

• Numerous Muslims too participated actively in the fight and the subsequent Police action against the Nizam when he resisted joining India in 1947, it is important to note that People of Andhra provided large scale logistic, strategic & moral support.

• While the Telugu Unity has such great history, the T‐Bogey completely ignores these historic records and propagates that there had always been only animosity between the two people.


3.2. Fazal Ali Commission was against Merger

This is yet another misinterpretation widely propagated by T Bogey.

The 1 st States reorganization commission headed by Hon. The Fazal Ali in 1955 examined the merits & shortcomings of Telangana & Andhra regions comprehensively, as also the arguments for and against the merger of the two regions.

The Fazal Ali Commission emphasizes the merits of Visalandhra as below:

“The Economic affiliation of Telangana with the existing Andhra State are also not Unimportant. Telangana has in years of scarcity , a sizeable deficit in food supplies. The existing Andhra State , however has normally a surplus which Telangana may be able to use. The existing state of Andhra has like wise no coal, but will be able to get its supplies from Singareni. Telangana will also be able to save a great deal of expenditure on general administration in case if it is not established as a separate unit. ”

…..Para 373

“The creation of Visalandhra is an ideal to which numerous individuals and public bodies, both in Andhra & Telangana , have been passionately attached over a long periods of time, and unless there are strong reasons to the contrary , this sentiment is entitled to consideration.”

…Para 374

“ It seems to us , therefore that there is much to be said for the formation of the larger State and that nothing should be done to impede the realization of this goal…

….Para 382

While the Fazal Ali commission emphasizes on the necessity and benefits Visalandhra, the report only suggests that the process of merging may be done after 5 years.

“ …for the present the Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State, which may be known as Hyderabad State with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about 1961, if by two thirds majority the legislature of the residency Hyderabad State expresses itself in favor of the such unification.”

……Para 386

The T Bogey in all their propaganda selectively quotes from the points raised by the Commission

While the report does point certain ‘inherent deficiencies’ on either side , it indicates that the merits of unification outnumber those of separation. This must be borne in mind.

The procedure of securing two thirds majority in the Hyderabad State assembly to merge the two states, as recommended by the Fazal Ali commission was adhered to, completely. The only adjustment was that it took place ahead of the suggested time frame.

The T Bogey does not acknowledge these, and also conveniently ignore certain inherent deficiencies on the side of Telangana region and attribute them to the Unification.


3.3. Gentlemen’s agreement was violated from day one.

The Chief Ministers of the then Andhra & Hyderabad States, prominent leaders & president of Congress party held extensive discussions and evolved by 19 July 1956, what has come to known as the Gentlemen’s agreement. Of the total of 10 signatories, 5 were from Telangana & 5 from Andhra.

To ensure that and as part of the terms( Term No.3) agreed upon there in were implemented properly, Telangana Regional Committee was set up on 1 st Feb’ 1958 as per 371 (1) of the Indian Constitution. Only MLAS from Telangana region were members of this committee. All subject matters relating to Telangana region came under the purview of this TRC. The TRC covered the key subjects of Local Government, Public Health, Hospitals, School education, and Educational institutions in Telangana, Agriculture & sale of agricultural land, markets, cooperative societies, economic planning and development.

If Gentlemen’s agreement was conceived to provide safe guard the interests of Telangana after the merger, the Telangana Regional Committee was set up in spirit to safe guard the Gentlemen’s agreement. It is utmost important to note that the TRC was constituted with ALL MLAs of Telangana region & the CM & Speaker were exempted from this frame work. The TRC functioned from 1958 to 1973.

As per clause 5 of the Gentlemen’s agreement, in normal course the Government would carry out all recommendations of the TRC for the benefit of the Telangana region. If under any circumstances the Government disagrees with the TRC , then such matters would be referred to the Governor and his decision would be binding. However there is absolutely no record of any disputes whatsoever between the TRC & the successive governments.

The T‐ Bogey have completely and deliberately ignored the formation & functioning of Telangana Regional Committee from 1958‐1973 which efficiently carried out the assigned tasks of protecting Telangana interests.

The T‐ Bogey have misled and continue to mislead the people of Telangana into thinking that 1.There never was any mechanism to safeguard their interests since the formation of the state and 2. The Gentlemen’s agreement was violated totally from day one and Telangana was betrayed for 50 years. They also cite this as the reason for the 1969 agitation. Apparently all this propaganda is TOTALLY FALSE.

One of the terms of the Gentlemen’s agreement states that one of the two positions, either the Chief Minister or the Dy.Chief Minister has to be given to the region of Telangana. This was implemented in part and by and large is the only glaring deficiency in honoring the Gentlemen’s agreement. However since the TRC is solely manned by Telangana MLAs and does not allow the Chief Minister/ Dy.Chief Minister or speaker to be members, and since their participation does not have a bearing on their recommendations for the benefit of Telangana, this apparently could not have affected the development of Telangana. This has to be viewed as a political decision by the respective parties in power for possibly administrative ease and did not and could not affect Telangana prospects in any manner.

*It is interesting to note in this context that the Chief Ministers hailing from Rayalaseema ruled Andhra Pradesh for the longest period of time. (Rayalaseema CMs tenure in office 23 yrs 302 Days ) Yet Rayalaseema continues to be more backward than regions in Andhra Pradesh.


3.4. Telangana Employment opportunities usurped by Andhra

In the matter of employment opportunities, services and recruitments, the T Bogey has been exaggerating facts and blowing out of proportion the seriousness of the issue. They are using this issue to provoke gullible students and propagate insecure feelings in the people of Telangana.

Mulki rules have been implemented as part of the safe guards provided to the Telangana region at the time of merger. As per the Mulki rules only people who lived for more than 12 years in Telangana are alone eligible for jobs in this region. This has prevented all Non‐Telanganites from getting jobs in Telangana until 1975.

Some claims were made that people secured jobs with fraudulent papers establishing their eligibility. These sporadic and largely unsubstantiated claims were blown out of proportion to create a prejudiced impression among the people of Telangana about the people of other regions.

The then Dy. Chief Minister Sri.J.V.Narasing Rao hailing from Telangana, wrote the following, in an article published on August 14,1969 “ there are 107,000 nongazetted employees in the Telangana region, in 1969. Out of these, about 4.5% are nonmulkis 1600 are teachers, 1800 nurses,400 stenographers and about 1000 in other departments.”

Ironically, the local Telangana leaders of the time,heading the Zilla Parishads made the decision on employing most of the above. This was arguably due to the nonavailbility of the required skills including teaching skills in the then Telangana region. If these jobs were given in violation of mulki rules, then the respective Telangana leaders were the reason than the other way round.

This deviation from the Gentleman’s agreement, though may have been done for just reasons, was blown out of proportion and was used to constantly whip passions and a sense of betrayal in the people of Telangana.

Subsequently, the Six‐Point Formula 1973 annulled the Mulki rules and The Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Organization of Local Cadres & regulation of Direct recruitment) order 1975) introduced zonal system for recruitments. As per this system, 80 % of District Level cadres, 70 % Zonal Level Non‐ Gazetted Cadres, 70 % Zonal Level Gazetted Cadres have been reserved for Local Candidates.

Certain disputes pertaining to zonal recruitments after the Presidential order 1975 ( The Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Organization of Local Cadres & regulation of Direct recruitment )order 1975) led to wide spread debate in the then Assembly in the year 1984 .

Later, when Sri. NTR was the Chief Minister GO No.610 was issued on the 30 th Dec’1985 stipulating repatriation of employees who have secured jobs in violation of the zonal recruitments. It may be recalled here that Sri.NTR hailing from the Andhra region was quick to act on the discrepancies and initiate remedial measures like issuing GO 610, for the benefit of Telangana region. Apparently no ulterior motives can be attributed to the discrepancies. IN NATURE VACCUUM CAN NOT EXIST. Instead of attributing illwill to Andhrites, recruitment of some Andhrites in the jobs meant for Telanganites may be viewed in a historic and social context.


Some of the Police recruitments were done in accordance with the Hyderabad Police Act 1348 A.D.Fasli, which is still in force, concurrently with the Presidential Order, and allows nonlocals in Hyderabad City Police jobs.

The original Mulki rules laid down in 1919, require 15 years of residence for nonlocals to treated on par with locals. The Gentlemen’s agreement 1956, terms this period as 12 years for being considered as local. The Presidential order 1975 brings down this period to 4 years.

Some of the discrepancies can also be explained by the overlapping of various acts.

Prior to 1947, the Razakar atrocities traumatized the Telangana people. Razakars were the Police forces under the Nizam. As the people of Telangana suffered greatly due to the tyranny of the Razakars, a certain negativity about the Police Forces. This has induced a reluctant mind set in the people of Telangana to join Police Forces.

Later, Around the early 1980s, the Naxal movement was rampant in Telangana. The Movement also identified itself as an Anti‐ State movement. As the Police symbolized the State a certain unsympathetic impression was being propagated about the Police jobs. This added to the reluctant mind set of the people of the region to join the Police. This indifference of people was evident and when people did not turn up for the police jobs even after repeated notifications and compulsive filling in of those posts with available personnel from other regions. This fact was noted in the House Committee report set up to look into the discrepancies in implementation of GO 610.

Importantly , Sri.J.M. Girglani, who subsequently headed the One Man Commission (S.P.F) that went into the discrepancies in implementation of the Presidential Order 1975 & G.O 610 1985, in his report dated 21 st Sept’2004 , while noting the various deviations from the aforementioned Presidential Order & G.O 610, alludes to this saying in Part‐1, Section‐A, Chapter‐1 that “ The main causes of deviations are the dynamics of administrative system…”

He also further states in Section B, Para 5 (14) that “ who are the losers and who are the beneficiaries? Until each finding is taken up for remedial action, no one can say which are the local areas (districts/zones) whose local candidates have been the losers/gainers.”

Yet again, many of the jobs where deviations had taken place were in the Police and Teaching jobs. In fact the then Home Minister Sri.Jana Reddy said on 22 nd June’04 on the floor of the house that the Government has decided to repatriate 3,150 Police personnel, who were recruited in violation of SPF & GO Ms 610. to their home districts. However the minister adds that immediate repatriation of such police personnel was not possible in view of the administrative problems it would lead to and hence shall be done in a phased manner.

It is important to appreciate in this context that maintaining Law & Order in the society and imparting Education are superior objectives than waiting indefinitely for the suitable local candidates to fill in the jobs.


Another side of the coin is that, there was a Great dependence on Government services in not only Telangana region but across India until the late 1980s. But post 1991 Economic Reforms, the Advent of Information & Communication Technologies & Globalization, new job creation & even self employment opportunities, especially in the private sector has substantially improved and the earlier scenario does no longer exist today.

And more over, the tenure of such supposedly erroneous recruitments in various cases has ended or, is coming to a close. There is no possibility or reason for such discrepancies to recur as situation in Telangana region, literacy, skills have substantially improved in comparison with the past scenario.

Besides there is far greater transparency and more effective mechanisms are now in place to ensure greater justice to the locals in future. After all, corrective measures can be taken through constitutional means for any willful violation in specific issue. Hence this issue is no more relevant today.

Clearly, Parochial Facts cannot be applied to derive Absolute Truth.

The Truth is again not acknowledged by the TBogey in their misinformation campaign.

Due to the steady decline in the number of Government services available, juxtaposed by steady increase in literacy in Telangana region, and the greater dependence on government jobs , particularly until late 1980s , there certainly is a concern about securing livelihood in the people of Telangana.

The potential impact of some discrepancies in recruitment of nonlocals in jobs meant for locals, until the 1980s, that took place mainly due to administrative reasons, was exaggerated time and again by the Tbogey in their misinformation campaign and lead to an increased a sense of threat perception by the people of Telangana, especially among the students and unemployed youth, of the region.

The T bogey has been showing this as a reason to demand separation of the state.

This issue , for reasons explained above is only due to administrative reasons and impacts only a miniscule of the people of Telangana. The larger interests of the people of Andhra Pradesh cannot be tied to this relatively much smaller issue.

At the same time, it is very important that the Government acknowledges the ground situation where the jobs in Government sector are reducing with time and do not meet the demand, and expedititiously puts in place a mechanism to create more employment opportunities and ensure security of livelihood to everyone to address the anxieties of the people.


No.of Government Jobs in year 2006 as per the Controller & Audit General report. District No.of Govt.Jobs Adilabad 65795 Nizamabad 40692 Karimnagar 80985 Medak 38582 Hyderabad 110,724 Ranga Reddy 53,032 Mahbubnagar 48,275 Nalgonda 45,938 Warangal 59,856 Khammam 65,204 Total Telangana 609083

Srikakulam 37,427 Vizianagaram 36,932 Visakhapatnam 51,141 East Godavari 69,901 West Godavari 52,232 Krishna 65,698 Guntur 57,275 Prakasam 42,610 Nellore 46,718 Total Andhra 459,934

Kadapa 45,570 Kurnool 53,086 Ananthapur 51,712 Chittoor 70,250 Total Rayalaseema 220,618

The Office of the Controller of Accounts & Audit General ,publishes a report on the Number of Government Jobs at the end of every 5 years. According to the 2006 report, there are 6,09,083 jobs in Telangana, as opposed to 4,59,934 jobs in Andhra and 2,20,618 jobs in Rayalaseema.

Since the Zonal system is in force, as per the Presidential order 1975, 80% of the jobs are reserved for people from the respective zones and districts only. Only 20 % are for people from other zones or districts. In view of this, there is no way the employment opportunities of Telangana, could be usurped by Andhrites.


3.5. Telangana Culture derided

India has always been known for being a cultural melting pot with its cultural and linguistic diversity. These numerous cultures assimilate into each other while retaining their individual identities. At the same time, cultural cohabitation over long periods of these diverse cultures has often resulted in the evolution of a popular culture and development of a commonly used language or the ‘lingua franca’ with contributions by each of the dialects and derivations from cultures. While this may be a universal phenomenon, India in particular is more unique in this aspect.

In Andhra Pradesh, there are several dialects and different traditions. Places like Srikakulam, Nellore, Konaseema, Nizamabad, Ananthapur, Chittoor exhibit diverse cultural & linguistic influences . Yet The people of Andhra Pradesh have been culturally, historically and emotionally integrated for several centuries even before India became Independent, and later formation of Andhra Pradesh. The Festivals of Telangana like the Bonalu, Sammakka‐Sarakka Jathara are widely popular across AP, the Andhra festivals like Sankranthi has been increasingly embraced in Telangana. The Governments, People & Media have always given equal importance to these occasions without any discrimination.

Several eminent poets , artists, scholars have gained popularity and honor across Andhra Pradesh, irrespective of their region.

Bammera Pothana was born in Bommera Village, Warangal, Telanagna region (1450–1510) a Telugu and Sanskrit Scholar. His book is popularly called as Pothana Bhagavatham in Telugu. Even illiterate Telugus readily quote verses from chapters of his works 'Gajendra Mokshamu' and 'Prahlada Charitra. His work ‘Andhra Maha Bhagavathamu,’ the crown jewel of Telugu literature sacred to Telugus across AP.

In recent times, Jnan Peeth awardee Dr.C. Narayana Reddy (an eminent poet)’s works and lyrics have been appreciated by Telugus across AP transcending all boundaries.

The famous balladeer Gaddar’s songs have become part of each household across AP. Chandrabose a film lyricist also from Telangana, has written for almost all popular Telugu films and film stars and his songs have become popular in all households.

Similarly,the songs & works of legendary Telugu poet Sri Sri whose genius is compared to Pablo Neruda, is popular in every household of AP including Telangana. And Sri.Sri is an Andhrite.

There are innumerous examples of how the culture of Telangana was embraced by Andhrites and vice versa. Hundreds of thousands of people have married their spouses from the other region too. Telugu Cinema, which has become a religion by itself due to its unrivalled popularity, has always been a collaborative effort of people and talents from all three regions of Andhra Pradesh. Telugu films are immensely appreciated in Telangana as much as it is in other regions.

Recently ,the T Bogey have tried to create a rift between the people of two regions, calling upon the people of Telangana to boycott certain films starring actors belonging to the Andhra region. However the people of Telangana defied all such appeals and even threats by the rowdy elements in the T Bogey and thronged to the theatres. This shows the common man does not distinguish between cultures of the regions within Andhra Pradesh and appreciates them equally, it is the T Bogey that for their self serving reasons poisons the minds of the people here.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warangal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothana_Bhagavatham

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajendra_Mokshamu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahlada


3.6 Telangana Politicians suppressed

Several Politicians of great stature and eminence hailed from Telangana who were admired by people across Andhra Pradesh. Two Prime Ministers representing the Telangana region were in power for 9 years and 10 months, while Five Chief Ministers from Telangana were in power, for 10 years & 195 days.

Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao

A Telanganite, Scholar and a symbol of Telugu Unity and above all former Prime Minister of India, contested from Nandyal in Rayalaseema region and the then Coastal Andhra Chief Minister Sri. NTR decided not to field any candidate of his party TDP, opposite him to honor him. Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao won with a margin of 5.5 lakh votes which is a world record. This incident speaks volumes about the emotional integration of Telugus and shows the hollowness of the argument that Political Leaders from Telangana did not enjoy the support of Andhra leaders.

