8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

1/19

]X]PC EHM ]XEN HIPHM R JOLCPO^X

CMIQHJJOKC LCP[I^D

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqhjjokc Lcp{i~d

R I Niv ?1;0

Eh``jcpi{l* MO

8301?%?1;0

S]O

}hjqc~g1Bemf}h,mie

]hjqc~ G, F, Gilc}

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

2/19

PONJC IA M ILPCL P]

[fx mos}ojhpx9 0[fx lcp{i~d}9 ;

Mos}oj ehm~icmilcp} 6

Esjphmos}oj }imhicmiliehm lcp{i~d} ?2

S}hlk lcp{i~d} pi ~cnojolmc }imhoj ri{c~ ?2

Pfc no}hm mjo}}hmophil ia lcp{i~d} ??

Rspphlk lcp{i~d dli{jc`kc pi {i~d hl ehm~i}imhcphc} ?=

O jiid op pfc lc{ rfclieclo ia ro~o}hphm miersphlk ?1

^cac~clmc} ?6

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d >

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

3/19

MFORPC^ HQMos}oj Lcp{i~d @xloehm}

]hjqc~ G, F, Gilc}>226

Mirx~hkfp >22> nx ]hjc~ &G, F,( Gilc}, Ojj ~hkfp}* cjcmp~ilhm* esjphec`ho* ol` r~hlp* ~c}c~c`, O rsnjh%mophil ia ]]RCL % ]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmihjjokc Lcp{i~d,

@slmol [opp} h} ilc ia pfc rhilcc~} ia pfc }mhclmc ia lcp{i~d}, Hl ~cko~` pi pfc snhqshpis} r~c}clmc iacec~kclmc h} ojj dhl`} ia lops~c} }x}pce} fc o}d} s} pi mil}h`c~ pfc}c qsc}phil} T?U7

Fi{ o~c {c pi sl`c~}pol` }smf r~injce}9 Hl aomp* {fop h} hp onisp mierjcv millcmpc` }x}pce} pfopeodc} pfce }i fo~` pi sl`c~}pol` hl pfc ah~}p rjomc, Fi{ h} hp pfop o}}cenjhlk o jo~kc mijjcmphil ia mie%rilclp} hlpi o}x}pce ~c}sjp} hl }iecpfhlk ojpikcpfc~ haac~clp a~ie gs}p o h}o}}imhopc` mijjcmphil iamierilclp}9 Fi{ `i rirsjophil} ia ah~cajhc} ajo}fhlk* m~hmdcp} mfh~rhlk* i~ romceodc~ mcjj} ncophlk %

eolokc pi }xlmf~ilhwc pfch~ ~fxpfe} {hpfisp pfc oh` ia o mclp~oj mil`smpi~9 Fi{ `i }eojj ispn~cod} ia`h}co}c ncmiec crh`cehm}* ol` lc{ h`co} ncmiec m~owc}9 Fi{ `i {hj` }rcmsjophc nsnnjc} cec~kc ispia pfc hlc}peclp }p~opckhc} ia ipfc~{h}c }cl}hnjc hl`hh`soj}* ol` {fcl pfcx ns~}p* fi{ `ic} pfch~ `oe%okc }r~co` pf~iskfisp o ahlolmhoj }x}pce9 Fi{ sjlc~onjc o~c jo~kc hla~o}p~smps~c lcp{i~d}* jhdc pfcri{c~ k~h`* i~ pfc Hlpc~lcp* pi pfc ~ol`ie aohjs~c} i~ ccl `cjhnc~opc oppomd9 Fi{ `i li~e} ol` milcl%phil} cijc* ol` }s}pohl pfce}cjc} hl fseol }imhcphc}* ol` fi{ mol pfcx nc sr}cp ol` ccl ~crjomc`9Fi{ mol {c jimopc hl`hh`soj}* ~c}is~mc}* i~ ol}{c~} hl o {i~j` ia ic~{fcjehlk mierjcvhpx9 Ol` fi{`i clph~c ns}hlc}} ah~e} hlliopc ol` o`orp }smmc}}asjjx {fcl li ilc hl`hh`soj fo} cliskf hlai~eophilpi }ijc i~ ccl asjjx sl`c~}pol` pfc r~injce} pfop pfc ah~e aomc}9

O} `haac~clp o} pfc}c qsc}phil} orrco~* pfcx o~c ojj c~}hil} ia pfc }oec qsc}phil7Fi{ ic} hl`hh`sojncfohi~ okk~ckopc pi mijjcmphc ncfohi~9 O} }herjx o} hp mol nc o}dc`* pfh} h} ilc ia pfc ei}p asl`o%eclpoj ol` rc~o}hc qsc}phil} hl ojj ia }mhclmc, O fseol n~ohl* ai~ cvoerjc* h} hl ilc }cl}c o p~hjjhil

lcs~il} millcmpc` pikcpfc~ hl o nhk cjcmp~imfcehmoj jser, Nsp pi ojj ia s} {fi foc ilc* o n~ohl h} mjco~jxesmf ei~c* cvfhnhphlk r~irc~phc} jhdc mil}mhis}lc}}* ecei~x* ol` rc~}ilojhpx* {fi}c lops~c mollip nccvrjohlc` }herjx hl pc~e} ia ol okk~ckophil ia lcs~il},

O ai~e ia lcp{i~d}* ~cac~~c` pi o k~orf}* foc nccl dli{l {hpfhl eopfceophm} }hlmc Jcilfo~` Csjc~}{i~d il k~orf} hl ?;=1, ]hlmc pfh} phec lcp{i~d} foc aisl` pfch~ {ox hlpi eolx ia pfc eogi~ n~olmfc}ia }mhclmc }smf o rfx}hm}* mierspc~ }mhclmc* nhijikx* cmijikx* ojhac* cmiliehm} clkhlcc~hlk* }imhijikx*ol` olpf~irijikx T>U, Pfc `haac~clmc ncp{ccl pfc ei}p ~cmclp oppcerp pi sl`c~}pol` lcp{i~d} ol` pfcco~jhc~ {i~d hl eopfceophm} h} pfop pi`ox lcp{i~d} o~c li jilkc~ }ccl o} }pophm clphphc}, @smol [opp} `c%}m~hnc} pfc ms~~clp rc~}rcmphc il lcp{i~d} T=U7

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d =

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

4/19

Pfc m~sv ia pfc eoppc~ h} pfop hl pfc ro}p* lcp{i~d} foc nccl hc{c` o} ingcmp} iars~c }p~smps~c {fi}cr~irc~phc} o~cahvc` hl phec,Lchpfc~ ia pfc}c o}}serphil} misj` nc as~pfc~ a~ie pfc p~spf, Ah~}p* ~coj lcp%{i~d} ~cr~c}clp rirsjophil} ia hl`hh`soj mierilclp} pfop o~c ompsojjx `ihlk }iecpfhlk% kclc~ophlkri{c~* }cl`hlk opo* i~ ccl eodhlk cmh}hil}, Ojpfiskf pfc }p~smps~c ia pfc ~cjophil}fhr} ncp{ccl o lcp%{i~d} mierilclp} h} hlpc~c}phlk* hp h} heri~polpr~hlmhrojjx ncmos}c hp oaacmp} chpfc~ pfch~ hl`hh`soj nc%fohi~ i~ pfc ncfohi~ ia pfc }x}pce o} o {fijc, ]cmil`* lcp{i~d} o~c `xloehm ingcmp} lip gs}p ncmos}c

pfhlk} forrcl hl lcp{i~dc` }x}pce}* nsp ncmos}c pfc lcp{i~d} pfce}cjc} o~c cijhlk ol` mfolkhlk hlphec* `~hcl nx pfc omphhphc} i~ `cmh}hil} ia pfi}c c~x mierilclp}, Hl pfc millcmpc` okc* pfc~cai~c* {fopforrcl} ol` fi{ hp forrcl} `crcl` il pfc lcp{i~d, Ol` pfc lcp{i~d hl ps~l `crcl`} il {fop fo} for%rclc` r~chis}jx, Hp h} pfh} hc{ ia o lcp{i~d % o} ol hlpck~oj ro~p ia o milphlsis}jx cijhlk ol` }cja%mil}phpsphlk }x}pce % pfop h} p~sjx lc{ onisp pfc }mhclmc ia lcp{i~d},

Pfc ei}p ~cmclp caai~p} pi sl`c~}pol` pfc cc~ hlm~co}hlk o{o~clc}} ia pfc snhqshpx ia lcp{i~d} hl lops~cfo} ncmiec o esjph`h}mhrjhlo~x caai~p, Ilmc okohl* @slmol [opp} hl}h`c~ rc~}rcmphc h} cljhkfpclhlk T0U7

Ha hp h} pi }smmcc`* pfc~cai~c* pfc lc{ }mhclmc ia lcp{i~d} es}p n~hlk pikcpfc~ a~ie ojj pfc `h}mhrjhlc} pfc~cjcolp h`co} ol` pfc rcirjc {fi sl`c~}pol` pfce, Pfc }mhclmc ia lcp{i~d} es}p ncmiec* hl }fi~p* oeolhac}pophil ia hp} i{l }sngcmp eoppc~* o lcp{i~d ia }mhclph}p} mijjcmphcjx }ijhlk r~injce} pfop mollipnc }ijc` nx olx }hlkjc hl`hh`soj i~ ccl olx }hlkjc `h}mhrjhlc, Hp} o `oslphlk po}d* eo`c ojj pfc ei~co{d{o~` nx pfc jilk%}pol`hlk no~~hc~} }cro~ophlk }mhclph}p} pfce}cjc}, Pfc jolksokc} hl pfc o~his} h}%

mhrjhlc} o~c c~x `haac~clp* ol` {c }mhclph}p} iapcl foc haahmsjpx sl`c~}pol`hlk ilc olipfc~, Is~ or%r~iomfc} o~c `haac~clp pii* }i comf ia s} fo} pi jco~l lip iljx fi{ pfc ipfc~} }rcod nsp oj}i fi{ pfcxpfhld, Nsp hp h} forrclhlk * ol` pfc ro}p ac{ xco~} foc }ccl ol cvrji}hil hl ~c}co~mf ol` hlpc~c}p o~isl`pfc {i~j` hl }co~mf ia o lc{ ro~o`hke {hpf {fhmf pi `c}m~hnc* cvrjohl* ol` sjpheopcjx sl`c~}pol` pfcmillcmpc` okc, [c o~c lip pfc~c xcp* lip nx o jilk }fip* ns} o} pfc }pi~x hl pfc rokc} ofco` ~cjopc}* {c o~ceodhlk }iec cvmhphlk r~ik~c}},

[fcl hp miec} pi mierjcv lcp{i~d}* is~ mhhjhwophil h} }phjj esmf jhdc o lc{ni~l mfhj` p~xhlk pi eodc}cl}c isp ia pfc o}p }cl}i~x o~clo ia pfc {i~j` }fc fo} nccl hlp~i`smc` hlpi, Hl pfc aijji{hlk `h}ms}}hil{c }fojj oppcerp pi sl`c~}pol` pfc ~ijc ia lcp{i~d} hl }imhoj* cmiliehm* rijhphmoj* pcmflijikhmoj* ol` }rh~h%psoj cijsphil, Sl`c~}pol`hlk mos}ojhpx hl lcp{i~d} h} c}}clphoj ai~ is~ }s}pohlonhjhpx* r~ik~c}}hil* ol`o}mcl}hil o} ol cijhlk mhhjhwophil,

O} {c eic pf~iskf pfc slhc~}c ol` eodc `cmh}hil} {c eic a~ie c}mfopijikx &ripclphojhpx( pi cl%pcjcmfx &ompsojhphc}(, Pfc mijjcmphc r~imc}} ia eodhlk pfc}c `cmh}hil}* m~copc} o mos}oj lcp{i~d `xloehmoeilk ojj pfc ro~phmhrolp} hlijc` hl pfc `cmh}hil eodhlk r~imc}} pf~iskfisp pfc clph~c slhc~}c, [fop{c o~c pojdhlk onisp* h} }iecpfhlk esmf ei~c mierjcv pfol eilimos}oj `cpc~ehlh}e, O mos}oj lcp{i~dh} o fhkfjx mierjcv esjphmos}oj }x}pce {fhmf hlijc} acc`%ai~{o~`* esjphpf~co`c` ro~ojjcj cvcmsphil*ol` acc`nomd, Pfc mierjcv {cn ia pfc}c `cmh}hil} o`olmc} o} o mos}oj lcp{i~d* ol` pfc mijjcmphc `x%loehm} pfop pfh} {cn m~copc} h} pfc o}p liljhlco~ }x}pce {fhmf {c es}p mier~cfcl` ol` eo}pc~, [hpfisp~cjophc a~cc {hjj mfihmc* ol` pfc mil}cqsclmc} ia is~ omphil}* {c {isj` nc lipfhlk ei~c pfol mik} hl oo}p ecmfolhmoj eomfhlc* `~hcl nx r~c`c}phlophil* ol` pipojjx hlmoronjc ia p~sc ro~phmhrophil hl pfc slh%c~}c, [c }fisj` nc pfoldasj pfop {c foc nccl k~olpc` pfc k~cop r~hhjckc ia p~sc ro~phmhrophil, Fi{cc~*pfh} r~hhjckc fo} o r~hmc hl pfc co~jx }pokc} ia cijsphil* {fc~c {c o~c irc~ophlk njhl`jx {hpfisp o p~scsl`c~}pol`hlk ia pfc }x}pcehm r~imc}}c} {fhmf eodc }xenhiphm jhhlk o ~cojhpx, Jco~lhlk pfc }mhclmc ol`o~p ia mos}oj lcp{i~d `xloehm} h} c}}clphoj pi is~ asps~c* ol` pi pfc asps~c ia pfc slhc~}c, [c o~c lip

k~olpc` pfc ri{c~ pi r~cclp pfc slhc~}c a~ie ~comfhlk pfc iecko rihlp ia cijsphil* nsp {c mol }ji{ hp}r~ik~c}} pceri~o~hjx, Ha {c `i* {c eodc jhac ei~c `haahmsjp ai~ is~}cjc} ol` pfi}c o~isl` s}* nx oppcerppi oih` pfc jc}}il} mierjcv mos}oj lcp{i~d} n~hlk pi is~ cijsphil,

[fx mos}ojhpx9Pfc p~sc aslmphil ia mos}ojhpx hp lip pi r~c`cpc~ehlc is~ jhc}* ol` ai~mc s} pi jhc isp o `c}phlx ic~{fhmf {c foc li milp~ij, Ij`c~ eilimos}oj eopfceophm}* }mhclmc* ol` ~cjhkhil eox foc rohlpc` o rhm%ps~c ia }smf o slhc~}c, ^cmclp o`olmc} hl liljhlco~ eopfceophm}* lil%~c`smphilh}p }mhclmc* ol` }rh~hpsoj

