Upload
pat-rivera
View
238
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 1/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 2/61
IS LA M IC S IN IC
IN D IC
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 3/61
THE SIZE OF OUR WORLD
:ge .4 55 billion years old
:otal Area. ( . )
510 072 million sq km 196 940 million sq mi:and area . ( . )148 94 million sq km 57 506 million sq mi:ater area . ( . )361 132 million sq km 139 434 million sq mi
:opulation , , , ( .)6 706 993 152 2008 est:rowth rate . % ( .)1 188 2008 est
:olitical divisions , ,195 sovereign nations 61 dependent areas.and 6 disputed territories
/ :WP PPP . ( .).$65 61 trillion 2007 est — :WP real growth rate . % ( .).5 2 2007 est / — :WP PPP per capita , ( .).$10 000 2007 est
:ajor World Religions ( %, . ),Christianity 33 2 1 billion Islam( . %, . ), ( . %, ), ( . %,20 1 1 3 billion Hinduism 13 3 851 million Buddhism 5 9
), ( . %, ), ( . %, )375 million Sikhism 0 4 25 million Judaism 0 2 15 million
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 4/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 5/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 6/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 7/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 8/61
What is Civilization?
The first human who
hurled an insult instead of a stone was the founder of
.civilization Sigmund Freud
psychologist
, We never really grow up
we only learn how to act.in public
Bryan White songwriter
.Civilization begins with soap Galveston Times
defunct 19 th century Indiana newspaper
Progress is man's ability to
.complicate simplicityThor Heyerdahl
Ethnographer and adventurer
.I've made an odd discovery Every time I talk to a savant I feel quite sure that happiness is no longer
. ,a possibility Yet when I talk with my gardener I'm.convinced of the opposite
Bertrand RussellPhilosopher
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 9/61
CIVILIZATION by WILL DURANT
Civilization is social order promoting
.cultural creation Four elements:constitute it
. ,conomic provision
. ,olitical organization
. ,oral traditions and. he pursuit of knowledge and the.rts
It begins where chaos and insecurity
.end
,For when fear is overcome curiosity,and constructiveness are free and man
passes by natural impulse towards the understanding and embellishment of
.life
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 10/61
THE SCALE OF HUMAN HISTORY
•200 : Earliest possible evidence of modern humans inAfrica
••175••150•
•125••100 : Last ice age begins
90 : Modern humans found in Southwest Asia•75 :
60 : /Modern humans found in Australia Sahul
•50
40 : Modern humans found in northern Eurasia•25
10 : ,End of ice age beginnings of agriculture5 : Earliest cities and states
•0 : Industrial Revolution T H O U S A N
D S
O
F
Y E A R S
B E
F O R E
T H E
P R
E S E N T
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 11/61
THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION•12
•11
•10
•9
•8
•7
•6
•5 : First cities and city states
•4
•3
•2
•1
•0
T H O U S A N
D S O
F
Y E A R S
B E
F O R E
T H E
P R
E S E N T
.1 5: End of ice ages
Earliest evidence of agriculture in near east
Earliest evidence of agriculture in SoutheastAsia
, ,Evidence of pastoralism in Russia UkraineKazakhstan
Evidence of agriculture in Americas
First empires
( )First superempire Persia
Foundation of world religions
( ,Foundation of largest pastoral empire Genghis Khan
)1220CE Industrial Revolution
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 12/61
,CIVILIZATION THEREFORE
“Civilization is the stage in human organization when
, ,governmental social and economic institutions have( )developed to sufficiently manage however imperfectly, ,the problems of order security and efficiency in a
.”complex society- ,Philip Lee Ralph World Civilizations
-“Civilization is the limitless multiplication of.”unnecessary necessities - Mark Twain
/They civilize what's pretty By puttin' up a city
/ ... Where nothin' that's Pretty can grow/They civilize left They civilize right/Till nothing is left Till nothing is right
- ,Alan Jay Lerner The First Thing You Know
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 13/61
THREE MAJOR SHIFTS
. :CONOMICS - -From hunter gathering to food
producing.2. :OLITICS From bands to states.4
. :ULTURE From mythology to religion
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 14/61
PART 1
ECONOMICS
- -From Hunter gathering to Foodproducing
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 15/61
ISLAMICSINIC
INDIC
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 16/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 17/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 18/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 19/61
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 20/61
WHY THE SHIFT?