It is pertinent in this context to recall that since the time Telangana had first merged with Andhra in 1956 up until his last, Sri.P.V. always subscribed strongly to the Unity of Telugus and the cause of Visalandhra.

Smt.Indira Gandhi

Smt.Indira Gandhi was elected from Medak parliamentary constituency She was elected to the Seventh Lok Sabha from Rae Bareli (U.P.) and Medak (Andhra Pradesh), in January 1980. She chose to retain the Medak seat and relinquished the Rae Bareli seat.

Chief Ministers from Telangana

1. Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao

30 September 1971

10 January 1973 INC Karimnagar 468 days

2. Jalagam Vengala Rao

10 December 1973

6 March 1978 INC Khammam 1547 Days

3. Marri Chenna Reddy

6 March 1978 11 October 1980 INC Hyderabad 950 days

4. Tanguturi Anjaiah

11 October 1980

24 February 1982 INC Medak 501 days

5. Marri Chenna Reddy

03 December 1989

17 December 1990 INC Hyderabad 379 Days

v J.Vengal Rao was projected to be a Andhra Chief Minister despite his association with Telangana for over 3 decades. J.Vengal rao was elected twice as MP from Khammam. Right from the Razakar Movement & Police Action , Sri.J.Vengal rao was active in State Congress as Khammam District President. (Sri.J.Kondala rao his brother was elected twice as MLA & Twice as MP from Khammam. He also served as the ZPP of Khammam District.)

v Sri.J.Vengala Rao contested and won from Khammam in Telangana. Though the electorate of Khammam constitution expressed faith in him, the Pro‐ Separate Telangana always painted him as an Andhra CM. Vengal Rao hailed from Buyannagudem in Khammam district.


v Vengal Rao's hallmark was his efficiency. It was during his tenure as Chief Minister that 3 universities namely Kakatiya University, Acharya Nagarjuna University and Sri Krishnadevaraya University were started, catering for 3 regions of Andhra Pradesh: Telangana, Andhra and Rayalaseema.

v Dr.M.Chenna Reddy held various positions. He served twice as the PCC president, twice as Chief Minister of AP. He became the sixth Chief Minister of A.P. on the 6th of March 1978. He announced that separate Telangana was no longer an issue.

v The T‐ Bogey undermines these facts and propagates that the politicians from the region were always relegated to insignificant positions.


3.7 Telangana Only Solution

• The T‐ Bogey has been carrying a vitriolic campaign saying if Telangana becomes a separate

state various sections, groups & communities in the region stand to get dream like

benefits.

• They are promising things to people, which would not constitutionally be possible and

practically undeliverable.

• They are also exhorting students, unemployed and gullible that even if they resort to

extreme measures like taking their lives , they will attain the status of freedom fighters in

the event of separate Telangana and stand to get all privileges of erstwhile freedom

fighters and their families will get financial security.

• With such tactics the T‐Bogey are provoking the people and encouraging them to believe

Telangana statehood is the only solution and it would be a panacea of all their problems.

Apparently this is an extremely dangerous trend and threatens to pose severe problems if

such tactics produce results.


4. Chronology of Regionalism & Unity


4.1. Telangana Movement 1969

v 1969‐ Telangana Movement being one of the most significant movements in the History of Andhra Pradesh demanding separation of Telangana, it is important to examine the background of this movement.

v The Gentlemen’s agreement of 1956 provided for certain safeguards for services in Telangana. The application of Mulki rules required 12 years of minimum residence in Telangana region by people from other regions to be eligible for the jobs. As this came to an end in 1968, some sections started demanding extension of these safeguards.

v In this scenario, there arose a minor dispute in Paloncha of Khammam district between Electricity board employees belonging to Andhra & Telangana regions. The High Court had ruled that Mulki rules can not be applied for jobs in autonomous corporations. This had led to protests by some students & employees.

v It was this scenario that formed the back drop of the first agitation for Separate Telangana in the year 1969, the roots of which however lie in a bitter power struggle in the then Congress (I). After the 1967 general elections, Sri. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy became Chief Minister for a second time, while Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy joined Smt.Indira Gandhi's Cabinet as Minister for Steel.

v In an unexpected turn of events, Dr.Chenna Reddy was disqualified for six years from holding office,by the High Court & later the Supreme Court. Dr. Chenna Reddy's election was set aside by a court on a petition filed by an Arya Samaj contestant, Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao, on the grounds that the Minister had appealed to religious sentiments at a meeting held in a mosque. Dr.Chenna Reddy was inactive for six months after the verdict.

v Dr.Chenna Reddy added fuel to the protests for extension of safeguards and lead the ‘Telangana Praja Samithi’ a separatist outfit and changed the nature of the protests and pace of the agitation. The TPS aggressively incited passions in people, particularly the Students and youth in Telangana districts.

v On 1969, June 4 th the Police shot at and killed 30 people officially while it was widely publicized that 300 people died in the shootings. A controversy over Prof. D.S. Reddy's appointment as Vice Chancellor of Osmania University added a new dimension to the problem.

v The Telangana Praja Samithi used the Police shootings to further consolidate its position and favorably mobilize Public opinion. In the 1971 Lok Sabha elections, the TPS won 10 of the 14 Lok Sabha seats from the Telangana region.

v However since Congress won a majority in the rest of the country in 1971 and since Smt.Indira Gandhi was totally opposed to the idea of separating AP.

v Smt.Indira Gandhi had firmly opposed to consider separating the state on flimsy grounds. She made all efforts to resolve the situation and provide the required safeguards in the form of 8 point formula. She further set up Justice Bhargava Committee to examine the services situation & the development taken place in Telangana region between 1956‐1968 and suggest ways to


accelerate growth. The committee was also given the task of determining the status of revenue surpluses ( revenue receipts‐ revenue expenditure= revenue surplus ) in Telangana. This was also one of the functions of Telangana regional council which was set up as part of the clauses of the Gentlemen’s agreement.

v As per the findings and recommendations of the Bharagava Committee, Telangana also got Rs. 45 crores , towards the unspent surplus of Telangana region, of Rs. 28.34 Cr (which was reconciled with the 34.09 Cr arrived by Sri.Kumar Lalith earlier ) accumulated over a period of 10 years, again revalued each year in proportion to the rise in price index of those years. This money was spent from 1968 till the end of Fourth plan period.

v On the Political front Smt.Indira Gandhi removed K.Brahmananda reddy the then Chief Minister of AP and replaced him with Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao. With this the 1969 Movement of Telangana came to an end.

v Dr.Chenna Reddy sensing the futility of continuing the movement gave it up and merged TPS with

Congress (I). Subsequently, In the 1972 AP Assembly elections, the Congress (I), after the Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS) merger, won a record 218 seats, with 16 of its candidates winning without contest. Evidently people gave an overwhelming support for the United Andhra Pradesh and the separatist forces failed to create any impact.

v Sri.Chennareddy was made the Governor of Uttar Pradesh in 1973 and subsequently was also made the Chief Minister of AP in 1978. At this point Sri.Chenna Reddy categorically stated that Telangana issue has lost its relevance.

v It is evident from the above that the 1969 movement was only a movement for continuance of the safeguards in recruitments and not actually a demand for separation. This is proved further with the merger of TPS with Congress when their interests were served.

v It is important to note here that throughout the Telangana Movement , the MIM party which was the single largest party representing the large Muslim population in Telangana, and the CPI (M) did not support separate State for Telangana.


v 4.2. Jai Andhra Movement 1972

v The people of Andhra had hoped that the end of 12 years of safe guards as provided for in Gentlemen’s agreement (according to Mulki rules ) from 1956‐1968, would now signal real integration of Andhra with Telangana and among other things also avail equitable job opportunities.

v However , the agitation in 1969 that began for continuance of safeguards for Telangana and eventually turned as a movement for separation of the state itself had deeply offended the sentiments of Andhrites. Apparently prolonged safeguards will have no meaning if the two states were to integrate in real sense and strive for holistic development.

v In this scenario, the Supreme Court gave a verdict on 3 rd October 1971, revoking the Mulki Rules in Telangana. This naturally had immensely upset the Andhrites and they saw no reason in continuing to be as one state, while in spirit they are always being treated as two. They felt that the Supreme Court verdict had further alienated the people of the two regions, instead of helping them come together.

v This disillusionment in Andhrites was yet again channeled by some political leaders for selfish reasons, notable of whom is the then Dy.CM Sri. B.V.Subba Reddy from Andhra Region,( in the cabinet of the then Telanganite Chief Minister Shri.P.V.Narasimha Rao) who lead the demand for Separate Andhra. Historians noted that this movement known as Jai Andhra Movement was much more vociferous than the 1969 Movement.

v Nine Andhra Ministers in the then Chief Minister P.V.Narasimha Rao’s cabinet resigned in support of the Jai Andhra Movement. Sri.P.V.Narsimha Rao himself tendered his resignation on 17 th

Jan’1973.

v In the wake of these developments President's Rule was imposed. (18 January 1973 – 10 December 1973. Period: 335 Days)

v Appreciating the gravity of the situation and the merit of the aspirations of Andhrites, all prominent leaders of Telangana have agreed to scrapping of the safeguards for Telangana and make the state one in letter and spirit.

v Subsequently, the Central Government in consultation with the leaders from both Andhra & Telangana evolved a Six Point Formula On 21.09.73, for the uniform approach for promoting accelerated development of the state as a whole and providing equitable opportunities to different areas of the state in the matter of health , education and employment in public services subject to the requirements of the state as a whole.

v On 18.12.1973 the 32 nd Constitutional Amendment has been brought in and 371‐D has been introduced. This provides a special provision with respect to the state of Andhra Pradesh is based on the equitable justice to ALL citizens of Andhra Pradesh. As a follow up to the understanding arrived, The Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Organization of Local Cadres & regulation of Direct recruitment) order 1975 known as the Presidential order annulled the Mulki rules & Telangana Regional Committee and introduced zonal system for recruitments.


v Neither in the Six‐ Point Formula nor in Constitutional Amendment there was any special privilege given to any one area in the state. ALL areas/districts/zones/regions in the state are to be treated on par.

v This movement established the clear reconciliation of the people and political leaders of Telangana of the necessity of full fledged emotional, social ,economic geographical & cultural integration of the two regions. This sentiment further manifested itself as the next decade has been one of total harmony between the people of different regions in the state.

v During the next 28 years, i.e until year 2001, there arose no problem in the state with regard to separate statehood Telangana.

v In the context of the 1969 Telangana Movement & 1972 Jai Andhra Movement, the then Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi stated categorically in the house of the Parliament , that creation of separate states can NEVER be an acceptable solution for addressing some backwardness, economic differences or momentary emotions.


4.3. Telugu Unity & Emergence of NTR

v Though the people of Andhra Pradesh fully integrated in the previous decade, they were nursing a hurt by Central Government and Congress High Command’s Monopoly and the ill treatment meted out to Andhra Pradesh Chief Ministers.

v The tendency of the Congress High Command showing scant respect to the Federal Spirit of the Constitution further aggravated their hurt. This found an outlet in the form of Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao who floated Telugudesam Party in the year 1982 main plank was Self Respect of ‘Telugus’, which receives tremendous support from all regions including Telangana.

v Within just 9 months NTR came to power winning 220 seats and created a world record.

v The mandate given to NTR established the Telugu unity and unanimity between people of all regions of Andhra Pradesh

v The arrival of NTR also heralded an unprecedented social change in Andhra Pradesh. He has actively contributed to the dilution of feudal system and weaker and backward sections gained greater access to power especially in Telangana region.

v In 1984 some Telangana NGOs complained about violations in the Vth & VIth Zonal recruitments and injustice meted out to some employees of Telangana as a result.

v After deliberations by an All Party Committee, NTR issued GO.610 on 30.12.1985 as a corrective measure.

v Subsequently ,during NTR’s tenure NO Demand for Telangana was ever made.

v In 1994, Sri.NTR was once again voted to power.

v A staunch supporter of Telugu Unity : Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao

v Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao a Telanganite, Scholar, Visionary and a symbol of Telugu Unity needs a special mention in this context. He contested from Nandyal Parliamentary Constituency in Rayalaseema region and the then Coastal Andhra Chief Minister Sri. NTR decided not to field any candidate of his party TDP, opposite him to honor him. Sri.P.V.Narasimha Rao won with a margin of 5.5 lakh votes which is a world record. This incident speaks volumes about the emotional

integration of Telugus and shows the hollowness of the argument that Political Leaders from Telangana did not enjoy the support of Andhra leaders.

v It is pertinent in this context to recall that since the time Telangana had first merged with Andhra in 1956 up until his last, Sri.P.V. always subscribed strongly to the Unity of Telugus and the cause of Visalandhra.


1992

v 1992: Sri.Jana Reddy raised the Telangana demand for a brief period. His speech is available in the Assembly records too. Subsequently when he was accommodated in the then Sri.K. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy cabinet, he gave up the issue. ( Curiously , he yet again joined the T‐Bogey, after he could not find place in the cabinet in the 2 nd term of Dr.YSR in 2009)

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v Late P.Indra reddy who earlier served as the Home Minister in the NTR Cabinet, tried to start the Separate Telangana agitation in 1996‐97 and toured Ranga Reddy, Medak, Nalgonda & Mahboobnagar. When there was no response, he dissolved the movement and merged with Congress. ( His wife Sabita Indra reddy is the Home Minister in the present cabinet of Chief Minister Sri. Rosaiah.


4.4. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (2001 2009)

• Sri. Chandra Babu Naidu became the Chief Minister of AP in 1995 & again in 1999. • Serving as the Transport Minister in Sri.Chandra Babu Naidu’s cabinet, KCR waxed eloquent the

merits of the United Andhra Pradesh, on 22 nd April 1998. Records of his comments are available in the Assembly records.

• Subsequently in 2001, KCR was denied a cabinet birth in favor of K.Vijaya Rama Rao. Instead given the post of Dy.Speaker. A disgruntled KCR quit TDP and looked for alternates. He was inactive for 6 months.

• Later he has taken up the cause of Telangana. Telangana Rashtra Samithi was formed in year 2001, by Sri.K.Chandra Sekhara Rao along with few Naxal sympathizers, with a Single Point Agenda of getting Separate Statehood for Telangana.

• During the tenure of Sri.Chandrababu Naidu , development was lopsided, emphasis was given to Information Technolgy and Agriculture was subject to total neglect. This has seriously affected the farmers , artisans & weavers across Andhra Pradesh. Lack of rainfall and severe drought conditions further aggravated the situation.

• In Telangana region, since there is greater dependence on bore wells for geographic reasons, the problem became more severe. Added to this aggressive privatization during this time resulted in loss of several jobs for people.

• Besides , stringent measures to suppress the Naxalbari Movement, this time also saw several encounters and sympathizers of the Naxal movement looking for shelter.

• KCR channeled this dissatisfaction and anger against the Government in different quarters into a Movement for Separate Statehood for Telangana.

• At that time in 2001, Congress was getting desperate to get back into power in the state. Dr.YSR raked up the T Bogey and got some MLAs from Telangana region to sign in support of separate Telangana.

• In 2004 , Congress under the leadership of Dr.YSR in AP entered into an electoral alliance with TRS. Congress gave 42 seats to TRS out of which TRS won in 26. Out of the 6 MP seats allotted to TRS , it won 5. This was the peak of TRS.

• However, during the peak of its popularity TRS lost deposits in Telangana District of Khammam to Communist Party which is a staunch supporter of Unified Andhra Pradesh showing limitations of TRS’ popularity.

• In the 2004 elections , after winning the elections , Dr.YSR pushed the Telangana issue to the back burner. Between 2004‐2009 the T‐issue got diluted.

• Even KCR got and some of his colleagues got cabinet berths at the Centre. Some sections raised objections to the way KCR manipulated people for his political gains.

• Meanwhile 9 of his 26 MLAs revolted against KCR’s leadership and his nepotistic attitude. • For fear of being exposed and under pressure at one point, KCR got his remaining 17 MLAs to

resign demanding formation of Telangana and unilaterally declared that the resultant bi‐ elections’ verdict would be a referendum on Telangana. TRS lost 7 of their previously held constituencies of the 17.

• Rosaiah committee: On March 4, 2009, just before the 2009 General Elections , Dr.YSR set up Rosaiah committee to study all issues relevant with reference to demand for Separate Telangana state.

• The terms of reference for this committee were 1. Indentification of economic issues that propel Telangana sentiment & facts related to employment, exploitation of resources. 2.Concerns of


Minorities 3.Status of MigrantPopulation in Hyderabad Metropolitan Area. 4.Concerns of Migrant population in rest of Telangana (Except Hyderabad) 5. Maoists & Terrorist Activities in the context of Telangana. 6. Modalities for sharing of River waters vis‐à‐vis existing situation. 7. Infrastructure & Services at State Capital, Relocation & Consequential issues. 8.Issues regarding existing demands for separate states within AP 9. Strategy for harmonious development of all regions of AP in the event of formation of Telangana.

• In 2009, Congress broke their earlier poll‐alliance with TRS and chose to contest Elections on their own on a United Andhra Plank. Congress won 50 seats in Telangana region.