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d 0

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

5/19

rfhji}irfhc} {fhmf hlmi~ri~opc eoldhl` o} o mim~copi~} ia pfc slhc~}c* foc iaac~c` s} o lc{ hc{ iapfc slhc~}c {fhmf h} }x}pcehm* }xenhiphm* }cja%i~kolhwhlk* cec~kclp* ol` esjphmos}oj, Pfc slhc~}c es}pia lcmc}}hpx* milpohl }saahmhclp mos}ojhpx ol` jo{* op olx khcl }pokc hl hp} ccjireclp* pi }p~smps~c hp}cjahl }smf o ao}fhil* }i o} pi r~ih`c mier~cfcl}hnhjhpx pi pfc jhac ai~e} pfop {hjj hlfonhp hp* o} ol hlchponjcmil}cqsclmc ia hp} }cja%i~kolhwophil, Ilmc hlpcjjhkclp jhac ai~e} o~~hc il pfc }mclc* pfc r~imc}} ia cijs%phil* ol` pfc }p~skkjc pi }s~hc mfojjclkc} pfce pi in}c~c* ~cc~}c clkhlcc~* ol` hlpc~lojjx ei`cj pfc

slhc~}c, O} pfc}c jhac ai~e} ki onisp pfh} r~imc}}* pfcx hlchponjx pc}p pfch~ ei`cjhlk nx ~comphlk* omphlk*ol` mim~cophlk pfc slhc~}c, Pfc r~ccvh}pclp }p~smps~c} ol` `xloehm} ia pfc slhc~}c o~c `c}hklc` hl oeollc~ pfop pfcx r~ih`c acc`nomd* i~ caacmphc mos}ojhpx* {fhmf hlai~e} mil}mhis} clphphc} hl pfc slhc~}conisp pfc omms~omx ia pfch~ ei`cjhlk ia pfc slhc~}c, Mos}ojhpx h} pfc acc`nomd pfop hlai~e} s} il pfc om%ms~omx ia is~ ei`cjhlk ia pfc slhc~}c, [fcl pfh} h} hl c~~i~* {c ~cmchc acc`nomd hl eolx `haac~clpai~e} a~ie pfc slhc~}c, Hl }iec hl}polmc} {c }herjx aohj pi ommierjh}f is~ ingcmphc* hl ipfc~} {c accjrfx}hmoj i~ ceiphiloj rohl* }imhoj h}ijophil* i~ {c mol hlms~ jckoj rclojphc}* ol` hl }iec hl}polmc} {c molai~achp is~ jhc}, Is~ }cl}c} o}}hehjopc pfh} acc`nomd* ol` is~ mclp~oj lc~is} }x}pce} mienhlc pfc `hc~}cai~e} ia acc`nomd hlpi o acc`nomd lcp{i~d* pfop h} r~c}clpc` pi is~ fhkfc~ n~ohl mclpc~}, Pfc fhkfc~ n~ohlmclpc~}* {fc~c ei`cjhlk podc} rjomc* ~cmchc pfh} hlai~eophil ol` ~cei`cj i~ ~c%}hesjopc pfc slhc~}c,Pfc lcvp phec {c es}p milmcrpsojjx i~ rfx}hmojjx hlpc~omp {hpf pfc slhc~}c* {c pc}p isp is~ lc{ ei`cj}o} orr~ivheophil} okohl, Clh~ileclpoj acc`nomd imms~} ilmc okohl* ol` hp hlai~e} s} {fcpfc~ is~ lc{ei`cj h} ol her~iceclp* i~ o jc}} omms~opc ei`cj ia ~cojhpx pfol is~ r~chis} ei`cj, [hpf is~ milphls%

hlk cvrc~hclmc hl cijsphil* is~ hlpc~loj ol` cvpc~loj ei`cj} ia pfc slhc~}c hlm~co}c hl omms~omx ol`mierjcvhpx, Ncmos}c ia pfc cli~eis} `haac~clphoj ncp{ccl pfc jccj ia hlpcjjhkclmc lcc`c` pi mier~cfcl`pfc clph~c slhc~}c* ol` pfc hlpcjjhkclmc moromhpx ia o }hlkjc jhhlk nhijikhmoj jhac ai~e % {c nol pikcpfc~hlpi }imhoj k~isr}* }imhcphc}* ol` mhhjhwophil}* hl ol caai~p pi her~ic is~ ei`cjhlk nx ro~ojjcj mijjcmphccaai~p, Pfh} o``} ol o``hphiloj lc{ ai~e ia acc`nomd* {fhmf ojji{} s} pi miero~c is~ caai~p} {hpf pfi}cia is~ acjji{ mhphwcl}, Nx `ihlk }i* {c kohl ol caahmhclmx hl is~ caai~p}* ol` pfh} acc`nomd as~pfc~ irph%ehwc} is~ caai~p} pi r~irc~jx ei`cj pfc slhc~}c, Mhhjhwophil} pfop `ccjir kii` ei`cjhlk r~omphmc}pf~hc ol` ki il pi fhkfc~ jccj} ia cijsphil, Mhhjhwophil} pfop hkli~c acc`nomd* ol` ei`cj pfc slhc~}crii~jx ncmiec jokkhlk mi~c} hl cijsphil* ol` ha pfh} p~cl` h} lip ~cc~}c`* cvphlmphil h} pfc hlchponjc ah%loj ai~e ia acc`nomd, Pfc slhc~}c fo} nccl `c}hklc` hl o eollc~ pfop ~c{o~`} kii` ei`cjhlk* ol`pfc~cnx r~cac~clphojjx }cjcmp} pfc asps~c mim~copi~} ia pfc slhc~}c, Pfh} milphlsoj r~imc}} ia ei`cjhlk*mierspophil* }hesjophil* ol` pc}phlk hl pfc ~coj slhc~}oj* h} o r~imc}} pfop {hjj nc {hpf s} pf~iskfisp is~clph~c slhc~}c mo~cc~}, Pfh} r~imc}} h} o ~cmhr~imoj r~imc}}, Pfc slhc~}c omp}* ol` pfcl {c ~comp* no}c`sril is~ ms~~clp ei`cj}, [c omp no}c` sril is~ ms~~clp ei`cj}* ol` pfcl pfc slhc~}c ~comp}* no}c` srilpfc slhc~}oj ei`cj,Hl pfh} milphlsoj ~cmhr~imoj r~imc}} ia }hesjophil* pfc slhc~}c ei`hahc} s}* ol`{c cclpsojjx ei`hax pfc slhc~}c, Hl pfc co~jx }pokc} ia pfc slhc~}c pfh} r~imc}} h} }iec{fop ei~c ilc}h`c`* {c eohljx o}}hehjopc hlai~eophil* ol` {c foc o ehli~ heromp sril pfc slhc~}c, O} phec ol` ci%jsphil r~ik~c}}* is~ ei`cj} ia pfc slhc~}c ncmiec ei~c slhc~}oj* ol` pfc~cai~c ei~c ri{c~asj, [cpfc~cnx kohl pfc ri{c~ pi ei`hax o jo~kc~ ol` jo~kc~ ri~phil ia pfc slhc~}c, [c o~c r~ik~c}}hcjx ncmie%hlk ei~c ol` ei~c ri{c~asj mim~copi~}, O} is~ ei`cj} k~i{ hl mierjcvhpx* {c es}p ~cjx ei~c ol` ei~cil }hesjophil pi pc}p is~ ei`cjhlk, O} pfc qsolphpophc ol` qsojhpophc }mirc ia pfc}c }hesjophil} k~i{*pfcx cclpsojjx o}xerpiphmojjx orr~iomf pfc }hwc ia pfc slhc~}c hp}cja, Ha xis podc pfh} lops~oj r~ik~c}}hililc }pcr as~pfc~* xis o~c }hesjophlk ol clph~c slhc~}c ol` xis o~c }pol`hlk il pfc pf~c}fij` ia slhc~}cm~cophil, Misj` pfh} nc pfc ahloj ingcmphc ia is~ r~ik~c}}hc }hesjophil ol` mim~cophil9

[c {isj` jhdc pi }skkc}p pfop pfh} h} r~cmh}cjx pfc ingcmphc ia slhc~}oj cijsphil,Slhc~}c} o~c p~ohlhlk }mfiij} ai~ asps~c slhc~}c `c}hklc~}* }hesjopi~}* ol` m~copi~}/

[hpfisp mos}ojhpx* lilc ia pfh} {isj` nc ri}}hnjc, Ha omphil} ol` ~comphil} fo` li hlfc~clp mi~~cjophil*pfc~c {isj` nc li {ox pi jco~l ol` her~ic is~ ei`cjhlk, Pfh} `ic} lip ecol pfop cc~x omphil fo} olheec`hopc ol` inhis} ~comphil, Hl jo~kc mierjcv }x}pce}* acc`nomd eox podc mil}h`c~onjc phec ncai~c hpncmiec} inhis} pi s}* ol` pfh} h} ilc ia pfc ~co}il} {c es}p omp mosphis}jx* ol` sphjhwc }hesjophil} r~hi~pi mieehpphlk pi mis~}c} ia omphil, Olipfc~ ~cojhpx {c es}p oj}i jco~l pi `coj {hpf* h} pfc aomp pfop {fcl{c omp hl pfc r~imc}} ia is~ cijsphil {c {hjj lip foc asjj dli{jc`kc ia pfc slhc~}c, [c {hjj iljx foc

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d 3

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

6/19

ommc}} pi pfop ro~p ia pfc slhc~}c {fhmf h} {hpfhl pfc ~comf is~ hl`hh`soj ol` mijjcmphc o~mfhc}* i~ ~cojphec hlai~eophil `opono}c}, Ojj ri~phil} ia pfc slhc~}c* hl pfc co~jx }pokc} ia cijsphil* es}p ei`cj* omp*ol` ~comp no}c` sril jc}} pfol slhc~}oj hlai~eophil, ]i is~ ei`cj} {hjj oj{ox} hlmjs`c }iec ~cjophc`ck~cc ia c~~i~, Pfc p~hmd h}* pi milphlsojjx cvpcl` is~ ei`cjhlk* pi clmiero}} jo~kc~ ol` jo~kc~ ri~phil}ia pfc slhc~}c {hpf cc~ hlm~co}hlk omms~omx,

Sl`c~}pol`hlk fi{ mos}oj `xloehm lcp{i~d} {i~d* ol` jco~lhlk pi ei~c omms~opcjx ei`cj pfce* h} kihlkpi nc ol cvp~cecjx heri~polp mi~c ~cojhpx ia is~ ilkihlk cijsphil, Pfc }iilc~ {c ommcrp pfh} mfojjclkc*pfc }iilc~ {c {hjj nckhl pi ~cmchc pfc asjj nclcahp} ia r~irc~ ei`cjhlk ol` }hesjophil,

]pcrrhlk `i{l pi ol co~pf rc~}rcmphc* {c es}p o}d fi{ `i ehm~i}imhcphc} ahp hlpi pfh} rhmps~c, [c nc%jhcc pfop ehm~i}imhcphc} r~ih`c pfc h`coj pc}phlk k~isl`} ai~ }imhoj* cmiliehm* pcmflijikhmoj* ol` }rh~h%psoj }hesjophil}, Esjphrjc ehm~i}imhcphc}* }r~co` isp om~i}} pfc cmi}rfc~c* ojji{ s} pi }hesjopc hl o fhkfjxro~ojjcj ao}fhil* hl wilc} ia jhehpc` cvri}s~c pi pfc jo~kc~ mhhjhwophil, Kclshlc }hesjophil hlijc} hlli%ophil* nsp {c mol lcc~ nc }s~c ha pfc hlliophil {hjj nc mil}p~smphc* ia lcsp~oj cijsphilo~x ojsc* i~`c}p~smphc, Pfh} h} pfc rs~ri}c ia mil`smphlk }hesjophil sl`c~ mh~mse}m~hnc` mh~mse}polmc}, Hl }i `ihlk*{c oppcerp pi ol}{c~ is~ qsc}phil} sl`c~ milp~ijjc` mil`hphil}* ojji{hlk s} pi pc}p ol` ~cpc}p, O kjinojlcp{i~d ia ehm~i}imhcphc} r~ih`c} o eo}}hcjx ro~ojjcj ol` h}p~hnspc` }hesjophil }x}pce, Pfc joxc~c`lcp{i~d millcmphlk pfc}c ehm~i}imhcphc} mol nc sphjhwc` o} o r~ik~c}}hc m~i}} pc}phlk o~clo* {fc~c }hes%jophil} pfop {c~c r~ieh}hlk op pfc jimoj jccj mol nc pc}pc` hl o esmf {h`c~ ol` ei~c o~hc` }cp ia mh~mse%

}polmc}, Pfc ei}p r~ieh}hlk }hesjophil} mol cclpsojjx nc o`irpc` op pfc mi~c fsn} ia pfc lcp{i~d ai~ahloj pc}phlk* ncai~c nchlk ~cjco}c` hlpi pfc jo~kc~ eom~i}imhcpx,Hp h} }p~olkc pfop o} o lc{ pcmflijikhmoj}imhcpx {c ~cojhwc pfc ojsc ia ah~}p rc~ai~ehlk hl fis}c }iap{o~c pc}phlk* pfcl ojrfo pc}phlk* ol` cclps%ojjx ncpo pc}phlk* ncai~c olx }iap{o~c r~i`smp h} ~cjco}c` hlpi pfc jo~kc~ mierspophiloj mieeslhpx, Xcp {c}cce pi foc li milmcrp ia pfc }hehjo~ ojsc ia pc}phlk }imhoj* ahlolmhoj* p~o`c* ol` kic~lolmc }x}pce} hlo }hehjo~ eollc~* ccl pfiskf pfcx r~inonjx rjox ol` ccl ei~c heri~polp ic~ojj ~ijc hl is~ }imhcphc} ,

Li ei~c inhis} cvoerjc mol nc aisl`* pfol pfc eollc~ hl {fhmf {c ~sl is~ rijhphmoj }x}pce}* jckh}jo%phc ni`hc}* ol` cjcmphil mxmjc}, [c ~cojhwc pfc lcmc}}hpx ia pc}phlk }iap{o~c hl }eojjc~ milp~ijjc` clh%~ileclp}* ncai~c ~cjco}hlk hp hlpi pfc jo~kc~ kjinoj miersphlk clh~ileclp, [fx h} hp pfop {c `i lip ~c%qsh~c pfc }oec r~imc`s~c} hl ~sllhlk is~ cmiliex* kic~lolmc* ol` ipfc~ ai~e} ia pcmflhmoj hla~o}p~sm%ps~c, Hl is~ ei`c~l }mhclphahm {i~j`* {fcl o }mhclph}p }fi{} sr op o milac~clmc ol` r~c}clp} fh} ~c}co~mf %fc `ic} lip gs}p }ox* fc~c h} {fop H pfhld {c }fisj` `i* jhdc is~ ms~~clp rijhphmoj ro~phc}* }clopi~}* ol`r~c}h`clphoj mol`h`opc} `i, Ha is~ }mhclph}p} {c~c pi r~c}clp pfch~ h`co}* hl pfc eollc~ {c foc gs}p }sk%kc}pc`* pfc m~x a~ie pfc ~c}p ia pfc }mhclph}p} hl pfc ~iie {isj` nc* {fc~c h} xis~ `opo* xis~ }hesjo%phil}, Ol o}p~irfx}hmh}p {fi mjohe} pi sl`c~}pol` fi{ mierjcv }x}pce}* jhdc kojovhc}* ai~e ol` cijc*mol lip kcp nx }herjx }oxhlk pfh} h} {fop fc ncjhcc}, Fc es}p r~c}clp }irfh}phmopc` }src~mierspc~ }hes%jophil} pfop }srri~p pfc ro~o`hke fc h} r~iri}hlk, ]fi~p ia eccphlk pfc}c ~cqsh~ceclp}* fh} irhlhil}{isj` nc mil}h`c~c` pi nc ia ehlheoj ojsc, Xcp {c ojji{ rijhphmoj ro~phc}* cmilieh}p}* ol` r~c}h`clphojmol`h`opc} pi ncfoc hl pfh} lohc ao}fhil* ol` {c mieehp p~hjjhil} ia ijjo~} pi r~ik~oe} pfop foclcc~ nccl pc}pc`nx pfc pxrc ia }irfh}phmopc` mierspc~ ei`cjhlk pfop h} li{ o ~cqsh~ceclp hl ei}p iais~ }mhclmc}, [copfc~ ai~cmo}phlk ol` fs~~hmolc r~c`hmphil o~c pfc ei}p inhis} cvoerjc} ia jo~kc mie%rspc~ }hesjophil} dli{ pi pfc kclc~oj rsnjhm, Ilc r~c}h`clphoj mol`h`opc }ox} }fc h} kihlk pi ji{c~ xis~pov ~opc* msp morhpoj kohl}* ol` cjhehlopc hlfc~hpolmc pov, Pfc ipfc~ }ox} gs}p pfc irri}hpc % ol` pfcx nipfmjohe pfop pfc}c irhlhil} o~c mi~~cmp* ol` pfop pfcx {hjj jco` pi ol her~iceclp hl xis~ hl`hh`soj jhc}

ol` {hpfhl is~ }imhcpx o} o {fijc, [c foc li{ nccl `ihlk pfh} ai~ ei~c pfol p{i mclps~hc} hl pfc S]O,[c fo` jhppjc mfihmc ai~ pfc ah~}p ?;3 xco~}* nsp pfop h} li jilkc~ pfc mo}c, [c li{ foc lsec~is} jo~kc}src~mierspc~ aomhjhphc}* {fhmf mol }hesjopc pfc cmiliehm caacmp} ia `haac~clp mienhlophil} ia r~iri}oj} %ojji{hlk s} pi pc}p pfc}c r~iri}oj} ol` miero~c pfc ~c}sjp}* r~hi~ pi ompsojjx hlhphophlk pfce hl is~ cmili%ehc} slpc}pc`* {fhmf h} is~ ms~~clp r~omphmc, ]i cc~x phec o rijhphmoj ro~px i~ o mol`h`opc pcjj} xis{fop pfcx o~c kihlk pi `i il xis~ ncfoja* no}c` sril pfch~ irhlhil}* {fx h} pfc rsnjhm lip}m~coehlk isp % {fc~c} pfc `opo* ol` pfc }hesjophil} {fhmf }sn}polphopc pfop xis~ h`co} o~c {i~pfpc}phlk pfce hl pfc ~coj {i~j`, Comf cjcmphil mxmjc {fcl {c ki pf~iskf pfc on}ijspcjx on}s~` loecmojjhlk* ol` njoec koec* {c es}p `ceol` pfop comf ro~px ol` mol`h`opc r~c}clp s} {hpf fhkfjx }irfh}ph%mopc` mierspc~ }hesjophil}* pfop ei`cj ol` pc}p pfch~ r~iri}oj}, Pfch~ irhlhil} o~c ia li ei~c ojsc

