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ST-EricssonA leading developer of platforms for smartphones, tablets and wireless devices
4G multimode modems: analysis of architecture and power consumption trends
Abstract
•4G multi-mode modems are used in recent smart-phones and tablets which represent the today most valuable market. Such devices require the support of multiple radio standards as well as the capacity to adapt to the rapidly evolving telecom features in order to provide the best data rate available in the market. On the other hand the emerging market of the “internet of things” and M2M devices are using the same modem technology but with different telecom requirements and reduced cost target.
••We investigate how to define a well suited reconfigurable architecture for 4G multi-mode modem to reach the best trade-off in size and power consumption.
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL2
Agenda
•Cellular market trend
•Market data and trend for smart-phones and connected devices (M2M)
•3GPP/WLAN standard evolutions
•Categories, features and data rate trend
•4G modem trend
•Computational complexity (GOPS) trend •Computational complexity (GOPS) trend
•Power consumption trend
•Multimode trend
•4G modem architecture
•Heterogeneous multi-core architecture for 4G Modem
•Conclusion
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL3
Cellular market trendCellular market trend
Phone sales
10 to 1
250 million users
on mobile devices
The world is mobile
10X MOBILE DATA 10X MOBILE DATA 10X MOBILE DATA 10X MOBILE DATA 10X MOBILE DATA 10X MOBILE DATA 10X MOBILE DATA 10X MOBILE DATA TRAFFIC GROWTH TRAFFIC GROWTH TRAFFIC GROWTH TRAFFIC GROWTH TRAFFIC GROWTH TRAFFIC GROWTH TRAFFIC GROWTH TRAFFIC GROWTH
IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO
Mobile subscriptions
4 to 1
uploaded on YouTube
IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO IN PAST TWO YEARSYEARSYEARSYEARSYEARSYEARSYEARSYEARS
Smartphone growth exploding
Modern user friendly User
Interface software
Open OS & Applications ecosystem
Large high qualitytouch screens
Highly-integrated low power,
high performance mobile
connectivity
Accessible mobile broadband tariffs
High performance mobile processors at right cost and
power consumption
From feature phones to smartphonesC
ore
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
Core
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
Core
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
Core
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
Smartphone volumes
Source: Strategy Analytics, April 2011
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
2010201020102010 2015201520152015 CAGRCAGRCAGRCAGR
291291291291MMMM 718718718718MMMM 20202020%%%%
Note 1: Core Wireless SC TAM (Total Available Market) is cellular semiconductor content excluding imaging sensors, memory, optoelectronics, discretes, analog & standard logic
Note 2: Connected Devices include wireless game consoles, USB dongles, tablets, embedded modules in laptops/netbooks, M2M
Source: ST-Ericsson internal estimates based on market and analyst reports
Core
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
Core
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
Core
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
Core
Wir
ele
ss S
C T
AM
M$
0
5,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
ULC Entry Smartphone Connected Devices Grey Market
Smartphones will represent more than 60% SC TAM in 2016
Number of connections exploding
Things Things
PeoplePeopleA modem A modem
1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 20251875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 20251875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 20251875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025
PlacesPlacesInflection
points
A modem A modem in every in every devicedevice
The network complexity challenge
Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio
Variety of Variety of Variety of Variety of Variety of Variety of Variety of Variety of devicesdevicesdevicesdevicesdevicesdevicesdevicesdevices
of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio of radio technologiestechnologiestechnologiestechnologiestechnologiestechnologiestechnologiestechnologies
Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing number of number of number of number of number of number of number of number of
bandsbandsbandsbandsbandsbandsbandsbands
14% 19%24% 30% 36%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
MunitsTablets
Tablet growth
Source: ST-Ericsson Market forecast Q211
70% 66% 59% 53%
16% 15% 16%
46%
15%
20%0
10
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Cellular Tablets WiFi-only Tablets Cellular share
Growing interest in Tablets after the launch of Apple iPad.