• At the same time, in year 2009 , taking cue from the earlier strategy of YSR , Chandra Babu Naidu’s TDP along with the left parties CPI & CPM formed an alliance with TRS. TDP changed its Pro‐ United AP stand and supported TRS promising Telangana. TRS contested in 45 seats with TDP’s support. Yet TRS won only 10 MLA seats & 2 MP seats. .This was a major loss of face for TRS & KCR and established the real support enjoyed by the Separate Statehood demand.

• The decline of popularity of TRS and its objectives were so steep that, subsequently when Elections were held to the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation in November 2009, the TRS could not even muster courage to contest in a single ward of the 150 wards.

• Yet again , pushed to an almost imminent political oblivion, KCR was desperately looking to resurrect his political career.

• During this time , Dr.YSR’s untimely demise in plane crash in September 2009, resulted in political instability in the state. Coincidentally , Supreme Court gave a verdict in October 2009, on an earlier dispute, upholding Hyderabad as Free Zone for Police recruitments. This naturally ruffled few feathers in Telangana.

• KCR used all these factors to again rake up passions and went on a fast unto death for Separate Telangana towards end of November’09.

• The supposed fast unto death turned out to be a farce with KCR voluntarily consuming fruit juices, which visuals were televised repeatedly. This has hurt the feelings of Telangana and Students raised slogans against KCR.

• To escape their wrath, KCR resumed fast. During this time emotions ran high among the students and some disgruntled employees in Telangana added fuel to this. Government failure in effectively handling the situation coupled with Police high handedness in certain situations in the University campuses complicated the matters further.

• It was at this time the Students threatened to lay seize to the Assembly on 9 th December. • In this scenario, Chief Minister Sri. Rosaiah called for an All Party Meeting to elicit opinion on the

issue of Telangana. On this particular occasion, largely clouded by this perception created by these vested interests on the separate statehood, even Political Parties in the state failed to accurately gauge the Public mood on the issue of separation. Hence almost all Political Parties that participated in the All Party meet of 7 th Dec’09 convened by Sri.Rosaiah Chief Minister of AP endorsed the idea to introduce a resolution on Telangana, in the Assembly.

• Basing on the opinion expressed in this meeting the Central Government immediately, on 9 th December announced that Process for formation of Separate Telangana is being initiated.

• In the aftermath of the Statement made by Sri.P.Chidambaram on behalf of the Central Government on the night of 9 th December’2009 at 1130 PM, tremendous opposition to the idea of bifurcation of state has erupted from an outstanding majority of people in Andhra Pradesh. The developments that followed pushed the state into a huge political turmoil, necessitating Sri.Krishna Committee to examine the situation.


4.5. Movement for United Andhra Pradesh – Post 9 th Dec’2009

• One of the reasons why it seems there had been no major resistance to the Pro‐ Telangana

campaign of the T‐ Bogey before the 9 th of December is because United Andhra Pradesh has been

very much a reality and a settled fact for the last fifty 50 years . United AP sustained successfully

despite some disgruntling noises. When there emerged a real threat to this situation the

common man reacted.

• Instantly, Hundreds of thousands of people voluntarily undertook agitations, dharnas and other

forms of protests against the statement of the Central Government. Businesses came to a stand

still. Academic institutions could not function.

• The people of the State do not see any merit in the uni‐dimensional arguments of the T‐Bogey.

They are also hurt by the constant disparaging remarks of certain leaders against the Andhrites

and the malicious intent of certain elements to create rift between them and their Telangana

brothers. The people of Rayalaseema & Andhra contributed more than fairly and have actually

been magnanimous in their understanding of higher allocations to Telangana in some aspects

like power and irrigation projects etc., They have in the larger context, been appreciative of

infrastructure mainly developing in Hyderabad in Telangana, but at this time, they have taken

upon themselves to bring out the truth and to strive to keep united the State of Andhra Pradesh

in the larger interest of all Telugu speaking people.

• They clearly know that if the state had indeed been divided in 1972 at the time of the Jai‐ Andhra

movement, Andhra region too would have had 37 years to build the kind of infrastructure and

gain the prominence that Hyderabad has witnessed. And at that time there was consensus about

the oneness of the state. And now they furiously opposed the present attempt being made, to

separate the state, by divisive forces and self serving politicians, after such a long gap when

integration has taken place in all spheres between the two regions, completely unacceptable.

• The resultant movement has been massive and unlike anything seen in the last 50 years to keep

a state and its people united.


5. Development 19562009 / Economic Perspective


The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people's choices. In principle these choices can be infinite and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all, or not immediately, in income or growth figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community activities. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives."

Mahbub ul Haq Founder of the Human Development Report

Tables Index

1. Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report 2007 2. Income District wise Per Capita Report AP 1955‐56; 1996‐97; 2006‐07 3. Inter District variation Index & Rankings‐ Agriculture, Infrastructure, Socio‐Economic Development

Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics Report 4. Education

LITERATE POPULATION, DISTRICT‐WISE, 2001 CENSUS Percentage of Literacy 1951‐2005 School Education Region wise/District wise –Schools; Teachers; Enrolment; 2008‐09 College Education Region wise Junior Colleges/Degree Colleges/Universities 2008‐09

5. Health Health & Medical Facilities 1955‐56 & 2006‐07 Region wise Government Medical facilities –Allopathic, 200809 PHCs, No. of Beds, Regular Doctors, Contract Doctors

Drinking Water: Region wise Budget Allocations 2004‐09 6. Irrigation

Area Irrigated by Sources District Wise 2008‐09 Gross and Net Area irrigated (1956‐57 & 2007‐08) (in Hectares) Percentage of Net Irrigated area to total Net Area Sown (in %) Budget allocations for Jalayagnam 2004‐05‐06‐07 Region wise –Per Capita Food production ( in Kgs per person) between 1955‐58 & 1998‐2001

7. Agriculture Rice Area & Output 1955‐56 & 2006‐07 Sugar cane Area Out Put 1955‐56 & 2006‐07 Cotton Area Out Put 1955‐56 & 2006‐07

8. Electricity District wise Per Capita Consumption of Electricity 2007‐08‐2008‐09 Rural Electrification (Total No. of Villages Electrified) Total Power Consumption in MU 1961& 2008 ‐ 2009 Industrial power consumption in 1961 & 2008 (in Million Units)

9. Industry Workers in registered factories 1961‐ 2005 Number of registered factories Employment created in Industrial Sector 2004‐05, 2005‐06 Employment created in Information Technology Sector 1997‐2004, 2005‐06

10. Infrastructure Roads Motor Vehicles ( In Numbers)


Telangana Development scenario 19562009

v Examination of the facts tells us that, Andhra Pradesh was created combining the less developed areas of the former States of Madras and Hyderabad.

v The erstwhile Princely State of Hyderabad contributed the least developed region. The State of Hyderabad had the lowest indices for human development in the South.

v The areas covered by Telangana, which became part of Andhra Pradesh, were even less developed than most of the other areas. Literacy in Telangana was low not only in comparison to the other parts of the former State of Hyderabad, but was amongst the lowest in the entire country.

v In the thus formed Andhra Pradesh , the State was behind the All India Average in many respects, including food grains production, net area sown, crop intensity, infrastructure, electricity generation, per capita electricity consumption, length of roads, black top roads, motor vehicles, medical institutions, hospital beds, life expectancy, human development

v The population in 1951 in the areas that now constitute the state was 311.2 lakhs, 8.6 % of the population of the Indian Union in that year.

v The net area sown in the triennium starting with 1950‐51 was 36.8 % of the total geographical area of the state as against 41.8 5 for the Union.

v Cropping Intensity was also lower in the state was 1.08 versus 1.11 for the country.

v The out put of food grains in the state , in the triennium starting 1950‐51 was 38.5 lakh tonnes , which was 7.5 % of the out put in the country, less than population or area.

v The position in respect of infrastructure is still worse.

v The electricity generation capacity in the state was 43 MWs, less than 2 percent of that in country.

v The Per Capita consumption of Electricity (3KWH) was less than a quarter of that for All India (13 KWH)

v The length of all roads in the state per 100 sq.km was 6 km, half of that in the Union.

v The black top roads per sq.km was worse (0.2 vs 0.7)

v However, despite the inherent shortcomings at the time of formation, AP still has progressed significantly in the last 50 years can be seen from the fact that the State’s position vis‐à‐vis All India averages improved considerably in respect of a number of these indicators and also in comparison with several other states across India.

v Also within AP, all relevant data and statistics, clearly and irrefutably establishes that Telangana region has been on a growth trajectory along with other regions of Andhra Pradesh ever since 1956. In fact Telangana achieved much greater progress in certain aspects than anticipated, than the other two regions.


v While in fact Telangana region has achieved greater rate of development, the North Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema regions have lagged behind. This fact is grossly under acknowledged and in fact various groups from these regions are trying hard to draw attention to their cases.

v Contentions of Regional bias in Budget Allocations

v It may be pertinent here to refer to a writ ( 4412 of 2007) pending before the Honorable High Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh, filed by the Rayalaseema Rights United Forum has submitted that Successive Governments of A.P have perennially pampering and appeasing people of Telangana, under the guise of development for vote bank politics, without considering the rightful priorities of the other region and thereby pushing the same ( i.e Coastal and Rayalaseema ) into stagnation, greater backwardness and retrogression, thus violating the fundamental rights guaranteed under Art. 14,15,16,21, and Art.371 D and also Art.309 of Constitution of India.

v The writ cites the principle for calculation of surplus agreed upon by the Telangana Regional Committee and the then State Government, where it was laid down that receipts and expenditure from common sources will be divided in the proportion of 2:1 between Andhra and Telangana.

v According to the census of 1951, the population of Telangana region was about one half of that of the area forming Andhra Region. This is the principal reason for applying the proportion of 2:1 between Andhra & Telangana.

v The writ states that ‘A perusal of the development expenditure statements for a period of twelve years 1956‐1968, indicates that Telangana had been given more than its due share. Justice Bhargava Committee also observes the same in its report.’

v It is further stated that such favorable bias towards Telangana continues till date and cites two more instances:

v “The development expenditure also should be in the ratio of 2:1 between Andhra & Telangana. But the relative allocated share in the total expenditure for the periods of 2004‐2005 to 2006‐ 2007 by the state was nearly 55% in favor of Telangana. Therefore , instead of 2:1 ratio, allocations have been made approximately in 1:2 ratio between Andhra & Telangana.”

v Similarly the writ recalls the then Chief Minister Dr.YSR’s speech on 19 th Dec’2006, on the floor of the assembly, where in he stated that the Union ‘s Human Resource Development Ministry had sanctioned one IIT for Andhra Pradesh and requested to identify suitable land for setting it up.

v The Union Government finally agreed to set up the IIT at Medak in Telangana region And Dr. YSR had stated that he believes that the location of IIT in Medak District will help to develop backward parts of Telangana providing opportunities to our youngsters to pursue quality education.


v The Andhra Pradesh Government instead of showing three different locations in the three regions

viz., Coastal Andhra , Rayalaseema & Telangana, has shown all the three locations in Telangana only

and thereby depriving the scope for quality education through allotment of technical and prestigious

colleges to the other 2 regions of Andhra Pradesh.”

v The representatives of the backward regions often attribute the cause of their backwardness as

neglect on the part of the rulers of the State, who are from the other regions.

v *It is interesting to note in this context that the Chief Ministers hailing from Rayalaseema ruled

Andhra Pradesh for the longest period of time. (Rayalaseema CMs tenure in office 23 yrs 302 Days)

Yet Rayalaseema continues to be more backward than regions in Andhra Pradesh. And from the

above , we also understand that the leaders from Rayalaseema in no way favored their region but in

fact endeavored to favor Telangana

v These facets bring out the real picture about the development pattern in Andhra Pradesh and need to

be examined to arrive at the overall scenario.


Human Development Index 2007

As per Economic theory, the Human Development Index is a composite indicator. It covers three dimensions of Human welfare namely Income, Education & Health. The HDI is a barometer for a change in human well being and for comparing progress of different regions. It is not only interpersonal but also inter regional and inter district.

UNDP has been releasing Annual Human Development Index Reports. For the year 2007, the development rankings of various districts in Andhra Pradesh shows that among the top 10 districts in development 5 are from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, 4 from Telangana and 1 from Rayalaseema. While in the five districts scoring the least in Human Development, there are two districts from Rayalaseema, two districts are from North Coastal Andhra and only one district Mahboobnagar from Telangana.

1. Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report 2007 Human

Development Index Human

Poverty Index Index value Rank District Index value Rank

0.717 1 Hyderabad 0.213 1 0.623 2 Krishna 0.399 3 0.61 3 Ranga Reddy 0.369 2 0.607 4 West Godavari 0.449 5 0.599 5 Guntur 0.428 4 0.586 6 East Godavari 0.465 9 0.573 7 Karimnagar 0.452 7 0.565 8 Nellore 0.466 10 0.559 9 Khammam 0.5 16 0.558 10 Chittoor 0.461 8 0.553 11 Vishakapatnam 0.504 17 0.55 12 Medak 0.498 15 0.536 13 Kadapa 0.451 6 0.532 14 Prakasam 0.494 13 0.514 15 Waramgal 0.492 12 0.504 16 Nizamabad 0.47 11 0.488 17 Adilabad 0.514 19 0.481 18 Nlagonda 0.513 18 0.473 19 Kurnool 0.494 14 0.458 20 Ananthapur 0.515 20 0.453 21 Srikakulam 0.566 21 0.402 22 Vizayanagaram 0.597 23 0.397 23 Mahaboob Nagar 0.592 22

Source: Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report 2007.


2. District wise Per Capita IncomeAP an Important indicator of Economic Development

195556 199607 200607

1 Guntur 336 1 Medak 11208 1 Hyderabad 35776

2 Krishna 302 2 Visakhapatnam 10896 2 Visakhapatnam 33980

3 Hyderabad 273 3 Krishna 10000 3 Rangareddy 31021

4 West Godavari 265 4 Rangareddy 9983 4 Medak 28431

5 Nizamabad 260 5 Guntur 9927 5 Krishna 28057

6 East Godavari 254 6 Khammam 9485 6 East Godavari 25764

7 Kurnool 245 7 Nellore 9295 7 Karimnagar 25338

8 Anantapur 235 8 Karimnagar 9149 8 Khammam 24814

9 Nellore 229 9 Hyderabad 9009 9 Prakasam 24679

10 Kadapa 224 10 West Godavari 8649 10 West Godavari 24611

11 Chittoor 199 11 Chittoor 8588 11 Guntur 23285

12 Adilabad 198 12 East Godavari 8524 12 Nellore 23139

13 Karimnagar 196 13 Nalgonda 8142 13 Nalgonda 21757

14 Srikakulam 188 14 Prakasam 8110 14 Adilabad 21118

15 Nalgonda 187 15 Kurnool 7818 15 Chittoor 19179

16 Mahboobnagar 184 16 Anantapur 7815 16 Kadapa 18960

17 Medak 179 17 Kadapa 7749 17 Kurnool 18610

18 Khammam 175 18 Nizamabad 7244 18 Nizamabad 18469

19 Visakhapatnam 167 19 Adilabad 7001 19 Warangal 18376

20 Warangal 147 20 Vizianagaram 6618 20 Mahboobnagar 18337

21 Warangal 6612 21 Anantapur 18010

22 Srikakulam 5844 22 Vizianagaram 17910

23 Mahboobnagar 5787 23 Srikakulam 16751

Statistics Source: Statistical Abstracts 1955‐56; 1996‐97; 2006‐07

• The District wise per capita comparison, establishes that Telangana districts have made steady ascent in per‐capita growth in the last 50 years.

• It is very clear that while in 1955‐56, 7 (Seven) Districts from Telangana region are in the last 9 (Nine) Districts at the bottom.

• Whereas by 1996‐97, this number has come down to 4 districts in the last 9. • By 2006‐07, in a gap of 10 years, only 3 districts from Telangana are in the last 9. • And even these three are above 2 districts from Coastal Andhra & 1 district from Rayalaseema. • During this period Srikakulam which was at 14th Position has gone down to 22nd in 1996‐97 and

23rd in 2006‐07 • Ananthapur which was at 8th place in 1955‐56, has come down to 16th place in 1996‐97 and to 21st

place by 2006‐07


3. Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics –New Delhi Report on agriculture, & Infrastructure, Socio‐economic development in different districts ‐ 2009

District Agriculture Infrastructure Socio‐economic development

CI Rank CI Rank CI Rank Srikakulam 0.73 11 0.65 6 0.68 7 Vizayanagaram 0.76 14 0.67 8 0.71 9 Vishakapatnam 0.87 21 0.72 12 0.78 18 East Godavari 0.65 5 0.64 5 0.66 3 West Godavari 0.61 2 0.6 1 0.61 1 Krishan 0.64 4 0.75 16 0.73 11 Guntur 0.6 1 0.68 10 0.68 6 Prakasam 0.71 10 0.75 17 0.75 14 Nellore 0.68 6 0.65 7 0.61 5 Chittoor 0.77 15 0.63 3 0.69 8 Kadapa 0.8 16 0.73 13 0.77 16 Anantapur 0.83 17 0.82 20 0.84 20 Karnool 0.83 18 0.81 19 0.83 19 Hyderabad Mahaboob Nagar 0.84 19 0.86 21 0.87 21 Ranga Reddy 0.87 22 1 22 0.99 22 Medak 0.76 13 0.68 9 0.72 10 Nizamabad 0.69 9 0.64 4 0.67 4 Adilabad 0.86 20 0.7 11 0.76 15 Karimnagar 0.64 3 0.61 2 0.63 2 Waramgal 0.73 12 0.77 18 0.77 17 Khammam 0.69 7 0.74 15 0.74 13 Nalgonda 0.69 8 0.74 14 0.74 12

Source: Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics, New Delhi‐ C.I Composite Index.