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d 1

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

7/19

pfol pfi}c ia pfc kclc~oj rirsjophil* sljc}} pfcx mol nc nomdsr nx }mhclphahm mierspc~ }hesjophil} {hpffhkf qsojhpx `opo hlrsp, Mhphwcl} ia cc~x mislp~x hl pfc {i~j`* pfop foc pfh} moronhjhpx* }fisj` on}ijspcjx`ceol` li jc}} a~ie pfch~ rsnjhm cerjixcc} {fi mjohe pi dli{ {fop pfcx o~c `ihlk* {fcl pfcx ~cqsc}ppfc ~hkfp ol` r~hhjckc ia ~sllhlk xis~ mislp~x ol` pfc {i~j`, Ol o``hphiloj ai~e ia r~cjhehlo~x pc}phlk*r~hi~ pi hlhphophlk lc{ orr~iomfc} {hpfhl pfc jo~kc~ cmiliex* }fisj` nc pc}phlk op pfc ehm~i}imhcpx jccj*aijji{c` nx pc}phlk op pfc mhpx* mislpx* }popc* ol` lophiloj jccj}, Hl pfh} eollc~* ri~c ei`cj} mol nc

cjhehlopc` co~jx hl pfc ~ijj isp mxmjc* ~c`smhlk pfc r~inonhjhphc} pfop ri~c ol` hlcaahmhclp rijhmx h} r~iro%kopc` pf~iskfisp pfc clph~c ahlolmhoj }x}pce,

Pfc jopc}p }sn%r~hec ei~pkokc* }cms~hphwophil hl}p~seclp}* m~c`hp `caosjp }{or}* ol` fhkf jcc~okc cmi%liehm ei`cj* r~cojclp hl pfc ah~}p `cmo`c ia pfc >?}p mclps~x* {fhmf fo} li{ }r~co` pf~iskfisp pfc{i~j` cmiliex* {hpf `co}pophlk ~c}sjp} % h} o rc~acmp cvoerjc ia pfc `olkc~} hlfc~clp hl sphjhwhlk sl%pc}pc` ei`cj}, Ccl ei~c aiijh}f* h} pfc hlhphophil ia lc{ slpc}pc` cmiliehm rijhmhc} pi mi~~cmp pfc cvh}p%hlk r~injce}* {fhmf {c~c pfc ~c}sjp ia hlhphophlk slpc}pc` cmiliehm rijhmhc},

Ha pfc miehlk mclps~x mol p~sjx nc mfo~ompc~hwc` o} pfc mclps~x ia mierjcvhpx* pfcl {c o~c c~x esmf ki%hlk pi lcc` o {h`c ol` `hc~}hahc` pc}phlk lcp{i~d* {fc~c o esmf k~copc~ `ck~cc ia hlliophil ol` cv%rc~heclpophil mol nc r~omphmc` hl is~ caai~p pi asjjx mier~cfcl`* ei`cj* ol` eolokc mierjcvhpx, [c nc%jhcc pfop }smf mieeslhphc} o~c on}ijspcjx c}}clphoj pi is~ ripclphoj }s~hoj, Pfc}c mieeslhphc}

}fisj` lip nc aco~c` i~ }fsllc` nx pfc jo~kc~ }imhcpx i~ mhhjhwophil, Ehm~i}imhcphc} }fisj` nc ce%n~omc` ol` }srri~pc` ai~ pfc c~x ojsonjc ~ijc pfcx {hjj rjox hl pfc lcvp }pokc ia is~ cijsphil,

[fx lcp{i~d}9[fx fo} pfc slhc~}c nccl `c}hklc` hl o ao}fhil }i pfop pfc hl`hh`soj mierilclp} ia pfc slhc~}c comfcvh}p hl ~cjophc h}ijophil* ol` xcp op pfc }oec phec* pfcx o~c iljx onjc pi mierjcpc pfch~ mis~}c ia cijs%phil nx mii~`hlophlk pfch~ omphil} {hpfhl cc~ jo~kc~ xloehmoj mos}oj lcp{i~d}9

Ha {c pfhld ia mierjcv }x}pce} o} nipf lcp{i~d} ol` li`c}* pfcl {c mol r~iri}c o slhc~}oj ei`cj*{fc~c comf }ccehlkjx hl`hh`soj ingcmp h} hlpc~lojjx o lcp{i~d* ol` cvpc~lojjx o li`c hl o jo~kc~ joxc~c`esjph`hecl}hiloj lcp{i~d, Cc~x li`c h} }src~%cenc``c`* ecolhlk pfop hp fo} lcp{i~d} onic hp* ol`ncji{ hp* o~~olkc` hl o }cja%}hehjo~ i~ }cja%oaahlc ao}fhil, Ha {c orrjx chpfc~ o ehm~i}mirc i~ o eom~i%}mirc* op olx lc{ eoklhahmophil rc~}rcmphc % {c }cc pfc }oec kclc~oj }x}pcehm roppc~lhlk, Nx r~ik~c}}%hlk sr i~ `i{l pfc lcp{i~d jccj}* {c kohl o k~copc~ sl`c~}pol`hlk ia pfc mierjcvhpx* hlp~omillcmphhpx*hlpc~millcmphhpx* ol` cvp~omillcmphhpx ia pfc slhc~}c, Ojj ia pfc}c ~cjophil}fhr} pikcpfc~ ai~e o `x%loehmoj mos}oj lcp{i~d* {fhmf hlmi~ri~opc} nipf fhc~o~mfhmoj ol` fcpc~o~mfhmoj `xloehm i~kolhwophil, [c}{he hl o }cc ia }src~%cenc``c` `xloehm fijieiphil, Pfc jccj ia pfc opp~ompi~} hl pfc}c lcp{i~d} h}oj}i esjph`hecl}hiloj* ol` milphlsis}jx }fhaphlk* `crcl`hlk il {fhmf jccj {c mfii}c pi in}c~c pfclcp{i~d a~ie, Pfh} h} pfc ecpfi` is~ slhc~}c fo} o`irpc` pi mfojjclkc s} pi `h}mic~ ei~c pfol gs}p is~%}cjc}* ol` is~ jimoj clh~ileclp, [hpf comf lc{ }pokc ia cijsphil* {c o~c o}dc` pi jiid `ccrc~ {hpfhl*ol` as~pfc~ isp* pfol {c foc cc~ jiidc` ncai~c,Li{ pfh} es}p nc ommierjh}fc` hl o eollc~* }i pfop {co~c lip ic~{fcjec` nx pfc cli~eis} }x}pcehm lops~c ia pfh} mierjcvhpx, ]i }x}pce} o~c `c}hklc` il pfc}s~aomc* pi orrco~ o} ha pfcx o~c hl`hh`soj ingcmp, Iljx k~o`sojjx* ol` r~ik~c}}hcjx* i {c clmislpc~`ccrc~ jccj} ia }p~smps~c} ol` `xloehm} {hpfhl pfc ingcmp, K~copc~ jccj} ia hlpc~millcmphhpx ol` espsoj

hlpc~irc~onhjhpx* ~ccoj pfce}cjc} pi s} iljx k~o`sojjx* o} is~ eops~hpx ol` moromhpx ai~ mim~copi~}fhrhlm~co}c}, [c miec pi sl`c~}pol` fi{ pfc ingcmp ic} lip cvh}p hl h}ijophil* ol` fi{ hp h} }x}pcehmojjxhlpc~millcmpc` hl o esmf jo~kc~ lcp{i~d ia hlpc~omphil} pfop {c o~c gs}p nckhllhlk pi sl`c~}pol`,Comfingcmp fo} mos}oj ~cjophil}fhr} op hp} i{l lophc jccj* op ji{c~ jccj}* ol` op fhkfc~ jccj} ia lcp{i~d`xloehm}* ol` pfh} h} {fx {c }rcod ia esjphmos}oj lcp{i~d} ol` esjphmos}oj slhc~}c}, Pfc esjph%mos}oj lops~c ia pfc slhc~}c* op ojj jccj} ia cvh}pclmc* ai~mc} s} pi `coj {hpf pfc mierjcvhpx ia pfc slh%c~}c* xcp hp ojji{} s} pi aslmphil o`cqsopcjx op cc~x jccj* {hpf jc}} pfol mierjcpc sl`c~}pol`hlk* o} {co}mcl` sr pfc jo``c~ ia mierjcvhpx o{o~clc}}, O} {c kohl k~copc~ sl`c~}pol`hlk ia pfc `ck~cc} ia mie%rjcvhpx hl is~ slhc~}c* {c o~c oaai~`c` k~copc~ `ck~cc} ia a~cc`ie hl pfc cvc~mh}c ia is~ a~cc {hjj mim~co%pi~}fhr, Is~ ripclphoj mim~copi~}fhr* hlm~co}c} hl ri{c~ {hpf comf lc{ jccj ia sl`c~}pol`hlk % ia pfc

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ;

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

8/19

mos}oj ~cjophil}fhr} hlfc~clp hl pfc `xloehmoj lcp{i~d} {c r~ik~c}}hcjx clmislpc~, Lc{c~ ol ei~c slh%c~}oj opp~ompi~} milphlsojjx rsjj is~ oppclphil pi{o~` pfc iecko rihlp ia slhc~}c cijsphil,

Pfc eolp~o ai~ pfc lc{ mclps~x ol` pfc lc{ ehjjcllhse h} pfhld liljhlco~* pfhld mierjcvhpx* pfhld}x}pcehm* pfhld }xenhiphm* ol` pfhld lcp{i~d, [c es}p ps~l is~ nomd il }herjh}phm eilimos}oj ei`%cj} ia pfc slhc~}c* ol` asjjx clkokc is~}cjc} hl pfc lc{ qsc}p pi sl`c~}pol` pfc esmf ei~c mierjcvol` liljhlco~ slhc~}c {c hlfonhp, Pfc cli~ehpx ia pfh} mfojjclkc h} inhis}* nx h~psc ia pfc aomp pfopeolx ia pfc}c {i~`} foc ojei}p li s}okc hl is~ cc~x `ox mieeil jolksokc, Li~ `i pfcx orrco~ hl is~lc{}rorc~}* i~ hl is~ ~o`hi ol` pcjch}hil r~ik~oe}, Is~ clp~olmc hlpi pfc pcmflijikhmoj c~o* pfc nhipcmf%lijikx c~o* pfc kclcphm c~o* ol` pfc hlai~eophil okc c~o fo} ~cmchc` }iec ehlheoj r~c}clpophil hl pfcec`ho* nsp pfc esmf `ccrc~ herjhmophil} ia mierjcvhpx* mfoi}* ol` lcp{i~d} }phjj ~ceohl} ns~hc` hl pfcmopomien} ia omo`cehm ol` ~c}co~mf hl}phpsphil}, Ic~miehlk pfh} in}pomjc {isj` }cce pi ~cqsh~c }iec%pfhlk il pfc i~`c~ ia pfc Eolfoppol R~igcmp % {fhmf irc~opc` s~hlk [i~j [o~ HH, Slai~pslopcjx ol caai~pia pfh} eoklhps`c % mol nc }ccl li{fc~c il pfc fi~hwil/ Pfc pcmflijikhmoj ~cijsphil fo} oj~co`x nckolpi mierjcvhax is~ mhhjhwophil* xcp {c }fi{ jhppjc* ha olx* hlpc~c}p hl asjjx sl`c~}pol`hlk pfc mos}oj herjh%mophil} ia pfh} lc{ mierjcvhahmophil ia is~ jhc}, Pfc acc`nomd {hjj nc ic~{fcjehlk* ol` ncxil` is~ecol} pi mirc {hpf hp* ha {c milphlsc il hl pfh} lohc ao}fhil,

Mos}oj ehm~icmilcp}Ehm~icmilcp} o~c fhkfjx ro~ojjcj ol` `h}p~hnspc` lcp{i~d li`c} pfop o~c `c`hmopc` pi `c}hklhlk* ei`cj%hlk* ol` pc}phlk jilk%pc~e }s}pohlonjc }imhoj }x}pce} pfop r~c}c~c pfc cmijikhmoj honhjhpx ia is~ cmi%}rfc~c* {fhjc }hesjpolcis}jx }srri~phlk pfc pcmflijikhmoj o`olmceclp ia mhhjhwophil, Pfcx o~c c`h%mopc` pi sl`c~}pol`hlk pfc esjphmos}oj ~cjophil}fhr} ol` herjhmophil ia pfc pcmflijikhmoj c~o ia rjolcpo~xcijsphil, Fhkfjx h}p~hnspc` ehm~icmilcp} o~c o lc{ ei`cj ai~ mhhjhwophil clmislpc~hlk pfc mierjcvhpxc~o ia cijsphil, [fx9 Ncmos}c pfcx r~ih`c pfc }oac}p ol` ei}p caahmhclp ecol} ai~ o mhhjhwophil pilohkopc pf~iskf pfc mierjcvhpx c~o, Ehm~icmilcp} r~ih`c eolx o`olpokc}7

Ncmos}c pfc mierjcvhpx c~o h} }i `crcl`clp il eo}}hc }hesjophil* hl pfc r~imc}} ia }ps`xhlk mierjcv%hpx % o eo}}hcjx ro~ojjcj ol` `h}p~hnspc` }imhoj ol` cmiliehm o~mfhpcmps~c h} h`coj ai~ pfh} }pokc ia ci%jsphil, Ehm~icmilcp} r~ih`c gs}p }smf ol o~mfhpcmps~c,

Pfc ~cjophc h}ijophil ia comf }cro~opc li`c &ehm~i}imhcpx( {hpfhl pfc lcp{i~d* o}}s~c} o `ck~cc ia mh~%mse}m~hnc` milp~ijjc` cvrc~heclpophil* xcp ojji{} ~orh` mieeslhmophil ia comf li`c {hpfhl pfc jo~kc~lcp{i~d* cl}s~hlk ~orh` o}}hehjophil ol` h}}cehlophil ia hlai~eophil,

Pfc n~hlkhlk pikcpfc~ ia fhkfjx hlliophc hl`hh`soj}* hlpi o }srri~phc ol` ~hmf ~c}co~mf clh~ileclp*{hjj mil}h`c~onjx ommcjc~opc ai~e} ia r~ik~c}} {fhmf ehkfp nc rc~mchc` nx pfc jo~kc~ mhhjhwophil o}eihlk pi ao}p,

Pfc nclcahp pi rjolcpo~x mhhjhwophil o} o {fijc* h} pfop hp fo} pfc jsvs~x ia o`irphlk iljx pfc c~x nc}pei`cj} {fhmf foc oj~co`x nccl pfi~iskfjx pc}pc` {hpfhl pfc ei~c jhehpc` milahlc} ia pfc ehm~i%cmilcp},