.1 DECLINE IN AVAILABILITY OF WILD.FOODS
2..3 INCREASE IN AVAILABILITY OF.DOMESTICABLE PLANTS
4.
.5 DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES HELPFUL
.TO FOOD PRODUCTION6.
.7 TWO WAY LINK IN RISE OF POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD
.PRODUCTION8.
.9 DENSER FOOD PRODUCING SOCIETIES OUTPACED THEIR SURROUNDING HUNTER.GATHERERS
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 21/61
ADVANTAGES or DISADVANTAGES?
.1 MORE FOOD MEANS MORE CONSUMABLE.CALORIES
2..3 WITH DOMESTICATED ANIMALS CAME.LIVESTOCK
4.
.5 FOOD PRODUCTION LED TO A MORE
.SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE6.
.7 SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE ALLOWS.PEOPLE TO STORE A FOOD SURPLUS
8.
.9 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS MADE TRADE.AND WARFARE POSSIBLE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 22/61
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
.1 .THE RISE OF VILLAGES With a,steadier supply of food more
functions and activities.became possible2.
.3 -THE EMERGENCE OF LONG DISTANCE.TRADE Surplus and invention
made an exchange of goods.necessary and possible4.
.5 .THE ONSET OF WARFARE Competition for territory
and resources emerged as societies grew larger and
’ .encroached on others domain6.
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 23/61
A Mesopotamian dwelling
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 24/61
THE LONG VIEW
Economic development
follows four distinct.historical stages
Each stage has social.implications
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 25/61
:CASE EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN
Men hunt while women maintain
.their abode Primacy is with
males and their.capability to hunt
,In some cultures women are accorded with higher status
for their ability to bear
.child More children mean more.workers later on
Work enables women to earn,for themselves thus
empowering them to lead.their own lives At this
,stage the fight for equal.rights begin
In a service and knowledge based
,economy performance and merit determine
.economic status Women can now compete and even
better their male.counterparts
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 26/61
PART 2
POLITICS
From Bands to States
f
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 27/61
:Before we Proceed What is History?
History is the study of the past .• What is the past?
• How is it studied? • Who does the studying? • Why study the past?
,Carl Becker “ ” Everyman His Own Historian
( )1931
.We all think historically We all live beyond the,confines of the present fleeting moment yet
.within what matters to us h - -istorian vis a vis H istorian
Historians are keepers and conveyors of social
.memory
b h
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 28/61
Caution about the Past
:However
, ,Any work of history is at best anapproximation of what actually happened in the
.past
.1 Our sources are limited to what is.available
2.
.3 Our goal is to interpret and understand
.it
, :Thus the question becomes How is historywritten?
= H i s t o r i o g r a p h y
b h ld
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 29/61
Ibn Khaldun
Considered to be not just the father of,historiography
.but of the social sciences
’Ib Kh ld M ddi h
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 30/61
’Ibn Khaldun s Muqaddimah
Arab philosopher and
father of modern
historiography
" , ,ll records by their very nature. . .re liable to error
…Partisanship towards a creed or opinion
… -Over confidence in one's sources
…The failure to understand what is
intended…A mistaken belief in the truth
…The inability to place an event in its
real context
…The common desire to gain favor of
, ,those of high ranks by praising them by
spreading their fame
…The most important is the ignorance of
’Ib Kh ld M ddi h
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 31/61
’Ibn Khaldun s Muqaddimah
Arab philosopher and
father of modern
historiography
remises in his theory of:ivilization
.1 .Man is political He cannot do without.social organization
.2 The power of the individual is insufficient for him to obtain the
.food he needs.3 ’Man s ability to think allows him to prepare the crafts needed to create
.instruments such as tools and weapons.4 Cooperation is necessary to bring all
.these crafts together
.5 Royal authority is needed to be a restraining influence and keep men
.apart.6 Restraining influence is derived from“ ” .prophecy or religious law
BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 32/61
, , ,BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
MEMBERSHIP
Number ofpeople