So far approximately 30% of the iPads comes with cellular modem
Majority of Tablets/iPads with HSPA+ or LTE access
More and more a connected world
300
400
500
600
Million units
0
100
200
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Connected devices, phones excluded Source: Based on ABI, 2011
New devices – People always onlineVolumes in “Connected Devices” assumed to take ~11% of the mobile device market in 2011, an
increase from 8% in 2009
3GPP/WLAN standard evolutions3GPP/WLAN standard evolutions
3GPP standard releases roadmap
3G3G3G3G
3GPP Std Rel8
�CS Voice Service over HSPA�Dual-Cell HSDPA operation on adjacent carriers,�Receiver Type3i (Rx diversity) + Interference canceller)�UE categories up to 24
LTELTELTELTE
�LTE FDD/TDD�Receive Diversity�MIMO 2x2, 4x4, MU-MIMO�Flexible BW ( 5, 10, 15, 20 Mhz)�FDD bands 1-14, 17-21�UE categories up to 5
Rel9 Rel10 Rel11
�Dual-Cell HSUPA�DB-DC HSDPA�Combination of DC-HSDPA with MIMO and 64QAM�UE categories up to 28
�4C-HSDPA with MIMO�SON (Self organizing network) - Automatic Neighbour Relation (ANR) for UTRAN�UE categories up to 32
�Carrier Aggregation (10+10) �Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission �HetNet: Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Control (ICIC) for non-Carrier Aggregation (CA)�UMTS/LTE 3500 MHz
�8C HSDPA�Non-contiguous 4C-HSDPA operation �UL Transmit diversity (Open/Closed loop)
�Carrier Aggregation (20+20 and others combinations)
EGPRSEGPRSEGPRSEGPRS
�UE categories up to 5�SON-ANR support
�VAMOS I & II�Reduced Latency�DARP II
�UMTS/LTE 3500 MHz�UE categories up to 8�LTE DL up to 40Mhz BW
�Tighter
WLANWLANWLANWLAN�802.11n �802.11ac
3G UE Categories
•HSDPA ∙ HSUPA
3GPP 3GPP 3GPP 3GPP releasereleasereleaserelease
CategoryCategoryCategoryCategory ModulatioModulatioModulatioModulationnnn
MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO CarrierCarrierCarrierCarrier Max Max Max Max data data data data rate rate rate rate (Mbps)(Mbps)(Mbps)(Mbps)
RelRelRelRel 5555 8888 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM 7.27.27.27.2
RelRelRelRel 5555 9999 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM 10.110.110.110.1
RelRelRelRel 5555 10101010 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM 14141414
RelRelRelRel 7777 13131313 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM 17.617.617.617.6
RelRelRelRel 7777 14141414 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM 21.121.121.121.1
RelRelRelRel 7777 15151515 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO 23.423.423.423.4
3GPP 3GPP 3GPP 3GPP releasereleasereleaserelease
CategoryCategoryCategoryCategory ModulatioModulatioModulatioModulationnnn
MIMMIMMIMMIMOOOO
CarrierCarrierCarrierCarrier Max Max Max Max data rate data rate data rate data rate (Mbps)(Mbps)(Mbps)(Mbps)
RelRelRelRel 6666 6666 QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK 5.765.765.765.76
RelRelRelRel 7777 7777 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM 11.511.511.511.5
RelRelRelRel 9999 8888 QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 11.511.511.511.5
RelRelRelRel 9999 9999 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 23232323
RelRelRelRel 7777 16161616 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO 28.028.028.028.0
RelRelRelRel 7777 19191919 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO 35.335.335.335.3
RelRelRelRel 7777 20202020 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO 42.242.242.242.2
RelRelRelRel 8888 21212121 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 23.423.423.423.4
RelRelRelRel 8888 22222222 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 28.028.028.028.0
RelRelRelRel 8888 23232323 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 35.335.335.335.3
RelRelRelRel 8888 24242424 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 42.242.242.242.2
RelRelRelRel 9999 25252525 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 46.746.746.746.7
RelRelRelRel 9999 26262626 16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 55.955.955.955.9