InterDistrict Variation of Socioeconomic Development in Andhra Pradesh

The Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics , New Delhi has published a report, in year 2009,on the disparities in agriculture, infrastructure , and socio‐economic development between districts of AP. They prepared a composite index, on the basis of 50 different parameters considered and ranked the position of each of the districts. The capital city of Hyderabad was exempted from this study. The study is conducted in the State of Andhra Pradesh where the district level data on socioeconomic variables for the year 2001‐02 are analyzed for estimating the level of development.


DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORS

Development is a multidimensional process and its impact cannot be fully captured by a single indicator. A number of indicators when analyzed individually do not provide an integrated and easily comprehensible picture of reality. Hence, there is a need for building up of a composite index of development based on optimum combination of all the indicators. Each district faces situational factors of development unique to it as well as common administrative and financial factors.

Basing on the composite points for each districts and depending on the extent of development four categories namely ,1. High,2. High Middle 3. Low Middle & 4. Low categories have been created.

In Agriculture , out of 12 districts in the first category, 7 are from Coastal Andhra , 5 are from Telangana, while no district from Rayalaseema finds a place.

In infrastructure, out of 13 districts in the first category, 7 are from Coastal Andhra, 4 from Telangana, 2 from Rayalaseema.In the second category of 9 districts, 2 are from Coastal Andhra, 2 from Rayalaseema & 2 from Telangana.

In socio‐economic development, out of 13 districts in the first category , 8 are from Coastal Andhra, 4 are from Telangana, 1 district is from Rayalaseema.

In the second category having the remaining 9 districts, 2 are from Coastal Andhra, 4 from Telangana, and 3 from Rayalaseema.

According to this report, certain districts in Rayalaseema and Telangana are lagging behind in Infrastructure & Soci‐ Economic development.

Finally, the report identified 4 districts as model backward districts, 2 from Rayalaseema & 2 from Telangana and suggested specific solution and development objectives.

The level of development of different districts of Andhra Pradesh was obtained with the help of composite index based on optimum combination of fifty socio‐economic indicators. The district‐wise data in respect of these fifty indicators were utilized for 22 districts of the State.

The level of development was estimated separately for agricultural sector, infrastructural facilities and overall socio‐economic sector. The district of West Godavari was ranked first in overall socio‐economic development and the district of Guntur was found on the first position in respect of agricultural development. Wide disparities were observed in the level of development among different districts. Infrastructural facilities were found to be positively associated with the level of developments in agricultural sector and overall socio‐ economic field. Agricultural development was influencing the overall socio‐economic development in the positive direction.


Developmental indicators common to all the districts have been included in the analysis. Composite indices of development have been obtained by using the data on these indicators.

01. Percentage forest area 02. Percentage net area sown 03. Percentage of net area sown more than once 04. Percentage area irrigated 05. Fertilizer consumption (kg/ha) 06. Cropping intensity 07. Yield rate of rice (kg/ha) 08. Yield rate of groundnut 09. Yield rate of sugarcane 10. Yield rate of cotton 11. Yield rate of chillies 12. Yield rate of total foodgrains 13. Per capita area of operational holdings 14. Number of cattle (per lakh population) 15. Number of buffaloe (per lakh population) 16. Number of sheep (per lakh population) 17. Number of goat (per lakh population) 18. Number of poultry (per lakh population) 19. Production of milk (per lakh population) 20. Production of eggs (per lakh population) 21. Production of meat (per lakh population) 22. Hand operated implements (‘000 no.) (per lakh population) 23. Animal operated implements (‘000 no.) (per lakh population) 24. Percentage of cultivators 25. Percentage of agricultural labourers 26. Work participation rate 27. Percentage of workers engaged in the non‐agricultural activities 28. Percentage of SC population 29. Percentage of ST population 30. Decennial growth rate of population (1991‐2001) 31. Sex ratio 32. Population density (No. of persons per square km.of area) 33. Rural literacy rate 34. Total literacy rate (rural + urban) 35. Number of primary schools (per lakh population) 36. Teacher‐pupil ratio 37. Drop out rates (Class I‐V) 38. Percentage of urban population 39. Annual birth rate 40. Annual death rate 41. Number of PHC and medical dispensaries (per lakh population) 42. Number of doctors (per lakh population) 43. Number of factories (per lakh population) 44. Number of post offices (per lakh population) 45. Road length (per 1000 sq.km. of area) 46. Average population per bank (in ‘000) 47. Credit/Deposit ratio 48. Number of beneficiaries under WSHP (per lakh population) 49. GDP at current prices 50. GDP at constant prices


Backward Districts

v From the Human Development Index, District‐wise Per Capita Report & Agriculture , Infrastructure &

Socio‐economic Indexes it is evident that In Andhra Pradesh, though there are some backward districts,

in each region of AP, be it Telangana, Coastal Andhra or Rayalaseema, there is no one particular region

that can be called per se as a Backward Region.

A region with some back ward district can not be termed as a backward region as a whole. Hence the

specific conditions that prevented development of socio‐economic infrastructure should be examined

and addressed to bring the backward districts on par with the developed ones.

v This can be understood as below:

There is a natural tendency of the economic opportunity to flow to or be appropriated by the well

endowed. The playing field may be level but the starting points are not uniform. Liberalization and

market led development will therefore have a natural tendency to favor the accelerate growth in

areas more conducive and as a result slow down growth in less conducive areas. Consequently this

increases disparities both individual and regional, or intra‐regional. To counter this, a deliberate

policy to reduce regional, intra‐regional disparities is needed.

In India, particularly after the 1991 economic reforms, the private investment played a significant

role in placing a thrust on development.

v This has enabled the developed regions to achieve accelerated economic growth during the 1990s.

On the other hand, backward regions of the country, which were unable to attract any significant

private investment flows, experienced decelerated economic growth during this period.

v The backward regions, to be attractive to the private investors, have to improve their infrastructure

facilities, both economic and social, considerably. Besides introducing various incentives as public

policies to direct private investments to backward regions.

v Historical legacy is an important factor explaining certain differences in the levels of Development in

the Telangana region where a long history of feudal regime has given rise to deprivation and social

exclusion of the large number of weaker sections. This has resulted in inadequate Social & Economic

infrastructure.

v The Naxal Movement which was very strong for over two decades till the mid‐1990s has resulted in

the deterioration of the law and order situation and further alienated the region from witnessing

faster development.


v Studies by apex industry associations indicate that prospective investors give higher weight‐age to

law & order situation , social & economic infrastructure, than incentives offered by the State

governments.

v Besides Historic & Political reasons, Policy failures by successive governments in respect of

investment priorities, restructuring of institutions for ensuring equitable access to productive assets

such as land and credit and for empowering people among other things by strengthening the

Panchayathi Raj institutions have prevented accelerated growth in the society.

v With a combination of public policies and private initiatives, States can be successful in reducing

inter and intra‐regional disparities in economic and social development even when there is

substantial variation in the natural endowments in different parts of the State.

v Creation of new States, certainly, cannot be a solution to disparities in some pockets of various

regions. It is important to recognize such intra‐State regional disparities explicitly and tackle them

through special efforts like setting up regional development boards.


4. EDUCATION

4.1 LITERATE POPULATION, DISTRICT‐WISE, 2001 CENSUS

Sl.No District No. of Literates Literacy Rate

Males Females Total Males Females Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1. Srikakulam 7,31,778 4,85,881 12,17,659 67.2 43.7 55.3 2. Vizianagaram 6,05,038 3,92,444 9,97,482 62.4 39.9 51.1 3. Visakhapatnam 11,71,082 8,31,234 20,02,316 69.7 50.1 60.0 4. East Godavari 15,04,676 13,03,052 28,07,728 70.0 60.9 65.5 5. West Godavari 13,08,598 11,50,224 24,58,822 78.0 69.0 73.5 6. Krishna 13,86,261 11,53,713 25,39,974 74.4 63.2 68.8 7. Guntur 14,07,402 10,48,563 24,55,965 71.2 53.7 62.5 8. Prakasam 9,38,482 5,93,644 15,32,126 69.4 45.1 57.4 9. Nellore 8,66,975 6,55,891 15,22,866 73.7 56.4 65.1 10. Chittoor 12,73,940 9,03,050 21,76,990 77.6 55.8 66.8 11. Kadapa 8,67,054 5,53,698 14,20,752 75.8 49.5 62.8 12. Ananthapur 11,04,042 6,70,046 17,74,088 68.4 43.3 56.1 13. Kurnool 10,03,659 5,88,513 15,92,172 66.0 40.0 53.2 14. Mahabubnagar 8,50,414 4,67,107 13,17,521 56.6 31.9 44.4 15. Ranga Reddy 11,92,100 8,42,281 20,34,381 75.3 56.5 66.2 16. Hyderabad 14,49,602 11,85,347 26,34,949 83.7 73.5 78.8 17. Medak 7,38,208 4,32,926 11,71,134 64.3 38.7 51.6 18. Nizamabad 6,42,996 4,01,792 10,44,788 64.9 39.5 52.0 19. Adilabad 6,88,072 4,24,117 11,12,189 65.0 40.3 52.7 20. Karimnagar 10,13,328 6,47,761 16,61,089 67.1 42.7 54.9 21. Warangal 9,73,527 6,22,218 15,95,745 68.9 45.1 57.1 22. Khammam 7,45,679 5,22,265 12,67,944 66.1 74.4 56.9 23. Nalgonda 9,81,875 6,13,768 15,95,643 69.2 44.7 57.2

ANDHRA PRADESH 2,34,44,788 1,64,89,535 3,99,34,323 70.32 50.43 60.47

Source: Final Totals, Census of India, 2001 issued by Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh.

While several districts in Telangana still lag behind in Literacy as per the 2001 census, the growth when compared to the scenario in 1951‐52 is significant and is greater than the growth rate in Andhra, Rayalseema regions as shown below.


4.2 Region wise‐ Percentage of Literacy

Region 1951‐52 2005‐06 % Growth

Andhra & Rayalaseema

13.4 61.3 356.8

Telangana 9.3 57.07 513.7 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh – 1952; 2006

• Between 1951‐52 and 2005‐06, the percentage of Literacy in Telangana has grown by 513.7%, while for the corresponding period the growth is 356.8% in Andhra & Rayalaseema.

4.3 School Education

Region No. of Schools Enrolment No of Teachers

1955‐56 2006‐07 %

Growth 1955‐56 2006‐07

% Growth

1955‐56 2006‐07 %

Growth


21764 55493 154.98 2151897 7194382 234.33 73318 168967 130.46

Telangana 7938 40687 412.56 644991 6553660 916.09 23922 111515 366.16 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1956;2007

• The No.of Schools in Telangana grew by 412.56% between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period the growth is 154.98 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions

• Enrolment in schools in Telangana grew by 916.09% between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period the growth is 234.33% in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions

• The No.of Teachers in Telangana grew by 366.16% between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period the growth is 130.46 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions

4.4 Region‐wise Schools –A.P 2008‐09

Region Primary Upper Primary

High.Schools Higher Secondary

TOTAL

Telangana 25767 6533 9129 52 41481 Coastal Andhra 26686 5289 5405 37 37417 Rayalaseema 13156 3130 2842 11 19139 Total 65609 14952 17376 100 98037 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐2009

• Telangana region has the highest no. of 41,481 schools , as opposed to 37,417 in Coastal Andhra & 19,139 in Rayalaseema.


4.5 Region wise Teachers – A.P 2008‐09

Teachers 200809

Region Primary Upper

Primary High.Schools Higher

Secondary TOTAL

Telangana 82,686 43,297 83,190 2434 211

,607 Coastal

Andhra 66,943 32,795 56,886 1363 157

,987

Rayalaseema 33,568 18,569 27082 330 79,

549

Total 183197 94661 167158 4127 449

419 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐2009

• Telangana region has the highest no. of 2,11,607 Teachers , as opposed to 157,987 in Coastal Andhra & 79,549 in Rayalaseema.

4.6 Region wise Enrolment – A.P 2008‐09

Enrolment 200809

Region Primary Upper Primary

High Schools

Higher Secondary TOTAL

Telangana 2,740,801 1150292 25,75,658 44730 6511481 Coastal Andhra 1,941,958 821,227 18,85,205 35,547 4883937 Rayalaseema 1,003,156 511779 9,09,100 5680 2429715 Total 5,685,915 2483298 5369963 85957 13,625,133

Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐2009

• Telangana region has the highest no. of 65,11,481 enrolments , as opposed to 48,83,837 in Coastal Andhra & 24,29,715 in Rayalaseema


District wise Schools‐ AP 2008‐09

S .NO DISTRICT SCHOOLS

Primar y

Upper Primary

High Schools

Higher Secondary TOTAL

1 Adilabad 3,308 703 715 0 4,726 2 Nizamabad 1,846 510 680 1 3,037 3 Karimnagar 2,714 893 1,186 2 4,795 4 Medak 2,244 596 714 3 3,557 5 Hyderabad 1,526 392 1,090 15 3,023

6 Ranga Reddy 2,524 776 1,231 24 4,555

7 Mahbubnagar 3,023 870 835 1 4,729 8 Nalgonda 2,929 520 1,005 2 4,456 9 Warangal 3,010 635 1,068 1 4,714

10 Khammam 2,643 638 605 3 3,889

Telangana 25,767 6533 9129 52 41,481

11 Srikakulam 2,706 812 484 2 4,004

12 Vizianagaram 2,490 435 404 2 3,331

13 Visakhapatnam 3,320 595 606 14 4,535

14 East Godavari 3,533 623 858 3 5,017

15 West Godavari 2,810 457 636 4 3,907 16 Krishna 2,729 748 672 6 4,155

17 Guntur 3,045 473 610 3 4,131 18 Prakasam 3,071 508 603 1 4,183 19 Nellore 2,982 638 532 2 4,154

TOTAL 26,686 5289 5405 37 37,417

20 Kadapa 3,303 524 696 2 4,525 21 Kurnool 2,157 829 598 2 3,586 22 Anantapur 3,150 936 650 3 4,739

23 Chittoor 4,546 841 898 4 6,289

TOTAL 13,156 3130 2842 11 19,139 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐2009


District‐wise Teachers‐ AP 2008‐09

S.NO DISTRICT TEACHERS

Primary Upper

Primary High

Schools Higher

Secondary TOTAL 1 Adilabad 7,353 3,971 5,561 0 16,886 2 Nizamabad 6,173 3,819 5,496 17 15,507 3 Karimnagar 9,008 6,332 10,404 43 25,790 4 Medak 6,128 3,414 5,990 68 15,604 5 Hyderabad 9,719 3,051 12,271 923 25,969

6 Ranga Reddy 10,913 6,298 12,238 1,170 30,625

7 Mahbubnagar 8,358 5,218 6,981 24 20,588 8 Nalgonda 8,805 3,529 8,540 59 20,941 9 Warangal 9,788 4,431 9,952 24 24,204 10 Khammam 6,441 3,234 5,757 106 15,548

TOTAL 82,686 43,297 83,190 2434 211,607 11 Srikakulam 5,780 5,100 4,344 33 15,268

12 Vizianagaram 6,266 3,029 3,881 51 13,239

13 Visakhapatnam 7,268 3,479 6,121 765 17,646

14 East Godavari 9,533 3,944 8,976 53 22,520

15 West Godavari 7,715 3,082 7,160 131 18,103 16 Krishna 7,449 4829 8410 211 20,915 17 Guntur 8,579 2,599 6588 61 17,844 18 Prakasam 7,846 3,246 5716 24 16,850

19 Nellore 6,507 3,487 5690 34 15,737

TOTAL 66,943 32,795 56,886 1363 157,987

20 Kadapa 8,428 3,088 6543 27 18,106 21 Kurnool 7,281 5118 6085 50 18,555 22 Anantapur 7,472 5298 5741 98 18,631 23 Chittoor 10,387 5065 8713 155 24,343

TOTAL 33,568 18,569 27082 330 79,549 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐2009


District‐wise Enrolment‐ AP 2008‐09

S.NO DISTRICT ENROLMENT

Primary Upper

Primary High

Schools Higher

Secondary TOTAL 1 Adilabad 2,30,356 1,09,693 1,94,538 0 534,586 2 Nizamabad 1,94,387 87,755 1,86,981 392 469,515 3 Karimnagar 2,65,868 1,49,194 3,01,342 1,048 717452 4 Medak 2,14,407 97,671 2,07,567 1,896 521541