dozens Hundreds thousands ,over 50 000
SettlementPattern nomadic :fixed 1village :fixed 1 or more villages :fixed many villages andcities
Basis ofrelationships
kin -kin basedclans
class andresidence
class andresidence
Ethnicities and Languages
1 1 1 1 or more
This table is adapted from ,Guns Germs and Steel by.Jared Diamond
BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 33/61
, , ,BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
GOVERNMENT
Decision,making
leadership
“ ”egalitarian “ ”egalitarian-or big man
,centralizedhereditary
centralized
Bureaucracy none none ,none or 1 or 2 levels
many levels
Monopoly of force and
information
no no yes yes
Conflict
resolution
informal informal centralized ,laws judges
Hierarchy ofsettlement
no no no paramountvillage
capital
BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 34/61
, , ,BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE
BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATEECONOMY
Foodproduction no no yes yes intensive intensive Division oflabor
no no no yes yesExchanges reciprocal reciprocal redistributive
(“ ”)tribute redistributive
(“ ”)taxes Control ofland
band clan chief variousSOCIETYStratified no no ,yes by kin ,yes not by
kinSlavery no no -small scale -large scale Luxury goods
for elite
no no yes Yes Public
architecture
no no no yes yes
Indigenousliteracy
no no no often
THE HAMMURABI CODE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 35/61
THE HAMMURABI CODE
Considered to be the first
ever code of laws in history
, , , ,Hammurabi the prince called of Bel am I making riches and increase enriching Nippur- , - ;and Dur ilu beyond compare sublime patron of E kur who reestablished Eridu and
- ; ,purified the worship of E apsu who conquered the four quarters of the world made great, ,the name of Babylon rejoiced the heart of Marduk his lord who daily pays his devotions
; ; ; , ,in Saggil the royal scion whom Sin made who enriched Ur the humble the reverent who
- - ; , , ,brings wealth to Gish shir gal the white king heard of Shamash the mighty who again
; ;laid the foundations of Sippara who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green who- , ,made E babbar great which is like the heavens the warrior who guarded Larsa and- , ; ,renewed E babbar with Shamash as his helper the lord who granted new life to Uruk who
, - ,brought plenteous water to its inhabitants raised the head of E anna and perfected the; ,beauty of Anu and Nana shield of the land who reunited the scattered inhabitants of
; - - ; ,Isin who richly endowed E gal mach the protecting king of the city brother of the god; , - - - ,Zamama who firmly founded the farms of Kish crowned E me te ursag with glory redoubled
, - ;the great holy treasures of Nana managed the temple of Harsag kalama the grave of the, ; ;enemy whose help brought about the victory who increased the power of Cuthah made all
- , , ; ,glorious in E shidlam the black steer who gored the enemy beloved of the god Nebo who, ; - ;rejoiced the inhabitants of Borsippa the Sublime who is indefatigable for E zida the
; , ; ,divine king of the city the White Wise who broadened the fields of Dilbat who heaped; , ,up the harvests for Urash the Mighty the lord to whom come scepter and crown with
; - ; ,which he clothes himself the Elect of Ma ma who fixed the temple bounds of Kesh who- ; , ,made rich the holy feasts of Nin tu the provident solicitous who provided food and
,drink for Lagash and Girsu who provided large sacrificial offerings for the temple of; ,Ningirsu who captured the enemy the Elect of the oracle who fulfilled the prediction, ; ,of Hallab who rejoiced the heart of Anunit the pure prince whose prayer is accepted; , , ,by Adad who satisfied the heart of Adad the warrior in Karkar who restored the
- - - ; ;vessels for worship in E ud gal gal the king who granted life to the city of Adab the- ; , ,guide of E mach the princely king of the city the irresistible warrior who granted
,life to the inhabitants of Mashkanshabri and brought abundance to the temple of; , , ,Shidlam the White Potent who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits saved the
, ;inhabitants of Malka from misfortune and fixed their home fast in wealth who
- - - ,established pure sacrificial gifts for Ea and Dam gal nun na who made his kingdom; ,everlastingly great the princely king of the city who subjected the districts on the
- - - , ;Ud kib nun na Canal to the sway of Dagon his Creator who spared the inhabitants of Mera; , ;and Tutul the sublime prince who makes the face of Ninni shine who presents holy