RelRelRelRel 9999 27272727 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 70.670.670.670.6
RelRelRelRel 9999 28282828 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO DualDualDualDual----CarrCarrCarrCarr 84.484.484.484.4
RelRelRelRel 10101010 29292929 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM 3 Carrier3 Carrier3 Carrier3 Carrier 63.363.363.363.3
RelRelRelRel 10101010 30303030 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO 3 Carrier3 Carrier3 Carrier3 Carrier 126.6126.6126.6126.6
RelRelRelRel 10101010 31313131 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM 4 Carrier4 Carrier4 Carrier4 Carrier 84.484.484.484.4
RelRelRelRel 10101010 32323232 64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO 4 Carrier4 Carrier4 Carrier4 Carrier 168.8168.8168.8168.8
LTE UE Categories
3GPP 3GPP 3GPP 3GPP releasereleasereleaserelease
CategoryCategoryCategoryCategory Max Data Max Data Max Data Max Data rate (DL/UL)rate (DL/UL)rate (DL/UL)rate (DL/UL)
DLDLDLDLMIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO(#(#(#(# layers)layers)layers)layers)
DLDLDLDLBWBWBWBW
UL UL UL UL MIMOMIMOMIMOMIMO(#(#(#(# layers)layers)layers)layers)
ULULULULBWBWBWBW
ULULULUL64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM
RelRelRelRel 8888 1111 10/510/510/510/5 1111 5555 5555
RelRelRelRel 8888 2222 50/2550/2550/2550/25 2222 10101010 10101010
Rel 8Rel 8Rel 8Rel 8 3333 100/50100/50100/50100/50 2222 15151515 15151515
RelRelRelRel 8888 4444 150/50150/50150/50150/50 2222 20202020 20202020
RelRelRelRel 8888 5555 300/75300/75300/75300/75 4444 20202020 20202020 YESYESYESYES
RelRelRelRel 10101010 6666 300/50300/50300/50300/50 See See See See TablesTablesTablesTables
RelRelRelRel 10101010 7777 300/150300/150300/150300/150
RelRelRelRel 10101010 8888 1200/6001200/6001200/6001200/600
Band A Band B
DLDLDLDL
4444
DLDLDLDL
3333
CARRIER AGGREGATION IN 3GPPHSPA/LTE
Release 8Release 8Release 8Release 8
•DC-HSDPA (contiguous)
•LTE (single carrier – 1.4-20MHz)
Release 9Release 9Release 9Release 9
•DC-HSUPA (contiguous)
•DB-DC-HSDPA (dual-band)
Release 10Release 10Release 10Release 10
•
DLDLDLDL
2222
DLDLDLDL
1111
ULULULUL
2222
ULULULUL
1111
DLDLDLDL
2222
DLDLDLDL
1111
DLDLDLDL
1111
ULULULUL
1111
ULULULUL
1111
DLDLDLDL
2222
DLDLDLDL
1111
ULULULUL
1111
DLDLDLDL
1111
ULULULUL
1111
44443333
•4C-HSDPA (contiguous, 1-2 bands)
•LTE (contiguous up to 40MHz)
Release 11Release 11Release 11Release 11
•4C-HSDPA (non-contiguous, >20MHz)
•LTE CA (Uplink, Downlink)
222211111111
4444333322221111
4444322221
33331111 44442222
DLDLDLDL
2222
DLDLDLDL
1111
ULULULUL
1111
DLDLDLDL
1111
ULULULUL
1111
DLDLDLDL
2222
ULULULUL
2222
WLAN - 802.11n/ac categories
ScenarioTypical ClientForm Factor
PHY Link RateAggregateCapacity
802.11n 4x4, 20Mhz Tablet, Laptop 72.2Mbit/s 72.2Mbit/s
802.11n 4x4, 40Mhz Tablet, Laptop 150Mbit/s 150Mbit/s
802.11ac 1x1, 80MHz Handheld 433 Mbit/s 433 Mbit/s
802.11ac 2x2, 80MHz Tablet, Laptop 867 Mbit/s 867 Mbit/s
802.11ac 1x1, 160MHz Handheld 867 Mbit/s 867 Mbit/s
802.11ac 2x2, 160MHz Tablet, Laptop 1.73 Gbit/s 1.73 Gbit/s
802.11ac4x4 MU-MIMO, 160MHz
Handheld 867 Mbit/s to each 3.47 Gbit/s
802.11ac
8x4 MU-MIMO, 2 users, 160MHz8x2 MU-MIMO, 4 users, 160MHz8x1 MU-MIMO, 8 users, 160MHz
Digital TV, Set-top Box,Tablet, Laptop, PC, Handheld
3.47 Gbit/s to 8x4 to each1.73 Gbit/s to 8x2 to each867 Mbit/s to 8x1to each
6.93 Gbit/s
802.11ac8x2 MU-MIMO, 4users, 160MHz
Digital TV, Tablet, Laptop, PC
1.73 Gbit/s to each 6.93 Gbit/s
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL17
4G terminal trends4G terminal trends
4G modem – Telecom features
•4G modem complexity and power consumption mainly impacted by
•New features
•Increased data rate
•Carrier Aggregation
•Receive diversity and MIMO
•Multi-mode support
•EGPRS, 3G, LTE minimum requirement, TDSCDMA for China, CDMA for US•EGPRS, 3G, LTE minimum requirement, TDSCDMA for China, CDMA for US
•Connectivity (GPS, BT, FM, RFID)
•WLAN 802.11xx family
•Analysis is done mainly on the 4G Modem Base Band part as the most impacted by standard evolution
•Trends can be generalized to other Modem parts
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL19