5 Hyderabad 3,89,356 89,487 3,43,631 2,387 824861

6 Ranga Reddy 4,53,226 1,78,303 3,78,533 34,275 1044337

7 Mahbubnagar 2,79,679 1,58,692 2,38,159 415 676945 8 Nalgonda 2,61,518 97,015 2,58,551 1,411 618495 9 Warangal 2,79,505 1,03,242 2,75,878 446 659071 10 Khammam 1,72,519 79,240 1,90,478 2460 444697

TelanganaTotal 2,740,801 1150292 25,75,658 44730 6511481

11 Srikakulam 1,48,051 1,12,027 1,54,666 928 415672

12 Vizianagaram 1,64,870 68,466 1,38,324 975 372635

13 Visakhapatnam 2,34,533 1,02,378 2,45,154 21,266 603331

14 East Godavari 3,11,927 1,06,780 3,13,198 731 732636

15 West Godavari 2,36,813 86,204 2,34,932 2,707 560656 16 Krishna 2,45,431 1,14,417 2,50,140 6,522 616510 17 Guntur 2,31,328 78,322 2,25,455 1,303 536408 18 Prakasam 2,10,200 79,227 1,67,819 438 457684 19 Nellore 1,58,805 73,406 1,55,517 677 388405

Andhra Total 1,941,958 821,227 18,85,205 35,547 4883937

20 Kadapa 2,13,289 74,198 1,82,357 661 470505

21 Kurnool 2,81,609 1,72,856 2,32,643 1,223 688337 22 Anantapur 2,23,496 1,43,747 2,27,079 1,376 595698 23 Chittoor 2,84,762 1,20,978 2,67,021 2,420 675181

Rayalaseema Total 1,003,156 511779 9,09,100 5680 2429715



4.7 College Education AP 2008‐09

Region No. of Colleges Enrolment

1955‐56 2006‐07 % Growth 1955‐56 2006‐07 % Growth


36 2006 5472.22 32187 723151 2146.71

Telangana 15 1706 11273.333 10294 654213 6255.28 Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1955‐56 ; 2006‐07

• The No.of Colleges in Telangana grew by 112 times between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period the growth is 52 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions

• Enrolment in Colleges in Telangana grew over 62 times between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period the growth is 21 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions

4.8 Region wise Junior Colleges ‐ AP 2008‐09

Region No.of.Colleges No.of. No.of.Teachers Total Enrolments

Telangana 1950 434028 18843 Coastal Andhra 1670 409,532 16579 Rayalaseema 644 222906 6790 Total 4,264 1,066,466 42,212


Telangana region has the highest no. of 18,843 Junior Colleges , as opposed to 16,579 in Coastal Andhra & 6,790 in Rayalaseema

4.9 University wise Scholars ‐ AP 2008‐09

Graduates & Post Graduates Grand total

Region University No. of Graduates Total

TELANGANA Osmania 116384 190862

Kakatiya 74478

Andhra 89188 ANDHRA Nagarjuna 70680 159868

RAYALASEEMA Sri.Venkateswara 49200 89435

Krishna Devaraya 40235

Total 440165 440165 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐2009


5. Health & Medical Facilities

Region No. of Hospitals No. of Beds

1955‐56 2006‐07 %Growth 1955‐56 2006‐07 %Growth Andhra &

Rayalaseema 169 1325 84.02 7738

19298 149.39

Telangana 127 850 569.29 4602 16436 257.15 Source: Statistical abstracts ‐1956, 2007 & 2008, Govt.of AP

• The No.of Hospitals in Telangana grew by 569.29 % between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period the growth is 84.02 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions

• The No.of beds in Telangana grew by 257.15 % between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period the growth is 149.39 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions

5.1 REGION‐WISE GOVERNMENT MEDICAL FACILITIES–ALLOPATHIC‐2008‐09 ( As on 31st Mar'2009 )

Region No. of Primary Health Centres

Total No.of Beds

No of Regular Doctors

No of Contract Doctors

Telangana 607 17,007 3753 335 Coastal Andhra 658 14,680 3642 296 Rayalaseema 316 7372 1926 165 Total 1581 39,059 9321 796


• Telangana region has 17,007 beds in 607 Primary Health Centers, 3753 Regular Doctors, Contract Doctors 335 , highest than the other two regions.

5.2 Drinking Water : Region wise Budget Allocations AP 2004‐09

Area 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 Total

Andhra 124.10 136.82 152.84 185.92 291.09 890.72

Rayalaseema 121.45 111.20 85.35 150.50 277.87 746.37

Telangana 311.01 255.61 305.88 241.59 382.20 1496.29 Source : AP State Budget Statistics


• Telangana was allocated Rs.1496.29 Cr for providing Drinking water during the period 2004‐09, while this number is Rs.746.37 for Rayalaseema & Coastal Andhra was allocated 890.72 Cr.

6. IRRIGATION

v Andhra Pradesh is endowed with several natural resources‐ the chief among them being the rivers. Two of the largest rivers in India, Krishna & Godavari flow through Andhra Pradesh. The two rivers and their tributaries pass through other states, enter AP through Telangana region and merge into Bay of Bengal via Coastal Andhra .

v Given India’s reliance on agriculture based economy, water is a crucial resource. As a result of this it leads to disputes and claims over sharing the river water, between various states through which the rivers pass.

v In the 1960s when disputes started between states of Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra & Karnataka over sharing of waters of Krishna & Godavari rivers, the central government appointed Justice Bachawat tribunal to resolve the disputes.

v The Tribunal states that “In determining the equitable utilization of water ,where existing and contemplated users are in conflict , besides other factors ,the most important factor is the preferred position of the existing use; thus an existing use which is beneficial and not wasteful will ordinarily prevail over a contemplated use.”

v According to this principle, Andhra Pradesh received a larger share of river water , when compared to its catchment area and the claims of other two states Karnataka & Maharashtra were struck down, though the catchment area is more in those states. This is evident from the tribunal award of a highest of 800 TMC to Andhra Pradesh , 560TMC to Maharashtra, 700 TMC to Karnataka. Of these Coastal Andhra gets 366 TMC, Rayalaseema 122 TMC & Telangana 260 TMC, while rest is provision for evaporation, as per the tribunal.

v The T‐bogey ignoring or feigning ignorance of the binding principle on which water resources are shared between existing and contemplated users, claims that Telangana is entitled to about 68.5% of the 800 TMC in Krishna waters as they have a greater catchment area than Andhra region. This is deliberate misleading of the people. A further distortion is their claim is that Telangana region is not getting even 100 TMC of Krishna water, while it is clearly established that they are availing 260 TMC.

v Similarly , on the issue of distribution of Godavari waters between Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh & Maharshtra, Bachawat awarded 1472 TMC to Andhra Pradesh .

v Of these about 600 TMC of water is received by Godavari River at its tail end. So, even if Telangana taps the Godavari water fully at higher altitudes of its region, it would not impact the Coastal region’s irrigation.


v In the context of Irrigation, it is important to examine the status of Telangana & Andhra regions.

v During the British Rule (circa 1850 AD) itself, several dams were built in the Andhra region thanks mainly to Sir Arthur Cotton. (Post formation of Andhra Pradesh, no major irrigation project meant exclusively for Andhra region was ever built.) Prior to formation of Andhra Pradesh, Nizam Sagar is the only major irrigation project in Telangana region. Most importantly, Telangana region is a plateau, in high altitudes, as opposed to the Coastal Region which is lower, due to this, gravitational forces do not provide conducive conditions for providing easy access to water for irrigation in Telangana region.

v Irrigation projects have traditionally been undertaken based on the viability & ‘productivity test’.

v Lift Irrigation projects are always expensive and experts opine that until year 2000, Lifting water above 30 feet was always considered technologically unviable and not feasible in terms of cost incurred.

v However in the last 10 years, technology has become available to Lift the water up to nearly 400 feet. The maintenance cost for such projects itself comes to about Rs.30,000 per hectare. Yet, the Government has taken up some such projects in Telangana region.

v In view of the Natural disadvantages of Telangana region, more than 50% of Funds were spent on various irrigation projects under Jalayagnam in Telangana Region since 2004.

v The state has seen traditional agriculture methods between 1956 ‐1966.

v The State’s Agriculture witnessed considerable growth also aided by Green Revolution Movement between 1966‐90, did suffer setbacks between 1991‐2004 due to the New Policies of the State & Central Governments of the time. (India also became a signatory to the WTO guidelines and Dunkel Draft during this time. In fact this had some adverse impact on Indian agriculture at large.)

v Despite all these in the last 50 years, districts like Karimnagar , Nalgonda & Warangal in Telangana have surpassed or equaled the districts in Coastal Andhra in agriculture.

v In year 1955‐56 the Nett irrigated land in Telangana region was about 8.01 Lakh Hectares, in 2008‐ 09 this has reached 18.82 Lakh Hectares. The increase is 134.73 %. The increase in Andhra for the corresponding period is only 40.16%.

v The production of Paddy, Sugarcane & Cotton crops have increased manifold by 2005‐06 compared to 1955‐56.

v Also Telangana region has the largest number of tube wells and consumes maximum power

v The Telangana Districts of Medak , Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda & Mahboob Nagar, Nizamabad top the Per Capita Consumption of Electricity in AP. Out of the top 10 districts in Per Capita Consumption, there are 7 districts from Telangana region.

v Drought prone districts like Mahboobnagar in Telangana, Anantapur in Rayalaseema & Vizianagaram in Andhra still remain far behind the developed districts in respect of income employment & living conditions.


IRRIGATION

6.1 AREA IRRIGATED BY SOURCES, DISTRICTWISE, 200809 in Hectares

Sl. No District Tanks Canals Tubewells Dug wells Other Sources Total

Area Irrigated more than once

Gross Area Irrigated

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Adilabad 38622 8425 8010 24594 197 79848 39095 1,18,943 2 Nizamabad 12739 30634 1,35,754 5006 5312 1,89,445 1,40,676 3,30,121 3 Karimnagar 27952 58952 38444 2,66,680 1999 3,94,027 1,79,228 5,73,255 4 Medak 14242 2084 1,10,146 13423 3839 143734 73723 2,17,457 5 Hyderabad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Ranga Reddy 1737 646 44479 7548 1908 56318 17415 73733 7 Mahbubnagar 3350 28964 1,59,468 12645 7571 2,11,998 59718 2,71,716 8 Nalgonda 17604 76748 1,31,753 38814 11521 2,76,440 1,59,090 4,35,530 9 Warangal 72671 3354 63772 1,66,270 5930 3,12,189 1,32,756 4,44,945 10 Khammam 49102 63772 38419 44857 22241 2,18,391 36911 2,55,302

Telangana 18,82,390 27,20,972 11 Srikakulam 68736 1,06,120 7997 12427 1953 1,97,233 14271 2,11,504 12 Vizianagaram 84279 37467 12169 4842 4251 1,43,008 33698 1,76,706 13 Visakhapatnam 27498 42285 10243 6108 21290 1,07,424 32698 1,40,203 14 East Godavari 32368 1,79,291 64773 138 11530 2,88,100 2,15,028 5,03,128 15 West Godavari 22643 1,90,221 1,46,343 6347 8528 3,74,082 2,75,581 6,49,663 16 Krishna 25993 2,27,186 53628 7692 13528 3,28,027 1,60,402 4,88,429 17 Guntur 4909 3,06,23 59656 6012 18470 3,95,270 1,20,898 5,16,168 18 Prakasam 20764 73944 96267 7609 18007 2,16,591 12009 2,28,600 19 Nellore 77109 93253 61558 14113 9351 2,55,384 70999 3,26,383

Andhra 23,05,119 32,40,784 20 Kadapa 7223 27042 1,19,910 4862 642 1,59,679 32574 1,92,253 21 Kurnool 8878 91587 69043 28201 10079 2,07,788 45561 2,53,349 22 Anantapur 7391 20965 80093 8056 1658 1,18,163 27440 1,45,603 23 Chittoor 21999 284 97936 26871 22 1,47,112 40459 1,87,571

Rayalaseema 6,32,742 7,78,776 AndhraPradesh 6,47,809 16,69,447 16,10,053 7,13,115 1,79,827 48,20,251 19,20,311 67,40,562


6.2 Gross and Net Area irrigated (195657 & 200809) (in Hectares)

Region Net Area Irrigated (in lakh hect)

Gross Area Irrigated (in lakh hect)

195657 200809 %

Growth 195657 200809 % Growth

Andhra & Rayalaseema 20.96 29.37 40.16 27.82

40.19 44.46

Telangana 8.01 18.82 134.73 10.73 27.20 153.49

Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1957; 2009

• Nett Area Irrigated has grown by 134.73% in Telanagana between 1956‐57 and 2008‐09 , where as for the corresponding period the growth is by 40.16 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.


• Gross Area Irrigated has grown by 153.49 % in Telanagana between 1956‐57 and 2008‐09, where as for the corresponding period the growth is by 44.46 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.

6.3 Percentage of Net Irrigated area to total Net Area Sown (in %)

Region 195253 200708 % Growth

Andhra & Rayalaseema 30.3 42.7 40.8

Telangana 17.9 43.1 140.8 Source: India reference‐ 1956, information department, GOI

• The percentage of Nett Area Irrigated to Nett area sown has grown by 140.8% in Telangana between 1956‐57 and 2007‐08,where as for the corresponding period the growth is by 40.8 % in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.

6.4 Budget For Jalayagnam

Area 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐2007 Total Expenditure

Telangana 1788 3469 1344 6601(54.84)

Coastal 754 1875 303 2932(24.38)

Rayalaseema 788 1226 276 2290(19.02)

• In Budget allocated for Irrigation projects under Jalayagnam between 2004‐2007, Telangana is given 54.84% as opposed to 24.32% for Coastal Andhra & 19.02% for Rayalaseema.

6.5 Per Capita Food Production (Kgs per person) for the Triennial periods 1955‐58 & 1998‐2001

Region 1955‐58 19982001 Growth %

Telangana 131.61 190.86 45%

Coastal Andhra & 201.31 202 0.30

Rayalaseema

Total Andhra 176.69 197.4 11.7

Source : Development of AP, Study of Regional Disparities 19562001

• The Per Capita Food Production (kgs per person )in Telangana has grown by 45 % between 1955‐58 and 1998‐2001, while during the same period Andhra & Rayalaseema regions together registered a growth of a mere 0.30 %.


7. AGRICULTURE

7.1 Region wise Rice & Sugarcane Area / Production( in lakh tons )

RICE

Area in lakh

hectares Year Prodn. In lakh

tonnes Year

Region 196061 2008‐09 195657 2008‐09

Telangana 7.93 16.91 6.34 53.6

Coastal Andhra 18.63 24.14 22.9 80.65

Rayalaseema 3.05 2.80 4.29 8.14

Total 29.61 43.87 33.53 142.41

SUGAR

Area in lakh

hectares Year Prodn. In lakh

tonnes Year

Region 1960‐61 2008‐09 196061 200809 Telangana 0.57 0.42 2.79 3.52

Coastal Andhra 1.31 1.25 4.15 9.8

Rayalaseema 0.36 0.28 1.72 2.42

Total 2.24 1.96 8.66 15.75 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1957; 1961; 2009

• Rice Area in Acres has increased in Telangana from 7.93 lakh 1960‐61 acres to 16.91 acres in 2008‐09.

• For the corresponding period, in Coastal Andhra , the Rice area has increased from 18.63 lakh acres to 24.14 lakh acres.

• Rayalaseema has recorded a negative growth during this period for Rice Area. It has reduced from 3.05 lakh acres to 2.80 lakh acres.

• Production of rice has increased from a mere 6.34 lakh tonnes in 1956‐57 to 53.6 lakh tonnes in 2008‐09.

• For the corresponding period, in Coastal Andhra , the Rice production has increased from 22.90 lakh tonnes to 80.65 lakh tonnes.

• Rayalaseema has recorded a negative growth during this period for Rice Area. It has reduced from 4.29 lakh tonnes to 8.14 lakh tonnes.

• Though Sugar Area in Acres has reduced in all regions , production has substantially increased in Telangana from 2.79 lakh tonnes from 57 thousand acres in 1960‐61 to 3.52 lakh tonnes in 2008‐09 from just 42 thousand acres.


8. ELECTRICITY

8.1 District wise Per Capita Consumption of Power 200708; 200809 In KWH 2007‐08 2008‐09

Sl.No

District Domes tic

Agricultur al

Industri al

(includin g

cottage & H.T)

All Categori

es

Domesti c

Agricultur al

Industri al(includ ing cottage & H.T)

All Categori

es

‐1 ‐2 ‐3 ‐4 ‐5 ‐6 ‐7 ‐8 ‐9 ‐10

1 Srikakulam 85 20 117 284 93 25 110 295

2 Vizianagaram 81 29 287 454 91 34 280 465

3 Visakhapatna m

159 22 233 586 177 24 269 659

4 East Godavari 140 67 113 388 153 80 110 418

5 West Godavari

143 218 147 582 154 245 153 630

6 Krishna 165 65 116 402 209 58 152 494

7 Guntur 145 59 231 483 153 58 236 499

8 Prakasam 100 170 318 418 105 164 119 427

9 Nellore 141 158 230 577 148 137 208 573

10 Chittoor 97 250 132 593 112 258 163 650

11 Kadapa 93 277 164 577 99 352 125 633

12 Anantapur 74 279 173 571 79 323 218 669

13 Kurnool 83 116 130 375 92 101 171 415

14 Mahbubnagar 40 364 208 651 45 428 249 769

15 Ranga Reddy 278 176 509 1,140 326 194 527 1285

16 Hyderabad 424 0 176 992 453 0 190 1057

17 Medak 76 516 618 1252 89 460 690 1292

18 Nizamabad 101 505 29 709 111 545 41 754

19 Adilabad 100 153 183 498 93 166 214 560

20 Karimnagar 104 206 77 568 110 253 94 665

21 Warangal 96 334 46 557 107 362 59 616

22 Khammam 123 113 103 420 119 124 115 463

23 Nalgonda 65 410 387 986 73 476 437 1126

Andhra Pradesh 126 178 181 703 140 195 255 746



• As per the 2008‐09 report for District‐wise Per Capita Power consumption, out of the top ten districts, 7 are from Telangana region.