- - , ,meals to the divinity of Nin a zu who cared for its inhabitants in their need provided;a portion for them in Babylon in peace the shepherd of the oppressed and of the
; ,slaves whose deeds find favor before Anunit who provided for Anunit in the temple of; , ;Dumash in the suburb of Agade who recognizes the right who rules by law who gave back
;to the city of Ashur its protecting god who let the name of Ishtar of Nineveh remain- - ; , ;in E mish mish the Sublime who humbles himself before the great gods successor of
- ; - ; ;Sumula il the mighty son of Sin muballit the royal scion of Eternity the mighty, , ;monarch the sun of Babylon whose rays shed light over the land of Sumer and Akkad the
, ; , .king obeyed by the four quarters of the world Beloved of Ninni am I
THE HAMMURABI CODE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 36/61
THE HAMMURABI CODE
Considered to be the first
ever code of laws in history
, , , ,Hammurabi the prince called of Bel am I making riches and increase enriching Nippur- , -and Dur ilu beyond compare sublime patron of E kur; who reestablished Eridu and
- ;purified the worship of E apsu ,who conquered the four quarters of the world made great, ,the name of Babylon rejoiced the heart of Marduk his lord who daily pays his devotions
in Saggil; ;the royal scion whom Sin made who enriched Ur; , ,the humble the reverent who
- - ;brings wealth to Gish shir gal
, , ,the white king heard of Shamash the mighty who again
laid the foundations of Sippara; ;who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green who- , ,made E babbar great which is like the heavens the warrior who guarded Larsa and- ,renewed E babbar with Shamash as his helper; ,the lord who granted new life to Uruk who
, - ,brought plenteous water to its inhabitants raised the head of E anna and perfected the;beauty of Anu and Nana ,shield of the land who reunited the scattered inhabitants of
Isin; - - ; ,who richly endowed E gal mach the protecting king of the city brother of the god;Zamama , - - - ,who firmly founded the farms of Kish crowned E me te ursag with glory redoubled
, -the great holy treasures of Nana managed the temple of Harsag kalama; the grave of the, ; ;enemy whose help brought about the victory who increased the power of Cuthah made all
- , ,glorious in E shidlam the black steer who gored the enemy; ,beloved of the god Nebo who, ;rejoiced the inhabitants of Borsippa the Sublime -who is indefatigable for E zida; the
;divine king of the city ,the White Wise; ,who broadened the fields of Dilbat who heaped;up the harvests for Urash , ,the Mighty the lord to whom come scepter and crown with
which he clothes himself; -the Elect of Ma ma; ,who fixed the temple bounds of Kesh who-made rich the holy feasts of Nin tu; , ,the provident solicitous who provided food and
,drink for Lagash and Girsu who provided large sacrificial offerings for the temple of;Ningirsu ,who captured the enemy the Elect of the oracle who fulfilled the prediction,of Hallab who rejoiced the heart of Anunit; ,the pure prince whose prayer is accepted;by Adad , , ,who satisfied the heart of Adad the warrior in Karkar who restored the
- - -vessels for worship in E ud gal gal; ;the king who granted life to the city of Adab the-guide of E mach; , ,the princely king of the city the irresistible warrior who granted
,life to the inhabitants of Mashkanshabri and brought abundance to the temple of;Shidlam , , ,the White Potent who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits saved the
,inhabitants of Malka from misfortune and fixed their home fast in wealth; who
- - - ,established pure sacrificial gifts for Ea and Dam gal nun na who made his kingdom;everlastingly great ,the princely king of the city who subjected the districts on the
- - - ,Ud kib nun na Canal to the sway of Dagon his Creator; who spared the inhabitants of Mera and Tutul; ,the sublime prince who makes the face of Ninni shine; who presents holy
- - , ,meals to the divinity of Nin a zu who cared for its inhabitants in their need provided;a portion for them in Babylon in peace the shepherd of the oppressed and of the
; ,slaves whose deeds find favor before Anunit who provided for Anunit in the temple of Dumash in the suburb of Agade; , ;who recognizes the right who rules by law who gave back
to the city of Ashur its protecting god; who let the name of Ishtar of Nineveh remain- - ;in E mish mish ,the Sublime who humbles himself before the great gods; successor of
- ;Sumula il -the mighty son of Sin muballit; ;the royal scion of Eternity the mighty, ,monarch the sun of Babylon whose rays shed light over the land of Sumer and Akkad; the
, ;king obeyed by the four quarters of the world ,Beloved of Ninni am I.