•Simple block diagram to clarify naming convention
4G modem – General block diagram
RFTransceiver
RFFront/End
Digital BaseBand (DBB)
DigitalF/E
TxProcessing
ChannelCodec
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL20
Equalization
Computational complexity trend
•Modem computational complexity is dominated by the receiver part
•Transmitter complexity increasing with UL Carrier Aggregation, MIMO and data rate increase
•Channel codec computational complexity is dominated by the Turbo decoder and increasing linearly with data rate
•Turbo decoding complexity highly depending on number of iterations
•Digital Front End and Equalization complexity is increasing linearly •Digital Front End and Equalization complexity is increasing linearly with bandwidth aggregation and number of receiver antennas
•MIMO adds additional complexity for equalization with ML receiver
•RF F/E and RF Transceiver complexity increasing
•Multi-RF to support Multi-mode
•Rx and Tx BW aggregation
•High variety of BW to be supported in LTE
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL21
Computational complexity trend – 3GPP Standard evolution
LTE/LTE-A complexity trend
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
HSPA+ complexity trend
Complexity (GOPS) Data Rate (Mbps)
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL22
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
LTE Cat 4 LTE Cat 4 ML LTE Cat 5 LTE Cat 5 ML LTE Cat 6 Dual Carrier
LTE/LTE-A complexity trend
Complexity (GOPS) Data Rate (Mbps)
Computational Complexity trend – Partitioning
MIMO> ML Demod
Same datarate
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL23
MIMO> Digital FE
rate
Modem power consumption trend
•Modem system power consumption
•Considers all system parts (RF F/E, RF transceiver, PA, analog, DBB) contribution
•PA impacts on power consumption depends on the emission level
•Test scenarios defined by GSM-A for standard power measurements is called DG09 and is available for 2G/3G speech, scenarios under discussion for data and for LTE
••Low cost and low power consumption modem for Entry/M2M
•Removing of Rx Diversity/MIMO/High data rate will reduce it
•Modem Base Band power consumption is impacted by
•Complexity => Energy/Operation
•Partitioning => Energy/Operation varying with Cores
•Technology => Energy/Operation varying with Technology
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL24
200
250
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Talk Power consumption trendTalk Power consumption trendTalk Power consumption trendTalk Power consumption trend
Modem power consumption trend in mass market
•VoIP improves power consumption
•Closing the gap from 2G to 4G early deployment
•4G VoIP expected to be next to 3G VoIP power consumption
0
50
100
150
100 1000 10000
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Cu
rrent
con
sum
pti
on o
n b
att
ery
in
mA
Cumulative sales of products on million unitsCumulative sales of products on million unitsCumulative sales of products on million unitsCumulative sales of products on million units
2G speech conso
3G speech conso
3G CPC conso -> 4G
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL25
Idle power consumption Idle power consumption Idle power consumption Idle power consumption
breakdownbreakdownbreakdownbreakdown
Modem power consumption breakdown
•DBB + mem power consumption dominant in Idle mode
•PA power dissipation dominant in Speech depending on mobile position
•DBB + mem power consumption increasing with receive data rate
Speech power consumption Speech power consumption Speech power consumption Speech power consumption
breakdownbreakdownbreakdownbreakdown
Radio+PARadio+PARadio+PARadio+PA
DBB+memDBB+memDBB+memDBB+mem
PMU+analogPMU+analogPMU+analogPMU+analog
breakdownbreakdownbreakdownbreakdown
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL26
Radio+PARadio+PARadio+PARadio+PADBB+memDBB+memDBB+memDBB+mem
PMU+analogPMU+analogPMU+analogPMU+analog
breakdownbreakdownbreakdownbreakdown
Modem Power consumption trend with data rate
•Tx at 10dBm is considered for power consumption analysis