• Srikakulam in North Coastal Andhra is at the bottom with least power Consumption.

• In per capita power consumption for agriculture, Nizamabad, Medak, Mahboobnagar & Warangal from Telangana are at the top.

• Least Power Consumption for agriculture is in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram & Vishakhapatnam in the North Coastal Andhra region. Hyderabad is exempted in this category.

• In Per Capita Consumption for domestic use, the 4 districts out of 10 in Telangana, 3 districts out of 4 in Rayalaseema, 2 districts out of 9 in Coastal Andhra have the lowest consumption.

• The high power consumption in Telangana is linked to the problems of farmers . Over dependence on Bore wells & Tube wells for irrigation, market problems, raw deal given to agricultural sector due to Government policies particularly between 1999‐2004, increased farmer suicides etc., have necessitated the Government to provide ‘free power’ in 2004. Telangana accounts for maximum consumption of free power. As a result, Telangana accounts for the highest cost incurred for free power ,in the state budget.

8.2 Rural Electrification (Total No. of Villages Electrified)

Region Number Of Villages

1956 2009 % Growth

Andhra & Rayalaseema 545 16,355 2,900.9

Telangana 11 10,258 93,154.5 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1956; 2009

• Between 1956 & 2009, Rural electrication in Telangana has grown by 931 times, while Andhra & Rayalaseema has grown by only 29 times.

8.3 Total Power consumption AP in MU (in 1961 & 200809)

Region Total LT & HT % in total state Consumption

1961 200809 % Growth 1961 2009 % Growth


517.6 24826.40 4796.44 74.1 46.54 37.19

Telangana 180.7 28508.78 15776.8 25.9 53.46 106.6 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1961; 2009

• Between 1961 ‐2009, Total Power Consumption in Telangana has grown by 157 times as opposed to only 47 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.


• Between 1961‐2009, Telangana has recorded a growth rate of 106.6% in Total Power Consumption compared to the State’s growth rate, while Andhra & Rayalaseema regions for the same period have recorded a negative growth of 37.19%.

8.4 POWER CONSUMPTION ,CATEGORYWISE,DISTRICTWISE 200809 (in Million Units)

Region TOTAL LOW TENSION

TOTAL HIGH TENSION TOTAL H.T & L.T

Telangana 18342.32 10168.46 28508.78 Coastal Andhra 10418.07 5631.34 16249.11 Rayalaseema 6091.95 2445.34 8577.29 Total 34852.34 18245.14 53335.18


8.5 Industrial power Consumption in 1961 & 2008 (in million units)

Region Major and Medium Category Consumers

Minor Industry Category Consumers

1961 200708 %Growth 1961 200708 %Growth


306.2 602.4 1,880.1 48.83 1338 2,640

Telangana 120.4 7616 6,225.4 11.75 1196.4 1,0082 Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1961;2008

• In Industrial Power Consumption for Major & Medium categories, between 1961‐2007‐08, Telangana has registered a growth of 62 times as opposed to 18 times by Andhra & Rayalaseema.

• In Industrial Power Consumption for Minor industry category, between 1961‐2007‐08, Telangana has registered a growth of 100 times as opposed to 26 times by Andhra & Rayalaseema

9. INDUSTRY

9.1 Workers in Registered Factories (in 1961 & 2005)

Region 1961 2005 %Growth

Andhra & Rayalaseema 2,93,215 2,79,885 ‐4.5

Telangana 1,47,942 5,04,885 240.8 Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh ‐1961; 2005

• Number of workers in registered factories have increased by 240.8 % in Telangana between 1961 ‐2005, while during the same period , Andhra & Rayalaseema region has shown a negative growth of 4.5%.


9.2 Number of Registered factories

Region 1958 2005 %Growth

Andhra & Rayalaseema 393 16,713 4152.7

Telangana 141 11,421 8000.0

Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh 1958‐2005

• Number of registered factories have grown 80 times in Telangana region between 1958 ‐2005. For the corresponding period, the growth in Andhra & Rayalaseema is 41.5 times.

9.3 Employment Created In Industrial Sector

Region 200405 200506 TOTAL %

SSI LSI SSI LSI

Telangana 13253 1751 8612 3795 27411 49.67

Andhra 6462 3353 5512 4641 19968 36.18

Rayalaseema 1912 1748 1708 2439 7807 14.15

Total 21627 6852 15832 10875 55186 100.00

Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh 2005;2006

• As of 2005‐06, Telanagana accounts for 49.67 % of the total employment created in Industrial Sector, while Andhra region accounts for 36.18 % and Rayalaseema 14.15 %.

9.4 Employment Created In Information Technology Sector

Region 19972004 200405 200506 TOTAL %

Telangana 83145 38975 23469 62444 94.84

Andhra 2800 1900 1300 3200 4.86

Rayalaseema 0 100 100 200 0.30

Total 85945 Jobs (in 7 years)

40975 24869 65844 jobs (in 2years)

100.0

As per STPI (GOI) report

• As of 2005‐06, Telangana accounts for 94.84% in Employment created in Information Technology Sector, while Andhra accounts for 4.86 % & Rayalaseema a dismal 0.30 %.


10. Infrastructure

10.1 Roads

Region Cement Black Top Metal

195556 200607 %

Growth 195556 200607

% Growth

195556 200607 %

Growth Andhra & Rayalasee ma

229 1419 520.19 3722 45697 1127.89 6762 21522 318.30

Telangana 101 594 489.29 667 30123 4414.84 4026 16589 412.09 Source‐ Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh ‐1956; 2007

• Black top Roads have increased 44.14 times in Telangana between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period, the increase is 11.7 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.

• Cement Roads have increased 4.89 times in Telangana between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period, the increase is 5.2 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.

• Metal Roads have increased 4.12 times in Telangana between 1955‐56 & 2006‐07, while for the corresponding period, the increase is 3.18 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.

10.2 Motor Vehicles (in Numbers)

Region 1961 200708 % Growth

Andhra & Rayalaseema 25,694 33,54,863 12,957.0

Telangana 6,286 34,89,142 55,406.6

Source‐ Statistical Abstracts Andhra Pradesh 1961; 2008

• Motor vehicles have increased by 554 times in Telangana between 1961‐2007‐08, while for the corresponding period the increase is 129 times in Andhra & Rayalaseema regions.


Bright Prospects in Development

Besides the evident progress that the State and the Region of Telangana region in particular have made in the last 50 years, there are more indicators that it will attain greater momentum and thrust on achieving all round development in near future. Some of the factors are enlisted below:

1. Enhanced Fund Allocations

v The Andhra Pradesh Government is likely to get nearly twice the fund allocations according to the 13 th Finance Commission recommendations for the five‐year period of 2010‐2015 as against the previous finance commission term of 2005‐2010.

v According to the recommendations of the Finance Commission, the Andhra Pradesh Government is poised to garner Rs 1,00,616 crore as the State's share of Central taxes and Rs 13,802 crore as grants in aid for the next five years period during the 13 th Commission as against actual receipts of Rs 57,000 crore during the 12 th Finance Commission report period of 2005‐2010.

v Focus of Eleventh 5 year Plan 200712

v The focus of the Eleventh 5 year Plan 2007‐12 is Good Governance & Inclusive Growth.

v NREGA : One of the recent Central Government Initiatives, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or NREGA job guarantee scheme(August 25, 2005) provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work‐related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage of Rs.60 per day.

v This act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily semi or un‐skilled work to people living in rural India, whether or not they are below the poverty line. Around one‐third of the stipulated work force is women.

v The scheme started from February 2, 2006 in 200 districts, was expanded to cover another 130 districts in 2007‐2008 and eventually covered all 593 districts in India in April 01, 2008. The outlay was Rs. 11,000 crores in 2006‐2007, and has been rising steeply, to Rs. 39,100 crores (140% increased amount respect of previous 2008‐2009 budget) in 2009‐2010.

v This is another factor, helping improve the situation of the deprived sections all over including Telangana region.

Impetus to Agricultural & industrial & other development will be derailed if the state is to be divided.

v The growth momentum in the state , particularly in areas like attracting private investment, completing large irrigation projects and so can be seriously impaired by division of the state, as it impacts the viability of the projects. Some such factors are enlisted below:

v Except for Haryana, the creation of smaller states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand have not produced desired results. With a much smaller number of MLAs to manage, these states have become easy grounds for horse‐trading and manipulation, resulting in prolonged political uncertainty.


v Often political changes can be brought about by influencing the fewer MLAs. This also affects economic growth. If a separate Telangana comes up, there is every likelihood of such a scenario

being repeated. v Political instability in Andhra Pradesh will be detrimental for the growth of the State and may impact

the flow of investments, both from domestic and foreign players. v For the first time, Andhra Pradesh had emerged second to Gujarat as the investment destination for

national and international investors. v Industry opines that apart from investments from corporate sector, the ongoing agitation in the State

would impact the growth of IT/ ITES, manufacturing and real estate. There is an urgent need to maintain conducive atmosphere for growth.

v As per a study of the apex chamber, in fiscal 2008‐09, the government as well as private investment proposals worth Rs.88.71 lakh crores was announced for India in which the share of AP stood at 8.7 per cent—over Rs.7.05 lakh crore.

v The total private sector investment announced for the State as of March 2009 was Rs.4.25 lakh crore, of which the share from Indian private sector was put at Rs.3.80 lakh crore for 971 projects against Rs.45,195 crore of foreign private sectors.

v All this may seriously be impacted if the state is to be bifurcated.

Impact on Irrigation Projects

v One of the Major irrigation projects in Telangana region, Pranahitha – Chevella has a capital outlay of around 30 thousand crores. In this context, needless to mention the guidelines of the FRBM Act.

v Since, the state’s borrowing ability/capability depends on the State’s Gross Domestic Product. (GSDP) If the state is divided then the GSDP will naturally come down drastically. As a result these projects can not get funds and become unviable.

v Besides Irrigation & other projects in Telangana region require vast resources of power upto 3500 MW for implementation. Coal, which is a major natural resource in Telangana might not alone be sufficient to cater to these requirements. Besides Coal is National wealth and cannot be utilized by just the state of origin alone.

v Elected Governments flouting the rules and guidelines is a worrying trend. We also need to address several contentious issues like Sharing of waters between states. AP has issues with neighboring states like Karnataka (Almatti), Maharashtra ( Babli) .It is a matter of great concern that states are not adhering or respecting the awards of the central water commission ( CWC). In a scenario of a new state, there is a great likelihood of these issues further aggravating.

Given all these factors , it is important to appreciate the merits of economies of scale and that larger states can in fact have better negotiation and can attract better public and private investments, for their benefit while smaller states become more vulnerable in various aspects.


6. Hyderabad – Present day Status


Hyderabad is the Political, Economic, knowledge & Intellectual Capital of Andhra Pradesh and is one of the fastest growing Metros in the country. Hyderabad has over the years become a symbol of Telugu pride and real integration of Telugus including its vast Diaspora. Entrepreneurs, Industrialists, Sports Persons, Dynamic Political Leaders, Intellectuals, Visionaries, Creative artists from across Andhra Pradesh have made Hyderabad their home and turned Hyderabad into a Global Destination. The progress achieved by Hyderabad in the last 5 decades, could not have been possible without the relentless contribution of Telugus across Andhra Pradesh.

The contribution of a vast Telugu Diaspora to the development of Hyderabad cannot be undermined. The spread and growing influence of the Telugu Diaspora, their continued bonding with their home state, have helped transform Hyderabad into a Global destination. Hyderabad has become home for one of the best International Air ports in Asia. Almost all Major Consulates of World Countries have been set up here including the US Consulate.

And without the progress and prominence achieved by Hyderabad, it would not have been possible to put Andhra Pradesh on the path of prosperity. Hyderabad has grown manifold since the formation of Andhra Pradesh and has come to be the single largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product, state tax and excise revenues with nearly 50 % of the total revenues of the state.

With its cosmopolitan outlook, vibrant culture, booming economy, ever increasing educational and

employment opportunities, it may not be an exaggeration to say that every household across AP has an inseparable bonding with Hyderabad. Due to its thriving industry and formidable infrastructure, human resources and conducive atmosphere, Hyderabad attracts tremendous amounts of private & public

investments from across India and world into not only Hyderabad but also to the state. Through the proliferation of IT industries thanks to the conducive atmosphere in the capital and the state, nearly two lakh jobs have been created and thousands of crores of investment made in the state.

More over, Hyderabad being geographically located in the Telangana region has allowed the remaining parts of Telangana draw significantly from Hyderabad’s development in all spheres. Hyderabad naturally provides strong impetus for the growth of 5 districts of Telangana surrounding it, out of the 10 districts of the Telangana region. The Hyderabad Metropolitan area falls under the following districts each headed by a collector: Hyderabad district‐ full (16 Mandals), Medak district‐ part (10 Mandals), Rangareddy district‐ part (22 Mandals), Mahboobnagar district‐ part (64 Mandals), Nalgonda district‐part (4 Mandals). Hyderabad voters send 24 members to the Legislative Assembly, whose constituencies come under 5 Lok Sabha segments

It is extremely important to note that TRS, the party demanding separate statehood for Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital, has virtually no support in Hyderabad. TRS could not even contest in single ward in the recent elections to Greater Hyderabad. The MIM, which mainly represents the Muslim community of Hyderabad and one of the Major Political Parties in Hyderabad, is opposed to the idea of bi‐furcation of the

state all along. Except in the premises of the Osmania University, the T‐ Bogey does not have any support for Telangana statehood through the city.

None of the Legislators of any Political Parties in Hyderabad, did participate in any movement for Telangana, clearly reflecting the mood of the people of Hyderabad. In fact several quarters evinced strong desire to retain Hyderabad’s independence and become a Union Territory in case there arises a need for

the separation of the state.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandals_(India)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medak_district


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangareddi_District


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahbubnagar_District


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalgonda_district


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_State_Assembly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha


A brief detail of Hyderabad’s progress in various spheres v Hyderabad has developed into a major hub for the Information technology industry in India. It is the

Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Capital of the Country. The city is home to the world's largest film studio, the Ramoji Film City as well as the Telugu Film Industry, the second‐largest in India, known popularly as Tollywood. It is also a sporting destination with numerous sporting venues and stadia.

Various national and international games are conducted here. The ‘Rashtrapathi Nilayam’ located in Secunderabad, is the President of India ‘s annual retreat.

v Starting in the 1990s, the economic pattern of the city has changed from being a primarily service city to being one with a more diversified spectrum, including trade, transport, commerce, storage, communication etc. Service industry is the major contributor, with urban workforce constituting 90% of the total workforce.

v Hyderabad has witnessed a high growth in the real estate business, thanks to a information‐ technology‐driven boom in the 1990s and the retail industry growth over the last few years which have spurred hectic commercial activity. A number of mega malls have come up or are being built in the city. Real estate demand in the suburban and rural areas surrounding Hyderabad has gone up exponentially over the past few years.

v The retail industry in Hyderabad is on the rise. Many international and national brands have set up retail chains here. The city has multiple Central Business Districts (CBDs) spread across the city. There are many major business/commercial districts from the older Charminar area to newer Kothaguda.

v Hyderabad is a major centre for pharmaceuticals with companies such as Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Matrix Laboratories, Hetero Drugs Limited, Divis Labs, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Lee Pharma and Vimta Labs being housed in the city. Initiatives such as Genome Valley, Fab City and the Nano Technology park are expected to create extensive infrastructure in bio‐technology [33

Information technology industry

v Hyderabad has established itself as the leading destination for IT and IT‐enabled services, pharmaceuticals call centres and entertainment industries. Many computer software companies, software consulting firms, business process outsourcing (BPO) firms, dealing with IT and other technological services firms have established their offices and facilities in the city since the 1990s.

v The development of a township with related technological infrastructure called HITEC City prompted several IT and ITES companies to set up operations in the city. An aggressive promotion of growth in this area has led civic boosters to call the city Cyberabad. There have been extensive investments in digital infrastructure within the city promoting the setting up of several campuses by a vast array of companies within the city.

v This list includes several multinational corporations having established their development centres in the city. Major areas where such campuses have been set up are Madhapur, Kondapur, Gachibowli and Uppal.

v Several Fortune 500 corporations mostly related to IT or BPO services industry. Microsoft (with its largest R&D campus outside the US), Accenture, ADP, Agilent, Alcatel Lucent, Amazon, AMD, AT&T, Bank of America, Computer Associates, CSC, Convergys, Dell, Deloitte, DuPont, Fidelity Investments, Franklin Templeton, GE, Google, Hewlett‐Packard, Honeywell, Hyundai, IBM, Motorola, Nvidia, Oracle Corporation, Qualcomm, Rockwell Collins, SAP AG, UBS AG, Verizon, Virtusa, Wells Fargo have a significant presence in Hyderabad.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramoji_Film_City

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Film_Industry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Andhra_Pradesh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_industry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charminar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Reddy's_Laboratories

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Valley,_Hyderabad,_India


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_centres

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HITEC_City


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberabad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India_and_IT_Industry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhapur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondapur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gachibowli

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Data_Processing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel_Lucent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&T

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Associates

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Sciences_Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergys

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Templeton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Collins

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_AG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS_AG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtusa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo


v Major Indian IT Corporations such as Mahindra Satyam, HCL, Infosys, Wipro, Patni Computer Systems , Cognizant Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services ,Persistent Systems and Polaris Software Lab Limited also have development centres in the city.

