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SSUSH22 A thru E
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Movement
Early Developments
• 1896 – Landmark Court Case: Plessy vs Ferguson
African American Homer Plessy challenged Louisiana’s Separate Car Act.
Louisiana Judge John Howard Ferguson found him guilty of riding in a “white’s only” railroad car.
• 1890’s – 1960’s – Segregation laws in America became known as Jim Crow Laws.
Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court
Supreme Court decision confirmed the “Separate but Equal” idea of law
Mostly common across the South.
Local Communities usually given authority
Areas without laws requiring segregation often had de-facto segregation:
Segregation by custom or tradition
Civil Rights Movement
0
Riots
Blacks: 14 Whites: 33
Lynchings
Anti-Miscegenation
School Segregation
Separate but Equal
Transportation
Education
Mixed Marriages
1
Riots
Blacks: 86 Whites: 15
Lynchings
1882 - 1968
School Segregation
Education
Separate but Equal
Transportation
Anti-Miscegenation
Mixed Marriages
0
Riots
Blacks: 299 Whites: 48
Lynchings
Anti-Miscegenation
Mixed Marriages
No Segregation
Education
No Segregation
Transportation
Anti-Miscegenation
Mixed Marriages Blacks: 0 Whites: 0
Transportation
No Segregation 0
Riots
Education
School Segregation
School Segregation
Education
Separate but Equal
Transportation
Anti-Miscegenation
Mixed Marriages
Blacks: 352 Whites:141
Lynchings
0
Riots
Texas
Lynchings
Civil Rights Movement
Early Developments
• 1905: 32 African American leaders started meeting at Niagara Falls
Discussed problems of Colored People and possible solutions
Eventually became known as the Niagara Movement.
• 1909: Creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP)
7 Members from the Niagara Movement became organizing members
Chartered to promote equal rights and eliminate racial prejudice among American Citizens
Promoted court cases designed to overturn segregation laws
• 1935: Norris vs Alabama
Alabama had excluded African American’s from juries
Supreme Court declared that it violated equal protection under the law
Civil Rights Movement
Changes between two Wars
• WWI to WWII: The African American Great Migration to the North & West
Many gained voting rights that had been restricted in the South
Many still experienced racial discrimination concerning jobs, pay, and housing
• 1930’s: Many African Americans benefited from FDR’s New Deal Programs
World War II
• 1941 - A. Philip Randolph joined other African American leaders to organize the March on Washington Movement.
An effort to eliminate job discrimination in the Defense Industries that were supporting the war
Civil Rights Movement
World War II
• 25 Jun 1941: FDR issued Executive Order 8802
Prohibited Racial Discrimination in Defense Industry
• 1942: African American Leaders and Newspapers began the Double V. Campaign
Promoted African American military service in the war
Dedicated to obtaining two victories:
Against Fascism in Europe and Racism in America
• 1942: Congress of Racial Equality formed
Founded by James Farmer and George Houser
Used “sit-ins” to desegregate public facilities like restaurants and theaters
Refusing to leave if service was denied
Post World War II
Civil Rights Movement
• 26 Jul 1948: Executive Order 9981
Abolished Racial Discrimination in the Armed Forces
Led to the Desegregation of the U.S. Military
• 1940’s - A. Philip Randolph joined other African American leaders to form the Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service and Training
Their goal was to persuade President Harry S. Truman to desegregate the military
World War II
• 1942: U.S. Army Officer’s Candidate School (OCS) was the first experiment of integration in the military
Among its graduates was 2nd Lt Jackie Robinson
• 1947: Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier when he started his first game with the Brooklyn Dodgers
Civil Rights Movement
Post World War II
• Southerners leaders in Congress adopted “massive resistance” to school desegregation by signing the Southern Manifesto
Encouraging white southerners to defy the Supreme Court ruling
• 1951: An African American parent of a middle school student filed a suit to allow his daughter attend an all white school closer to home
The U.S. District Court decided against the suit citing the Supreme Court precedence in Plessy vs Ferguson
• 1954: NAACP Chief Counsel, Thurgood Marshall, decided to take on the suit and the issue of school desegregation
The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, becoming the landmark case of Brown vs Board of Education
The Supreme Court ruled against the Board of Education, declaring School Segregation to be Unconstitutional.
A violation of Equal Protection under the Fourteenth Amendment
Ending “Separate but Equal” as set forth in Plessy vs Ferguson
Civil Rights Movement The Movement Begins
• 13 Jun 1956: Browder vs Gaile
The U.S. District Court in Alabama ruled that Bus Segregation was Unconstitutional according to the Fourteenth Amendment
20 Dec 1956: The Supreme Court confirmed the ruling and ending the bus boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott had begun
They chose 26 year old pastor, Martin Luther King, Jr., to lead them
Several African American leaders form the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott city busses
• 1 Dec 1955: African American female, Rosa Parks, was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to white passengers in Montgomery, Alabama.
Civil Rights Movement
• The Montgomery Bus Boycott proved that nonviolent protests could be successful
• 1957: A group of African American ministers joined to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The SCLC set out to eliminate segregation and encourage African American’s to vote
• Sep 1957: Crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas
Court order to admit 9 African American students attend all white Central High School
Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent entry by the students
Ordered to remove the troops by the court, White mobs attacked and beat the students
President Eisenhower order the U.S. Army in to end the violence
Civil Rights Actions under Eisenhower
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Actions under Eisenhower
• Civil Rights Act of 1957: Signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Landmark Civil Rights legislation intended to protect African American voting rights
• 1960: Woolworth Sit-In by the Greensboro Four
African American college students chose to challenge the All White policy at Woolworth diner
Sit-ins spread to 54 cities in 9 states
College students like Jesse Jackson proved that sit-ins were a useful form of non-violent protest
• Apr 1960: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed
Established by Ella Baker, executive director of the SCLC
Created to allow college students to coordinate their own civil rights activities and make a difference
Civil Rights Actions under Eisenhower
Civil Rights Movement
• 1961: CORE Leader James Farmer organized both black and white volunteers into teams called Freedom Riders
• 1960: Boynton vs Virginia
Supreme Court Case outlawing racial segregation in public transportation facilities and on trains & buses
Due to violation of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
To draw attention to the South’s refusal to integrate bus terminals and transportation
Resulted in attacks by white mobs, beating with baseball bats, and burned buses
Civil Rights Actions under JFK
• Appointed about 40 African Americans to federal positions
• Appointed Thurgood Marshall as a Circuit Court Judge
• Created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Actions under JFK
• President Kennedy’s hesitance to act and preoccupation with the Cuban Missile Crisis caused concern among Civil Rights leaders
• Spring 1963: The Birmingham Campaign Crisis
Nonviolent demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama led by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.
Intended to provoke violence and gain media attention
Martin Luther King was arrested
Police Brutality increased violence
16th Street Baptist Church bombed
• June 1963: The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
Alabama Governor George Wallace opposed desegregation of at University of Alabama
JFK used the military to enforce the law.
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Actions under JFK
• Civil Rights Act of 1964:
Announced by President John F. Kennedy
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson
Outlawed discrimination based on Race, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, & Gender
• 28 Aug 1963: The March on Washington
200,000 demonstrators of all races
Motivational Speeches and Songs
MLK Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” Speech
Civil Rights Actions under LBJ
Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• Jun – Oct 1964: African American Churches and Businesses across the south are burned or bombed by the KKK
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Actions under LBJ
• Jan 1965: Voting Rights in Selma, Alabama
Sheriff Jim Clark prevented African Americans from registering to vote
Police brutality resulted in beatings, arrests, and murder
SCLC leader Hosea Williams organized a march to focus on voting rights
• 7 Mar 1965: The March on Selma, Alabama
500 protestors marched
200 State Troopers and Deputies
Attack by police on demonstrators hospitalized 70
Event became known as “Bloody Sunday”
Infuriated the President into action
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Actions under LBJ
• Civil Rights Act of 1965: known as the Voting Rights Act
Prohibited discrimination in Voting and Voter Registration
• New Civil Rights legislation did not eliminate Racism in the United States
• 11 Aug 1965: The Watts Riot in Los Angeles
Caused by allegations of Police Brutality
Rioters burned and looted whole neighborhoods
34 People killed and over 900 hospitalized
14,000 National Guardsmen deployed
• 1965 - 1967: The Chicago Movement
Civil Rights Activist Albert Raby invited Martin Luther King, Jr., to Chicago, Illinois
To cause change in deplorable housing
Marches & Meetings caused little change
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Actions under LBJ
• 1967: President Johnson appointed the Kerner Commission
Headed by Governor Otto Kerner of Illinois
Tasked with studying Causes of Urban Riots
Commissioned to make key recommendations
More Inner City Jobs and better Housing
• After 1965 many young African Americans began turning away from Martin Luther King’s nonviolent movement
• By 1965: Malcolm X had become a symbol of Black Power.
• The Black Power movement promoted the idea that African Americans should control their own direction and destiny
• 1966: A militant group known as the Black Panthers formed
Considered themselves the heirs of Malcolm
Promoted armed revolution by African Americans
Ten Point Program promoted “Black Empowerment”
Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Actions under LBJ
• Civil Rights Act of 1968: also called the Fair Housing Act
Provided for equal housing laws regardless of race, creed, or national origin
• Mar 1968: SCLC planned a national Poor People’s Campaign
Try and get the government to end poverty in U.S.
4 Apr 1968: Martin Luther King, Jr. traveled to Memphis Tennessee to make a speech
He made his “I’ve been to the mountaintop” speech at the local Church in God and Christ
That evening he was assassinated while standing on the balcony of his hotel room
His assassin, James Earl Ray, confessed and was sentenced to 99 years in prison (where he died)
Ralph David Abernathy of Georgia took over the leadership of the Poor People’s Campaign & SCLC
Civil Rights Movement Comparing Key Civil Rights Legislation
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957
First major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction
Intended to protect African American Voting Rights (clarify 15th Amendment)
Sen. Strom Thurmond of S.C. held a Filibuster for 24hrs and 18min
9 Sep 1957: Signed by Dwight Eisenhower
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Landmark legislation against discrimination
Outlawed discrimination based on Race, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, & Gender
Group of Southern Senators conducted a Filibuster for 54days
1963: Proposed by John F. Kennedy (died) 2 Jul 1964: Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
Landmark legislation against discrimination
Prohibited discrimination from Voting and Voter’s Registration Restrictions by States
Cloture Vote was used to prevent another Filibuster by Southern Politicians
6 Aug 1965: Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson
FAIR HOUSING ACT OF 1968
Landmark legislation against discrimination
Outlawed discrimination against rental or purchase due to Race, Creed, & Nationality
Re-enforced the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Re-enforced Executive Order 11063 (signed by President John F. Kennedy)
11 Apr 1968: Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson
Filibuster = extended speech or debate used to delay a legislative vote
Cloture = a petition signed by at least 16 senators to end a filibuster and cause vote