•PA is strongly contributing to the power consumption limiting base band impact
•DBB power consumption is more visible at lower emission power (0dBm)
•High data rates more likely to happen near to the NodeB
140
160
180
Modem power consumption trend with data rateModem power consumption trend with data rateModem power consumption trend with data rateModem power consumption trend with data rate
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Voice HSDPA
cat14
HSDPA
cat24
HSDPA
cat28
HSDPA
cat28,
HSUPA
Cat8
HSDPA
cat32
HSDPA
cat32,
HSUPA
Cat9
Mb
ps
Mb
ps
Mb
ps
Mb
ps
Normalized power consumption trend HSPA Data rate Rx (Mbps)
•Assuming to simply apply the Moore's Law – divide power by 2 every full node CMOS technology step
•Computational complexity multiply Moore’s power scaling factor to provide a rough BB power consumption trend (same applies to area)
700
800
900
Power consumption trend Power consumption trend Power consumption trend Power consumption trend ---- TecnologyTecnologyTecnologyTecnology vsvsvsvs Features evolutionFeatures evolutionFeatures evolutionFeatures evolution
DBB Power consumption trend with CMOS technology
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
HSPA Rel7
42Mbps
CMOS065
HSPA Rel9
84Mbps
CMOS045
LTE/HSPA Rel8
150Mbps
CMOS032
LTE/HSPA Rel10
300Mbps
CMOS022
HSPA Rel7
42Mbps
CMOS032
Com
puta
tional C
om
ple
xit
yC
om
puta
tional C
om
ple
xit
yC
om
puta
tional C
om
ple
xit
yC
om
puta
tional C
om
ple
xit
y
GOPS
Power consumption normalized by
techno scaling
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL28
% c
on
sum
pti
on
% c
on
sum
pti
on
% c
on
sum
pti
on
% c
on
sum
pti
on
Modem multi-mode trend
•Reuse common inter RAT functions
•Turbo decoder, MIMO ML receiver
•Some functions in equalization, digital front end
•Flexibility
•On the fly reconfiguration to optimize performance for multi-bands, MIMO, Rx diversity, Interference cancellation, CoMP, Dual-SIM possible combinationscombinations
•Market segments support
•Smartphone market driven by high data rate, low power consumption and time to market
•Capable architecture to support all standard evolution with minimum HW redesign
•Entry and M2M driven by low price and lower power consumption
•Easy modem de-configuration
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL29
DBB multimode reuse – Area gain trend
•Map re-use gain into equivalent computational complexity gain to see the HW area gain trend
1000
1200
1400
Com
pu
tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to
Com
pu
tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to
Com
pu
tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to
Com
pu
tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to H
W
HW
H
W
HW
resou
rces
resou
rces
resou
rces
resou
rces
4G LTE/HSPA+ IP reuse trend4G LTE/HSPA+ IP reuse trend4G LTE/HSPA+ IP reuse trend4G LTE/HSPA+ IP reuse trend
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL30
0
200
400
600
800
LTE Cat4 ML+HSDPA
Dual carrier MIMO no
reuse
LTE Cat4 ML+HSDPA
Dual carrier MIMO with
reuse
LTE Cat6 Dual
carrier+HSDPA 4
carriers + MIMO no
reuse
LTE Cat6 Dual
carrier+HSDPA 4
carriers + MIMO with
reuse
Com
pu
tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to
Com
pu
tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to
Com
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tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to
Com
pu
tati
onal com
ple
xit
y m
ap
ped
to
(GO
PS)
(GO
PS)
(GO
PS)
(GO
PS)
4G Modem architecture4G Modem architecture
Outline for architecture definition
•Latest available CMOS technology to optimum power and size
•Flexible modem with complexity depending on supported standard release, market request and data rate support
•Easy standard release upgrade
•Receiver algorithms differentiator following market needs
•Easy re-configuration
••Flexible modem reduces energy/operation efficiency
•CPU: 100 pJ/op
•DSP: 10 pJ/op EVP (Embedded Vector Processor)
•HW: 1 pJ/op Turbo decoder
•Use flexibility where it brings added value, use HW for highly
complex and power burning algorithms!