THE HAMMURABI CODE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 37/61
THE HAMMURABI CODE
Considered to be the first
ever code of laws in history
, , ,Hammurabi the prince called of Bel am I making riches and, - ,increase enriching Nippur and Dur ilu beyond compare sublime
-patron of E kur;
- ;who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E apsu
,who conquered the four quarters of the world made great the, ,name of Babylon rejoiced the heart of Marduk his lord who daily pays his devotions in Saggil;
;the royal scion whom Sin made
who enriched Ur;
, , - - ;the humble the reverent who brings wealth to Gish shir gal
, , ,the white king heard of Shamash the mighty who again laid the foundations of Sippara;
;who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green
- , ,who made E babbar great which is like the heavens the- ,warrior who guarded Larsa and renewed E babbar with Shamash
as his helper;
,the lord who granted new life to Uruk who brought plenteous, - ,water to its inhabitants raised the head of E anna and
;perfected the beauty of Anu and Nana
THE HAMMURABI CODE
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 38/61
THE HAMMURABI CODE
Considered to be the first
ever code of laws in history
:nsights from the code
.1 Setting the law in stone shows the .importance of law in their society
.2 ’Hammurabi didn t have to explain his;laws
.3 , .However he had to justify his rule
.4 Justification was made through the:following.a Presenting his character.b Presenting his royal lineage.c Presenting his track record
.d
Alluding to the Gods
5.
6.
MANAGING THE SHIFT
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 39/61
MANAGING THE SHIFT
.1 .SECURE A MONOPOLY OF FORCE Disarm the masses and arm the.elite The state should provide protection from inside and
.outside threats2.
.3 .REDISTRIBUTE WEALTH Gains from tribute and taxes should be.felt by everyone
4.
.5 .ESTABLISH AN IDEOLOGY OR RELIGION Rule by a central.authority must be justified Religion provides a bond other
.than kinship ties among people
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 40/61
PART 3
CULTURE
From Mythology to Religion
RELIGION MAP
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 41/61
RELIGION MAP
WHAT MAKES A RELIGION
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 42/61
WHAT MAKES A RELIGION
.1 / .THE NOTION OF TRANSCENDENCE AND OR THE NUMINOUS There is a belief in either a higher being or a
.higher state of life2.
.3 .MYTHS AND SACRED TRUTHS Stories that reveal.divine realities and paths to morality
4.
.5 .ORGANIZED WORSHIP OR DEVOTION There are.behavioural demands on the believers
6.
.7 .SOCIAL NORMS AND STANDARDS There are values
.every believer aspires to
8.
.9 .A COMMUNITY OF BELIEVERS Religion is a social.activity
CLASSIFICATION OF RELIGIONS
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 43/61
CLASSIFICATION OF RELIGIONS
.1 .BY NUMBER OF GODHEADS, , , , - ,monotheist dualist polytheist atheist non theist
, .pantheist etc1.
.2 .BY COMPLEXITY OF LITERATURE AND WORSHIP.a ,animistic nature worship.b ancestor worship.c anthropomorphic religion.d organized religion
3.
.4 - .BY GEO CULTURAL REGIONS.a : , ,Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam.b : , , ,Dharmic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism
.c : ,Sinic Confucianism Taoismd.
e.
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 44/61
RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 45/61
RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
.2 ANCESTOR WORSHIP
RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 46/61
RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
.3 ANTHROPOMORPHIC RELIGION
RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 47/61
RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
.4 ORGANIZED RELIGION
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 48/61
-RELIGION BY GEO CULTURAL REGION
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 49/61
-RELIGION BY GEO CULTURAL REGION
.2 DHARMIC RELIGIONS
SIMILARITIES•Originated in South Asia•Highly spiritual and devotional•Shares common teachings such as ,dharma karma andahimsa
DIFFERENCES•Buddhism and Jainism were reactions to Hinduism•Hinduism subscribes to the caste system
-RELIGION BY GEO CULTURAL REGION
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 50/61
-RELIGION BY GEO CULTURAL REGION
.3 SINIC RELIGION
SIMILARITIES•Originated in East Asia• -Non theistic•Began not as religions but as philosophical schools•Philosophy answered important questions on statecraft
DIFFERENCES•Confucianism and Taoism vary in their approaches to
, ,government the value of knowledge the emphasis on,ritual and the meaning of happiness
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 51/61
&INTERSECTION OF FAITH SOCIETY
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 52/61
&INTERSECTION OF FAITH SOCIETY
.3 .MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION AS ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGY While some aspects of mythology and religion may seem too fantastic
,for us they are tied to the ethos of the society that
.birthed it4.
.5 .RELIGION AS A SPONSOR OF SCIENCE AND THE ARTS Science and’technology were developed to explore man s relationship.with the universe and the material world Scientific
. ,inquiry was made on behalf of religion On another hand
art and literature were used to express their.understanding of the divine
&INTERSECTION OF FAITH SOCIETY
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 53/61
&INTERSECTION OF FAITH SOCIETY
:Some historical observations
.1 Religions emerged during times of great social, , .imbalance turmoil and confusion
2.
.3 , What kinship ties are to smaller and simpler societies.religion is to larger and more complex ones
4..5 .Religion helps legitimize the rule of an elite class6.
.7 Government sponsorship of religion has allowed it to.grow and prosper
8..9 ,Religion inspired a lot of innovation in science, .technology and the arts A lot of the greatest works
’in human history were devoted to illustrate mankind s.understanding and mastery of the divine
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 54/61
CONCLUSION
CIVILIZATION
“Civilization is the stage in human
, ,organization when governmental social and economic institutions have developed to( )sufficiently manage however imperfectly the
, ,problems of order security and efficiency in
.”a complex society
- ,Philip Lee Ralph World Civilizations
FIVE COMPONENTS OF CIVILIZATION
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 55/61
FIVE COMPONENTS OF CIVILIZATION
.1 A SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE THAT LEADS TO A FOOD
SURPLUS AND SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR2.
.3 A FORM OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIALSTRATIFICATION
4..5 ( )SOCIAL NORMS AND STANDARDS BELIEF SYSTEMS6.
.7 ( )A DEFINING CULTURE ARTS AND LITERATURE8.
.9 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO MANAGE SOCIETY
CONCLUDING REMARKS
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 56/61
CONCLUDING REMARKS
.1 ,THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY GOVERNMENT AND
.CULTURE IS AN INTERTWINED PROCESS Developments and changes in one affect the
.others2.
.3 .THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION IS UNENDING The wheel of history continues to turn and so–our world will continue to change but for
the better?4.
5.
TOO MUCH FOOD?
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 57/61
TOO MUCH FOOD?
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 58/61
AFTERWORD
WORLD CIVILIZATION
From Today to Tomorrow
CHALLENGES THAT REMAIN
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 59/61
CHALLENGES THAT REMAIN.1 .ENVIROMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ,Climate change the rising price
, ,of food and oil dwindling biodiversity and a coming water.war are just among our environmental challenges
2..3 .POPULATION CHALLENGE ’Our world s population threatens to hit.12 billion by 2050 if nothing is changed
4.
.5 .GLOBAL INEQUALITY I , %n 2005 the poorest 40 of the world% .population accounted for 5 of global income The richest
% % , %20 accounted for 75 of world income and the richest 10%.accounted for 546.
.7 .SHIFT OF GLOBAL POWER A new global order is emerging with( ) .Asia China and India at the center Are we ready?
8.
.9 .DEMOCRATIC RECESSION More and more governments are.retreating into autocratic rule What does that mean fordemocracy?
10.
.11 .GLOBAL INSECURITY / -9 11 has exposed the geo political.tensions in the world What have we done since?
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 60/61
END OF THE PRESENTATION
8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ss2-introduction-to-civilization 61/61
OTHER PRESENTATIONS IN THE SS2 ASIAN STUDIES
CIVILIZATION LECTURE SERIES
.I Introduction to Civilization.II.III History of India
.IV.V History of China
.V I.V II History of Islam
MARTIN BENEDICT PEREZ © 2009