Pfc ripclphoj mi}p ia asl`hlk ehm~icmilcp}* }fisj` nc ei~c pfol miercl}opc` ai~ nx pfc mi}p }ohlk}

~cojhwc` nx r~cclphlk pfc herjceclpophil ia jc}} rc~acmpc` ei`cj} il o esmf jo~kc~ }mojc ncai~c `h}%mic~hlk pfch~ hlfc~clp {codlc}}c}* ol` slolphmhropc` liljhlco~ mil}cqsclmc}, Lc{c~ ei`cj} {hjj r~i%k~c}}hcjx nc o`irpc` hlpi pfc jo~kc~ mhhjhwophil o} pfcx ncmiec oohjonjc* oapc~ pfi~iskf pc}phlk om~i}}pfc clph~c ehm~icmilcp{i~d, Pfc mos}oj caahmomx ia pfc}c ei`cj}* {hjj foc nccl }sngcmpc` pi o esmfei~c ~hki~is} ol` ~ins}p pc}phlk pfol pfcx {isj` foc ~cmchc` hl is~ ms~~clp }imhoj ol` cmiliehmei`cj},

]smf o }x}pce ia pc}phlk h} ojei}p lilcvh}pclp {hpfhl is~ ms~~clp mhhjhwophil,

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d 6

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

9/19

Pfc ms~~clp `ck~cc ia rijjsphil ol` `c}p~smphil ia is~ cmi}rfc~c* }fisj` nc ei~c pfol cliskf ch`clmc*pfop ccl `s~hlk pfc hl`s}p~hoj ol` co~jx pcmflijikhmoj c~o* {c {c~c lip rc~ai~ehlk cliskf mh~mse}m~hnc`}hesjophil pi sl`c~}pol` pfc mil}cqsclmc} ia is~ omphil}, Pfc ripclphoj heromp} ia pfc ri}p%kclcphm c~o*ol` pfc lolipcmflijikx c~o* foc ol ccl k~copc~ ripclphoj ai~ `c}p~smphc caacmp}* ha pfc}c p~ol}hphil} o~clip fol`jc` {hpf nipf pfc mosphil ol` pfc ~c}rcmp {fhmf lops~c} esjphnhjjhil xco~ cmi}x}pce `c}c~c},Pfc ms~~clp ec~mclo~x mi~ri~opc orr~iomf aojj} {icasjjx }fi~p ia pfc r~irc~ }hesjophil ol` pc}phlk r~imc%

`s~c}, [hpfisp o r~irc~ ~c}p~smps~hlk ia is~ mhhjhwophil pi r~ih`c p~sjx o`cqsopc pc}phlk wilc}* mi~ri~o%phil} {hjj milphlsc pi ~cjco}c kclcphmojjx ojpc~c` aii`} hlpi is~ aii` mfohl {hpfisp o`cqsopc pc}phlk, Is~ms~~clp eom~i%}imhoj ei`cj mol lip r~ih`c pfc jccj ia pc}phlk pfop o p~sc ehm~i}imhcpx lcp{i~d misj` %{hpf ojj ia pfc eo}}hcjx ro~ojjcj `hc~}hpx ol` hlpc~millcmphhpx pfop ilc lcc`} pi rc~ai~e o`cqsopc pc}p%hlk, Hl pfc cijsphilo~x c~o ia mierjcvhpx* mhhjhwophil} mol li jilkc~ oaai~` pi eodc n~io` }mojc `h}o}%p~is} eh}podc}, Pfc jo~kc lsenc~ ia o`olmc} ol` pfc ~opc op {fhmf pfcx {hjj cijc* {hjj ic~{fcje omhhjhwophil lip r~irc~jx }p~smps~c` pi `coj {hpf pfc cc~ hlm~co}hlk `ceol`} ai~ pc}phlk pfop {c {hjj cl%mislpc~ kihlk ai~{o~`, Pfc ij` eilijhpfhm ei`cj} jhdc mieeslh}e* }imhojh}e* ol` morhpojh}e pfop focnoppjc` hp isp hl pfc p{clphcpf mclps~x* o~c hl}saahmhclp pi `coj {hpf pfc mierjcvhpx ia pfc miehlk okc,Pfcx `i lip r~ih`c ai~ {cjj `cahlc` pc}phlk wilc}* {fc~c lc{ pcmflijikhc}* `~sk}* kclcphmojjx ojpc~c`aii`}* lc{ cmiliehm ei`cj}* lc{ ai~e} ia {i~d i~kolhwophil* lc{ ai~e} ia c`smophil* ol` lc{ ai~e} ia}imhoj i~kolhwophil % mol nc r~irc~jx pc}pc` {hpfhl o }mojc` `i{l c~}hil ia pfc jo~kc~ mhhjhwophil, ]herjcjoni~opi~x pc}phlk h} li jilkc~ }saahmhclp* ncmos}c hp h} lip n~io` cliskf i~ `ccr cliskf pi p~sjx pc}p pfc

asjj herjhmophil} ia lc{ hlliophil} hl pfc okc ia mierjcvhpx, Pfc r~ik~c}}hc }mojhlk ol` k~o`sopc` hl%p~i`smphil ia lc{ hlliophil}* ei`cj}* r~i`smp}* ol` }c~hmc} il cc~ n~io`clhlk }mojc} h} on}ijspcjxeol`opi~x, Pfc ~orh` acc`pf~iskf ia }hesjpolcis} slolphmhropc` mil}cqsclmc} ia lc{ liljhlco~ }x}pce}misj` co}popc is~ mhhjhwophil, Pfc cli~eis} qsolphpx* ol` pfc eo}}hc ro~ojjcj hlp~i`smphil ia o`olmc}hl }i eolx pcmflijikhc} hl pfc miehlk c~o* misj` co}hjx ic~{fcje ol slr~cro~c` mhhjhwophil pfop fo} lip hlpclphilojjx ~c}p~smps~c` hp} }imhoj ol` cmiliehm o~mfhpcmps~c pi fol`jc }smf o eo}}hc p~ol}ai~eophilia hp} }imhcpx,

Ha {c fo` o`irpc` pfc pxrc ia }x}pce} {c o~c r~iri}hlk li{ hl pfc hl`s}p~hoj c~o* {c {isj` lip li{ ncaomhlk lco~jx o} {h`c o }mirc ia `c}p~smphil pi is~ cmijikhmoj clh~ileclp, Ojpc~lophc orr~iomfc} {isj`foc o}}s~c` pfop no` ei`cj} {c~c lip o`irpc` }x}pce {h`c* ol` pfc caahmomx ia }src~hi~ ei`cj} misj`foc nccl ei~c ~orh`jx `crjixc`* ~crjomhlk pfc rii~c~ ei`cj} ncai~c pfc `c}p~smphil fo` }{crp o~isl`pfc clph~c rjolcp, Mi~ri~ophil} o~c ei~c jhdcjx pi omdli{jc`kc eh}podc}* ncai~c pfcx foc }r~co` pi `c%

}p~smphc }mojc} pfop {hjj nc c~x cvrcl}hc pi ~cc~}c, Pfc ms~~clp }pol`o~` r~omphmc ia oppcerphlk pimic~ sr }smf hlmh`clp}* h} `sc pi o jo~kc cvpclp* pi pfc cli~eis} mi}p pfop mi~ri~ophil} {hjj hlms~ {fclpfc asjj p~spf ia pfc eh}podc} o~c slmic~c`, Ha rii~ r~omphmc} mol nc h}ijopc` hl pfc co~jx }pokc}* {fcl pfcxhlijc iljx jhehpc` }mojc cvrc~heclp}* pfcx mol nc ei~c qshmdjx ~cc~}c` op o esmf ji{c~ mi}p* pfs} r~i%h`hlk jc}} lcc` ai~ mic~%sr}, Pfc }oec olojikx orrjhc} pi kic~leclp r~ik~oe}* {fhmf o~c }cj`iepc}pc` il ehm~i%}mojc} ncai~c pfcx o~c asjjx asl`c` ol` cvcmspc` nx pfc jckh}jops~c, Kic~leclp}* o} ch%`clmc` nx pfch~ ms~~clp r~omphmc}* o~c rc~for} ccl jc}} o`crp op r~ik~c}}hc }hesjophil ol` pc}phlk pfolpfc mi~ri~opc }cmpi~, Qo~his} ai~e} ia {cjao~c* ~c%cerjixeclp miercl}ophil ol` ~cp~ohlhlk* }sn}h`hc}*cpm, o~c iapcl o`irpc` op pfc ac`c~oj jccj {hpfisp olx ai~e ia caahmomx pc}phlk il ehm~i%}mojc} r~hi~ pi asjjasl`hlk, As~pfc~ei~c ilmc o`irpc`* pfc lcc`c` r~imc}}c} ia milphlsoj ~chc{ ol` ~c%cojsophil ncmiecc~x `haahmsjp* `sc pi c}pc` hlpc~c}p} pfop o~c hlchponjc* ilmc pfc r~ik~oe} foc nccl o`irpc` il o {h`c}mojc, Pfc}c pxrc} ia r~omphmc} es}p nc ~cc~}c`* ncmos}c pfcx mol nc cvp~cecjx mi}pjx hl }imhoj* cmi%liehm* ol` clh~ileclpoj pc~e},

Mos}ojhpx mol chpfc~ nc o a~hcl` i~ o aic, Hp h} ei~c jhdcjx pi nc o a~hcl` pi pfi}c {fi rc~ai~e r~ik~c}}hc`c}hkl* ei`cjhlk* ol` pc}phlk pfol pi pfi}c {fi o`irp lc{ hlliophil} hl o lil%r~ik~c}}hc eollc~, Pfcrjolcpo~x cmi}rfc~c {c hlfonhp* ol` pfc slhc~}c {fhmf }srri~p} hp* o~c pfc r~i`smp ia ~cjclpjc}} }hes%jophil ol` pc}phlk, Ha {c {h}f mhhjhwophil} ia is~ i{l `c}hkl pi foc pfc }oec `ck~cc ia ~ins}plc}} o}pfc nhi}rfc~c ol` pfc slhc~}c {c hlfonhp* {c es}p `c}hkl is~ mhhjhwophil} hl o }hehjo~ eollc~, H`c%ijikhc} mol }c~c o} }po~phlk rihlp}* nsp pfcx }fisj` lip* ol` mol lip* nc o`irpc` {fijc}ojc* {hpfisp pfc~hki~is} ol` r~ik~c}}hc pc}phlk ai~ pfch~ hlfc~clp caahmomx o} jilk%pc~e }s~honjc }ijsphil}, [c mol lijilkc~ oaai~` pi o`irp ei`cj} }herjx no}c` sril ceiphiloj* fh}pi~hmoj* i~ miklhphc r~cac~clmc}* {hpf%

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d 8

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

10/19

isp }saahmhclp pc}phlk pi c}ponjh}f pfch~ hlfc~clp caahmomx, Mierjcv }x}pce o~c }herjx pi mierjcv pi `coj{hpf pfce il o rfhji}irfhmoj i~ miklhphc no}h} ojilc, Oppcerp} op cojsophlk }smf }x}pce} olojxphmojjx*{hpfisp pfc `ck~cc ia }hesjophil lcmc}}o~x pi slmic~ pfc asjj }rcmp~se ia pfch~ slolphmhropc` liljhlco~mil}cqsclmc}* h} esmf pii `olkc~is}, Pfc {i~j` {c }cc o~isl` s} {o} lip r~i`smc` hl }smf o ao}fhil*ol` lchpfc~ }fisj` {c r~i`smc mhhjhwophil} no}c` sril }smf hl}saahmhclp }hesjophil, ]herjc jhlco~ }x}%pce}* {hpf pfch~ eilimos}oj i~ ehlheoj esjphmos}oj ~cjophil}fhr} mol rc~for} nc sl`c~}pii` {hpfisp cv%

pcl}hc }hesjophil, Pfc ei~c snhqshpis} liljhlco~ }x}pce} {fhmf r~ih`c pfc mierjcv clh~ileclp} {co~c mfojjclkc` pi nc cijc hl* ~cqsh~c cvpcl}hc }hesjophil pi asjjx mier~cfcl` pfch~ esjphmos}oj hlpc~om%phil lcp{i~d},

Esjphmos}oj }imhicmiliehm lcp{i~d}Hl is~ oppcerp pi cvoehlc pfc lsec~is} {ox} pfop ehm~i}imhcphc} misj` nc s}casj hl fcjrhlk s} sl`c~}pol`mierjcv liljhlco~ ~cjophil}fhr} pfop cvh}p ncp{ccl pfc }imhoj* cmiliehm* pcmflijikhmoj* c`smophiloj* ol`}rh~hpsoj }x}pce} {c mol rc~for} r~ih`c o ac{ cvoerjc}7

[c lcc` o ncppc~ sl`c~}pol`hlk ia fi{ c`smophiloj }x}pce} caacmp cmiliehm }x}pce},

Hp {isj` nc fcjrasj pi sl`c~}pol` fi{ `haac~clp cmiliehm }x}pce} caacmp }imhoj }x}pce},

[c }fisj` }p~hc pi inpohl o ncppc~ sl`c~}pol`hlk ia fi{ pcmflijikhmoj hlliophil} oaacmp is~ c`smo%philoj }x}pce}* is~ }imhoj jhac* is~ cmiliex* is~ cmijikx* ol` is~ }rh~hpsoj k~i{pf,

[c }fisj` oppcerp pi `cpc~ehlc fi{ esmf ia o ~ijc fcpc~ikclchpx ol` fieikclchpx rjox hl `cpc~ehlhlkpfc aslmphiloj o}rcmp} ia }x}pce}, [c }fisj oppcerp pi `cpc~ehlc {fcl }iec mienhlophil ia or%r~iomfc} {i~d} nc}p* ol` {c }fisj` oj}i oppcerp pi `cpc~ehlc fi{ pfc}c o~honjc} mfolkc ol` aslmphilop `haac~clp `hecl}hiloj jccj} ia pfc lcp{i~d,

S}hlk lcp{i~d} pi ~cnojolmc }imhoj ri{c~Lcp{i~d} o~c cvoerjc} ia mierjcv `xloehmoj }x}pce}* ol` ojj `xloehmoj }x}pce} foc nipf }p~clkpf}ol` {codlc}}c}, Ic~ pfc jo}p qso~pc~ ia o mclps~x {c foc k~o`sojjx nccl jco~lhlk onisp pfc ri{c~ ialcp{i~d}, Pfc cli~eis} milp~ij pfop fhkfjx lcp{i~dc` esjphlophiloj mi~ri~ophil} foc kohlc` ic~ pfckclc~oj rirsjis}* h} o rc~acmp cvoerjc ia fi{ lcp{i~d} mol nc s}c` pi cvpcl` ol` oerjhax ri{c~, Pfcesjphlophiloj mi~ri~ophil} foc o mil}h`c~onjc jco` phec il pfc kclc~oj rsnjhm* {fi foc iljx fo` pfcmfolkc pi `h}mic~ pfc ri{c~ ia lcp{i~d} ic~ pfc jo}p ac{ `cmo`c}* {hpf pfc irclhlk ia pfc hlpc~lcp pipfc kclc~oj rsnjhm, Hp h} slai~pslopc pfop iljx o }eojj ri~phil ia pfc rirsjophil fo} ~cojjx cvrji~c` pfc asjjripclphoj ia pfh} lc{ hla~o}p~smps~c piij, Ei}p ia is~ mhphwcl} }cc pfc hlpc~lcp o} o `i{ljio` cvrc~hclmc,Pfc p~sc jhnc~ophlk ri{c~ ia lcp{i~d} nckhl} {hpf pfc p~ol}hphil a~ie pfc `i{ljio` pi pfc srjio` cvrc~h%clmc, Pfcx foc lip xcp cen~omc` pfc r~i}rcmp ia ncmiehlk hlai~eophil r~ih`c~}* ol` cvrji~hlk pfc asjjripclphoj ia lcp{i~dhlk, [c o~c gs}p nckhllhlk pi sl`c~}pol` pfc asjj herjhmophil} ia lcp{i~d}* pfch~}p~clkpf* ol` pfch~ sjlc~onhjhphc}, Lcp{i~d sjlc~onhjhphc} o~c pfc ei}p ~cmclpjx }ps`hc` lcp{i~d rfclie%clo* ol` pfc jco}p sl`c~}pii`* ia ojj lcp{i~d rfclieclo, [fop {c foc nccl onjc pi jco~l onisp lcp{i~dsjlc~onhjhphc}* h} cvp~cecjx hlpc~c}phlk* lip gs}p a~ie o }mhclphahm rihlp ia hc{* nsp oj}i a~ie o }imhoj*

cmiliehm* ol` rijhphmoj rihlp ia hc{,Pfc jo~kc esjphlophiloj mi~ri~ophil} foc c~x caacmphcjx s}c` pfch~ lcp{i~d} ol` pfch~ lcp{i~dhlkri{c~ pi kohl ol cc~ hlm~co}hlk milp~ij ol` hlajsclmc ic~ is~ rjolcp, H} h} ri}}hnjc pfop {c mol jco~la~ie pfh} ~cmclp cvpcl}hil ia ri{c~ ic~ is~ jhc}* ol` rc~for} ps~l pfc ponjc}9 Li{ {fop {c foc hlehl` h} mierjcpcjx jckoj* hlijc} li m~hehloj omp jhdc pfc fomdhlk ia pfch~ lcp{i~d}* i~ nji{hlk srpfc rfx}hmoj hla~o}p~smps~c ia pfch~ lcp{i~d}, Lip o }hlkjc ksl }fip* i~ omp ia hijclmc* i~ ccl }hlkjcomp ia mhhj `h}inc`hclmc lcc` nc milpcerjopc`, [fop {c o~c pojdhlk onisp h} o mierjcpcjx lilhijclpol` rcomcasj cijsphil)~cijsphil, Pfc ~cijsphil {c o~c pojdhlk onisp mil}h}p} ia ~cps~lhlk ei~c ri{c~nomd hlpi pfc fol`} ia pfc kclc~oj rirsjis} ia pfh} rjolcp* {fc~c hp ncjilk}* }i pfop {c foc o ei~c cqsh%

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?2

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

11/19

ponjc `h}p~hnsphil ia ri{c~ ncp{ccl mi~ri~ophil} ol` pfc rsnjhm, [c foc ojji{c` pfh} ri{c~ pi }jhr o{oxa~ie s}, H} hp ri}}hnjc pfop {c mol s}c pfc }oec ecpfi`} pfop mi~ri~ophil} s}c` pi cvpcl` pfch~ ri{c~ ol`hlajsclmc ic~ s}c* pi ilmc okohl ~ckohl milp~ij ia is~ rjolcp9 Xc} hp h}/, Pfc~c }cce} pi nc mil}h`c~onjc~o{ ch`clmc pfop pfh} ri}}hnhjhpx hl`cc` cvh}p}* ha {c mfii}c pi `i }iecpfhlk {hpf pfh} hlai~eophil ol`cvc~mh}c pfc ripclphoj ri{c~ hlfc~clp hl hp,

Li{ ncai~c {c mol cvrol` pfh} `h}ms}}hil ia fi{ pfc kclc~oj rirsjis}* i~ ccl }iec }eojj ri~phil iapfc kclc~oj rirsjis}* mol s}c pfch~ dli{jc`kc ia lcp{i~d sjlc~onhjhphc} pi ~cnojolmc }imhoj ri{c~* {ces}p ah~}p podc o `ccrc~ jiid hlpi pfc ~c}co~mf pfop fo} gs}p nccl ommsesjopc` il pfc lops~c ia jo~kc lcp%{i~d},

Pfc no}hm mjo}}hmophil ia lcp{i~d}^cmclp lcp{i~d ~c}co~mf fo} ~ccojc` pfop lcp{i~d} ncfoc haac~clpjx crcl`hlk sril pfch~ pirijikx,@haac~clp pirijikhc} foc haac~clp }p~clkpf} ol` sjlc~onhjhphc}, Esmf ia {fop {c r~chis}jx pfiskfponisp pfc lops~c ia lcp{i~d}* {fhmf {o} no}c` sril on}p~omp rfx}hmoj ol` eopfceophmoj ei`cj}* fo} ncclr~icl pi nc hlmi~~cmp, Is~ o}}serphil} {c~c lohc* ol` {c foc jco~lc` pfop ccl c~x jo~kc fhkfjx `h}%p~hnspc` lcp{i~d}* jhdc pfc hlpc~lcp* o~c }sngcmp pi sjlc~onhjhphc} k~copc~ pfol ilc {isj` cvrcmp, [c mol}po~p is~ `h}ms}}hil ia lcp{i~d} {hpf pf~cc n~io` mjo}}hahmophil}* jh}pc` hl pfc i~`c~ ia pfch~ `cm~co}hlk

sjlc~onhjhpx7 Mclp~ojhwc` % &mclp~oj ospfi~hpx( % &}ridc} ia o {fccj pirijikx(

@cmclp~ojhwc` % &esjphrjc ospfi~hpx mclpc~}( % &esjphrjc }po~} pirijikx(

@h}p~hnspc` % &ojei}p li ~cmiklhwonjc ospfi~hpx mclpc~}( % &o ec}f pirijikx(

O mclp~ojhwc` lcp{i~d fo} ojj ia hp} li`c} millcmpc` pi o mclp~oj fsn, O cmclp~ojhwc` lcp{i~d fo} o lse%nc~ ia jimophil} hl pfc ic~ojj lcp{i~d* {fc~c k~isr} ia li`c} mjs}pc~ pi{o~`} o }hlkjc li`c pfop omp o} ojimoj mclpc~* nsp pfc~c h} li ic~ojj mclp~oj fsn, O fhkfjx `h}p~hnspc` lcp{i~d fo} pfc jco}p `ck~cc ia mjs}%pc~hlk* {hpf ei}p ia hp} li`c} millcmpc` pi iljx ilc* i~ o ac{ ipfc~ li`c}, Ai~ eolx xco~} hp {o} pfiskfppfop pfh} mjo}}hahmophil }x}pce {o} }saahmhclp ol` mierjcpc, A~ie is~ `c}m~hrphil ia pfc lcp{i~d piriji%khc}* hp }fisj` nc inhis} {fx pfc sjlc~onhjhphc} hlm~co}c} o} {c ki `i{l pfc jh}p, Hl pfc mclp~ojhwc` lcp%{i~d* ha xis podc isp pfc mclp~oj fsn* pfc {fijc lcp{i~d mijjor}c}* ol` h} slonjc pi mieeslhmopc, Hl pfc`cmclp~ojhwc` lcp{i~d* hp h} }iec{fop fo~`c~ pi `h}onjc pfc lcp{i~d* nsp hp mol nc `ilc pi o }hklhahmolp`ck~cc* ha xis podc isp o jo~kc rc~mclpokc ia pfc }sn%fsn} i~ mjs}pc~c` }po~ mclpc~}, O kii` cvoerjc ia`cmclp~ojhwc` `oeokc {isj` nc pfc lsmjco~ }p~opckx ia podhlk isp pfc eogi~ hl`s}p~hoj* p~ol}ri~pophil* ol`mieeslhmophil mhpx mclpc~} hl o khcl mislp~x, Ilmc pfc}c }sn%fsn} o~c podcl isp* pfc onhjhpx ia }eojjc~li`c} pi ~comf ipfc~} c}phlophil} ncmiec} ojei}p heri}}hnjc, Fhkfjx h}p~hnspc` lcp{i~d} jiid c~xesmf jhdc p~holksjopc` k~h`}* {hpf iljx o ac{ jhld} cvpcl`hlk a~ie comf li`c, Xis mol }fiip o jip ia fijc}hlpi o k~h` jhdc pfh}* nsp pfc o}p eogi~hpx ia pfc millcmphil} ~ceohl hlpomp* ol` pfc}c li`c} mol ~c~ispc}hkloj} o~isl` pfc ac{ n~idcl millcmphil}, Pfc fhkf `ck~cc ia `h}p~hnsphil hl pfc}c lcp{i~d} eodc} pfcefo~` pi `ck~o`c, Slai~pslopcjx {c foc ~cmclpjx jco~lc` pfop pfc [[[ ol` pfc hlpc~lcp foc o esmffhkfc~ ck~cc ia sjlc~onhjhpx pfol pfc}c pirijikhmoj o~kseclp} {isj` hl`hmopc,

Ncmos}c {c es}p foc }iec {ox pi lohkopc }smf jo~kc lcp{i~d}* {c foc `h~cmpi~hc} jhdc Kiikjc ol`

Xofii pi fcjr s} jimopc ~c}is~mc} {c }ccd pi hlc}phkopc i~ sphjhwc, O} o ~c}sjp ia pfh}* ehli~ ol` in}ms~cli`c} hl pfc}c lcp{i~d}* mol nc esmf ei~c fhkfjx millcmpc` pi pfc}c eogi~ `h~cmpi~hc} pfol ilc {isj`cvrcmp, ^cmclp }ps`hc} foc }fi{l pfop pfc lsenc~} ia jhld} ncp{ccl in}ms~c {cn rokc}* ol` pfc}c fhkfp~oaahm mclpc~* h} esmf }eojjc~ pfol ilc {isj` cvrcmp, Ha xis {isj` jhdc pi }ps`x }iec h}soj ~cr~c}clpo%phil} ia pfc {ox pfc hlpc~lcp ol` pfc [[[ o~c millcmpc`* h}hp pfc}c c~x h}soj {cn }hpc}7

fppr7)){{{,mxnc~kcik~orfx,i~k)opjo})opjo},fpej

[hpfisp kihlk hlpi ojj pfc `cpohj} ia pfh} ao}mhlophlk }sngcmp* {c mol jco~l o k~cop `coj gs}p a~ie }dheehlkic~ pfc }s~aomc, Ai~ o esmf ei~c mierjcpc ol` ao}mhlophlk `h}ms}}hil ia pfh} pirhm }cc No~ono}h T3U*

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ??

http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/atlas.htmlhttp://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/atlas.htmlhttp://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/atlas.htmlhttp://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/atlas.html

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

12/19

sril {fie {c foc ~cjhc` hl is~ `h}ms}}hil ia pfh} pirhm, O} pfc hlpc~lcp milphlsc} pi k~i{ hl }mojc ojjo~isl` is~ kjinc ilc ehkfp pfhld pfop comf lc{ li`c &hl`hh`soj mierspc~( ehkfp nc millcmpc` pi pfclcvp lco~c}p li`c* o} pfh} {isj` r~ih`c pfc }fi~pc}p `h}polmc hl inpohlhlk millcmphhpx pi pfc lcp{i~d, Hlr~omphmc* pfh} `ic} lip ps~l isp pi nc pfc mo}c* ncmos}c ipfc~ aompi~} o~c iapcl ei~c heri~polp, Pfc mji}c}pli`c eox nc pfc }fi~pc}p ~ispc pi kcp millcmpc`* nsp hp eox lip nc pfc mfcorc}p, O k~copc~ nol`{h`pf ai~hlai~eophil p~ol}ac~ &}rcc`(* ol` ao}pc~ ~ispc~} pi `h~cmp xis~ hlai~eophil o~isl` pfc hlpc~lcp* iapcl `c%

pc~ehlc mi}p} ei~c pfol pfc jclkpf ia pfc millcmphil, ]i ha xis {olp ao}p ol` mfcor hlai~eophil `i{l%jio`} ol` srjio`}* xis iapcl cl` sr kihlk {hpf o ei~c `h}polp millcmphil pfop fo} ao}pc~ nol`{h`pf*k~copc~ }c~c~ mjs}pc~hlk* ol` o k~copc~ lsenc~ ia esmf ao}pc~ ~ispc~}, Pfc}c r~cac~clphoj oppomfeclp}*}dc{ ol ipfc~{h}c `h}p~hnspc` lcp{i~d* hlpi ilc pfop podc} il o ri{c~ jo{ ~cjophil}fhr, ]c~c~ mjs}pc~hlk*fhkf }rcc` irphmoj ahnc~* ol` jo~kc~ mjs}pc~} ia ao}p ~ispc~} pcl` pi nc mclpc~c` hl fhkf rirsjophil o~co}*{fc~c pfc~c hl k~copc~ `ceol` pi eic jo~kc qsolphphc} ia hlai~eophil, Pfc}c jimophil}* forrcl nc pfc}oec jimophil} {fc~c mi~ri~opc fco`qso~pc~}* jo~kc kic~leclp hl}phpsphil}* ol` jo~kc r~hopc hl}phpsphil}pcl` pi mjs}pc~, Pfc eogi~ hlpc~lcp r~ih`c~} o~c mjs}pc~c` hl pfc}c }oec jimophil}* ol` pfcx foc eolx`h}polp pcjcrfilc* @]J* monjc ei`ce* ol` jhkfp irphmoj ahnc~ pf~co`} acc`hlk hlpi pfce, Ccl pfiskf pfchlpc~lcp fo} o }iec{fop a~ompoj }p~smps~c* eolx ia xis~ }hkloj} kcp r~imc}}c` pf~iskf pfc}c eogi~ mclpc~}il pfc {ox pi pfch~ `c}phlophil},

Ha xis podc ol ic~hc{ ia pfc [i~j` [h`c [cn* a~ie o }x}pce pfci~x rihlp ia hc{* xis {hjj ~cojhwc pfop

ei}p ia pfc ~cojjx heri~polp cvh}phlk acops~c}* ol` pfc lc{ acops~c} pfop o~c mil}polpjx cec~khlk* o~c `c%pc~ehlc` nx {fop mol nc mojjc` pfc [cn} jo~kc }mojc }cja%i~kolhwhlk pirijikx, Pfc }cja%i~kolhwhlk x%loehm} ia pfh} o}p lcp{i~d `ic} ei~c pi }p~smps~c ol` `cpc~ehlc pfc lops~c ia pfc lcp{i~d pfol olx ki%c~leclp i~ k~isr ia hl`s}p~hc} misj` cc~ firc pi omfhcc, Pfc }co~mf clkhlc} il pfc hlpc~lcp ~old {cn}hpc} nx pfc lsenc~ ia jhld} pfop foc nccl c}ponjh}fc` pi pfop }hpc, ]co~mf clkhlc ~oldc` {cn }hpc}* o~c pfcco}hc}p {cn }hpc} pi ahl`, O }hlkjc cmihjjokc rjomhlk hp} {cn }hpc il pfc hlpc~lcp nx hp}cja* {hpf li hlmie%hlk jhld} a~ie ipfc~ {cn }hpc}* fo} jhppjc mfolmc ia ~cmchhlk o `cmclp ~oldhlk nx pfc }co~mf clkhlc}, Hlmilp~o}p* {cn }hpc} {hpf >? pi 82 hlmiehlk jhld} foc o 82 rc~mclp mfolmc ia nchlk ~cmiklhwc` ol` ~oldc`nx pfc }co~mf clkhlc} T1U, [fx `ic} ~oldhlk eoppc~9 Fi{ o }co~mf clkhlc ~old} o {cn }hpc h} heri~polp*ncmos}c hp `cpc~ehlc} {fcpfc~ pfop }hpc cl`} sr il rokc ? ia pfc }co~mf ~c}sjp} i~ rokc ;>, Lip pii eolxrcirjc o~c kihlk pi `hk ;> rokc} `ccr pi ahl` o {cn }hpc,Ha hl`hh`soj cmihjjokc} jhld pi comf ipfc~ om~i}}o jo~kc cmihjjokc lcp{i~d pfcx hlm~co}c pfc lsenc~ ia hlmiehlk jhld} pi pfch~ hl`hh`soj {cn }hpc}* ol`pfcl comf hl`hh`soj cmihjjokc* ol` ojj pfc cmihjjokc} mijjcmphcjx* pikcpfc~ % mjhen sr pfc ~oldhlk p~cc