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL32
10G
100G
↑load
configurablehardware
application scope,generality
vector DSP
Heterogeneous multi-core: trade-offs
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL33
100M1k 100 10k 100k 1M 10Mcode size [Bytes] →
1G
100M
load[ops]
efficiency(area, power)
DSP
micro-controller
Heterogeneous multi-core: trade-offs trendDigital Front Digital Front Digital Front Digital Front EndEndEndEnd
DemodulationDemodulationDemodulationDemodulationEqualizerEqualizerEqualizerEqualizer
Channel Channel Channel Channel CodecCodecCodecCodec
StackStackStackStack
Typical functions
FiltersGain controlDigRF Interface
Channel estimationSynchronizationInterferencecancellationFFTSphere decoding
(de)interleavingRate matching(de)puncturingViterbiTurboLDPC
L2-L3MAC
Complexity Medium Medium High Low
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL34
•Multi-standard radio: details depends on combination of radios,and on stability/maturity of standards and algorithms
Complexity(GOPS) trend
Medium Medium High Low
Multimodereuse
Medium Medium High Low
Flexibility Low High Low High
Configurable HW
OK OK OK -
EVP Some OK Some -
CPU Control Control Control OK
Heterogeneous multi-core architecture for 4G
Modem - Outline
•Support of multi-RAT, multi-radio and connectivity
•GSM/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA+, TD-SCDMA, LTE FDD/TDD
•Carrier aggregation, multi-antenna
•WLAN standards, GPS/BT/FM
•Scalability
•Standalone modems and integrated solutions support••From smart-phone to entry/M2M
•Configurable device and power consumption
•HW processors for stable and power consumption critical algos
•SW programmability for late features insertion and algo differentiators
11/4/2011CONFIDENTIAL35
Heterogeneous multi-core architecture for 4G modem – General
principles
•EVP/DSP(s) for data signal processing
•CPU(s) for data control processing
•HW accelerators for demanding data processing
•Per RATs -> LTE, 3G, EGPRS, TDSCDMA
•Common -> To gain HW re-use
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Modem BB
CPU(s)CPU(s)EVP/DSP(s)RF
TransceiverRF
Front/End
Accelerators
Per RATs
Common
MemoryMemory
Heterogeneous multi-core architecture for 4G modem –Scalability
•Scale number of CPUs/EVPs/DSPs to required processing
•Remove/add hardware accelerators as function of supported radio access technologies
•Scale size of memory with respect to data rate and supported RATs
•Scale number of antennas and RF transceiver
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Modem BB
CPU(s)CPU(s)EVP/DSP(s)RF
TransceiverRF
Front/End
Accelerators
Per RATs
Common
MemoryMemory
Heterogeneous multi-core architecture – Full feature 4G modem
•Full features modem for Smartphone applications
•Multi antennas, multi processors, max computational power and memory required for supporting all RATs latest releases
•Common accelerators covering common functions 2 or more RATs (exe Turbo/Viterbi, Sphere decoder for MIMO, RF interface (DIGRF V4), Equalizer parts)
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Modem BB
CPU(s)CPU(s)EVP/DSP(s)RF
TransceiverRF
Front/EndMemoryMemory
LT
EH
W A
ccele
rato
rs
3G
HW
Accele
rato
rs
EG
PR
SH
W A
ccele
rato
rs
Sp
ecific
RA
Ts
HW
Accele
rato
rs
Com
mon
HW
Accele
rato
rs
Heterogeneous multi-core architecture – Low cost modem
•Low cost/Entry de-configuration from full features modem
•Support only specific RATs
•Remove accelerators
•Support only specific features