Educational Opportunities

v Many notable educational institutions are based in Hyderabad.The city is home to three central universities, two deemed universities, and six state universities. Among them is the Osmania University, established in 1917, which is the seventh oldest university in India and the third oldest in South India. [63] Hyderabad Central University (University of Hyderabad), National Academy of Legal Studies & Research (Nalsar), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, English and Foreign Languages University and Dr. BR Ambedkar Open University are other famous universities which are present in the city. [64] Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, a well known educational institution in the field of Agriculture is located on the outskirts of the city. The Indian School of Business, a top ranking business school which attracts students from all over the world is present at Gachibowli, Hyderabad.

v There are numerous engineering colleges in and around Hyderabad. Among the pre‐eminent engineering colleges located in the city are the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, International Institute of Information Technology, Osmania University College of Engineering (OUCE), a campus of BITS Pilani,Osmania University's College of Technology (OUCT), CBIT,VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology,JNTU, M.V.S.R College of Engineering,Vasavi College of Engineering, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology,Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,University of Hyderabad a premier institute of higher education & research and GITAM University Hyderabad Campus are located in this city. Important medical institutions include Gandhi Medical College, Osmania Medical College and several other private medical colleges, such as Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan medical college. Fly‐Tech Aviation Academy and Rajiv Gandhi Aviation Academy are those amongst the best institutes in the aviation field.

R & D

v Hyderabad is home to numerous research institutes, including the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), National Geophysical Research Institute(NGRI)(NGRI), IRISET for railway signal engineering and ICRISAT. Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) along with DRDL and DERL has research centers in Hyderabad to develop communication and radar systems and for the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Nuclear energy sector has a large presence with three organizations under Department of Atomic Energy (India) including the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL).

v Hyderabad has acquired the capability to host the international sporting events and international conferences at a large scale. Hyderabad has been chosen to host the prestigious International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM), in August, 2010. It is expected that more than 4000 Mathematicians from all over world will be participating in this conference.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_Satyam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCL_Enterprise

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infosys

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipro

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patni_Computer_Systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizant_Technology_Solutions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Software_Lab_Limited

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Central_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalsar_University_of_Law

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_&_Research

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potti_Sreeramulu_Telugu_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Azad_National_Urdu_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_of_English_and_Foreign_Languages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_N.G._Ranga_Agricultural_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_School_of_Business

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Hyderabad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Hyderabad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Engineering,_Osmania_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITS_Pilani

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_University's_College_of_Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Bharathi_Institute_of_Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNRVJIET

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNRVJIET

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNTU

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.V.S.R_College_of_Engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasavi_College_of_Engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffakham_Jah_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Technological_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GITAM_University_Hyderabad_Campus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Medical_College

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_Medical_College

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_College_of_Medical_Sciences

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Cellular_and_Molecular_Biology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Research_Institute

http://www.ngri.org.in/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRISET

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRISAT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Programme

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy_(India)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Minerals_Directorate_for_Exploration_and_Research

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Fuel_Complex

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India_Limited

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians


7. Demands for Statehood within Andhra Pradesh


1. Manya Seema :

It is known that most tribal communities in India as in Andhra Pradesh still live in abject poverty and deprivation even after 5 decades of independence. They also are faced with a threat to their ethnic culture and language. All such tribals across the regions of Utnur & Manchiryal in Adilabad Dist. , Manthani in Karimnagar Dist., Medaram & Mahboobabad in Warangal Dist. Kothagudem in Khammam, Rampachodavaram in East Godavari Dist., Polavaram in West Godavari Dist., Paderu, Narsipatnam in Vizag Dist., Seetham pet & Paatha patnam in Srikakulam, Srisailam in Kurnool Dist. have been demanding for a separate statehood with Bhadrachalam in Khammam district as their capital. The demand for this state known as ‘Manya seema’contains areas that include 7 MP & 48 MLA constituencies.

Incidentally, the demand for the State of Manya Seema existed since the time of the British Rule. At the time it was called a demand for ‘Rampa Rajyam’. It was then lead by Revolutionary tribal leader & Indian freedom fighter Alluri Seetha Rama Raju.

2. Greater Hyderabad as Union Territory

The people of Hyderabad have evolved as a strong multi culture, multi lingual , multi talented force of their own, whose needs cannot be met by any smaller state. In terms of financial resources and entrepreneurial skills these people are very rich. Hence they are demanding for retaining their individual identity and govern themselves.

3. Greater Rayala Seema:

The Sri Baug Pact was made between Leaders of Rayalaseema & Andhra in the year 1937 in where it was accepted that certain privileges will be extended to Rayalaseema region. However, people of Rayalaseema have been claiming that in the wake of the merger with Telangana, the said pact took a back seat and the region of Rayalaseema has been subject to large scale neglect.

Development indices do indicate that Rayalaseema continues to be among the more backward regions in Andhra Pradesh. ‘Rayalaseema Hakkula Vedika’ a forum for seeking justice for Rayalaseema has been demanding that a separate state be created as Greater Rayalaseema for a long time. They seek to carve out the new state with 4 districts in the Seema region and combining some parts of the Karnataka state.

4. Jai Andhra

A massive movement had been carried out in the year 1972 itself demanding reverting the erstwhile Andhra state to its earlier status. This demand is rooted in the theory that the merger of the two states in 1956 has only deprived the people of the Andhra region, of developing to their full potential. Their contribution in building Andhra Pradesh as a strong state remains under acknowledged but the fruits of their labor, however, fully enjoyed by Telangana region. This demand by a section has resurfaced following the 9 December ‘2009 announcement by the Govt.of India on Telangana.


5. Rayala Telangana:

A demand is also being made by some sections for creating Royala Telangana combining the 4 districts of Rayalaseema with the 10 districts of Telangana, in case creating Greater Rayalaseema be found unsuitable.

6. North Coastal Andhra ( Uttar Andhra ):

Similarly, 3 districts of the North Coastal Andhra Pradesh namely Srikakulam, Vizianagaraam & Vizag (except Vizag city) remain the most under developed in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The people of this region still lead lives in a very primitive manner. Large number of the women in these areas are not known to even cover their bare essentials due to lack of exposure to civilization.

The people of these 3 districts have been demanding for a long time, a separate state with Vizag as their capital or an autonomous development board to attend to their needs. Their demand also stems from the fact that in the last 54 years not once was any leader from their region was given an opportunity to become the Chief Minister. As also Parliament Members from this region have always been NonLocals only.

• The above scenarios should help effectively put to rest, the argument of partisan attitude of past Chief Ministers. As was established earlier in this report, the geographic and socio economic historic conditions of these regions, were the main reasons for their inadequate development, than neglect or deliberate illwill of the Governments.

• It may be relevant in this context to note that certain groups fighting for justice for the region of Rayalaseema , while presenting historic facts on how the region is lagging behind and was subject to neglect , are still in agreement with the idea, that only by integrated development can they benefit better.

• The merits in all these demands also need to be examined and the respective grievances satisfactorily addressed, to ensure these do not give raise to newer problems.


8.What is the National Policy on Smaller states?


v Today in India, almost every large state is facing the demand from its backward, neglected, culturally different people and regions, to be recognized as different and given independent status and separate identity. Apart from Telangana,11 regions are demanding statehood. These are 1.Goorkhaland ( West Bengal ) 2.Uttarkhand ( UP ) 3.Haritha Pradesh (UP), 4.Bodoland (Assam) 5.Saurashtra (Gujarat) 6.Vidarbha ( Maharashtra)7.Malwa & 8.Bundelkhand (comprising parts of MP & UP )9.Panchal Pradesh (Western UP) 10.Poorvanchal (Eastern UP), besides 11.Greater Rayalaseema & 12. Rayala Telangana 13. North Coastal Andhra within Andhra. & 14. Jai Andhra. The demand for 15. ‘Manyam Seema state’ within AP is the latest in such demands. Besides there is also a demand for Greater Hyderabad being given Union Territory status.

v In these circumstances it is important to determine the National Policy for creating new states. Whether it is Language, Administrative Viability ,Contiguity, or Backwardness, the criterion must be decided.

v Should Backwardness alone be the reason to create a new state , there are several backward regions in the country which will have to be considered.

v Should Cultural identity be a reason for separation, then there are hundreds of ethnic groups and unique cultures across India that need to be attended too.

v It is also important to determine whether these smaller states can be self sustainable.

v Also, whether these smaller states can provide for adequate security for themselves or their vulnerabilities and weaknesses will become susceptible to exploitative forces and religious fundamentalists in the present global scenario.

v In the absence of such a comprehensive national policy, no demand for a smaller state can be treated in isolation.

v Except for Haryana, the creation of smaller states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand have not produced desired results. With a much smaller number of MLAs to manage, these states have become easy grounds for horse‐trading and manipulation, resulting in prolonged political uncertainty. Often political changes can be brought about by influencing a handful of MLAs. This also affects economic growth. If a separate Telangana comes up, there is every likelihood of such a scenario being repeated

v It may be pertinent to state here that recently when there was demand by some sections for creation of a smaller state carved out of the present day Tamilnadu, the Union Home Minster rubbished such demands saying Tamil culture dates back to five thousand years and no division of the people is necessary or acceptable. This raises the question that how AP can be dealt with a different parameter as Telugu culture too has a history just as long. Such inconsistencies in policy smacks of regional prejudice and a sense of in equal justice.


9. National Integration & Security Perspective


v It may be relevant to recall that One of Ambedkar’s major proposals was to make Hyderabad the second capital of India because of the centrality of location, as a junction of North and South, and on defense considerations because it being a land locked city hence strategic importance.

v Hyderabad is today home to numerous research institutes, including the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), National Geophysical Research Institute(NGRI)(NGRI), IRISET for railway signal engineering and ICRISAT. Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) along with DRDL and DERL has research centers in Hyderabad to develop communication and radar systems and for the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Nuclear energy sector has a large presence with three organizations under Department of Atomic Energy (India) including the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL).

v However the prolonged Maoist Movement in the majority districts of Telangana region has proved to be self defeating and a key contributor to T‐ Backwardness. It resulted in rapid deterioration of the law & order situation in the region and obstructed the achievement of the very objectives it has supposedly set out to achieve.

v At present, On one hand , the Government is trying hard to bring back majority of districts in Telangana that bore the brunt of deteriorated law & order situation and Naxalism. On the other, religious fundamentalism and terrorism have emerged as a serious threat to peace, globally. In India, Incidentally, links with Hyderabad have been established in almost all terrorist attacks in the last few years. This is a serious cause for concern.

v In view of the same and the fact that Hyderabad houses several Central Government’s Defense installations, it raises concerns about the ability to fully protect them in the event of a separate state.

v Apparently a decision on Telangana will have far reaching consequences on neighboring states too and on the nation as a whole.


10. Telangana Social Perspective


Until Independence the people of Telangana region have lived under feudal regime, aristocracy. This has largely determined the social structure and also resulted in a vast majority of socially, politically and economically deprived sections. Feudal exploitation thrived under the various Jaagirdars, Agraharas, Ijaradars, Muktedars. Though Telugu language speaking people were in large numbers, Urdu remained the official language. Cultural differences between the Muslim rulers and Hindu population have also complicated the situation. The Patel, Patwari & Mali Patels have ruled the roost. Prolonged existence under such conditions without any civilian rights have compelled these majority sections to continue living in subhuman conditions even after independence and unification of Hyderabad and Andhra. They still await justice in their lives.

Muslims

Muslims constitute over 14 % of all population in Telangana region. As the Telangana region was under a Muslim ruler and the events around the time of the Razakar atrocities and the subsequent police action to free the people from the clutches of the tyrannical rule of the Nawab and his accomplices have antagonized the rest of the people towards Muslims. The Muslims have been subject for long to serious neglect socially, economically and politically. There has been no political representation commensurate with the size of their community. And the community harbors concerns about the anti Muslim sentiment due to historical reasons in the event of a separate state for Telangana.

For these reasons, even in 1969 during the peak of Telangana Movement, the Muslims did not endorse the demand for Telangana. This remains the same even today.

SCs

Scheduled Castes constitute 1516 % of the total population in Telangana region. Living in abject poverty and deprivation, for a very long time, these sections lived as bonded labor. They were subject to social exclusion. Only after the formation of United Andhra Pradesh have they started getting most basic education.

Even today these sections have remained among the most backward economically, and socially. For them access to equitable opportunity is of greater need than separate Telangana.

Tribals

Tribals account for 6 % of the total population in Telangana region. About half of these tribes live in plains and the rest in forest regions. Though the act 1/70 is in force and ITDA provides for special privileges, there is no development in their living conditions as anticipated. The tribal areas still are devoid of electrification and access to safe drinking water. These communities have been demanding the formation of a separate tribal state called ‘Manya Seema’, which alone they understand can uplift their lives and living conditions.


BCs

BCs constitute about 4045% of the total population of Telangana. They are mostly artisans, weavers and such other social groups. They have always been neglected socially and economically and politically. Modernization and mechanization has dealt a sever blow to their conventional ways of earning livelihoods. They have never received adequate assistance from the various governments to upgrade their skills or adopt to the latest trends. They are often driven to commit suicides and continue in live in abject poverty.

All these sections do not endorse the idea of Telangana statehood and aspire only to see ‘Samajika Telangana ‘ which ensures equitable opportunities and social justice. Their problems and concerns will not be addressed in any manner even in a smaller state, without fully creating such mechanism for protecting and uplifting them.

In the present movement for Telangana statehood there is almost no representation to these sections and most of the main leaders are from affluent classes and communities that have monopolized power in Telangana for the last several decades. This establishes the hollowness of the Telangana movement.

Traders & Business community

These communities are made up of multilingual, multi cultural and multireligious sections including those from Andhra & Rayalaseema region. They have been doing business and substantially contributing to the revenues of the Telangana region in particular and Andhra Pradesh in general. In the wake of the Telangana movement, several among these sections are facing severe hostility and are subject to demands of extortions and live in fear with feelings of insecurity. They are opposed to the idea of a separate Telangana and want either a union territory status for Hyderabad or continuance of the status quo.

Farmers

Farmers in Telangana region are heavily dependent on lift irrigation projects to avail water, due to the higher altitude of the region. Due to this they are confronted with power problems besides problems common to all farmers across AP such as shortage of fertilizers, seeds, minimum supply prices all of which make things difficult for them.

However, without creating awareness about the root causes for their problems, or suggesting specific solutions, the T Bogey has only been instigating them saying separate Telangana is the panacea for their problems. By directing the anger of the deprived sections in Telangana towards an external factor like Andhrites, and channeling the energies of the aggrieved sections into protests for Telangana, the affluent political sections of Telangana are able to continue to retain leadership and also protecting themselves.

The above analysis clearly establishes that a vast majority in Telangana are concerned with equitable growth and equitable opportunities than a separate statehood.


11. Relevance of Tdemand Post liberalization/Globalization


• The relevance of the demand for Separate Telangana must be viewed in the wake of the irreversibly changed world, post revolutionary technological advancements, post 1991 economic reforms & Globalization.

• In the context of Governance, these technological advancements, omnipresence of Communications, Internet & Electronic Media have made redundant all intermediaries and brought people and governments closer to each other like never before. Technology has shrunk the world, and became the most powerful interface between Government at the highest level and its citizens at the grass root level.

• Greater access to government benefits to people in the most remote corners of the state in a way, hitherto unthinkable. Governments can get instantaneous information about conditions of its citizens even in the most remote corners.

• While the Citizens across boundaries, communities and social standings are increasingly becoming more aware, accessible, empowered and equipped to voice their grievances and seek justice with every passing day.

• Citizens are able to gain knowledge about the merits and demerits of any new or old policies instantly unlike earlier times.

• Greater awareness among the most illiterates, backward and weaker sections about constitutional provisions for their protection. Technology is helping raise literacy levels faster.

• It may be pertinent to state here that several complaints with regards to violations and irregularities in areas like recruitments, Budget allocations, Welfare schemes, Government priorities, Law & Order situations, Development initiatives that snowballed into major factors for public disillusionment with the Government and eventually took the turn of a demand for separate state can largely be addressed more effectively in the present context due to instantaneous public & judicial scrutiny.

• Besides some of the recent Central Government initiatives like the Unique Identification Number (UID), and Right To Information Act (RTI) with provisions for instant scrutiny are transforming the country and the state like never before.

• These initiatives further accelerate growth, development, welfare and minimize neglect, corruption discrimination, malpractices, manipulations or discrepancies, in a much more effective manner and strengthen regulatory mechanisms. These were some of the root causes for some of the grievances earlier.

• Governments are increasingly becoming more accessible, accountable and more transparent to their citizens. This scenario also effectively puts to rest the argument that smaller states only can have greater administrative ease and better service their citizens.

• Most importantly since Andhra Pradesh, is the earliest adopter of IT and the above holds more true in the context of Andhra Pradesh.

IT in AP

• IT enabled citizens gain one‐stop access to information, as well as provide transparent and responsive services. With several e‐Government initiatives like the OLTP (Online Transaction Process System), integrated land management system, a geographical information system, e‐seva, a complaint redressal system, a social benefits management system and rural kiosks.

• With more than 1,124 administrative units known as Mandals, where each of the 1,124 Mandal Revenue Offices (MROs) have been computerized, the state is able to deliver online statutory certificates (caste, place and date of birth) to individuals in minutes, instead of 20 to 30 days as was the norm under the old system.

• Information technology (IT) is playing a crucial role in contemporary society. It has transformed the whole world into a global village with a global economy.


• ICT transforms the agriculture sector • The Agriculture Department, Agriculture University, and the International Crops Research Institute

for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) have come together to evolve an integrated package as part of Participatory Technology Development under the Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Program (APRLP) and has set up a pilot information hub with connectivity in Addakkal village close to Hyderabad. This hub is operated by a 4,200‐member federation of micro credit societies of rural women, the Aadarsha Welfare Society, and is linked to 1,200 rural ICT centres.

• In addition, ICRISAT has set up the Virtual Academy for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (VASAT), which helps farmers identify which crops to grow depending on weather forecasts, and determine the fair value for the produce. This is transforming the farming pattern and life‐styles of farmers in some of the most drought‐prone regions in Andhra Pradesh.

• These kind of projects, have a positive impact on the community in terms of creating jobs and income opportunities, access to markets, greater access to government programmes and schemes as well as creating entrepreneurial leadership models.

• Unique Identification Number (UID) is a recently finalized initiative by the Government of India to create and manage a centralized identification system for all the adult citizens and residents of India, with their photograph and biometric data which can be utilized for a variety of identification purposes. The likely benefits of the new ID system to the citizens will be as below: 1) Subsidies on food, energy, education, etc to people who are entitled to receive them. 2) Opening bank accounts 3) Getting new telephone, mobile or internet connections, 4) New light or gas connections 5) Getting a passport 6) The same card may act as a driving license and store your traffic violation records 7) It may act as your electoral card 8) Family genealogy may be traced

• The ID is fundamentally being prepared to identify Indian citizens so that better security can be provided by identifying illegal immigrants and terrorists. However, the real power of the ID is in its ability to provide ease of identity establishment to Indian citizens when accessing a variety of governmental and private‐sector services.

• The likely benefits of the new ID system to the citizens will be as below: 1) Subsidies on food, energy, education, etc to people who are entitled to receive them. 2) Opening bank accounts 3) Getting new telephone, mobile or internet connections, 4) New light or gas connections 5) Getting a passport 6) The same card may act as a driving license and store your traffic violation records 7) It may act as your electoral card 8) Family genealogy may be traced

• The Right to Information Act passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 13 October 2005 , the law enacted by the Parliament of India allowing citizens of India to access to records of the Central Government and State Governments. The Act applies to all States and Union Territories of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir Under the provisions of the Act, any citizen (excluding the citizens within J&K) may request information from a "public authority" (a body of Government or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days. The Act also requires every public authority to computerize their records for wide dissemination and to proactively publish certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for information formally. This law was. Information disclosure in India was hitherto restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws, which the new RTI Act now relaxes.

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12. Telangana Historic & Cultural perspective


v Telugu Language has a recorded history of nearly 2000 years, an Original literary tradition not borrowed from any speech community, and a rich body of ancient literature. In year 2008, , Telugu attained the prestigious status of a ‘Classical Language’. The Telugu speaking people of Andhra Pradesh share common roots, history, heritage,heroes, castes, culture, traditions, festivals, and aspirations for centuries.

v Andhra was referred to as Telingana/Tri‐Linga Desam in the ancient texts as it was the area that had three major Shiva‐Aramas, Srisailam, Srikalahasti, Draksharamam.Thus was called Tri‐Linga', and the people living there were called Telugus and the language spoken by the people there was called Telugu.

v This is how the word Telaga was Derived. Trilinga ‐> Telinga ‐> Telanga ‐> Telaga (It is a Country of Telaga People) Trilinga ‐> Telangu ‐> Telungu ‐> Telugu (It is a language of Telanga People) Present Day Telanga + Anemu = Telanganamu = Telangana (this is the origin of Telugu People who are now called Telugus)

v The Telugu warriors came to regarded as Telagas par excellence. The term Telaga was a derivation of the word Telingana. The Origin of the Telagas can be traced back to the Western Chalukyan Expansion into Andhra region which happened in the 1st century A.D.

v Telagas are the most ancient Warrior clan of the Deccan and South India who specialized in warfare and took to agriculture during times of peace. Telagas formed the bulwark of ancient armies of the

Deccan and South India like Cholas, Chalukyas, Sathavahanas, Kakatiyas, Vijaynagar, Nayaks Kings etc. v The Cultural integrity and bonding of the Telugus across all regions dates back to several centuries.

They were ruled by common dynasties until the Nizams took over in 1727. The Nizams later relinquished the territories of Coastal Andhra to the French in 1753 AD. and the region of Rayalaseema to the British in 1799 AD.

v The north coastal district of AP, Srikakulam has also been head quarter for revenue collection under Nizam state of Hyderabad since 1707. Srikakulam was formerly called as Gulshanabad (Garden city) during Muslim rule and was headquarter of Muslim fauzdars. Even today we find more than 10,000 Muslims living in this town following their culture, tradition and values.

v Nizams of Hyderabad assigned Gulshanabad (Srikakulam), Rajahmundry, Eluru and Mustafanagar (Kondapalli) districts to French India in 1753. French imperialists were driven out from these districts by British imperialists in 1756 during Anglo‐French wars.

v In 1759 the Fauzdhari ruling was ended and British ruling started, the region was in the undivided Madras province. In 1936 the combined Madras‐Orissa state was divided to Madras and Orissa In 1947 after Indian independence, many including Potti Sriramulu fought for separate Andhra State.

v Similarly the districts of Rayalaseema that collectively came to be known as the ‘Ceded’ were also under the Nizam of Hyderabad , the treaty of 1799, who took the total control of the area. He was later pensioned off when British occupied the territory.

v In 1947, when the British Government declared that all its agreements with princely states etc., were null and void , and paved way for Independent India. The Nizam immediately demanded merger of parts of his erstwhile empire, Andhra & Rayalaseema regions with Hyderabad State as agreement

with British has become void. It is very clear from this that unification of Telangana and Andhra regions was a mere formality on historical grounds.


13. Conclusion


Considering all facts with regard to the emergence of Andhra Pradesh, its cultural, historical, social

political , economic scenarios, we wish to reiterate our firm belief in the necessity and our strong appeal for continuation of United Andhra Pradesh and conclude this submission w.r.t. the terms of reference of your esteemed committee as below:

Status of Andhra Pradesh

1. Andhra Pradesh is the first Linguistic State in Independent India. Telugu speaking people of Andhra Pradesh share common roots, history, heritage, heroes, castes, culture, traditions, festivals, and aspirations for centuries.

2. United Andhra Pradesh became a reality on 1st Nov’1956, due to long cherished aspirations, relentless struggle, efforts and vision of people and leaders of two erstwhile states namely Hyderabad & Andhra.

3. Aggrieved sections of the society, existing for diverse reasons, are incited from time to time in the history of Andhra Pradesh, by political power mongers and divisive forces, who exploited the Minority opinion, lead self serving campaigns, to create an impression in people’s minds that separate statehood for Telangana would end ALL their problems.

4. An excessive use of rhetoric turns the focus away from main problem and makes it more emotive than a rational issue for the common man, as in the case of Telangana.

5. The T‐Bogey stated information out of context, obfuscated facts and mislead people. Conspiracy theories were hatched and paranoia spread about everything that is possibly wrong in Telangana region.

6. Political decisions can be arrived only through dialogue, but regrettably the T‐bogey has often tried to force a decision through coercive methods.

7. In the aftermath of the Statement made by Sri.P.Chidambaram on behalf of Central Government on the night of 9th December’2009 at 1130 PM, tremendous opposition to the idea of bi‐furcation of state has instantly erupted from an outstanding majority of people in Andhra Pradesh.

8. This unprecedented magnitude of public resentment has brought the state to a stand still, compelled the people’s representatives including MLAs across political parties to tender resignations, without consulting the leadership of respective Parties. Never in the 54 years’ history of the state was such volatile situation experienced.

9. Given the history of unity of Telugu people and their cultural, emotional integration, the state must not be allowed to disintegrate due to the sowing of the seeds of mistrust by certain sections.

Development Review

1. At the time of formation, the State of Andhra Pradesh was behind the All India Average in many respects, including food grains production, net area sown, crop intensity, infrastructure, electricity generation, per capita electricity consumption, length of roads, black top roads, motor vehicles, medical institutions, hospital beds, life expectancy, human development.

2. Despite shortcomings at the time of formation, AP has progressed significantly in the last 50 years. The State’s position vis‐à‐vis All India averages improved considerably in respect of a number of growth indicators and also in comparison with several other states across India.


3. The areas covered by present day Telangana, which became part of Andhra Pradesh, were less developed than most of the other areas. Literacy in Telangana was amongst the lowest in the entire country.

4. All relevant data and statistics, clearly and irrefutably establishes that Telangana region has been on a growth trajectory along with other regions , ever since 1956.

5. Telangana achieved, much greater progress in certain aspects than anticipated, than the other two regions put together.

6. Besides the progress that the State and the Region of Telangana region in particular have made in last 50 years, there are indicators that it will attain greater momentum and thrust on achieving all round development in near future.

7. The focus of the Eleventh 5 year Plan 2007‐12 is Good Governance & Inclusive Growth. 8. The growth momentum of the state , particularly in areas like attracting private investment,

completing large irrigation projects and so on can be seriously impaired by division of the state. 9. Political instability in Andhra Pradesh will be detrimental for the growth of the State and may

impact the flow of investments, both from domestic and foreign players 10. Andhra Pradesh, is the earliest adopter of IT

11. Omnipresence of Communications, Internet & Electronic Media have brought people and governments closer to each other like never before.

12. The relevance of the demand for Separate Telangana further diluted in the wake of the revolutionary technological advancements, economic reforms & Globalization.

Social Perspective

1. Until Independence, the people of Telangana region have lived under feudal regime, aristocracy. This has largely determined the social structure and resulted in a vast majority of socially, politically and economically deprived sections.

2. Post‐independence too, political leaders from affluent classes and communities have monopolized power in Telangana. Due to this upper class hegemony, large sections of the people of Telangana suffer from a great sense of lack of participation in the Government and decision making.

3. In the present movement for Telangana statehood there is almost no representation to the weaker sections like SCs, STs, BCs, and Muslims and so on.

4. All these sections do not endorse the idea of Telangana statehood and aspire only to see Equitable opportunities and Social justice.

5. With increasing literacy and aspirational values and decreasing employment opportunities, Students are anxious about securing livelihoods. This situation is being exploited through promise of notional benefits, jeopardizing their precious careers.

6. Traders & Business communities are made up of multi‐lingual, multi cultural and multi‐religious sections. In the wake of the Telangana movement, several among these sections are facing severe hostility, are subject to demands of extortions and live in fear with feelings of insecurity. They are opposed to the idea of a separate Telangana.


Key Issues

1. Hyderabad has grown tremendously since formation of Andhra Pradesh and is the single largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product, and accounts for nearly 50 % of the total revenues of the state. The progress achieved by Hyderabad in the last 5 decades, could not have been possible without the contribution of Telugus across Andhra Pradesh. The contribution of a vast Telugu Diaspora to the development of Hyderabad cannot be undermined. With its cosmopolitan outlook, vibrant culture, booming economy, ever increasing educational and employment opportunities, every household across AP has an inseparable bonding with Hyderabad. Without the progress and prominence achieved by Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh path of prosperity.

2. Never in the history , was there any demand for creation of a separate state, from people in close proximity of an existing and rapidly developing State Capital.

3. Due to its thriving industry, infrastructure, human resources and conducive atmosphere, Hyderabad attracts tremendous amounts of private & public investments from across India and world into not only Hyderabad but also to the state.

4. Due to recent unrest and instability, the credibility in Hyderabad is suffering a set back and this does not augur well, neither for the state , nor for the nation.

5. TRS, the party demanding separate statehood for Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital, has virtually no support in Hyderabad. TRS could not contest in a single ward in the recent elections to Greater Hyderabad.

6. The MIM, which mainly represents the large Muslim community of Hyderabad and one of the Major Political Parties in Hyderabad, is opposed to the idea of bi‐furcation of the state all along.

7. The people of Hyderabad do not want bifurcation of State. If it becomes imminent , they prefer Union Territory Status for Hyderabad.

8. Government should put in place a mechanism to create more employment opportunities and ensure security of livelihood to everyone and address the anxieties of the people.

9. At this time, there are various demands for separate states within Andhra Pradesh. If backwardness can indeed be a criterion, these other demands too will need consideration. There is also the demand to make Hyderabad a union territory.

10. There are some backward districts, in each region of AP, be it Telangana, Coastal Andhra or Rayalaseema, But there is no particular region that can be called per se a ‘Backward Region’. Ananthapur district in Rayalaseema is the 2 nd most back ward district in the whole country after Jai

Salmer in Rajasthan. 11. There is a natural tendency of the economic opportunity to flow to the well endowed. The playing

field may be level but the starting points are not uniform. Liberalization and market led

development will therefore have a natural tendency to accelerate growth in areas more conducive and slowdown growth in less conducive areas. This increases inter and intra‐regional Disparities. This applies to every back ward region or district in India. This is not specific to Telangana or Rayalaseeema.To counter this, a deliberate policy to reduce disparities is needed.

12. Across India, demands for smaller states abound too. There is pressing need to study these demands in totality and a solution found. A National Policy on creating smaller states must be determined. AP’s case cannot be examined in isolation.

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13. Creation of Smaller States impedes development in various sectors, adversely impacts states’ negotiating powers, capacity to attract investments, and resource mobilization. It is important to

appreciate the merits of larger States and economies of scale. 14. Smaller States give rise to disputes in water and natural resource sharing. Particularly in the

context of AP there is a great likelihood that several contentious issues may arise with regard to sharing of water, which will impair the development of all regions. In attempting to resolve one problem, more problems may be created.

15. Smaller States cause huge burden on the common man due to increased administrative costs and costs of creation of infrastructure for new capitals. The financial burden could be better utilized by spending on the grievances, shortcomings of the underdeveloped regions and overcome the seed of negligence and the slogan of vested political interests to nip the strife in the bud.

16. Divisive forces are on constant prowl to exploit the vulnerabilities of smaller states, and pose a threat to national security.

17. In present day context, size does not matter for effective governance as long as there is decentralization of power and effective regulatory mechanisms, which are quite possible with technology today unlike in the past.


Solutions

1. Setting up Regional Development Boards/Councils, Allocating Funds under Backward Regions Grant Fund and through other special means. Developing District Development Indices.

2. Prioritization of Irrigation & welfare, Effective utilization of natural resources particularly in backward districts of the State, to help reduce inter & intra‐regional disparities in economic and social development.

3. Effective public policies and private initiatives, to foster Skill development, Employment opportunities and remove anxieties in Students and unemployed.

4. Removal of Uncertainties, Improvement of Law & Order Situation to restore normalcy. 5. Restore Investor faith and encourage private & public investments and job creation.

6. Greater transparency, strict adherence to laws and guidelines in force particularly w.r.t employees & recruitments for removal of misconceptions between people.

7. Democratic Decentralization, Strengthening of Panchayathi raj system for improvement of Socio‐ economic infrastructure.

8. Ensuring Human Development, Inclusive Growth, Equitable opportunities, Social Justice, Security of Livelihood, Food Security, Health Security, Social Security, And Environmental Security.

9. Discourage fissiparous, divisive tendencies of politicians fishing in troubled waters. Addressing Greater Maladies like Lack of Political will in the above areas, Policy failures by successive governments & individual greed.

10. Initiating these remedial measures will solve the problems at the grass root level and would put all separatist demands to rest.

v Finally, we wish and believe that you would do your Best to resolve the present crisis in Andhra Pradesh in a manner acceptable to ALL, help foster love between the people of AP and put the State on the path of sustained growth and prosperity.

Yours truly,

K.Chiranjeevi

President ‐ Praja Rajyam Party

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