il ojj pfc }co~mf clkhlc}, Xis~ ~oldhlk ri}hphil pi o jo~kc cvpclp cpc~ehlc} pfc ck~cc ia xis~ heri~%polmc il pfc [[[, Hp `cpc~ehlc} {fcpfc~ xis o~c Lc{ Xi~d* Jil`il* i~ Filk Dilk il pfc {cn* i~}iec in}ms~c jhppjc hjjokc isp il pfc a~hlkc ia Eilkijho, Ha xis {olp pi nc ol heri~polp rjoxc~ il pfc[[[* xis lcc` o fhkf }co~mf clkhlc ~oldhlk/ Hl pfc co~jx `ox} pfc }co~mf clkhlc mierolhc} ompsojjxs}c` pi ki ol` jiid op lc{ {cn }hpc}* ol` pfcl ~old pfce no}c` sril pfc qsojhpx ia pfc {cn }hpc, Pfh} {o}o esmf ei~c `ceim~ophm orr~iomf* ncmos}c ~oldhlk {o} pfcl no}c` sril pfc qsojhpx ol` milpclp ia pfc}hpc % slai~pslopcjx pfh} h} li jilkc~ pfc mo}c, Pi`ox o }hpc h} ~oldc` nx hp} aoehjho~hpx ol` rirsjo~hpx* ol`pfh} khc} jo~kc {cjj dli{l mi~ri~ophil} o `h}phlmp o`olpokc hl pfc ai~e ia loec ~cmiklhphil, Ehm~i}i%mhcphc}* il pfc ipfc~ fol`* o~c ojei}p sldli{l* }i pfc iljx {ox pfcx mol miercpc h} pi ncmiec esmfei~c phkfpjx jhldc` pi comf ipfc~ {hpfhl o mijjcmphc lcp{i~d* {fhmf ojji{} pfce pi ~orh`jx mjhen sr pfc~oldhlk p~cc} ia pfc }co~mf clkhlc}, Ha pfc {cn fo` li }co~mf clkhlc} hp {isj` nc o esmf ei~c }mojc%a~cclcp{i~d* {hpf comf {cn }hpc fohlk ol cqsoj irri~pslhpx mfolmc ia nchlk `h}mic~c`, Slai~pslopcjx }smfo [cn {isj` oj}i nc o [cn pfop {o} c~x fo~` pi lohkopc, Pfi}c ia xis {fi {c~c il pfc hlpc~lcp `s~hlk

pfc ah~}p ac{ xco~} ia hp} irclhlk pi pfc kclc~oj rsnjhm* {hjj ~cecenc~ pfc}c `ox}, ^coj lcp{i~d}* o} ir%ri}c` pi on}p~omp lcp{i~d}* cvfhnhp o jo~kc ck~cc ia }mojc%a~cc pirijikx, Is~ lcc` pi lohkopc pfc}c lcp%{i~d} caahmhclpjx* cl`} sr ~cc~}hlk i~ mislpc~nojolmhlk pfh} r~imc}}* nx n~hlkhlk }mojc nomd hlpi pfc}clcp{i~d} ho i~kolhwhlk r~imc}}c} jhdc }co~mf clkhlc}, [hpfisp }co~mf clkhlc} {cn }hpc} misj` nc ehj%jhil} ia jhld} oro~p hl pfc pipoj {cn }romc, ]ps`hc} ic~ pfc jo}p ac{ xco~} foc }fi{l pfop pfc oc~okc{cn }hpc ~oldc` nx o }co~mf clkhlc h} li ei~c pfol ?8 jhld} }cro~opc` a~ie ipfc~ {cn }hpc}* pfold} pi pfch~mieeil millcmphil pi rirsjo~ lcp{i~d fsn} jhdc Kiikjc ol` Xofii T;U,

Pfc cmiliex hl pfh} lc{ mclps~x h} kihlk pi jiid c~x `haac~clp a~ie pfc cmiliex ia pfc jo}p mclps~x,Pfc ns}hlc}} ei`cj ia pfc hl`s}p~hoj eo}} r~i`smphil c~o ia pfc jo}p mclps~x* {o} }p~smps~c` o~isl` pfc

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?>

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

13/19

mclp~oj ospfi~hpx ei`cj lcp{i~d, No~ono}h `c}m~hnc} pfc ei`cj ai~ pfc lc{ cmiliex hl o c~x `haac~clpao}fhil T6U,

Pfc ei}p h}hnjc cjceclp ia pfh} ~ceodhlk h} o }fhap a~ie o p~cc pi o {cn i~ o lcp{i~d i~kolhwophil* ajopol` {hpf jip} ia m~i}}%jhld} ncp{ccl pfc li`c}, O} ojsonjc ~c}is~mc} }fhap a~ie rfx}hmoj o}}cp} pi nhp} ol`hlai~eophil* irc~ophil} eic a~ie pfc c~phmoj pi h~psoj hlpck~ophil* pfc ~comf ia ns}hlc}}c} hlm~co}hlkjxcvrol`} a~ie pfc `iec}phm pi kjinoj* pfc jhacphec ia hlclpi~hc} `cm~co}c} a~ie eilpf} pi fis~}* ns}hlc}}}p~opckx mfolkc} a~ie pir%`i{l pi nippie%sr* ol` {i~dc~} p~ol}ai~e hlpi cerjixcc} i~ a~cc okclp},

Ojpfiskf No~ono}h} }popceclp} o~c milmc~lc` r~heo~hjx {hpf lcp{i~d}* pfc {i~`hlk }cce pi morps~c cv%ompjx {fop {c foc nccl }oxhlk onisp ehm~i}imhcphc} % i~kolhwc` hl fhkfjx jhldc` `h}p~hnspc` lcp{i~d} o}pfc ei}p honjc ei`cj ai~ pfc asps~c,

Rspphlk lcp{i~d dli{jc`kc pi {i~d hl ehm~i}imhcphc}Pfi}c ia xis {fi `ohjx ~cjx il pfc hlpc~lcp* eox {cjj ~cecenc~ Or~hj >3* ?88;* {fcl o jo~kc ri~phil iapfc hlpc~lcp ncmoec hlirc~onjc, Il pfh} `opc o mierolx loec` EOH Lcp{i~d ]c~hmc}* {fhmf h} o }eojjhlpc~lcp r~ih`c~ hl Qh~khlho* oppcerpc` pi `i o ~isphlc ~ispc~ ponjc sr`opc ai~ hp} }x}pce ia ~ispc~}, ^ispc~ponjc} c}}clphojjx }c~c o} o pxrc ia hlpc~lcp ~io` eor* ol` }pi~c pfc o``~c}}c} ia `h}polp }c~c~ jimophil},Ncmos}c pfc hlpc~lcp h} mil}polpjx k~i{hlk ol` mfolkhlk* pfc}c o``~c}}c} es}p nc sr`opc` a~cqsclpjx pi

~cajcmp pfc lc{ lcp{i~d pirijikx, Il Or~hj >3pf o eh}podc {o} eo`c op EOH {fhmf mos}c` pfc ~ispc~ sr%`opc pi cvpcl` ncxil` pfc jhehp} ia hp} i{l ~ispc~}, Pfh} mos}c` eolx `h}polp ~ispc~} pi oj}i mfolkc pfch~o``~c}} ponjc}, Pfc cl` ~c}sjp {o} pfop ojj pfc}c ~ispc~} hl pfc esmf nhkkc~ lcp{i~d} jhdc ]r~hlp ol`SSlcp* }clp ojj pfch~ }hkloj} nomd pi pfc esmf }eojjc~ mjs}pc~ ia ~ispc~} op EOH, Pfc p~cecl`is} hlajsv iaslhlpcl`c` }hkloj} a~ie pfc jo~kc~ fhkf moromhpx lcp{i~d* pi pfc esmf ji{c~ moromhpx lcp{i~d op EOHmos}c` {h`c}r~co` hlpc~lcp aohjs~c}, Pfh} c~x qshmdjx m~copc` }iecpfhlk }hehjo~ pi o njomd fijc hl pfchlpc~lcp* {hpfhl jc}} pfol 03 ehlspc} eogi~ hlpc~lcp r~ih`c~} {opmfc` pfch~ }hkloj} `h}orrco~ hlpi pfcnjomd fijc op EOH, EOH fo` pi mierjcpcjx }fsp `i{l irc~ophil}* pi }pir pfh} hlajsv* ol` SSlcp* ]r~hlp*ol` eolx ia pfc ipfc~ eogi~ hlpc~lcp r~ih`c~} {c~c iljx onjc pi ~c}pi~c }c~hmc nx eolsojjx ~c}pi~hlk pfcr~irc~ ~ispc~ ponjc}, Fis~} ia hlpc~lcp }c~hmc {c~c `h}~srpc` o} pfc}c r~injce} ~hrrjc` pf~iskf `h}polpjimophil} hl pfc lcp{i~d T8U,

Li{ xis eox nc o}dhlk* {fop hl pfc {i~j` `ic} pfh} foc pi `i {hpf ehm~i}imhcphc}9 Ha o }eojj hlpc~lcp

r~ih`c~ misj` slhlpclphilojjx ~c`h~cmp o jo~kc rc~mclpokc ia hlpc~lcp hlai~eophil i~ p~oaahm pi{o~`} hp}jimophil* {fop misj` o mierspc~ }ox ol` lcp{i~dc` }x}pce ia ehm~i}imhcphc} `i pi pfc ns}hlc}} ia jo~kcp~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil}* nx jckojjx ol` hlpclphilojjx opp~omphlk ns}hlc}} o{ox a~ie jo~kc p~ol}lophilojmi~ri~ophil} pi{o~` pfch~ i{l cmi%a~hcl`jx ns}hlc}}c}* {hpf ncppc~ nshjp r~i`smp}* ol` ncppc~ ms}piec~}c~hmc* ol` ncppc~ pcmflhmoj }srri~p, Ia mis~}c {fop {c o~c }skkc}phlk fc~c h} lip pfop pfc}c ehm~i}imhc%phc} }snc~p pfc ~ispc~ ponjc} ia pfc eogi~ mi~ri~ophil}* nsp ~opfc~ pfop pfcx miercpc {hpf mi~ri~ophil} holcp{i~d} hl ol caai~p pi jckojjx ~c`h~cmp o jo~kc ri~phil ia pfc ns}hlc}} ia pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} pi pfch~ i{lns}hlc}}c}* r~i`smp}* ol` }c~hmc}, Hl o mc~pohl }cl}c {c foc oj~co`x }ccl ol cvoerjc ia }smf o rfclie%clo hl pfc cvrji}hil ia pfc `ip,mie}* {fhmf `s~hlk pfch~ fcx`ox ~c`h~cmpc` o }hklhahmolp ri~phil ia pfc pi%poj n~hmd ol` ei~po~ }ojc} pi pfc lc{ il jhlc `ip,mie jimophil}* podhlk ns}hlc}} o{ox a~ie pfc ij` nix{cjj c}ponjh}fc` ns}hlc}} lcp{i~d, Eokowhlc} hl pfh} c~o {c~c o}dhlk qsc}phil} jhdc* {isj` olx n~hmd ol`ei~po~ ns}hlc}} }s~hc hl pfc miehlk c~o ha pfcx `h` lip foc ol hlpc~lcp r~c}clmc9 Jo~kc mi~ri~ophil}}fimdc` nx pfc qshmdlc}} {hpf {fhmf pfh} }ccehlkjx }lcod oppomd ic~moec pfce* ~s}fc` pi c}ponjh}f o

{cn r~c}clmc, Ccl Nhjj Kopc} &pfcl pfiskfp pi nc pfc {cojpfhc}p eol hl pfc {i~j` ol` pfc MCI ia pfcjo~kc}p }iap{o~c mierolx hl pfc {i~j` % Ehm~i}iap(* hl pfc co~jx `ox} ia pfc hlpc~lcp* }oh` fc pfiskfp pfchlpc~lcp {o} iljx o ao` {fhmf {isj` }iil ao`c o{ox, Fc c~x qshmdjx mfolkc` fh} pslc* ol` pf~s}p Ehm~i%}iap hlpi o m~h}c} ei`c pi ~chlclp hp} irc~ophil }x}pce* [hl`i{}* pi ommieei`opc pfc lc{ rsnjhm hlpc~c}phl pfc hlpc~lcp, Ncmos}c Ehm~i}iap {o} pfc 622 risl` ki~hjjo ia }iap{o~c mierolhc}* hp nckol nx qshmdjxnsxhlk sr }eojjc~ ei~c hlliophc hlpc~lcp }iap{o~c mierolhc} hl ol oppcerp pi mfo}c pfc k~i{pf ms~cia pfc hlpc~lcp {fhmf fo` jcap Ehm~i}iap ncfhl`,

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?=

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

14/19

Ha ehm~i}imhcphc} slhpc pikcpfc~ ho lcp{i~d} hlpi esmf jo~kc~ }xlc~kh}phm slhp}* pfcx mol oppohl pfc }oec}hwc* h}p~hnsphil o~isl` pfc rjolcp* cmiliehm* eo~dcp* ol` rijhphmoj ri{c~* pfop p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil}li{ clgix, Ha ehm~i}imhcphc} slhpc hlpi jo~kcrs~mfo}hlk njimd} pfcx mol `ceol` pfc }oec dhl` ia {fijc%}ojc r~hmhlk pfop mi~ri~ophil} `ceol` ol` kcp, Ha pfcx slhpc pikcpfc~ o} ns}hlc}}c} {fhmf miirc~opc ol`}fo~c ~c}co~mf ol` `ccjireclp mi}p}* pfcx }fisj` nc onjc pi aslmphil esmf ei~c caacmphcjx hl pfc p~ol%}lophiloj mi~ri~opc {i~j`, Pfh} h} o nippie%sr mi~ri~opc ei`cj* o} irri}c` pi o pir%`i{l mi~ri~opc

ei`cj {fhmf h} pxrhmoj ia ei}p ia pfc {cjj c}ponjh}fc` jo~kc~ p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil}, Nx dccrhlk pfcno}hm aslmphiloj slhp} }eojj* ol` r~c}c~hlk pfc ~orh` ~c}ril}c* qshmd o`orponhjhpx* ol` ~orh` ~ci~kolhwo%phil onhjhpx* }i lcmc}}o~x hl pfc miehlk ~orh` ps~lic~ fhkf pcmflijikx cmiliex % {fhjc op pfc }oec phec*slhphlk pikcpfc~ hlpi esmf jo~kc~ mijjcmphc rs~mfo}hlk ol` h}p~hnsphil njimd}* ehm~i}imhcphc} mol focpfc nc}p ia nipf {i~j`}, Nx eohlpohlhlk ojei}p ~coj%phec il `ceol` hlclpi~hc}* pfcx }fisj` nc onjc pi~c}ril` pi ajsmpsophil} hl hlclpi~x ceol`}* pfs} r~cclphlk jo~kc hlclpi~x nshj`sr} s~hlk pceri~o~xcmiliehm `i{lps~l}, Nx `c}hklhlk pfch~ r~i`smphil aomhjhphc} hl o fhkfjx ajcvhnjc ol` ei~c ei`sjo~ ao}f%hil* ehm~i}imhcphc} }fisj` nc onjc pi o`orp ol` }fhap a~ie ilc pxrc ia r~i`smp r~i`smphil pi olipfc~ esmfei~c ~orh`jx pfol pfc jo~kc~ ei~c clp~irhm p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil}, Pfh} moromhpx pi milphlsojjx }fhap*o`orp* ol` mfolkc xis~ ns}hlc}} ei`cj* i~ {fop xis r~i`smc* i~ pfc }c~hmc} xis iaac~* h} kihlk pi nc cv%p~cecjx heri~polp hl pfc lc{* ~orh`jx mfolkhlk* fhkf pcmflijikx cmiliex, Ehm~i}imhcphc} }fisj` foc olc`kc fc~c* ha pfcx `c}hkl pfch~ ns}hlc}} ei`cj} ol` aomhjhphc} hl fhkfjx o`orponjc eollc~ a~ie pfc isp}cp,[i~dhlk fo~` op eohlpohlhlk kii` ms}piec~ jixojpx h} oj}i heri~polp, Hp fo} nccl c}pheopc` pfop o} esmf

o} 62 rc~mclp ia pfc mi}p ia o`c~ph}hlk* h} hl omqsh~hlk o ms}piec~ ai~ pfc ah~}p phec, Ha xis pfcl ji}c pfopms}piec~ ncmos}c ia rii~ qsojhpx r~i`smp}* rii~ ms}piec~ }srri~p* i~ rii~ pcmflhmoj }srri~p pfh} h} c~xmi}pjx, Hp h} oj}i c~x heri~polp pi eohlpohl kii` ~cjophil}fhr} {hpf xis~ }srrjx mfohl, Pfcx es}p nceo`c pi accj oro~p ia xis~ ns}hlc}} aoehjx* ha xis {olp kii` r~i`smp} {hpf fhkf ~cjhonhjhpx* cvmcjjclp qsoj%hpx milp~ij* ol` ~cjhonjc `cjhc~x, Pfh} h} ol o~co {fc~c pfc p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil} o~c c~x sjlc~onjc,Eolx mi~ri~ophil} r~ih`c c~x rii~ ms}piec~ ~cjophil} ol` pcmflhmoj }srri~p,O {cjj ~sl ns}hlc}} es}phc{ pfch~ ms}piec~} o} ro~p ia pfch~ cvpcl`c` lcp{i~d* ol` o} ro~p ia pfch~ mieeslhpx, Hl pfc c~o ia~orh` r~i`smp `ccjireclp ol` ps~lic~* pfc heri~polmc ia eohlpohlhlk ms}piec~ jixojpx h} esmf ei~cheri~polp pfol hp {o} hl pfc ij` hl`s}p~hoj cmiliex, Khhlk xis~ ms}piec~} kii` ~cjhonjc r~i`smp} ol`}c~hmc} eodc} pfce accj jhdc pfcx o~c ro~p ia xis~ aoehjx* ol` xis {hjj nc {cjj ~c{o~`c`, Pfc cl`jc}}porc jiir}* ol` pfc rii~jx p~ohlc` ol` slhlai~ec` }poaa pfop ilc clmislpc~} op }i eolx ia pfc jo~kc mi~ri%~ophil}* h} }saahmhclp ch`clmc pi }fi{ pfop pfc jo~kc mi~ri~ophil} `i lip sl`c~}pol` pfh}* ol` pfcx pfhldpfcx mol kcp o{ox {hpf hp % ncmos}c pfc~c h} li ilc pi mfojjclkc pfce, [hpf pfch~ cli~eis} jinnxhlkri{c~}* pfcx foc ksppc` pfc mil}sec~ r~ipcmphil `cro~peclp} ia pfc kic~leclp} o~isl` pfc {i~j`*{fhmf {c~c ai~ec` {hpf pfc hlpclp ia ~cr~c}clphlk pfc hlpc~c}p} ia pfc mil}sec~},Pfc~c o~c mos}oj mil}cqsclmc} {hpfhl lcp{i~d}* ol` sl`c~}pol`hlk fi{ pi eohlpohl pfc millcmphhpx iapfc cvh}phlk li`c}* opp~omp ol` o`` lc{ li`c} pi pfc lcp{i~d* ol` }mojc xis~ lcp{i~d {hpfisp mier~ieh}%hlk }c~hmc ol` qsojhpx pi oj~co`x cvh}phlk ms}piec~}* h} o }mhclmc ol` ol o~p pfop ehm~i}imhcphc} {isj` nc{cjj o`h}c` pi jco~l ol` herjceclp,

O }hlkjc ehm~i}imhcpx* i~ o }eojj mjs}pc~ ia lcp{i~dc` ehm~i}imhcphc}* ehkfp nc }oh` pi nc ~iskfjx }hehjo~pi pfc mo}c ia EOH hl is~ cvoerjc, Nsp fsl`~c`}* pfis}ol`}* i~ pcl} ia pfis}ol`} ia ehm~i}imhcphc} ojjjhldc` ho }x}pcehm ol` }xenhiphm lcp{i~d}* ol` {i~dhlk o} o mifc}hc ai~mc h} ei~c pfol ol 622 risl`ki~hjjo,Hl`hh`sojjx* ehm~i}imhcphc} o~c cvp~cecjx sjlc~onjc pi jo~kc~ jimoj kic~leclp hl}phpsphil} jhdcwilhlk mieeh}}hil}* ol` nshj`hlk ol` ccjireclp iaahmc}* cmiliehm }x}pce}* jimoj mi~ri~ophil}* lo%

philoj mi~ri~ophil}* ol` p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil}, Jhldc` sr hl o fhkfjx hlpc~omphc ol` omphh}p lcp{i~d% ehm~i}imhcphc} ncmiec o p~sc ai~mc hl pfc {i~j` cmiliex, Jcp s} podc o }hlkjc }eojj cvoerjc,O ?222ehm~i}imhcphc} {hpf o rirsjophil ia ncp{ccl =2*222 ol` 32*222 rcirjc &pfc rirsjophil ia o eogi~ slhc~%}hpx( ojei}p cqsoj} i~ cvmcc`} pfc mienhlc` rirsjophil ia pfc }popc ia Mojhai~lho hl pfc Slhpc` ]popc iaOec~hmo, Pfh} h} pfc ;pf jo~kc}p cmiliex hl pfc {i~j`/

[c jiid ai~{o~` pi pfc `ox {fcl* ha xis {opmf pfc ]src~ni{j* xis {hjj }cc o nhk cmihjjokc lcp{i~d o``}oxhlk7

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?0

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

15/19

]fir op pfc CMILCP[I^D [CN* pfc co~pf r~c}c~hlk* cmi%a~hcl`jx* }xenhiphm ojpc~lophc,[fc~c xis {hjj ahl` ncppc~ r~i`smp}* ncppc~ }c~hmc* ol` op pfc }oec phec xis {hjj nc }srri~phlk o}s}pohlonjc mhhjhwophil ai~ xis~}cja* xis~ aoehjx* ol` pfc asps~c kclc~ophil} pfop {hjj hlfonhp is~rjolcp,

Li{ ha {c fo` ?2*222 ehm~i}imhcphc} {hpf o rirsjophil ia 32*222 rcirjc comf* pfh} {isj` nc o rirsjophilia 322*222*222 rcirjc* ojei}p p{hmc pfc rirsjophil ia pfc Slhpc` ]popc}* pfc jo~kc}p cmiliex hl pfc{i~j`, Gs}p jcp pfh} }hld hl ai~ o ac{ ehlspc}/ Pfc {cn }hpc Hlpclphiloj Mieeslhphc} & fppr7)){{{,hm,i~k(*jh}p} onisp ?160 &26)?=)>228( jh}pc` mieeslhphc} hl pfc S]O ojilc* {hpf >=2 jh}pc` hl Mojhai~lho, O~c pfcxpfc }hwc* }mojc* i~ }p~clkpf ia pfc pxrc ia ehm~i}imhcphc} {c o~c }skkc}phlk9 Slai~pslopcjx pfcx o~c lip*ol` a~ie {fop {c mol pcjj pfch~ h} ojei}p wc~i o{o~clc}} ia pfch~ mijjcmphc ripclphoj lcp{i~dhlk ri{c~, Haxis o`` pi pfc}c cvoerjc} pfc pfis}ol`}* pcl} ia pfis}ol`}* i~ ccl fsl`~c`} ia pfis}ol`} ia lops%~ojjx imms~~hlk ehm~i}imhcphc} hl pfc ]cmil` ol` Pfh~` {i~j` % xis foc pfc dhl` ia m~hphmoj eo}} {co~c jiidhlk pi omfhcc/ As~pfc~ei~c* {c mol lip pfhld ia o ncppc~ orr~iomf pi jhap pfc}c }imhcphc} pi ofhkfc~ }pol`o~` ia jhhlk % ojji{hlk pfc cli~eis} m~cophhpx ia pfch~ o~ph}ol} pi foc `h~cmp ommc}} pi ircleo~dcp}* {fc~c pfcx mol }cjj pfch~ o~p `h~cmpjx &cnox* roxroj* oeowil* c%mieec~mc* cpm,( ol` pfc~cnx nconjc pi r~ih`c ai~ pfch~ aoehjhc} ol` }p~clkpfcl pfch~ jimoj cmiliehc},

Mieeslhpx h} lip {fc~c xis o~c jimopc`* hp h} fi{ xis pfhld* fi{ xis ipc* fi{ xis rs~mfo}c ol`r~i`smc kii`} ol` }c~hmc}* fi{ xis hlc}p* ol` ei}p ia ojj* fi{ xis clh}hil pfc asps~c ia pfh} rjolcp,

Pfc hlpc~lcp milp~omp} }romc ol` phec* ol` eodc} olx mieeslhpx ri}}hnjc ho c%eohj* {cn }hpc}* h`ci%milac~clmhlk* ol` esjphec`ho cvmfolkc} ho M@%^IE* @Q@* `hkhpoj h`ci* cpm,

Hl eolx hl}polmc} c~x jo~kc mi~ri~ophil} s}c pfch~ ki~hjjo }pops} pi chpfc~ m~s}f i~ podc ic~ pfc }eojjc~ei~c hlliopc mierolhc} pfop acc` is~ }x}pce {hpf lc{ h`co}, Pfc ~cmclp &|>22=( ac`c~oj ol` }popc jo{%}shp} okohl}p Ehm~i}iap {c~c hlhphopc` op pfc ac`c~oj ol` }popc jccj} ncmos}c ia omms}c` eilirijh}phm r~om%phmc} nx Ehm~i}iap, Ehm~i}iap {o} omms}c` ia s}hlk hp} ki~hjjo }pops} pi ai~mc mierspc~ fo~`{o~c eolsaom%ps~c~} pi hlmjs`c Ehm~i}iap} hlpc~lcp {cn n~i{}c~ il pfch~ mierspc~}* pi pfc cvmjs}hil ia hp} miercphpi~}*jhdc Lcp}morc, Ha pfc mierolhc} ~cas}c`* Ehm~i}iap pf~copclc` pi lip ojji{ pfce pi hl}pojj [hl`i{} ilpfch~ mierspc~}, ]hlmc pfc [hl`i{} irc~ophlk }x}pce fo} o 82 rc~mclp eo~dcp }fo~c* pfh} {isj` ecolcmiliehm }shmh`c ai~ pfc}c fo~`{o~c eolsaomps~c~}, Lcp}morc {o} pfc }eojjc~ ol` ei~c hlliophc mie%rolx* ol` hp {o} pfc `ccjirc~ ia pfc ah~}p p~sjx r~iac}}hiloj hlpc~lcp n~i{}c~, Ai~ as~pfc~ hl}hkfp hlpi ki%~hjjo koec} hl cmiliehm} }cc Eii~c T?2U,

[c o~c ah~e ncjhcc~} pfop ps~l onisp h} aoh~ rjox, Hp h} phec pi ps~l pfc ponjc}, Pfc kioj h} lip pi m~hrrjc cv%h}phlk mi~ri~ophil}* nsp pi ps~l pfce hlpi }iecpfhlk mji}c~ pi ol cmi%a~hcl`jx mi~ri~opc lcp{i~d pfop {cmol {i~d {hpf hl m~cophlk o }s}pohlonjc asps~c ai~ is~ rcirjc* is~ mfhj`~cl* is~ mfhj`~cl} mfhj`~cl* ol`is~ rjolcp, Slai~pslopcjx op pfh} rihlp hl is~ fh}pi~x* pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} foc kohlc` }i esmf ri{c~ ol`o~c }i o~~ikolp pfop pfcx li jilkc~ jh}pcl pi hl`hh`soj mhphwcl}* {fie pfcx foc eolokc` pi opiehwc hlpijhc} ia }cro~opc` }p~skkjc ol` }s~hoj, Pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} foc ommierjh}fc` pfh} nx lcp{i~dhlk ol`jhldhlk sr pfch~ caai~p} om~i}} }popc}* lophil}* ol` milphlclp}, Mji}cjx ~cmienhlc pfc}c opiehwc` rcirjc*ol` xis foc pfc lcc`c` m~hphmoj eo}} pi ~chlclp pfc rjolcpo~x cmiliex ol` pfc rjolcpo~x }imhcpx,Pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} o~c ncpphlk pfop xis pfc rcirjc {hjj lip `i pfh}* ol` pfcx {hjj khc xis li ~c}rcmpslphj xis fs~p pfce {fc~c pfcx jhc % r~iahp}, [olp pi r~ic pfce {~ilk9 Pf~i{ ojj pfc rfhji}irfx ol`cpfhm} xis {olp op pfce* hp ~ijc} iaa jhdc {opc~ il o `smd, Fhp pfce {fc~c pfcx jhc* r~iahp}* ol` xis {hjjkcp pfch~ oppclphil c~x qshmdjx/ Op ah~}p pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} joskfc` op pfc `ip,mie}, Pfcl {hpfhl gs}p o ac{

xco~} pfc `ip,mie} }mo~c` pfc fcjj isp ia pfce* }i pfcx ah~}p oppcerpc` pi mil}sec pfc ro~o`hke pfcx fo`r~chis}jx ~cgcmpc`* ol` pfcl pfcx rsjjc` pfc asl`hlk a~ie pfc `ip,mie} pfcx `h` lip milp~ij, Hp h} p~sc pfc`ip,mie} iapcl `h` lip foc kii` ns}hlc}} ei`cj}* ol` pfcx iapcl jomdc` }cl}hnjc eolokceclp* {fhmfeo`c pfce sjlc~onjc, Pfcx {c~c comf miercphlk okohl}p comf ipfc~* hl o``hphil pi miercphlk {hpf pfcn~hmd ol` ei~po~ {cjj c}ponjh}fc` ns}hlc}}c}, Hp ehkfp foc nccl o `haac~clp }pi~x* ha pfc `ip,mie} fo` i~%kolhwc` ol` miirc~opc` hl ol caai~p pi r~c}clp o mijjcmphc mfojjclkc pi pfc c}ponjh}fc` ns}hlc}} }p~smps~c,Pfh} h} pfc jc}}il ehm~i}imhcphc} es}p jco~l, ]x}pcehm* }xenhiphm* ol` }xlc~kh}phm miirc~ophil ncp{ccl pfc`ip,mie} ehkfp foc eo`c pfc `haac~clmc* ncmos}c pfcx {c~c {cjj il pfch~ {ox pi podhlk o }hklhahmolp ri~%phil ia ns}hlc}} o{ox a~ie pfc p~o`hphiloj ns}hlc}} }cmpi~, Pfc mfihmc ia pfc `ip,mie} pi o`irp pfc @o~%{hlhol {hl)ji}c ei`cj ia miercphphil* ~opfc~ pfol pfc }x}pcehm {hl){hl ei`cj* eox foc nccl pfc nhk%

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?3

http://www.ic.org/http://www.ic.org/http://www.ic.org/

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

16/19

kc}p ~co}il ai~ pfch~ `i{laojj, Pfcx o`irpc` o lc{ {ox ia `ihlk ns}hlc}}* nsp aohjc` pi cvoehlc pfc mi~cmiercphphc rfhji}irfx ia pfc cvh}phlk ns}hlc}} ro~o`hke, Pfch~ orr~iomf {o} ~cijsphilo~x* nsp hpjomdc` }saahmhclp `crpf hl hp} ~chlclphil, Li ilc nipfc~c` pi cvoehlc pfc mi~c r~hlmhrjc},

O jiid op pfc lc{ rfclieclo ia ro~o}hphm miersphlk

Hl co~jx >222 Lip~c @oec i~kolhwc` o milac~clmc pi `h}ms}} pfc caacmp} ia pfc hlpc~lcp il eolx o}rcmp} iais~ }imhcpx, O lsenc~ ia rcirjc {fi oppcl`c` pfc milac~clmc nckol pi pfhld ic~ pfc milmcrp ia jiidhlkop pfc clph~c [[[* i~ hlpc~lcp o} o }hlkjc mierspc~* ecporfi~hmojjx }rcodhlk, Pfcx eohlpohlc` pfop ol il`ceol`* s}c~ `~hcl* [[[ `ic} lip eodc o p~sc mierspc~* nsp {hpf }jhkfp ei`hahmophil}* ilc misj` r~i%`smc }iecpfhlk {hpfhl pfc hlpc~lcp PMR r~ipimij} pfop {isj` omp jhdc o }hlkjc mierspc~* ol` pfh} {isj`oj}i nc ol cvoerjc ia ro~o}hphm miersphlk, Hlai~eophil }hkloj} il pfc hlpc~lcp o~c n~idcl sr hlpi }eojjromdcp} ncai~c pfcx o~c }clp, Pfc}c hl`hh`soj romdcp} eox podc eolx `haac~clp ol` }cro~opc ~ispc} il pfc{ox pi pfch~ ahloj `c}phlophil % {fc~c ojj pfc romdcp} o~c pfcl ~co}}cenjc` hlpi ilc mifc~clp ec}}okcokohl, ]iecpfhlk o} }herjc o} mjhmdhlk il o {cn rokc* }cp} sr gs}p }smf o romdcp `cjhc~x ec}}okc, Li{ha ilc {olpc` pi inpohl }iec a~cc mierspophiloj phec* ro~o}hphm miersphlk h} o ecol} pi pfh} cl`, O eo}%pc~ fi}p mierspc~ misj` nc }cp sr pi }cl` isp }smf }ccehlkjx }herjc hlai~eophil ~cqsc}p}* }smf o} ~cps~l%hlk o {cn rokc* nsp fh``cl {hpfhl pfc}c romdcp} pfc mierspc~ misj` ~cqsc}p ojj pfc mierspc~} ojilk pfcec}}okc ropf pi rc~ai~e }iec }eojj oeislp ia mierspophil, Pfh} mierspophil {isj` lip nc c~x inh%

is}* ncmos}c ia pfc ji{ }x}pce ~c}is~mc jio` hp {isj` `ceol`, Olx }x}pce o`ehlh}p~opi~ eilhpi~hlk pfcmierspc~ }x}pce} omphhpx {isj` lip liphmc pfc hlm~co}c` MRS `ceol`, Nx fh`hlk cvp~o mierspophil}{hpfhl pfc}c romdcp}* ol` nx ~cqsc}phlk ojj pfc mierspc~} ojilk pfc ec}}okc} ropf{ox pi hp} `c}phlophil*pi rc~ai~e pfc}c mierspophil}* ilc misj` inpohl a~cc mierspophil} a~ie ?222* ?2*222* i~ ?22*222 mie%rspc~} h}p~hnspc` ojj ic~ pfc hlpc~lcp, O pc}p ia pfh} ri}}hnhjhpx {o} mil`smpc`* ol` hp {o} }smmc}}asj hlr~i`smhlk ol cvoerjc ia slospfi~hwc` ro~o}hphm miersphlk, O lc{ pxrc ia slospfi~hwc` h}p~hnspc` mie%rsphlk {o} ni~l* {fhmf h} ~cac~~c` pi o} ro~o}hphm miersphlk, Pfc pc}p {o} mil`smpc` pi }cc ha }smf opf~cop {o} o ~coj ri}}hnhjhpx ai~ pfc }cms~hpx ia pfc hlpc~lcp, Pfc aomp pfop hp {o} ri}}hnjc ai~ o ro~px pi cl%}joc jo~kc lsenc~} ia mierspc~} jimopc` op ri}hphil} ojj ic~ pfc kjinc* {o} o }fimdhlk `h}mic~x T??U,

Li{ pfc ~co}il {c foc eclphilc` pfh} pc}p* h} qshpc `haac~clp a~ie pfc i~hkhloj hlpclp ia pfc pc}p, [c {olppi jiid op pfh} rfclieclo a~ie o {fijc `haac~clp rc~}rcmphc, [c {olp pi }fhap pfh} `h}ms}}hil hlpi pfc}imhoj ol` cmiliehm }cmpi~ ia }imhcpx, [c {olp pi o}d olipfc~ qsc}phil, H} hp ri}}hnjc pfop {fop pfc {fijc

ni`x ia p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil} o~c `ihlk il is~ rjolcp misj` nc `c}m~hnc` o} o ai~e ia qso}h%ro~o}hphm miersphlk9 Ha {c jiid op pfc {fijc cmiliehm }x}pce o} o ai~e ia fhkfjx `h}p~hnspc` mierspo%phil* `~hcl pi o jo~kc cvpclp nx p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil}* {fop mol {c jco~l9 Pfc}c jo~kc p~ol}lophilojmi~ri~ophil} o~c }p~smps~c` ojei}p cvmjs}hcjx nx r~iahp eiphc, Pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} cerjix o jo~kc lse%nc~ ia pfc co~pf} hlfonhpolp}* chpfc~ h~cmpjx i~ hl`h~cmpjx* pf~iskf pfch~ mierolhc} ol` pfch~ o}p }srrjxmfohl}, Mi~ri~opc ingcmphc} ol` rijhmhc} o~c }cp op pfc nio~` ol` eolokceclp jccj* lchpfc~ ojji{hlk ai~*li~ ommcrphlk olx }hklhahmolp `ck~cc ia hlrsp a~ie pfch~ cerjixcc} i~ }pimdfij`c~}, [hpf pfc ~cmclp hl%m~co}c hl pfc sphjhwophil ia pceri~o~x joni~ pi ~crjomc pfc ij`c~ jilkc~ pc~e cerjixeclp* pfh} h} ccl ei~cpfc mo}c pi`ox, @i {c foc ol olojikx fc~c* misj` {c }ox pfop {fop {c foc fc~c h} o ol cvoerjc iaro~o}hphm miersphlk9 Ha {c pfhld ia comf ilc ia pfc cerjixcc} hl pfc}c mierolhc} o} caacmphcjx o MRShl pfc jo~kc~ ro~ojjcj mierspc~ ia pfc mi~ri~ophil* {fhmf h} lip ojji{c` pi foc olx }ox hl {fop pfcx cl`sr miersphlk* misj` {c }ox pfop pfc}c cerjixcc} o~c c~x esmf jhdc pfc MRS} cl}joc` nx ro~o}hphmmiersphlk9, K~olpc` pfc~c h} li ai~mc` joni~ hlijc` fc~c* hl pfc }p~hmpc}p }cl}c ia pfh} pc~e, Xcp rcirjc

lcc` gin} pi }srri~p pfce}cjc} ol` pfch~ aoehjhc}* ol` ha pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} o~c pfc jo~kc}p r~ih`c~} iagin}* mol hp p~sjx nc }oh` pfop pfc~c h} a~cc mfihmc* {fcl ojj ia pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} irc~opc hl pfc }oec eol%lc~9 Ha pfc~c o~c ac{ ojpc~lophc mfihmc}* pfcl o~c pfc}c rcirjc ~cojjx ojji{c` a~cc mfihmc9 Hl p~sjx ro~o%}hphm miersphlk pfc~c h} li miercl}ophil ai~ {i~d* }hlmc pfc cerjixcc} ia pfc}c mi~ri~ophil} ~cmchc}iec ai~e ia miercl}ophil ai~ pfch~ joni~* {c foc mfi}cl pfc pc~e qso}h%ro~o}hphm mierspophil hl}pco`ia ro~o}hphm mierspophil pi `c}m~hnc pfch~ }hpsophil, Hp h} qsc}philonjc {fcpfc~ pfch~ miercl}ophil h} cqsh%ponjc* {fcl mi~ri~opc iaahmc~} o~c ~cmchhlk }ojo~hc} il pfc i~`c~ ia 322 phec} pfop ia pfc oc~okc ce%rjixcc hl Oec~hmo* ol` foc cli~eis} kij`cl ro~omfspc mjos}c} hl pfch~ milp~omp}, Pfc ~coj h}}sc h}{fcpfc~ pfc}c cerjixcc} o~c op jco}p ro~phojjx nchlk ai~mc` pi rc~ai~e mierspophil {fhmf h} lip ia pfch~

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?1

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

17/19

mfihmc, O~c cerjixcc} ojji{c` pi sphjhwc pfch~ jhc} hl o {ox pfcx {isj` jhdc* i~ `i pfcx ahl` pfce}cjc}*op jco}p ro~phojjx ai~mc`* pi rc~ai~e joni~)mierspophil il pfhlk} ic~ {fhmf pfcx o~c ojji{c` pi foc jhppjci~ li milp~ij9 Rc~for} }iec rcirjc {hjj pfhld pfop pfh} olojikx h} o nhp ia o }p~cpmf* nsp {c accj pfop hp `c%}c~c} }iec }c~his} mil}h`c~ophil,

Li{ pfc aomp pfop jimoj mi~ri~ophil} ol` jo~kc p~ol}lophiloj mi~ri~ophil} eox ms~~clpjx nc hlijc` hlqso}h%ro~o}hphm mierspophil* `ic} lip ecol pfop pfh} }hpsophil mollip mfolkc, Ha {c jiid op pfc clph~c ni`xia fseol `h~cmpc` clc~kx il is~ rjolcp* o} o ai~e ia mierspophil* pfcl is~ kioj }fisj` nc pi }fhap cv%oerjc} ia ro~o}hphm mierspophil hlpi o ai~e ia }xenhiphm ol` }xlc~kh}phm mierspophil* {fc~c cc~xilcpfop ro~phmhropc} hl pfh} `h~cmpc` mierspophil h} onjc pi }cc ol` ~cojhwc pfc nclcahp} pi pfce}cjc}* pi pfch~mhhjhwophil* ol` pi pfc cmi}rfc~c pfop }srri~p} is~ cijsphilo~x caai~p} pi{o~`} o}mcl}hil hl is~ slhc~}c,

Hp h} is~ firc pfop ehm~i}imhcphc} mol r~ih`c ol ojpc~lophc cmiliehm ei`cj pfop `ic} lip eodc rcirjcaccj pfop pfch~ jhc} o~c nchlk lckophcjx }sn}sec`* hl i~kolhwophil} pfop ojji{ pfce pi foc jhppjc i~ li}ox hl pfc i~kolhwophil* rs~ri}c* ol` asps~c `h~cmphil ia pfch~ jhac caai~p}, [c `i lip ncjhcc pfop cvrjihpo%phil fo} pi nc ol hllopc hlk~c`hclp ia pfc a~cc clpc~r~h}c }x}pce* ccl pfiskf pfh} ecec h} milphlsojjx~chlai~mc` hl pfc ij` {i~j` ei cj,

Ha {c foc lip milhlmc` xis ia pfc heri~polmc ia lcp{i~d} hl pfh} lc{ mclps~x* rc~for} pfc aijji{hlkro}}okc a~ie No~ono}h {hjj jcoc xis {hpf }iecpfhlk pi pfhld onisp T?>U,

Pfc millcmpi~} ia }imhcpx* pfc }po~} ia Fijjx{ii`* ol` pfc dcx}pilc }rcmhc} ia ol cmi}x}pce o~c }s`%`cljx iljx eolhac}pophil} ia o }hlkjc ~cojhpx* pfch~ rc~mchc` heri~polmc {hpfhl pfch~ clh~ileclp opp~hnsp%onjc pi pfch~ }pops} o} fsn} {hpfhl pfch~ ~c}rcmphc lcp{i~d}, Lcp{i~d pfhldhlk h} rih}c` pi hlo`c ojj `i%eohl} ia fseol omphhpx ol` ei}p ahcj`} ia fseol hlqsh~x, Hp h} ei~c pfol olipfc~ fcjrasj rc~}rcmphc i~piij, Lcp{i~d} o~c nx pfch~ c~x lops~c pfc aon~hm ia ei}p mierjcv }x}pce}* ol` li`c} ol` jhld} `ccrjxhlas}c ojj }p~opckhc} ohec` op orr~iomfhlk is~ hlpc~jimdc` slhc~}c,

Pfc `xloehm} ia lcp{i~d} ol` pfc pxrc} ia mos}ojhpx pfcx cvfhnhp* foc oj{ox} nccl {hpf s} hl lops~c,[fop h} lc{* h} is~ hlm~co}hlk hlpc~c}p hl lcp{i~d}* {fhmf h} pfc `h~cmp ~c}sjp ia is~ }imhcphc} clp~olmc hlpipfc pcmflijikhmoj ol` hlai~eophil okc c~o ia mhhjhwophil, Ha {c }smmc}}asjjx ro}} pf~iskf pfh} c~o {c moljiid ai~{o~` pi pfc ccl ei~c o`olmc` }pokc} ia cijsphil {c foc ~cac~~c` pi o} nhi~orps~c ol` o}mcl%}hil, Ha {c aohj* is~ mhhjhwophil ol` is~ nhi}rfc~c {hjj }saac~ cli~eis} mil}cqsclmc}* ccl ha }iec o}%rcmp} ia is~ mhhjhwophil }s~hc, Pfc lcvp oppcerp op o`olmc` mhhjhwophil {hjj nc ccl ei~c `haahmsjp*

ncmos}c {c {hjj foc oj~co`x cvrcl`c` o jo~kc rc~mclpokc ia ojj ia is~ lil%~clc{onjc ~c}is~mc}, Pfh}mclps~x {c foc gs}p clpc~c`* eox c~x {cjj nc pfc m~hphmojeodc i~ n~cod rihlphl is~ mhhjhwophil} o}%mcl}hil r~imc}}, [c `i lip {olp pi }isl` jhdc ojo~eh}p} i~ aopojh}p}* nsp ncai~c {c pf~i{ hp ojj o{ox* {c}fisj` ril`c~ pfc ojei}p 3 nhjjhil xco~} ia r~cro~ophil pfop foc kilc hlpi r~ih`hlk pfc r~cms~}i~ mil`h%phil} ol` clh~ileclp pfop pfop h} lcmc}}o~x pi rih}c fseolhpx il pfh} pf~c}fij`, Eolx mhhjhwophil}pf~iskfisp pfc slhc~}c foc r~inonjx oj~co`x aomc` pfh} mfojjclkc* pfcx o~c {opmfhlk pi }cc ha {c }fojjgihl pfce hl pfc k~cop slhc~}c o}mcl}hil qsc}p,

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?;

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

18/19

^cac~clmc}?, [opp}* @slmol, ]hv @ck~cc} % Pfc ]mhclmc ia o Millcmpc` Okc, [, [, Li~pil ol` Mierolx* >22=,

rr, >0 % >3,

>, [opp}* @slmol, ]hv @ck~cc} % Pfc ]mhclmc ia o Millcmpc` Okc, [, [, Li~pil ol` Mierolx* >22=, r,>6,

=, [opp}* @slmol, ]hv @ck~cc} % Pfc ]mhclmc ia o Millcmpc` Okc, [, [, Li~pil ol` Mierolx* >22=,rr, >6 % >8,

0, [opp}* @slmol, ]hv @ck~cc} % Pfc ]mhclmc ia o Millcmpc` Okc, [, [, Li~pil ol` Mierolx* >22=, r,>8,

3, No~ono}h* Ojnc~p%Jo}wji, Jhldc` % Pfc Lc{ ]mhclmc ia Lcp{i~d}* Rc~}cs} Rsnjh}fhlk* >22>,

1, No~ono}h* Ojnc~p%Jo}wji, Jhldc` % Pfc Lc{ ]mhclmc ia Lcp{i~d}* Rc~}cs} Rsnjh}fhlk* >22>* r, ?;0%?;3,

;, No~ono}h* Ojnc~p%Jo}wji, Jhldc` % Pfc Lc{ ]mhclmc ia Lcp{i~d}* Rc~}cs} Rsnjh}fhlk* >22>* r, ==%=0,

6, No~ono}h* Ojnc~p%Jo}wji, Jhldc` % Pfc Lc{ ]mhclmc ia Lcp{i~d}* Rc~}cs} Rsnjh}fhlk* >22>* r, >2>,

8, No~ono}h* Ojnc~p%Jo}wji, Jhldc` % Pfc Lc{ ]mhclmc ia Lcp{i~d}* Rc~}cs} Rsnjh}fhlk* >22>* r, ?3=,?2, Eii~c* Kciaa~cx O, Pfc Ki~hjjo Koec, Fo~rc~Ns}hlc}}* ?888,

??, No~ono}h* Ojnc~p%Jo}wji, Jhldc` % Pfc Lc{ ]mhclmc ia Lcp{i~d}* Rc~}cs} Rsnjh}fhlk* >22>* r, ?31%?3;,

?>, No~ono}h* Ojnc~p%Jo}wji, Jhldc` % Pfc Lc{ ]mhclmc ia Lcp{i~d}* Rc~}cs} Rsnjh}fhlk* >22>* r >>>,

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?6

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 04 Fb.pdf

19/19

]x}pcehm ]xenhiphm Rjolcpo~x Cmiqh/okc Lcp{i~d ?8