•Reduce memory and charge of CPUs/DSPs/EVPs to remove some specific functions
•Remove antennas and RF transceiver functions
•For LTE low cost a specific work item is ongoing at 3GPP standardization
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Modem BB
CPU(s)RFTransceiver
RFFront/End
Memory
LT
EH
W A
ccele
rato
rs
3G
HW
Accele
rato
rs
EG
PR
SH
W A
ccele
rato
rs
Sp
ecific
RA
Ts
HW
Accele
rato
rs
Com
mon
HW
Accele
rato
rs
MemoryEVP/DSP(s) CPU(s)
Heterogeneous multi-core architecture – WLAN in 4G Modem scenarios
•WLAN is already present in all smart-phones
•Tight integration of WLAN and Cellular for new multimode features
•Cellular/WLAN seamless offloading (Seamless movement of selected IP traffic, Simultaneous IP flow support)
•WLAN tethering (mobile hotspot)
•Full integration of the WLAN in the modem depends on expected gains:
•HW coprocessor reuse gain•HW coprocessor reuse gain
•Turbo decoder used only in WiMax, LDPC used in 802.11n/ac -> Turbo/LDPC common decoder
•Sphere decoder
•Equalization/FFT
•Power consumption optimization to be considered
•Full integration make sense only for use cases where Cellular and WLAN are not running in parallel
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Thor: A new generation of thin modems
• Worlds first 21Mbps smartphones and modules
• Two-chip solutions
• Lowest power consumption
• First with LTE
• Commercial platforms
• LTE TDD/FDD
Industry leading vector processor proven in TD-SCDMA solutions
LTE Leadership Unique Vector Processing HSPA+ Breakthrough
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M7400 & M7400 & M7400 & M7400 & M7400 & M7400 & M7400 & M7400 & M7300M7300M7300M7300M7300M7300M7300M7300Efficient multiEfficient multiEfficient multiEfficient multi----modemodemodemode
Unified handling of all 3GPP technologies
SoftwareSoftwareSoftwareSoftware----defined radio accessdefined radio accessdefined radio accessdefined radio accessFast introduction of new features and easy adaptation to latest standards
Scalability in size & performanceScalability in size & performanceScalability in size & performanceScalability in size & performancePowerful high-end to cost-efficient entry
Conclusion
•4G modems trend is requiring:
•Increased complexity with low power consumption
•Optimum multimode and fast evolving new features support
•From smart phone to entry/M2M products optimization
•4G modems requirements can be met with:
•Advanced CMOS (45->32->22 nm)
•Heterogeneous multi-core architectures
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•Heterogeneous multi-core architectures
•Easy architecture reconfiguration
•4G modem Thor with advanced reconfigurable architecture
•Smart HW-FW-SW trade off with very good flexibility thanks to EVP
•Power consumption stays constant throughout 10x complexity increase
•Architecture and power consumption fitting market products requirements
Next to come on power consumption
•Intelligent connection managers to prioritize Cellular and WLAN for data application QoS and power consumption optimization
•Best connection reduces power consumption
•Cross Layer/Mobile cloud computing for power consumption optimization
•Fit at best video quality to the link connection SNR to avoid waste of data rate and unuseful increase of power consumption
•CMOS technology evolution to keep track of exponentially increasing •CMOS technology evolution to keep track of exponentially increasing computational complexity of cellular/WLAN standards
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU